PAKI

STANAFFAI
RS

FORCSS/
PMS
 I
NDEX
1.Rol
eofQuai
d-e-
Azam i
nthecr
eat
ionofPaki
stan. 01

2.Rol
eofJI
NNAHasGov
ernorGener
al. 03

3.I
deol
ogyofPaki
stan 05

4.Paki
stanani
deol
ogi
cal
stat
e

I
slami
cconceptofnat
ionandnat
ional
i
tyandPaki
stani
deol
ogy

Fact
orsr
esponsi
blef
ort
hecr
eat
ionofMusl
i
m Nat
ional
i
sm i
nIndi
a 07

5.Two-
Nat
ionTheor
y 09

6.I
deol
ogyofTwo-
Nat
ionTheor
y 11

7.For
m Uni
tyst
ancet
oSepar
ati
sm 14

8.Quai
dconceptofSt
ate:
Secul
arorI
slami
c 16

9.Shei
khAhmedSi
rhi
ndi 18

10.
ShahWal
i
ull
ah 20

11.
SyedAhmedShaheedBar
ail
vi 22

12.
Frai
ziMov
ement 23

13.
ALI
GARHMov
ementAndSi
rSy
edAhmedKhan 24

14.
Dar
ulUl
um Deoband 27

15.
Nadwat
ulUl
emaLucknow 29

16.
Anj
uman-
e-Hi
may
at-
e-I
slam 30

17.
SindhMadr
assah-
Kar
achi 32

I
slami
aCol
l
egePeshawar

Separ
ateEl
ect
orat
e

18.
Par
ti
ti
onofBengal 34

19.
Siml
aDeput
ati
on 37

20.
Musl
i
m League 39
21.
Mint
oMor
leyRef
orms 40

22.
LucknowPoet 42

23.
Indi
anCounci
lAct1919 45

24.
Khi
l
afatMov
ement 47

25.
TheNehr
uRepor
t 50

26.
JinnahFour
teenPoi
nts 51

27.
SimonCommi
ssi
on 53

28.
Iqbal
Addr
essatAl
l
ahbad 54

29.
RoundTabl
eConf
erences 56

30.
Actof1935 58

31.
Congr
essi
nPol
i
tics 61

32.
Paki
stanResol
uti
on 64

33.
AugustOf
fer 65

34.
Cri
ppsMi
ssi
on 67

35.
Cabi
netMi
ssi
on 68

36.
Radcl
i
ffAwar
ds 70

37.
Ear
lypr
obl
emsi
nPaki
stan 71

38.
Obj
ect
iveResol
uti
on 75

39.
Nat
ural
Resour
ces 76

40.
TheAgr
icul
tur
e 78

41.
Feder
ali
sm i
nPaki
stan 81

42.
Isl
ami
zat
ioni
nPaki
stan 84

43.
Causesf
ordemandofPaki
stan 87
 Rol
eofQuai
d-e-
Azam i
nthecr
eat
ionofPaki
stan

Or

Hadt
her
ebeennoJi
nnah,t
her
ewoul
dhav
ebeennoPaki
stan

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-

Speaking aboutthepri
ncipalacti
onsinthe f
inal actoftransf
erofpower 
from 
the
Bri
ti
sht oI ndians,H.Y Hudson,t heaut horofper hapst hemost  
aut
hori
tat
ive 
Bri
ti
sh
accountsofimper ialr
etreatf
rom Indi
a,"TheGreatDivide",saysthat
:

"
Ofal l
 t
he personal
i
ties i
nt he l
astactoft he gr
eatdrama oflndi
a’
sr ebi
rt
ht o
i
ndependence, 
Muhammad  Al
iJinnah is at once,the most eni
gmati
c and the
most 
important
;"

Leonar
dMosl
ey:
-ev
enr
egar
dsPaki
stanasaone-
manachi
evement
.

ROLEOFQUAI
D-E-
AZAM:

Quai
d-e-Azam  was not 
always a Quaid-e-
Azam;  
Jinnah pai d a heav y pr i
ce to
becomeQuai d-e-Azam.Ji nnahwhoset ruepolit
ical 
careerst arted fr
om whenhej oined
Musl i
m League i n 1913,become pol iti
call
ya wel l
-known  fi
gure byt he episode of
LucknowPact1916,whenhewascoi nedasan  ambassador  of Hindu-Musli
m unitybut
theev entsensur i
nggav eanewshapet otheev entsensur ing gaveanew  shapet othe
drama ofpol i
ti
cs inI ndia.The slogan ofHi ndu-Musl im uni ty proved shotl ive.
The fail
ure 
ofKhi laf
atmov ementandt heNehr ur epor tclassifiedt heMusl i
msmi nds
from theill
usionofHi ndu-Muslimsunity.Duringthiscour seofev ents,i
twasnobodybut
Jinnahwhoi nterposedhisper sonbyt hedi ntofhi sinit
iati
veandcour age.Hebecame
successf uli
ndef endingtheMusl i
m causesogal l
ant l
y t
hat evildesignsofHi nduspoint s
saved theMusl ims fr
om theoct opusoft heCongr ess.

STRUGGLEFORPAKI
STAN:

Themostcr i
ti
calphaseoft heMusl i
m st rugglei nthesub-conti
nentcomesdur i
ng
theper i
od 1937– 1947,whenQuai d-e-Azam pr ovedhi mselft o"ther ealfounderof
Pakist
an”.Itwasnooneel set hanJi nnahwho  re-organizedMusl i
msLeaguedur i
ngthe
cruci
alperiodoflndianhistory( 1936-1939) .TheLeaguehadnotonl yl ost1937electi
ons
butalso losti t
s mor ale.Att his cri
ticalj uncture,Ji nnah r
esurrect ed t
he Musli
ms
League l
ike aphoenixfrom itsashes.Hadt herebeennosuch  r
eorgani zat
ion 
theLeague
wouldhav eseent hesamef atein 1945-46  General Electi
ons.

Thehistori
calsi
tuat
iondur
ingthe1937-
47decadepresent
edandper
mit
tedof
t
woal
ternat
ivepathsofdevel
opmentofMusl
imspol
i
ticsi
-e

(
i) Goi
ngal
ongwi
tht
he 
congr
ess 
vi
ewpoi
ntor
 (
ii
)St
ri
ki
ngoutani
ndependentl
i
ne.

These al ter
nat i
ve pat
hs wer e 
presented at least on sev en diff
erent but
specif
ic 
occasions-1937,
 1939,1940,1942,1945and 1946.
 ButonnooccasiondidJinnah
wav er
,andeacht imehechosef orhi mselfandf orMuslimsI ndi
athepatht owards
establ
ishi
ng Musl i
m,r eli
gio-
pol i
ti
calid ent it
y on a consti
tut
ionalpl
ane.The pat h
concreti
zedsince1940  i
nthe Pakist
anpl atf
orm.

Start
ing f rom Ji nnahPr esidenti
aladdress,t o al
lIndiaMusl im LeagueatLucknow
session ( 1937) ,he al way sr emained emphat i
c over the Musl im separ ati
sm  and
i
ndependentl ineofact ionf ortheleague.Thusbyt hebeginningof1940,  
Musl im politi
cs
took a new and si gnifi
cant t ur
n, and depar ted f r
om pr e 1937 pol icy.
Jinnah's presidenti
al addr essonMar ch22, 1940atLahor eisahal l
markint hehi storyof
Musl i
m Nat i
onalism inI ndi a.Hemadet heconceptofTwoNat i
onTheor y clearand  '
out
ri
ghtlyr ejected thei dea ofI ndi
an nation Thehi stor
icResol uti
on thatensur ed his
address,becomet hecl arioncall,aswel lasmor ni
ngst arint hetwohundr edy ears
dark ni
ghtof  
thesl aver yofI ndianMusl i
ms.Themol ewhi chwasr oamingai mlesslyin
the deser t 
of despondence st arted mar ching towards i t
s desti
nati
on  under t he
l
eader shipofcapabl e, braveandupr i
ght 
reader 
indeedthegreatleader 
M. A Jinnah.

The Cri
pps'
 proposal-
adev i
seofBri
tishdipl
omacyt oappeaseIndi
ansandt ojet
theirco-operationin the2ndwor l
dwaragai nst'axispower
s'wasanev ildesignt o
count ert heMusl i
msdemand f orsepar
atehomel and.Never
thel
ess,non-accession
clauseopenedt heway  f
or 
part
iti
onofcountry
.Thef ormati
onofPakist
an,asresolvedin
1940,was dump byot herclauses offormula.Itwas Jinnah who perceived the
mi schievousnessoft heschemeandoutr i
ghtlyrej
ectedthepl
an.

Itist rue thatJinnah accepted the cabi netmi ssion pl

an ini
ti
all
y,buthi s
acceptance,thoughgenui nel
ysincer
eatt het ime,pr i
mar ilymot i
vatedbythefactthat
theplancont ainedt heseedsofPakistan.Thepl anpr ov
idedf orasomewhatl imited
Muslimr el
igi
o-poli
ticali
denti
tyi
naconf i
derI ndi
a wi t
h thepr ospect
sofPakistanaft
era
decade,ift
hepr oposedar r
angementfail
edt oworkt othesat isf
acti
onoftheMuslims

Itmaybear guedthatthef at
efuldecisi
ontocont inueboycot
toft heconst i
tuent
assembl y,afterhavinggottheMusl i
msLeagueent renchedintheInt
eri
m Gov ernmenti n
October1946wassol el
yJinnah.Thisdecisionleddirectl
ytohis 
Majest
y ’
s gov ernment ’
s
declar
at i
onsof6t hDec1946,andof20t hFeb,1947whi chpavedt hewayf ort he
parti
ti
on.Notonl yinregardtothisconstit
uentassembl yboy cot
tdeci
sionbuti nsev eral
othercr ucialdecisionsduringt hemoment s1937-47decadeaswel l,Jinnahal one
mat t
ered,andJi nnahaloneorf ort hemostpar t,determinedthecause.Musl imI ndia
andMusl i
m pol i
ti
cswer etotrav
erse.

3rdJuneplanofLordMount battenandRadcli
ffaward,nodoubt ,ecli
psedt he
Musl
imsopt i
mism ofr
est
ori
ngtheirlandbyther i
ghtj
ust
ifi
cati
onofnumer icalmajorit
y
ofthe areas (
esp.Bengaland Punj ab)yeti twas Jinnah'
s Sagacityt o handle
Mountbat
tenwhohadnoi ntent
iontogi veJinnah3Pakist
an.Theallegati
onsagai nst
Jinnah'saccepti
ngt hemoth-
eatenPakist
ancanber ef
utedthr
oughtheev i
denceonthe
record.Infact
,Jinnahhadnoexpediencyothert
hantoaccepttheoff
er,
becauseref
usal
oftheof fermusthav eamount
edtobel i
ngeri
ngontheprocessoftr
ansferofpower
.

CONCLUSI
ON:
-

I
ndeed,ev enasl at
e as June1946what everthepol i
ti
calforcesandcondi t
ions
at 
work l
ikelyandmor eimmi nentchoice,anditwasJi nnahalonewhomadet hecrucial
deci
siont hatledMusl i
mI ndiadirectl
ytoPaki st
anwi thi
nay earthattr
ansformedt he
possi
bili
tyofani ndependentMusl imshomel andintoact ual
ity
.ThusJi nnah’sperson
wascr ucialandcr i
ticali
nthemaki ngof Paki
stan: 
Thewhol ewor l
dacknowl edgedthat
hadthere beenno  Jinnahtherewoul dhavebeennoPaki stanandt henationr i
ght
fully
accl
aimedhi m Quai d-e-
Azam thegr eat 
l
eader……….
 Rol
e ofJI
NNAHasGov
ernorGener
al:
-

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:
-

Themanwhopi lot
edtheshipofMusli
m  fr
eedom 
mov ementand ul
timatel
y br
ought 
i
tto
theshor
esofindependencewasnotdest i
nedtol
i
velongaf t
erthereal
izat
ionofhisage
l
ong dr eam. Hi s sagacious 
deci
sion 
duri
ng the st
ruggle 
for Independence is
uncount
able.

itis hi
ghly
 unfortunatef ora man who  dedicat
ed allhisli
fet ot r
ansf orm t
he
dream of I
qbal into r
eal
it
y, 
to die aft
er (short
ly) 
reali
zati
on
of poets 
dream. 
The freedom  mov ement 
drained eventhel astonceoft heener gyout
of him.Thel ordgav ehi m slightl
ymor et hanay earto look 
aft
ert henewl ycr eat
ed
stated.Duet oprecari
ous  heal
th hecouldnotdedi cate 
allhisti
met obuil
dt hef abri
cof
i
nf antstate.Buti nmor e 
than a y
ear,i
nf aceofenor mous  pr
obl
ems,  
he 
didal otfor
the consol
idati
on atPakistan.

Therealassessmentofhi
s achiev
ement
 asGov
ernorGener
al 
canonly
 bemade 
i
f
wegot hroughbr i
efl
y 
over 
theproblemswhichwereforcedbyPakistan 
init
searl
y
year
 ofindependence.

PROBLEMS:
-

1.
 Admi
nist
rat
ion:
-

(
i)Apar
t 
of 
thegov
t.r
ecor
dwasdest
roy
ed 
dur
ing 
tr
ansi
tthr
ough 
l
ndi
anTer
ri
tor
y.

(
ii
)Per
sonnel
forgov
t.wer
eyett
obe 
assembl
ed 
fr
om v
ari
ous 
prov
inces.

(
ii
) Lackoft
rai
nedst
affi
ngov
t.dept
s.

(
iv)Di
sor
gani
zat
ioni
ncommunal
 
syst
em.

2.Def
ense

3.Ri
otsi
nPunj
ab

4.Economi
cconst
rai
nts

5.Rehabi
l
itat
ionofr
efugees

Butinspit
eofal ltheseprobl
ems,Jinnahdid a 
lot 
toextr
icatethei
nfantstatef
rom
unt
hinkabl
edi
ff
icult
ies.
 Hewassuccessful
 
to 
redress 
ther
epr obl
emstur
nbyt urn

1)Rev
ival
oft
hedoomedspi
ri
t
 Hehadr eal
izedthat 
themor al
eoft hepubl i
cwasatt helowest
 of
f.
 Hetheref
ore
decided t
or ehabil
it
ate and restor
et he confidence and moral
e ofthe peopl
e.He
deli
veredinspi
ringspeeches whichf i
l
led 
peoplewi thenthusi
asm.Hiswor dsmadea
prof
oundimpr essi
onont he 
publicandmi t
igated t
heexisti
ngdespai
randtensi
on.

Hi
sf i
rststem wastoaddressthegover
nmentservantsinKarachionOct11th
 
1947;Quaid-
e-Azam gaveaclar
ioncallt
otheassembledoffi
cial
sofciviland 
mil
i
tar
y
bureaucr
acy.Anext r
actofhi
sspeechgavemessaget
ot heaudi
ence.

“Thus  i
sachallengetoourveryexist
enceandifwear etosur v
eyasa nation me
shallhavet of iv
et heprobl
emswi t
hr edoubledgoaland 
energy, 
Our 
masses are t
oday
disorganized,theirmoralei
sexceedinglow andweshal l
,have t
o dosomethingt oput
them out  
of  
thi
s state and galvanize t
hem i nt
o act
ivi
ty. Allthrows addi t
ional
responsibil
ityandgov er
nmentserv
ant stowhoanour  
peopl
e arelooki
ngforguidance"

Hi
swor
dsr
evi
vedt
hedr
oopi
ngspi
ri
ts.

2)Remov
alof
 mi
l
itar
y f
rom Wazi
ri
stanandTr
ibal
Areas:

Thedecisi
onofr educt
ionoff orcef r
om Wazi ri
stanandt r
ibalar
easwasampl y
j
ustifi
edbytheev ent
s.Thisstep 
ear neda consi
derableincreaseinthetr
ibalgoodwil
l.
Inst
eadofheavymi l
it
aryexpendi
tures Paki
stanconcentrated 
oneconomicamel i
orat
ion,
spreadofeducat
ionandmedi calr
elief.

3)St
epst
omi
ti
gat
etensi
onswi
thI
ndi
a:

Ji
nnah’
sgover
nmentfoll
owedapol i
cyofgoodwi l
landf r
iendl
inesst owards 
India.
ThetwoPM'swereableto 
est
abl
ish 
personalsuppor
t.Ji
nnahi nani ntervi
ew,wi t
ha
Swi
ssjour
nal
i
sthi
mselfof
fer
edtoenteri
ntoanagreementforj
ointdefense.

4)Tr
ansf
erofKar
achi
toGov
t.ofPaki
stan:

Seri
ous quest ions ofsepar ati
on ofKar achifrom Si ndh arouse.The  Si
ndhis, 
in
gener al, and Si ndh gov ernment ,in part
icul
ar,
 
wer e of f
ered t o t he t ransfer
of admi nistr
ativ
e controlofKar achi
,thecapitalofPakistanaswel lasofSi ndh.Jinnah
was  facingt hethreatof" Di
rectaction”and" massagi t
ation".Nev erthel
ess,he gave his
verdictin favor 
oft r
ansferofKar achi 
fr
om  Si
ndhtot he 
gov ernment  
ofPakistan.Ast his
wast hev erdi
ctof  t
hef atheroft heNat i
on,nota  si
ngl e worldwasut teredagai nst
i
t and  t
hei ssuewas  sett
led.

5)Accessi
onofKal
l
at:

Apartf r
om bei nggover
norGeneral
,
 Ji
nnaht owards t
heendofhi sl i
feassumed
the 
responsibil
it
y f
or the newly cr
eated "Mi
nistr
y of stat
e and Tr i
bal 
Areas”
. 
His
memor able achi
evement 
int
hisSpher
ewasset t
ingoft he 
questi
on ofaccessionofthe
huge borders 
ofStateofKal
lat-whi
chcouldhave gi
ven muchmor e t
roubl
ei nPaki
stan
t
hanset
tl
ementof
 Hy
der
abad 
quest
ionbr
oughtt
oIndi
a.

6)For
mat
ionofFi
rstCabi
net
:

Underthe l
eadershi
p ofLiaquatAl iKhan,a loyalli
eutenantofJi nnah,was
establ
i
shed t
he fi
rstPakistan Cabi
net.This newlyformed cabinetar
med att he
constr
uct
ionofadminist
rat
ivest
ruct
ureandrehabil
i
tat
ionofref
ugees.

7)St
atBankofPaki
stan:

Hefull
yreal
izedthefi
nanci
alpr
obl
emsandneedf oraroundfi
nanci
ali
nsti
tuti
ons.He
ther
efor
e,tookpersonali
nter
esti
ntheeconomicact
ivi
tyofthenewlyi
ndependentstat
e
andestabl
ishedSBP.Itsf
uncti
onswerespeci
fi
ed.

8)Est
abl
i
shmentoft
heFeder
alcour
t:

Being t
he consti
tut
ional
i
stand apostl
e ofindi
scr
imi
nat
ej ust
ice,he l
aidthe
foundati
onoffederalcourtatLahor
ewhichlat
eronbecausetheSupremeCourtof
Pakist
an.

9)Member
shi
pofUNO

Jinnahwasafir
m behaviourofpeacef
ulexist
enceandful
l
yreal
izedthei
mportance
ofUNmember shi
pforPakistanItcouldhel
pPaki st
anest
abl
ishfr
iendl
yrel
ati
onswith
ot
hermemberstat
es.Theref
or ePaki
stanbecamethememberofUNO.

10)
Rel
ati
ons 
wit
hIsl
ami
cwor
ld.

Ji
nnahwasast aunchl awyerofMuslim Unit
y.Evenduringthefreedom mov ement
supported Palest
ini
ansand I ndonesianfortheirri
ghtofsel f
-determinati
on.The
corner
st one of hisf orei
gn poli
cy was sol i
dari
ty among Musl ims.Hi s mai n
emphasi s was a Mi ddle Easter
 countr
y. 
He sent del
egat
ions t
o di
fferent
 I
slamic
countr
ies.

I
deol
ogyofPaki
stan

Paki
stan,
ani
deol
ogi
cal
stat
e

I
slami
cconceptofnat
ionandnat
ional
i
tyandPaki
stani
deol
ogy

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

By no str
eak ofimaginat
ioncanal i
fewit
houtpurposebedeemedfrui
tful
.Thi
sis
tr
ue ofnat ions as i ndi
vi
duals.Int he ul
ti
mate analysi
s,t
he rai
son desir
e ofa
nati
on 
i
s defined anddet er
minedbyt heidealstowhichi t
smember s 
subscri
be.And
i
deals al one hel p endow a nation wi
th 
a sense and t enaci
ty of pur pose
t
o pur
sue 
dil
i
gent
lyandr
esol
utel
ythegoal
sithassetbef
orei
tsel
f.

Despi tethewidespreadMachi avell

ianphil
osophy ,
 
fewi ndeed, coul daffordtoi
gnor ethe
dire need,f orbasi ng a pol i
tyand t he highesti dealof  
ri
ght eousness and j ustice.
The  democrat 
west ,forinstancehasest abl i
shedacode  of 
mor ali
tyofi tsown,der i
ved
from i t
spar ti
cularindivi
dual i
stic, 
hist
ori
calexper i
ence.Not wi t
hst andingthecl aim of
westt o asecul aror i
entation,t heircodehas  beenpr ofusely influenced 
byChr ist
ian
ethics and mor ali
ty.Same i st he case i n Burma orsour ce othercount ri
es wher e
Buddhi sm haspr ovided theet hicalcode to t
he people.Similar l
yI slam Provi
deset hical
bases of l i
fe t o  t
he Musl im nat
ion to 
the Muslims; I slam  i
s more 
than a
reli
gion agai
nst t
he percept i
on of t he west .Rat heri tpr ov i
des a compl ete code
of l
ife,
 andaddr essest hei ndi v
idualandcol l
ecti
vel i
fe.ThusI slam embr aces social
poli
t i
calcult
uralandeconomi cofhuman  life.

I
DEOLOGYOFNATI
ON:

I
deol
ogyofanat
ion 
maybedef
inedas;

“The 
representat
ion of i
ts soci
o-pol
i
tico t
he st
ate of peopl
e’
s 
mind,thei
r
emoti
ons,feel
ingnutshellitr
efl
ect
st het
ouchstoneonwhichanati
onupontheext
ent
oft
hepeople’sdedicati
ontoit
”.

PAKI
STAN 
ANI
DEOLOGI
CAL 
STATE:

Pakist
ancl ai
msi tselftoheani deologicalstat
ebecomei ti
s f
oundedon acertai
n
specif
icideologyofI sl
am.I tcame i nto bei
ng because Musl
ims ofthe I
ndia-
Pak
subconti
nentdevelopedaspeci f
icatt
itudeofmi ndanatti
tudewhi
chwasdeterminedby
theconsciousnessof  
certai
npr i
nci
pal orobjecti
veswhichtheyfel
tmustber eali
zed.
These were 
theeternalspi
rit
ualandethicalval
uesofIsl
am.

I
slam givesanet
hicalbasisofl
if
et otheMusli
msnat i
on.Tot hem Islam i
smor e
thanar eli
gionasconsideredi ntheWest er
nsense.Itisinf acta complete 
codeof
whichembr acessocial
,polit
ical
,economicandculturalaspectsofhumanbehav i
our
agency ofI sl
am.On t he bases oft hese pr
inci
ples t
he Pakistanis seek 
to.
 Bui
ld
thei
r 
nati
onal, 
l
ifeandagoodsoci et
y.

I
SLAMI
CDEMOCRACY:

Pakistan,bothattheti
mewheni twas demanded andwheni t
 became apolit
ical
fact,wasenv isagedasanI sl
amicdemocracy.AndinPakistan,
 
Isl
am isthe onl
y et
hical
elementwhi chal onecoul
dspelloutt
hesocialsi
gni
ficanceofdemocr ati
c di
spensati
on
on Pakist
an.

Thus,Paki
stanasanI
slamicanddemocr
ati
ccount
rywasaspi
redbyt
he 
Musl
i
ms
andi
senv i
sagedinthei
deol
ogyifPaki
stan
 FACTORSRESPONSI
BLEFORTHECREATI
ONOFMUSLI
M NATI
ONALI
SM 
IN
INDI
A

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Pakist
ani deologywasbasedonasepar atenat ionhav i
ngt heirowncul ture,
civil
izati
on,customs,l it
erature,rel
i
gionandwayofbecauset heir
 philosophyoflif
ei s
basedont hepr i
nciplesofI sl
am.Paki stanideologywaser ectedon  theTwo Nation
Theor ywhi chmeantt hatHi ndusand Musl i
ms weretwo  separ ateanddi sti
nctnati
ons.
Ther ei s a gener alimpr ession thatt he concept‘ ofMusl i
ms nat i
onalism 
int he
Indian subconti
nent  
aroseasar esultofcer t
aindev elopment si nt hisv iew.Wecan
trace therootsofMusl imsnat i
onal
ism i
nt hefol
lowingfact or
s.

FACTORSRESPONSI
BLEFORMUSLI
M NATI
ONALI
SM:

HI
STORI
CAL 
FACTOR:

TheconceptofMusl i
ms Nati
onali
sm isasol dasI sl
am  i
tsel
f.
 I
twasMuhammad
Bin Qasim who est abli
shed t he f
irst
 Muslim empir
ei nt he subconti
nent .Lateron
sult
anateofDelhiwas  establi
shed. 
Thenent erthegreatMughal s,whogav eI ndi
apace
andgloryfortwocent uries.Muslimsmai ntainedtheirseparateident
it
yt hroughoutthe
hist
ory.Theywere'asepar atenation.TheMusl imswer ether ul
ersandtheHi nduswer e
thei
rsubject
s.Itwast her iseofBrit
ishwhichbr oughtachangei nthestatusofHi ndus
andMusl ims.
 This 
broughtanew zealt otheMusl i
msnat ionali
sm becauseMusl i
mi s
ther
eont heearthtorule.

POLI
TICALFACTOR:

Muslims camet oI ndi
aasconquer orsandhadest abl
ishedanempi r
ewhi ch
l
asted forhundr eds ofy ears.Thisf actory mel ded t heir 
outlook in 
many way s.
I
mperial
ism andpr idego hand i
nhand.InI ndia,t heirimper i
alpastpr oducedamong
Musli
msasenseofpr i
de-Hi
ndusbecome  l
oy altowar dst heBrit
ish.Hindustri
edut most
todominatetheMusl i
msast heywereinmi nority.Thepol i
ti
caleventsof  
20“1 century,
I
ndiabroughtanewuni t
yamongHi ndusbuti tcreatedt earandsuspi cioninthemi nds
oftheMusl i
msbecauseoft heevents 
l
ike Partit
ion of BengalandCongr essat ti
tude.
Thusthesepoli
ticalev
entsenhancedthesenseof  Musl i
m Nat i
onali
sm  amongMusl i
ms.

I
DEOLOGYOFPAKI
STAN:

Thei
deologyof 
Pakist
an,t
he 
overwhel
mingl
yMusl
i
m count
ryi
sthe 
i
dealswhi
ch
comprises the di
ctat
es 
and sanct i
ons which are att
ri
but
ed or pr one to
the 
Isl
am, 
conceptofnati
onand t
hat
 ofst
ate.

MUSLI
MS 
NATI
ONHOOD:

As r
egar
ds t
he 
Musl
i
ms t
hei
r 
basi
s ofnat
ionhood i
s nei
thergeogr
aphi
cal
boundari
esnorsoci
alor 
li
nguist
icsimi
l
arit
ies butt
hei
rrel
i
gion.Isl
am allMusli
ms 
ar e a
nati
onwi t
houtanydist
incti
onthisisthef i
rstpri
nci
palof 
Pakist
an 
ideologyQuaid-e-
Azam demandedaseparatehomelandfort
heMusl imsoft
he subcont
inent
.ToPakistan,
I
slam i
sthebasi
sofNationali
sm.

I
SLAMI
CSTATE:

Thei deol
ogyofPaki
stani
sbasedont
hepr
inci
paland i
deal
sofIsl
am.I
slam i
s
theidealforwhichMuslimsstr
uggl
edandonwhichthei deal
softhenewlyborn
nati
on wer
ebasedat.

ANCI
ENTI
DEOLOGY:

Ideologyof  
Pakistan 
theIsl
amicwayofl i
fe 
isnot somet hing 
li
ke 
amani f
est
othat
Pakistaniadoptedont hemor rowofthei
r 
freedom.On  t
hecont rar
y,i
tisasoldasIsl
am
i
tself.I
ndeedI ndo-PakistaniMusli
msemer gedas anew,  nati
on becausetheyhadstood
fasttot hisideology.Theyf oundedanew st at
e because they haddesir
edtoenthrone
thev aluesunder l
yingt hi
sideologywit
houtbei ngcheckedbyt he 
dominati
onofother
confli
ction 
values.

Ithasbeensuf fi
cient
ly 
warrantedbyt hehi stori
calfact
st hatnotwithstandinga
thousandy earsofcoexistenceofthe twocommuni ti
es. 
TheHindusand  the 
Musl ims,in
theI ndiansubcont i
nent,theycouldnot  
becomehar monic,cohesiveoruni t
ed.Thei r
social t
. i
ntercourse,f
orsomet i
mes, wast heexpedi ency 
whichwasbasedonr egionali
st
Butt his r
egionalistcommuni t
yisownmoodsandmet hods,namesandnomencl atur
e,
l
egendsandher oes,l
anguageand lit
erature,t
hisconceptofco- exist
encebet weent hem
evenatt heregionallevelscouldnotpr ovea success.Thus,startedt hei
rstrugglefora
separ atehomel and,onthebasis ofIsl
ami cideology.

I
SLAMI
CIDEOLOGY:

Now t
hequestioni
s what
 i
sanI sl
ami
cideology
,whi
chl
edt
heMusl
i
msoft
he
subconti
nent
 t
o anddemandaseparat
ehomeland.

Bri
efl
ydescri
bed,i
tisasetof  uni
versal
 
pri
nci
pleandcultur
al 
val
uesgi
ven 
by
I
slam f
or 
thesoci
al 
andmoralgui
danceofmankind.Fi
rstandf
oremostamongthem i
s
t
hebeli
efinGodandHissupremeSoverei
gnty
.

I
slam bel
i
evesint
heuni
tyofmanki
ndandbr
other
hood,
inf
undament
alr
ight
s and
f
reedom andequal
it
y.

I
slam alsostandsforsocialandeconomic j
usti
ce‘
for 
oneandall
.Thefor
tunate
Oneswhetheri nwealth,knowledge,wisdom 
'or
 f
it
ness,inanI sl
amicsoci
etyhavea
moralr
esponsibil
i
tytowardst heunfort
unate 
ones.
 Therelat
ionsbet
weenthenations
al
sodemandj usti
ceandmor ali
ty.
 These i
n br
ief,ar
et he pr
inci
ples,the eter
nalval
ues,under
lyi
ng t
he 
Isl
amic
i
deol
ogy. For 
Paki
stan,
 t
hese are Islamic values because t
hey have recei
ved
t
hem t
hrough 
the

RELI
GIOUSFACTOR:

Religioni sanessent i
alelementofI ndianNat i
onali
sm andexer tsa decisi
ve
i
nfluence  on t he Nat ionallif
e oft he peopl e.Ear l
ier
,Indian nati
onal
ism was bot h
rel
igious and  (r
eligi
on)andr aci
al(antiBr i
tish)
.BothHi nduandI ndi
annationali
sm were
basedonr eligionHi nduism isabsolutelyincompat i
blewithIslam.Itisbasedoncast e
system wher eas, I slam '
advocates egalitar
ian society.I n India, Pan-I
slamizi
ng
mov ement  was  i
mitatedbyJamal uddin  Afghani.Thedoctri
newast hatMusl i
msal lov
er
the wor ld woul d wer e br
other.InI ndia,t he doctr
ine had str
ongerappealt han
i
n other  
count ries.

CULTURALFACTORY:

Thepart
it
ionofI ndiawasduet ot heforcesofcult
uralseparati
sm. Cul
tural 
i
sa
great
estdeter
minationofanat i
onwhichl i
vesinthemendsoft hemenand  mouldst hei
r
way of t hi
nki
ng.I nI ndia,Hi ndu and Musl im cult
ures exist
ed ev er since 
the
Muslims came toI ndi
a.The backgr ound and contents and contours ofthe t wo
cult
ures 
wereso dif
ferentt hattheynev erevolvedacommonsoci ety.Theirdi f
fer
ent
cult
uralbodi
es 
precededt heir
 pol
it
ical
bodi es.

Thedif
ferenceofl anguagewasanother f
actor
s Ur
du 
wast helanguageoft he
MuslimsandHi ndiwasofHi ndus.Themorethe 
Hindus 
lai
dstr
essonHi ndi
,thegreat
er
emphasistheMusl i
msputonUr du.Musl
imsclai
medby  
aseparat
enati
on.Anat i
onwas
supposestohav eal anguageofi tsown.
 Ur
duwas  animpor
tantsti
mulantofMusl i
m
nati
onali
sm.(Urdu-Hi
ndiCont r
oversy)

EDUCATI
ON:

Ineducati
on,Muslim  i
dealsdiff
eredf rom thoseofHi ndus.Inthebeginni
ng,the
Muslimswer eagainstEnglish butHindus adoptedit quickl
y.Aligar
hwast hesy mbolof
Muslim nat i
onal
ism int he f i
eld of 
educat i
on 
and l ear
ning,Hi ndus opposed the
est
ablishmenti fMusl i
m uni ver
sit
y Aligarh and introduced War dha Scheme which
was againstt
heMusl i
mi deals.

LI
TERATURE:

Muslimsl i
teraryproducti
onswereofdi f
fer
entnatur
e, hadadif
ferentbackground
andwer e 
inspiredbydi ff
erent 
sources-
rel
igi
on,hi
stor
y,-
inf
luenceofPersianand Arabic.
Hindus 
wer einspiredbyKal i
dasGupt a,i
npromotionofUrduHal i
,Shi
ble,SirSyed,
 
Nazi r
Ahmed, Abdul Haqpl ayedav i
talrol
e.

PHI
LOSOPHY:
 Hinduslookedt
ot hei
rownancientphi
losophyj
ustastheMusli
mst r
acedthei
r
i
ntel
l
ectualancestr
ytoMusl i
mthi
nkerslikeIqbal
,Ghazal
e,Abne-
Sena,I
bniKhal
don.
Hi
ndusgotinspir
ati
onfr
om RahdaKi
rshan,Ghandi.

ART:

Muslims looked towar

ds Mughals buil
ding as t
heir
 ar
tist
ic
heri
tage,
 Lal
 
Qela,
 
Taj
 
Mahal , 
ShaheMahalarethei
r 
masterpi
eces. 
Artofmi ni
atur
epai
nti
ngwas
i
ntroducedbyShahJahan  Hinduswereequal
l
yi mpressedbyt hearchitectureofSouthIndia
temples.

PSYCHOLOGI
CAL 
FACTOR:

The dif
ference i
n psychol
ogyplayed 
an i
mpor t
antr ol
e i
nt he ri
se ofMusli
m
nati
onal
ism.Thei rMy t
hs and symbolwer e di
ffer
ent 
("
Pakistan 
Zindabad”
,“All
ah-
o-
Akbar"
,“Bhar
atmat takejaa"
,”JaaHindh"
).The f
earandi nsecuri
tygt heMusli
msand
pri
deinthei
rheroeswasanotherfact
orofMuslim Nati
onali
sm.

NATI
ONALCONSCI
OUSNESS:
(Spi
ri
tual
Fact
or)

Theessenceofnat ionalit
ylies,
 above allint hewillofpeople, 
thewillt
ol i
ve
together
.Musl i
msnat i
onali
sm hasexi stedi nhi storyforal ongt i
mebuti tis onl
y
through 
consci
ousness or 
awakeni ng of it,t hat it became t he absolut
ef actor.
Musl i
m Nati
onali
sm wasther esult
,not ofblood,norofcommonl anguage,notevenof
shared t
err
it
orybut 
ofconsciousness.Mat eri
alf actsofcoursehelpedtheconfi
gurati
on
butthereal 
dri
vi
ngimpetus 
behi ndthemov ementwasspi rit
ual.

CONCLUSI
ON:

I
twasnotenought ohav eacommonr eli
gioncommonhi st
oryorlanguage.
Peopl
emustheconsci
ousaboutthei
rpastandf
utur
e.Thi
sconsci
ousnesswasagr eat
for
cebehi
ndt
heMuslim Nat
ional
i
sm.

TWONATI
ON 
THEORY

Jinnahwasnotthe f
ir
sttocallt
heMuslimsofIndi
aanation.Beforehi
m SirSyed
AhmedKhanhadaddr essedthem asa” qaum”.
anUrduwordwhi chcanbepar aphr
ased
as" nati
on”.TheAgha Khan; AamirAliandotheroftenref
erredtot heircommuni t
y
as 
"nation”.But
 i
twasJi nnah who fort hefi
rstt
ime,dist
inctnations.Hindusand
Muslims, whi
chcoul
dnotl i
veasonest ate.

Thus t
he two nation theoryiniti
ated bySirSyed Ahmed Khan and f ur
ther
expounded 
byMuhammad  Al
iJinnah and hiscoll
eagues,becamet hefutureof-the
Musli
msofI ndia.Itf
inal
l
ycome  toheannouncedont heeveofPakist
anResolut
ionand
culmi
nated in t he maki ng of Paki st
an, 
an independent st
ate for t
he I ndian
Mohammedans.
THETHEORY 
ENUNCI
ATED:

The mostclearand emphat

ic exposi
ti
on ofthe theoryi
st o be found i
n
statement
sandspeechesofJinnah.Hewast hemainexpounderofthetheorywho
mademostoft heMusli
m andevensomeHi ndust
obeliev
ei nthet
rut
hoft wonation
theory.

Jinnah sai d,Hi ndus and Musl i

ms r epresented two  di
fferent 
and di st
inct
separat edci vil
i
zationsandi nfactasdif
ferentanddi st
inctfrom oneanot herin or
igin
tradit
ions, andmanner soflif
easwerethediff
er entEuropeannat i
ons.I nIndi
at her
ewas
a major  
andmi nornat i
onanda parl
i
amentary system basedonpr i
ncipleofmaj ori
tyrule
musti nev i
tablemeant her ul
eofthemaj ornat ion.Therefore,Jinnahdemandedt he
Br i
ti
shgov ernmentt oev ol
vesuchaconsti
tuti
ont hatrecognizesthef actthattherewer e
twonat ionsi nIndia,bothofwhom mustshar ethegov ernmer '
.
1tJi nnahmadei tclear
thatMusl i
msofI ndiawer ebynomeansami nor it
ybutasol i
danddi sti
nctnation.

LAHORERESOLUTI
ON:

Theresol
uti
ondemandedthepart
it
ionoft
hesub-
cont
inent
,expl
ainst
het
heor
yin
det
ail
.Ji
nnahinhispr
esi
dent
ialaddr
essatLahor
esai
d:

"
Not
wit
hst
andi
ngat
h0usandy
ear
sofcl
osecont
act
,

Nati
onali
ti
es,
 wh1char
easdiver
genttodayasev
er,cannotat
 an)
 t
imehe 
expect
edt
o,
t
ransfor
mt hemselv
esi
ntoonenat
ion.

Merel
y,bysubj ect
ion t
hem to democr
ati
c consol
i
dat
ion and hol
ding t
hem 
for
cibl
y
t
ogetherofBr
it
ishParli
ament
arystat
ue.

Thepr obl
em ofI ndiai
snotinter
-communalbutitisint
ernati
onaloneanditmustbe
tr
eatedassuch,Hi ndusandMusl imsbelongedtot wodi f
fer
entreal
ism of
 r
eli
gion,
phil
osophy,
 histor
y,socialnorms and mor alstandards,language and l
it
erat
ure
and such 
diversi
tycoul
dnevermergeint
ounit
y.

Quaid-
e-Azam ther
efore,madeincl
eartotheBrit
ish,i
f 
shewas real
l
ysinceret
osecure
thepeaceandhappi nessofIndi
a,i
tshouldall
owt he 
majornati
ons 
separat
ehomeland
bydriv
ingIndi
aintoautonomousnati
onalstat
esJinnahdeclar
editmany t
imes

Musl
i
msar
eanat
ionaccor
dingt
oany
 def
ini
ti
onofa

Nat
ionandt
heymusthav
ethei
rhomel
and,
thei
r

Ter
ri
tor
yandt
hei
r 
stat
e

Tot
heHinduobject
ion,t
hatthe 
Musl
imswere 
mer einvader
sandout
sidesandhadt hus
not
err
it
oryr
ighttoIndi
a,Ji
nnahrepl
i
edlogi
cal
ly
 thatifMusli
ms 
wereinvader
s,so 
 were
t
heAr
yans(
Hindus)
. 
Theywer
enott
heI
ndi
a.

EXTERNAL 
EVI
DENCE:

NotonlyJi
nnahandMuslimswereconvi
ncedtothetwonati
ont
heor
y,butt
her
e
ar
esev
eral
other 
ext
ernal
evi
dencesoft
hegenui
nenessofthecl
aim,

1)Indi
aisa landof  
nat
ion.
 (B.KKr i
shna-
1939).
2)Ther eali
ty 
istheMusl i
m  popul
ationi
nI ndi
a,some90mi lli
on,withit
sown
system ofl aw andsoci alorgani
zati
on,itswondisti
nctlanguage,i
tsown
hist
oricalt
radi
tionsprovestobeasepar atenat
ion.(
Economist1946).

THE 
SEPARATEELECTORATES:
MANDATEOFTHE 
TWO 
NATI
ON 
THEORY:

Thedemandofsepar at
eelect
orateswasamani fest
ationofMuslim f
eeli
ng of
separatenessandt
heannouncementof 
two nat
iont
heoryTheraisondesi
reofseparate
el
ectorateswasanaff
ir
mationtot
hecauseofseparatehomeland.

SirSyed Ahmed Khan,forthe fi

rstti
me demanded separat
e elector
atefor
Musli
mswhennotasi nglememberf r
om Musl i
mshadbeenr ecommendedf orthe
counci
lofUnit
ed Pr
ovi
nces 
in 
1892 
electi
ons.Theargumentof1906Siml aDeputat
ion
wasalsothesameThedemandofsepar ateel
ectorat
eswasbasedon t
ruce gr
ounds.

(a)Since,Musli
mswereinami nor
it
yinal
lbuti
ntwopr ov
inces,i
twas di
ff
icul
t 
fora
Muslim candi
datet
obeel ectedinthegener
alel
ect
ionsowingt otheexi
stingstat
e
of 
tension 
bet
weenHindusandMuslims.

(b) 
If
, 
the two communi ti
es wer e not separ
ate at t
he pol
l
s, ev
ery
elect
ion 
woul
d r
esul
t 
in 
communal
riot
s.

(c)Wherevert
hesy st
em ofsepar
ateel
ect
orat
ehadbeeni
ntr
oduced,i
twor
ked 
wer
e
and 
recur
redpeace.

Musl imswer egivent her i

ghtofsepar ateelector
ateont hebasi soft hereseparate
i
dent it
yi nt he Br i
ti
sh I ndian polit
yin Minto-Morley (1909)r eforms whi ch were
highly condemned by  
theHi ndus.Theyopposedt hesy stem onpur elyrati
onalbasisin
I
ndi a.Theyt hissy stem in“ Cyclone"wheretheywer ei nmi nori
ty,tosaf eguar
dt hei
r
i
nt erests. But t hey r esist
ed t he syst em i n I ndi
a t o domi nate t he
whol e subconti
nent, 
sincethey  
wer einmajor
ityhere.ThusMusl i
msgr aduall
yfel
tthat
theycoul dnotliv
et ogetherwi t
h Hindusunder
 onepoliti
calroof.

Thewei ghtage- t
wo-r
ationtheoryremainedthesheet-anchor 
ofMusl i
m  Leaguepol i
cy
ti
l
lt he latet hir
ti
es,afterwhich the fai
thi nt he conceptof  
separate elector
ates
di
sappear edandMusl i
msl aunchedtheirstruggl
eforestablishi
nga separ ate Musli
m
stat
e,andt hatis 
whit
 Pakist
anwasacor oll
arytothesystem ofseparat
eel ectorate.
CONGRESSANDTWONATI
ON 
THEORY:

Congr
ess react
ion t
owards t
he f
ormula 
was 
i
rri
tat
ing 
and byno means coul
d she
compromi
sewi t
ht hi
sfor
mula.Theatt
it
udeof 
Congressfur
theract
ivat
edt
heMusli
ms
towar
dsseparat
ism.

CONCLUSI
ON:

Thetwonat
iontheor
yactedasasouli nthebodyofPaki
stanmov ement
.Wit
houtthe
two 
nati
ont
heor
y ,
theMusli
m pol
i
ticalNat
ional
i
sm woul
dhav enev
erscanthereal
i
tyof
theday
.

I
DEOLOGY– 
TWO-
 NATI
ONTHEORY

a.SI
RSYED
b.ALLAMAI QBAL
c.QUAID-
E-AZAM

(
i) SI
RSYEDAHMEDKHAN

Themanwhospokefi
rstoftheMusli
msasa“
nat
ion”i
nthemoder
nti
meswasnone
othert
hanSi
rSy
edAhmed.I
n1867,hesai
d:

”Iam convi
ncedthat 
both-
ther
e nat
ionswil
lnotjoi
nwholehear
til
yinanythi
ng.Atpre
ther
eisno open host i
l
itybetween the t
wo nati
ons.Buton accountofso cal
led
educat
ed 1380 
i
twill
incr
easeinthefutur
e”.

Anal
ysi
ng on t he demand of I
ndi
an Nat
ional
 
Congr
ess 
for i
ntr
oduct
ion 
of
Parl
i
ament
ary
 el
ect
ionshesai
d:

"Theproposalsofcongr essareexceedinglyexpedientforacountr
ywhi chi
si nhabi
ted
bytwodi ff
erentnati
ons.Nowsuppose, i
ftheEngl i
shleaveIndi
awhowoul dbet heruler
ofIndi
a’s?Isitpossibleunderthese ci
rcumstances, 
thatthetwonat
ionstheIndiansand
theMusl i
mswoul dsi tont hesamet heoneandr emainequalinpower?Cert
ainlynot.It
i
snecessar yt hatoneoft hem shoul
dsur renderthe other
. 
Tohopet hatbothwoul d
remainequal i
sto desiretheimpossibl
e”

(
ii
) ALLAMAI
QBAL:

Hewasagr eatphil
osopherandpol it
ical 
thi
nker
. 
Hehadst udi
edIsl
am deeply
 andhada
prof
oundlikingfortheIslamicprinci
ples.Hecompar edt hewesterncult
ure 
withIslam
andreachedt heconcl
usiont hatt
hewel fareof 
mankind 
laidinthe 
adopti
onofI sl
am as
awayofl i
fe.Heawakenedt heMusl i
msoft hesubconti
nentandasked them to 
struggl
e
foraseparatehomeland.Thishedi dthroughhispoet
ry.Hesai d:

"
Iam hi
l
lyconv
inced t
hatt
he Musl
i
ms 
ofI
ndi
a wi
l
l 
ult
imat
elyhav
eto est
abl
i
sh a
separ
atehomel
andort
heycannott
imewi
th 
Hindusi
nUni
tedI
ndi
a”.

All
amaIqbalopenl
ynegat
edtheconceptof 
onenati
onandemphasi zedontheseparat
e
nati
onal
ident
it
yofMusli
ms.Hewasagai nstt
heseparat
ion 
ofr
eli
gionfrom pol
i
ties.

Indi
ai sacontinentofHumanbeings bel
ongi
ngto 
dif
ferent l
ayoutagesandr el
i
gions.
To base 
aconstit
uti
onontheconcept
ionofhomogeneous Indiaist
oopr eparedherefor
civi
lwar.I,
ther
eforedemand 
separ
ateMuslimsst
ate 
inthebesti nt
erestoftheMusl i
ms
ofIndiaandIsl
am.

The All
ahabad addr ess: of Al
l
ama I qbal car
ri
es great import
ance in the
fr
eedom st
ruggle 
oftheMuslimsofIndi
a. 
Inhispresi
dent
ialaddr
essheclassi
fi
ed 
the
twonati
ont heoryanddemandedfora separat
ehomeland f
ortheIndi
anMusli
ms:He
sai
d:

“Ibeli
evethat
 thepr otecti
on 
ofseparate 
identi
ty 
i
si nthebestinter
ests of 
Hindusand
theMusl i
ms.Si ncet heMusl im oft hesubcontinentisasepar at
enat i
onwi th 
thei
r
disti
nctcul
tur
e and rel
igionsvaluesandt heywant edt ohaveasy stem oft heirown
l
iking,t
heyshouldbeal lowedtoliveundersuchasy stem i
naseparatestatecompr i
sing
ofNor t
hWesternf r
ontierprov
inceSindh,PunjabandBaluchist
an”.

TheSpi r
it
 whichIqbali
nfusedintheMusl i
ms by hi
sAll
ahabadaddressdev el
opedi nto
an ideol
ogicalbasisfort he Paki
stan movement.The famous Pakistan resol
ution
passedonMar ch23,1940atLahor ewasi ntactbasedonAll
arnaI qbal,pr
esidential
addressofAllahabad.

(
ii
i) QUAI
D-E-
AZAM:

Quaid-
e-Azam gav e practical shape to t he i
deol ogy 
giv
en and enunci ated by
All
ama  I
qbal.
 He wasatlast successf
ul 
inconvincingt heHindusandt heBrit
ishoft he
real
it
yoft het wonat i
ont heoryandt hePakistani deology.Jinnah,af
terent
eringinto
poli
ti
esadv ocated 
Hindu- Musli
m unit
y.Hewant edt ogetridoft heBri
ti
shrul
et hrough
thesaint 
eff
ort 
ofHindusandMusl ims.Thushesamet obeknownast he"Ambassador
ofHinduMusl i
m unit
y “lucknow pactbecamepossi bleforhissincer
eactsi n(1916)
butlateronhewasgr eatlydisappoi
ntedbyt hepr ej
udici
alaat t
it
udeofHindusand
Congresstowar dsMuslim.

Now Jinnah 
beli
evedt
hatCongr esswillnev
err
ecogni
zet
her
ight
sofMusl
i
ms.Hesai
d
i
n t
he secondroundti
tl
e conf
erence 
(1931):

“Iwantto i
nform ever
ybodyopenlyt
hesett
ledbef
oretheenf
orcementofany  
syst
em 
or
constit
uti
on.Unitedy oucannotprovi
deguaranteeforthesafeguardoft he 
Musl
im
i
nterest,unit
ed y ou do notwi nthei
rcooperati
on,any consti
tut
ion y
ou enfor
ce
shal
l not 
l
ast 
forevery 
24 
hours.

Ji
nnahwasaf
ir
m adv
ocat
eoft
wonat
iont
heor
yon 
.Mar
ch 
23,
1940,
hesai
d:
“I
thasbeentaken 
mistaki
ng t
hat t
he 
Musli
msar eami nori
ty.Theyarenotaminor
ity
.
Theyar
eanationbyalldefi
nit
ions.Byal
lcanonsofi
nternati
onal 
lap/
we 
areasepar
ate
nati
onf
rom Hi
ndus”

I
n1942hesai
d:

"We ar
e a nation wit
h our dist
ri
ct 
cul
tur
e and ci vi
li
zati
on, 
language and l
it
erat
ure,
art
 goods,archit
ect
urenamesandnomencl at
ure, 
senseofv al
ues,legall
awsandmor al
codes,customsandcal endar
s,hist
oryatradit
ions.In 
short 
wehav eourowndistr
ict
outl
ookonl i
feand ofl
if
e.

Hef
urt
herdef
inedt
het
wonat
iont
heor
y:

”TheMusli
msareanat
ionevery
 ri
ght 
toest
abli
sht hei
rseparatehomeland.Theycan
adoptanymeanst
opromote 
and pr
otectt
heireconomic,social
,pol
it
icalandcult
ural
i
nterest
"

I
n1942hesai
d:

“I
slam 
teaches equali
ty,
 
just
ices and f
airplaywi
th ev
ery
one.We shoul
d base our
democracyourprinci
pleandconceptsofIsl
am”.

Hesai
don(
1947)
 atI
slami
aCol
l
egePeshawar
:

We di
d not want Paki
stan t
o have a 
piece 
of land simpl
y but we want
ed a
l
aborat
ory
 wher
e we 
coul
dexperi
mentt
heIsl
ami cpr
incipl
es.

(
a)SI
RSYED
(
b)ALLAMAI
QBAL
(
c)JI
NNAH

FROM UNI
TYSTANCETOSEPARATI
SM:

I
NTORDUCTI
ON:

SirSy edAhmedKhan, All

amaI qbalandMuhammadAl iJinnahareconsi der
edas t
heory
per sonalit
iesinthehist or
yofMusl i
m national
i
sm inthesub- cont
inent.SirSyedgave 
the
i
deaof  
thet wo nati
ons;Al l
amaI qbaldreamedasepar at ehomelandf ortheMusl i
ms
on t he 
reali
ty.Butt hehi st
oryissel f
-evi
dentofthef actst hatSyed,IqbalandJi nnah
originall
y,wer enotinf avourofseparati
sm butthecoalit
ionswerecr eatedinwhichthey
wer ef orced t
o shif
t f
rom unity 
stancetoseparati
sm letsnow seewhyMusl i
mleaders
changedt heir 
stance.

SI
RSYED:

Si
rSy
edt
hepi
oneerofAl
i
gar
hMov
ementi
scr
it
ici
zedbysome 
Hindu 
Hist
ori
ansasant
i-
Hinduoramar rowcommunal istinhi
sout look.Thiscanbe  repatri
ated byt hefactt hat,
hi
sef fort
swer edir
ectedt owar dthepr omot i
onand  advancementof  
allhi
scount rymen,
withofcour seaspeci alreferencet ot heposi t
ionofMusl imsas  theywer e t
hef ollow
communi ty.Thet ranslat
ion soci et
yest ablished atGhazi puri n 1864 whi ch 
lateron
devel
oped i nto Ali
garh Scienti
fi
c Soci et
y, whose obj ect was t o
tr
anslate European l
it
eraturei nto under was bei ng managed by Sy ed Ahmed’ s
l
ifel
ong friend.
 Raj
aKi shanDassi mil
arlythepr udishIndianAssoci ati
onest abl
ishedi n
1866wi th theobjectofkeepi ngi ntouchWi t
ht hemember soft heHouseofCommons
wascomposedof  bothHi ndusandMusl im.Hewasev entuall
ynotaddr essinghi s
own communi tywhom  at t
he inaugurationoft heBrit
ishIndi
aAssoci ation,hesai d:

TheI
ndi
an(
Hindusand 
Musl
i
m) 
arel
oyal
tot
heBr
it
ish

They ear1867i spar t

icularl
y si
gnif
icantint hel if
eofI ndianMusl i
m.Sy edAhmed
Khanwaspost edat  Banar aswhenhesentacommuni cat iontot heVi ceroysuggesting
theest abl i
shmentofav ermicular Uni
versit
yandabur eauoft r
ansl ationtot r
anslate
universit
yandbooksi ntoUr du.Ascount erproposalcer tainHi ndul eader sofBanar as
proposedt hatt heUr du  Languagewr i
tt
eni nPer sianscr iptshoul dbedi scont
inuedi n
the government ,cour ts andt hereforeshould ber epl acedbyhew l anguagewr itt
eni n
Dev anagr iscri
pt.I twast he 
first 
occasionwhent hef el
tt hatitwasnowi mpossiblefor
theHi ndusandt heMusl imst oprogressasa  singl enat ionandf orany onet owor kfor
bothoft hem.Si mul taneousl y,hemett hecommi ssionerofBanar asanddi scussedt he
problemsofMusl i
m educat ion.TheBr it
ish 
offi
cial wassuppr essed att hechangeand
said.“Hitherto,
 y ou hav eal way sbeenkeenaboutt hewel fareofI ndiansi ngeneral
;this
i
st hef i
rstoccasi onthatIhav ehear daboutthepr ogr ess ofMusl im alone.

ALLAMAI
QBAL:

Allama I qbal was a poet and phi l

osopher of I ndi
a. He  too was an ar dent
adv ocate of 
Indian 
nati
onalism and Hi ndu Musl i
m uni t
yi n his earlycareer.
 He  was
shiftedf r
om ot herstance i
n Englanddur inghi s st
udy  
of 
western Nat i
onal
ism. 
The  l
ocal
politi
calsituati
onand  Hindu Musli
mr ights l
eft i
timpressionov erhismi nd.But 
the thing,
whi cht r
ansferredhim  f
rom  agreatexponentofI ndiannationali
sm t otheadv ocateof
i
nt ernati
onalism and pan-I
slami zi
ng  was the 
moder n 
nat i
onali
sm, 
whi ch has
divided nati
ons intowar ri
ng gr
oupr esultingi ntot wowor l
dwar s.Hi swasaposi tive
appr oach.Hewant edt osolve 
Hindu Musl im, problem foronce and. al
l.I
nhionlycar eer
hedi dhi sutmostt ointegrate 
Indiannat i
ons.Butt het i
mepr ovedt hathisspir
itualand
dialogicalaschangeast he exi
gency of 
thet ime.

I
n1909whenhewasi nvi
tedt
oAmr i
tsertoattendameet i
ngofacosmopolit
an
organi
zati
onwit
ht hemembershi
popenedtot heHi ndusandt heMusl
im. 
Iqbalpol
it
y
decli
nedthei
nvi
tat
ionandi
nthecour
seofcorrespondencethat
 ensur
ed 
hewr ot
e:

Ihave 
my self
 been 
oft
en 
vi
ewt hatr
eligi
ousdif
fer
enceshoul ddi
sappear
 fr
om t
his
countr
y ,andnev ernow,Iactont hi
spr i
ncipl
einmypr i
vat
el i
fe.But 
now,Ithankthe
preser
v at
iontheirseparat
enati
onent i
tl
ei sdesi
rabl
ef orboth,Hindu 
andthe Musl
im.
Thev i
sionofacommonnat i
onhoodf orIndi
aisasbeauti
fuli
deal
,and 
headsa poeti
c
appeal. But l ooking to the present conditi
ons and t he unconsci
ous t o
the 
present 
conditi
onsandt heunconscious 
tr
ends 
ofthetwocommuni ti
esthisidea
appears i
ncapable 
offul
fi
lment
.

JI
NNAH:

Muhammad Al i
 Jinnah,  
who l ed the  battlef ort he creation ofPaki st
an,was
howev erqui teal ateconcer ttot hecr eedofPaki stannat ionali
sm.Hest ri
vedforal i
ng
i
t em fora“ modus  v i
vendi a" 
bet weenHi ndu  andMusl i
m’ sinanundi videdIndia.Hewas
descr i
bedl i
ber alleaderofI ndianNat i
onalcongr esswhoemphasi zedHi nduMusl i
m
unityandunderhi s i
nfl
uence  Jinnahj oinIndi annat ionalcongr ess int hehopet oserve
IndianMusl im andt obr ingt het wocommuni tiesintocl oseraccor d.From 1906t o1920,
whenhel eftt hecongr ess,Ji nnahst oodf orsepar at eelectoratesi ntosomucht o
st r
engt hent heMusl im,separ atisttendency ,butt o 
bringt hem upont heeconomi cand
cultural l
evel of t
her estof  t
heI ndi an.Hisef for tsinthedi recti
on ofHi nduMusl im ef
for
ts
i
n t he di rect i
on of Hi ndu Musl im uni t y wer e unquest ioned. Ev en when t he
relati
on  between  Hindusand Musl imswer est eadil
ydet er
iorati
ng despi tenumer ous
ef f
ortmade  bet ween 1921and1928t obringt heHi nduMusl im,uni tydidnotweaken.
Butt he cunni ngness oft he Nehr ur epor tand l aterev ents slowl y and graduall
y
transfor medt hi
sambassadorofHi nduMusl im uni t
yt oanext remeconceptofMusl i
m
separ ationin India.

CONCLUSI
ON:

Al
readydr ainedJinnahcoul dnolongerwi t
nesshisnewl ycreatedstatebecome
mat ur e. 
But 
thet imehegotf rom thelor
dwasf ul
lyuti
li
zedbyhi mtobui l
dPaki stanint
o
ast rongandor ganizedstat
edwher etheMusl im ofsubconti
nentcouldbeaccor dingto
thei deasofI slam.Hi sef f
orts 
toputt heinfantstateont hepat hofst abil
ityand
progr essar e uncount abl
e. 
Hisef f
ortsto enthusepeopl e,st
epsf orr ehabil
i
tationof
refuges,endeav ourst osett
leinter
naldisput
es andhismanoeuv resindiplomat i
carena
speakofhi ssagaci tyandironwi l
lagai
nstall
 QUAI
D’SCONCEPTOFSTATE:

I
SLAMI
CORSECULAR:

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Some peopleclai
mt hatQuai
d-e-Azam idealwasamoder nnat
ionalsecul
arst
ate.They
basethei
r cl
aim on 
thereport
 ofthecour tofEnquir
y1953.Theenqui rywaspr esi
ded
overby 
C.J Mr.M.Munirquot
ationfrom speechesofJinnahReport
ssay st
hattheQuaid
sai
d,

Thestatewouldbeamoder ndemocrat
icstat
ewit
hsover
eignt
y v
est
edinthe
peopl
e and t he members of the new nati
on woul
d have equal r
ight
s of
ci
ti
zenshi
p r
egardl
essoft
hei
rrel
i
gioncast
eorcr
eed.

I
SLAMI
CSTATEORSECULARSTATE?

The Quai d’
s speech of 11 August 1947 t o the const
ituent assembly
of 
Paki stan 
hadledsomepeopl et oarguethathewasnoti nf avoroft heidea 
ofan
I
slami c stat
e.Buta car ef
ulanalysi
soft he same speech and hisot herutt
erance
before andaf t
er 
parti
ti
on 
conv
inces methathehadnoobject
iont oastatebasedont he
broad pr i
nci
plesof 
Isl
am.

PRESSTOCONSTI
TUENT 
ASSEMBLY 
AUG11,
1947:

He 
sai
d,

Ifwewantt omakePaki stanahappyandpr osperous 

state,weshouldwhol l
yand
sol
elyconcentr
ateont hewellbeingoft hepeopleandespeciall
yoft he masses 
andthe
poor.I
fyouwillworkincooperati
on, f
orgett
ingthepastyouar eboundt osucceed.I
fyou
changeyourpastandwor ktoget herinSpiri
t 
thatever
yoneofy ou,no matt
er 
towhat
communi t
y,hebelongs,nomat terwhatr el
ati
onshehad  wit
hy oui nthepastnomat ter
whatishiscol
our,casteorcreed, isf
ir
st,l
astsecondinaci t
izen ofthi
sstatewithequal
ri
ghts,
pri
vil
egesandobl i
gati
ons, ther
ewi l
lbenoend totheprogressy ouwillmake.

I
n f
actQuai
d wanted t
o establ
ish an I
slami
c welf
are st
ate where no one i
s
expl
oit
ed.Whereit
 i
st heduty ofthest atetoseet hatnonegoeswi t
houtfoodand
cl
othes,andev
eryi
ndiv
iduali
spr ov
ided withal
lthebasi
cnecessi
ti
esofli
fe.

Moreoverhaveexamples 
of Hol
y 
Prophet(PBUH),
 
forgi
vi
ng 
hisenemi
eswhodi
d
notbel
i
evehim well
inthepastatthehi
stor
icvict
oryofMecca.

THE 
VISI
ON 
OFI
SLAMI
CSTATEI
NHI
S SAYI
NGS:

Quai
d-e-
Azam al
way s 
wanted 
Paki
stan 
tobeanI
slami
cst
ateanddi
dnotwantandot
her
doct
ri
ne f
orst
ate 
craftot
herthanI
slam.
1.Quai
dconceptofI
slami
cst
ate:

Duri
nghi
svi
sitt
oUsmani
aUni
ver
sit
yHy
der
abadhedel
i
ver
edal
ect
uret
o
t
he 
student
s:

TheconceptofanI sl
ami cstat
ewhi chshouldal way sbekeptinmi ndi s
thatini tonehast oobeyAl mightyAll
ahfait
hfull
y.Thi
sobedi encei
sthrought he
i
njectionsandpr incipl
esoft heHol yQuran.InIslam sov erei
gnpower sarenot
vestedi nthe personofki ngorpar l
i
amentoranypar t
icularpersonorinsti
tut
ion.
Quran has  prescr i
bed t
he limits of our pol i
ti
calor soci alli
fe. In other
wor ds Isl
amic governmentist herul
eoftheQur anici
njunctionsandpri
ncipl
esf or
establishi
ngsuchagov er
nmentasepar atecountryorast ateismust.

2.Anon-
Isl
ami
cSt
ate:

Quai
d was againstt he 
expl
oit
ati
on 
of t
he masses int he name of
Isl
am. He 
beli
evedt
hatsl at
ewhi chmayal l
ow t
he 
expl
oit
ati
on .
ofthemasses
cannotbean Isl
ami
c st
atewhi chaddr
essi
ngAllI
ndi
aMuslim Leaguein1943at
Delhihesai
d:

Here I should like t

o give a war ni
ng t o the l
andl
ords and
capi
tal
ists 
who f
louri
shed 
atourexper
ti
se.The 
exploi
tat
ion 
oft
hemasseshas
goneintothei
r 
blood.

They havefor
gottentheteachingsofIsl
am.Itisther
et hatwearenoti
n
power 
today.Ihav
e vi
sit
edv i
ll
ages.Therear
emi l
li
onsandmilli
onsofpeopl
ewho
har
dlyget 
onemeal aday .I
fthi
sistheideai
fPakist
an.Iwouldnothavei
f.

3.Ant
i-
Imper
ial
i
sm:

Quai
dwasanant i-
imperi
ali
sm democr
at.Hehatedimper
ial
i
sm and he
wasoneofthoser
arel
eaderswhonevermadeanycompr
omisewit
h i
mper
ial
ism.

4.I
slam asacodeofl
i
fe:

TheQuai
d had acl
earconceptofI
slam asa 
codeofl
i
fe.
 Dur
ing hi
s
i
nter
viewwit
hajournal
i
sti
n1943hesaid:

I
slam i
snotamer erel
igi
ous doct
ri
nebut 
a r
eali
sti
candpr acticalcodeof
conduct.In al
lthings we are 
fundamental
lydif
ferent
 f
rom Hi ndus.Ther ei s
nothi
ngi nli
fewhichl i
kesust ogether.Ourname, 
ourclothes,ourf oods,our
economicslif
e,oureducati
onali
dealsalli
sdif
fer
ent.We chall
enge eachot herat
everypoi
nt.

5.Real
democr
ati
cpopul
ar 
gov
ernment
:
 Bef
oret
heest
abl
i
shment
 ofPaki
stan 
Quai
dsai
d:

“
Paki
stani
stheMusl
i
msdemandf orfr
eedom becauseMusl
imsi
nPaki
stanwant
t
obeablet
oset 
ownreal
democr
aticpopul
argovernment
s”.

6.Paki
stana 
Musl
i
m St
ate:

Dur
inghi
s addr
esst
othel
astsessi
onofAl
lIndi
aMusl
i
m Leaguei
n1947,
hesai
d:

Leti
tbe 
cleart
hatPaki
stani
sgoi
ngtobeaMusl i
m stat
ebasedonIsl
amic
i
deal
s.Thewhole Wor
ldeven 
UNOhaschar
acter
izedPaki
stanasaMusli
m stat
e.

7.Fut
ureofconst
it
uti
on 
ofPaki
stan:

Idonotknowwhattheul
ti
mateshapeofthi
sconsti
tut
ionisgoingtobe,
butIam surethati
twi
l
l 
beofdemocr
ati
ctypeembodyi
ngtheessenti
alpri
nci
ples
ofIsl
am.(1048)

8.Economi
csy
stem:
 
ant
i-
communi
sm:

Iwarnt
hecommuni t
iestokeeptheirhands 
off
 t
heMuslims.Isl
am istheir
gui
deandcomplet
ecodeofl i
fe.Theydonotwantany“ i
sm”.Theobject 
ofIslam
i
stoestabl
i
shabalancedeconomicorderbasedonfundamentalhumanrights.

9.I
slami
cdemocr
acy
:

Itismybel i
efthatoursalv
ationli
esinf ol
lowi
ngt hegol denrulesof
conductsetforusbyourgr
eatl
aw giv
ertheProphet(PBUH)ofI sl
am Letuslay
the f
oundati
ons ofourdemocracyon the bases 
oft r
uly
 Isl
amici deal
s and
pri
nci
ples.

CONCLUSI
ON:

Quai
dunderstoodIsl
am andwant edPakist
ant obeat r
ueIsl
ami cstat
e.He
bel
iev
ed inIsl
amic democracy,soci
al.Just
ice,equalr
ight
s ofcit
izens,and 
non-
di
scri
minat
oryt
reat
mentstowardsminori
ty.

SHEI
KHAHMEDSI
RHI
NDI

SOCI
ALCONDI
TIONSOFI
NDI
A:

Thesocialconditi
onsofMusl
imsi
nI ndi
awereconst
rict
ing.The 
enf
orcement
of
 Di
n-e-
Ell
ahi
badlyaffectedt
heMusl
i
mfundamental
i
sm andt
heirspi
ri
ttowar
dsIsl
am.

Pol
i
tical
l
y,Akbar
’sconceptof
 sov
erei
gnt
y suchas 
din-
e-El
l
ahi
 
made 
an 
att
ack 
on
I
slami
cconceptofsover
eignt
yofAll
ahandthepr
acti
ceofpr
ost
rat
ion 
to 
theemper
or
demor
ali
zedtheI
slami
cconceptoft
hesupr
emacyofGod.

Spi
ri
tual
l
yand i
deol
ogi
cal
l
y, 
the Musl
i
mswer
e di
scomf
it
ed 
and scat
ter
ed The
r
esul
tofthesewas:

i
. Musl i
m soci etywasr i
dden  wi
thun-Islami c practi
ces andt rends.Undert he
Hindusinf l
uenceaf i
rm andwi despreadbel iefinKar amat( miracleofsaints)
haddev elopedi nthesoci etywhi chmi sguidedt he people.
i
i
. InSuf i
sm manymeansofdev elopi
ngmagi calandsuper naturalpower,ali
en
toIslam,hadbeendev eloped.The my sti
candSuf isoft hoseday sopenl y
denied the aut hent
icity of Shar i
ah.  
They ev en pr
oudly mani f
ested their
i
ndiffer
encet owar dst heSunnah.
i
i
i. Ulemasand  theologiansCeased  tor efertot heQur anandHadi thint heir
comment ari
esand  consider ed 
juri
sprudenceast heonlyreli
giousknowl edge.
i
v. Akbarpr omot ed Hinduism  bymar ri
ngHi ndusl adiesand by  
givinghighpest s
toRajputsand  Hindui nhiscour t.

SHEI
KHAHMED 
REVI
VALEFFORTS:

i
. Hesentamemberofhi sdi sci plesi nal ldi
recti
onst opreacht rueI sl
am.He
asked t hem  to emphasi ze  on I ttiba-e-Sunnah and t he commandment s of
Shar i
ahi ntheirser mons  andpr eachi ng.Thewor k 
wasv i
gor ouslypur suedin
Indiaandnei ghbour i
ngcount ri
es.
i
i
. Heal sobegancor r
espondencewi tht hepr ominentschol ar sofal lMusli
m
count ri
es.I nhi st ell
ers,heemphasi zedandexpl ainedt her el
igiousdoct ri
nes
andputgr eat.Stressont hel t
tiba- e-Sunnah.
i
i
i. Shei khAhmedwasgr eat l
yopposedt ot heconceptofat heism andopenl y
denouncedun- Islami cpr act i
cesHeemphasi zedont heconceptofTauheed.
i
v. Heexposedt hef all
acyofDi n-e-Ellahi andcameout  tocur bt hei nfl
uenceofit s
satani ccreed.
v
. He decl ared t hatt he my sticism wi thoutShar iah was mi sleading and
denouncedt hoseUl emawhohadquest ionedt heaut hent i
cityofShar i
ah.
v
i. Hel abor eddi l
igentlyt oset tl
et hedi f
ferencesbet weent heschol arsandt he
my stics.
v
ii
. Hei ni t
iatedt hel eadingnobl esneart heemper ori nt ohisdi scipleshi
pand
throught hem  exer t
ed andi nfluencest obr i
ngaboutt hechangei nt heti
leof
the cour t.He was abl et o enl istAbdulRahi m Khan- e-
Khanan,  
Khan-e-
Azar n, 
Mi rzaAzi zandMuf tiSardarJahan.
v
ii
i. Inthet i
me  ofJahangi r, 
Shei khAhmedwassuccessf ultoagr eaterextentto
extracta  solemnunder t
aki ng from t heMusl i
mst hatt heywoul dnotobeyany
order srepugnantt oIslam.
i
x. He per suaded Musl i
ms t o adoptsi mpl e habi tsi nthe l ightofI sl
am
and Sunnah.Her evealedt heimpor tanceofNamazandFast i
ng.

WAHDAT-
UL-
WAJOODandWAHDAT-
Ul-
SHAHOOD:
Thephilosophyof 
Wahdat-
ul-
Waj oodwaspr esentedbysomeSufi
’sandAkbar  er
a.They
bel
ievedthattherewasnol i
vi
ngdi fferencebet weenthemanandhi s cr
eatorGod and
bot
h, i
ndivi
dualandGodisnot separated by,
 eachother
.Theyal
so 
adv ocatedthat 
every
par
ticl
eoft heuniver
serepr
esent edthepr esenceofGodand,theref
or ethe worshi
p of
God’screatur
esamountedto 
wor ship ofGod.

Sheikh 
Ahmed openlynegated t
his phi
losophyand decl
ared it
 as ul
tr
a-v
ies t
ot he
pri
ncipl
esofIsl
am.Hepr esent
edhisphil
osophyofWahdat-ul
-shahud 
which 
meantthat
thecreat
orandcreat
uresweretwodif
ferentandsepar
ateenti
ti
es.

SHEI
KHAHMEDI
MPRI
SONED:

SheikhAhmedr aisedv oiceagainstt

hepracti
ce 
of 
prostr
ati
on int
hecour tofJahangir
.
Hewasi mprisoned int hef or
tofGawal iorbutremained conf
ident
. 
After 
oney ear
,
Jahangirfeel
ingr esentfulrel
easedhim andhonouredhimt obehi sreli
giousadvi
sor.
Theauspi ci
ousr ank'helpedhimt omouldemper or’
slif
e accor
ding 
toShar i
ah.This
providedhim anoppor t
uni t
ytopreachhi
sv i
ews.

SHEI
KHAHMEDANDTWONATI
ONTHEORY:

Inordertopopulari
zeIslam,anumberofMusl
i
mr eformersadopted 
aliber
al 
poi
ntof
vi
ew inthei
rpr eachi
ng.Theyhowever 
wer
esuccessfultoattr
actal ar
genumberof
peopletowardsIslam butatthesamet i
methisisl i
ber
al 
str
ategy 
gaverisetothe
conceptofj
ointnati
onal
ism.

Thi
str
endpr
oved 
i
njur
ious 
tot
hesepar
ateanddi
sti
nctnat
ional
imageoft
heMusl
i
ms.

Shai
khAhmedputandendst ot hisconceptandnegatedt hephi
losophyofWahd-ul
-
Wajood.Hel aboredtokeepalivethe 
nati
onalandtherel
igi
ousidenti
tyoftheMusl
ims.
Hewasast aunchadv ocateof Musli
ms separ
ati
sm andadopt edv er
ysternat
ti
tude
toward Hindus.He want ed 
Jizi
a t
o be imposed on Hi ndus and demanded the
destr
ucti
onofhi ndustemples.

MUJADDADI
’
S I
NFLUENCEONTHEHI
STORYOFMUSLI
MINDI
A:

SheikhAhmed,t hemostforcefulandor i
ginalt
hinkerproducedbyMusl
i
mIndiabefore
theday s 
of 
ShahWaliul
l
ahandI qbal,occupiesahighplacenotonlyi
nMusl
i
mI ndiabut
i
nt heentir
eMusl i
m worl
d.Hewast hefi
rstmanwhocoul dbecall
edasapr
ofounderof
Musl i
m Nati
onal
ism i
nthesub-conti
nent.

Hewasast aunchadv ocateofseparat

enessofMusl i
m Ummah.Theswi ngofbalance
fr
om metrodor yofAkbart othe 
ort
hodoxy ofAur
angzeb was,
 i
nconsider
ablemeasures
duetotheinfluenceandt eachi
ngsofMuj addi
dsAlfSani.There-
imposit
ionofJizy
aon
Hindusubj
ectsdur i
ngther ei
gnofAurangzebwasaf ar-
reachi
ngresul
tofhiswork.

CONCLUSI
ON:
Themov ementofMuj addi
drest
oredShar i
ahandIslam, becamet hesy mbol ofuni
ty.His
revi
val movement opened new  av
enues towards pan- I
slami sm. Shai kh Ahmed
accordi
ng toIqbala cal lback t
o prophet-
hood” became t he pi oneerofr el
igious
nati
onali
sm.Itwasundert hei
nfl
uenceoft hi
smov ementt hatt hef uturemov ementsof
ref
ormsandr evi
valcamet oberepr
esentedbyShahWal i
ull
ahand  Sy ed AhmedShakeel
whichult
imat
elymadet hei
rheadwaytot hedesti
nationof Pakist an mov ement .

SHAH 
WALI
 ULLAH 
(1703-
1762)

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

THEMOVEMENT  OF 
ShahWali
ull
ahwasthefi
rstofi
tski
ndi
nthe 
sub-
cont
ents 
whi
ch
aimed mai nl
y at soci o-
poli
ti
co-
rel
i
gio and economic r ef
ormati
on of
the 
degener
ated 
Musl
im communi
ty.

Thedepart
ureofAur
angzebf
rom t
hesceneofMughal
sEmpi re cast
eahavoc 
notonl
y
forthefut
ure 
ofMughal
sEmpirebutal
soforthe 
fut
ure 
of 
Islam and 
Musl
ims ort
he
I
ndia.

CAUSESOFMUSLI
M DECLI
NE:

i
. NoblesofHumay un( I
rani
an)
i
i
. Pett
icoatgov ernmenti nfl
uence
i
i
i. Lackofunder standingr el
igioninits 
pr oper 
prospecti
ve and 
tr
ue 
spi
ri
t.
i
v. Emer genceofr ichclassoff eudal
 lordsand  nobl
es sank.
v
. Revi
si onfrom theprincipl
eofKhi lafatt oki
ngship
v
i. Sectarianconfli
cts
v
ii
. Moneyobt ai
ned from t he exchequerbyt hose who do notper for
m any
corr
espondi ngdut y
-peoplesuchasUl emasandSuf is
v
ii
i. Heav yt axati
on of  peasant ,
 
merchant s and wor kers.The prosper
it
y of
 a
countrydependsonl ight 
taxes

To addr essthe si
tuat
ionShah 
Wal iUl
l
ahai med atamor al
,socialand pol
it
ical
regenerati
onofMusl i
msi nthetruespir
itofIsl
am, 
so 
thatideal
l
yequitabl
eand
socialsystem coul
dbe br
oughti
n v
ogue.

RELI
GIOUSEFFORTS:

1.CRUSADEAGAI
NSTSECTARI
ANI
SM:

Theni neMusl i
m communi t
ieswasr if
tfr
om t optobot t
om,t henoblesgrouped
themselves 
int
o TuraniandIr
anipar
ti
es-whi
chwereeuphemismsf orSunniandShiaand
commonsol di
ersandci ti
zenal
sower eaff
ect
ed.SHAHWALIULLAHt riedtowipeout
diff
erences 
based on r el
i
gious conv ict
ions. He wr ote “ IZALAT-
UL-
KHIFA” and 
“KHILAFAT-IL-
KHULAFA”tor emovemi sunder
standi
ngbet weenShiaand
Sunnis.
 2.TRANSLATI
ONOFQURANI
NTOPERSI
AN:

Thediff
erencesbet weenont heminuteofdetail
sofinter
pretationwer emagnifi
edin
to di
sputes.Thesecont r
ov er
siesonmi norissuest endedtot aket hemi ndoft he
beli
ever
sf rom t
hef undament alsandi nst
eadofuni t
ingthem,cr eatedd1v i
sioninthei
r
ranksHeemphasi zedont hef undamentalsofIslam Hei ntr
oducedt hepeopleonce
againt ot he mai n sour ces of Islamic doctri
ne and law.I n order to 
make i
t
underst
andabletoall,
 hetransl
atedQur anint
oPer si
an.

3.BALANCE 
BETWEENFOURSCHOOLSOFTHOUGHT:

Hewr oteALINSAFFIBAYAN SAHABAL  IKHITLAF i

nor dert
ocreatebalance
betweenthefourschools,Hanaf
i,Hanbal
i,ShafiandMal i
ki.Hewasalsoopposed
to 
l
imiti
ng t
heuni
versal
i
ty oft
heappli
cati
onsoft heinj
uncti
onsofthehol
yQuran.

4.SCHOOL 
OFHADI
TH:

Heestabl
ishedaschoolforst
udyofHadi
th.Hesel
ect
edImam Mal
i
k'sAL-
MAWATA ast hemostaut henti
cofal lcol
l
ect
ionsofHadithandtookst
epsto
popul
ari
zei
ts 
study
.

5.REI
NTRODUCEDI
JTI
HAD:

Ithadbeenest abl
i
shedbythethenorthodoxcir
clest hataft
erthe f
inal
codif
ication of I
slamic law by the four great j
urists, the doors of
i
nterpretati
on 
wer
ecl osedforev
er.Hedenouncedt hi
spr incipl
eandadopt ed
Ij
ti
hadr i
chly.

6.CONTROVERSYBETWEENSUFI
SAND 
ULEMAS:

Shah Wali
ull
ah tri
ed tor econci
l
et he cont
rover
sy 
bet
ween 
Suf
is and
Ul
emasaboutWahdatul
-WajoodandWahdatul-
Shahood.

7.SOCI
AL-
MORALREGENERATI
ON:

Itwasnotenought oremovedoct r
inaldif
fer
ences 
amongtheMusli
ms.
Sincetheywer epl
unged,i
namor alcri
sis,whichleadtograv
edimensi
ons.He
presentedIsl
am inarati
onalmannerandur gedtheMusli
m massestomould
theirl
i
vesaccordi
ngl
ytotheteachi
ngsofIslam.

8.ECONOMI
CS:

ShahWal i
ull
ahpointedoutt hateconomicspl
ayedav i
tal 
rol
einthesocial
l
i
feof  
human bei
ngs.Her ai
sedhi svoiceforeconomic equil
ibr
ium,remov alof
i
nequali
ti
esand equaldi str
ibut
ionofweal t
h.Heappeal ed higherclassest o
r
eali
zetheirr
esponsibi
l
iti
est owardsthenation.Hewas against 
heavytaxesand
 accumul
ati
onofweal
th.

9.POLI
TICALSERVI
CES:

A partfrom hisr el
igi
ousser vi
ces,ShahWal iUll
ahpr ovidedl eadershipto
the Musl i
ms i nt he poli
ti
cal
 fi
eld.He came outwi th his gr eatwi sdom and
for
esightt o cr eat
e pol i
ti
calawakeni ng inthe 
Musli
ms ofI ndia.The r i
se of
Mar ahatt
asandSi khshadposedser iousproblemst ot he Musl i
mr uler
s.The
Mughal srulerswer enomor ei naposi ti
ontowi t
hholdt he supr emacy  ofthe
Musl i
mr ule which 
wasgr avelyjeopardi
zedbyt heemer genceofMar athasr ai
ded
Delhi,thecapi taloft heMughalEmpi r
e.TheMar athaswant edt ocr usht he
Musl i
msr ulerforever.

ShahWal i
ullahcameupt otacklethepr eci
oussi tuation.Hehadr i
ghtly
not
icedthatiftheMar ahattaswerenotcheckedef fecti
vely,thepoliti
calpower s
oftheMuslimswoul ddi sappear 
for
ever.
 Hewr otelett
erst ot henobleMusl i
ms
l
eadersand inf
ormed  them oft hecri
ti
calsituat
ionhangi ngont heheadoft he
Mughalsrule.He asked  for
mulati
ngassistanceandwassuccessf ul 
inbri
nging
someMusl i
msl eader s sound. 
Heeventuall
ywonov er  
Najib-Ud-DaulaandShuj a-
Ud-
DinagainstMar athas.

Howev ert he Musli

ms chi
efs were unabl et oface Mar ahattas.
 There
sources wer
ei nadequat
et ocr
usht heMarahatt as.ShahWal i
Ullah,therefore,
l
ookedt owardsAhmedShahAbdal i,whocamei nI ndi
aandi nfl
i
ct edacr ushing
defeatonMar ahattasonthet
hir
dbat t
leofPanipati n1761.Thev ict
oryblasted
theMar ahat
taspowerandpav edwayf ort
he 
revival 
ofIsl
am inIndia.

CONCLUSI
ON:

Themov ementofpoli
ti
calaswellasspir
it
ual
regener
ati
ondidn'
tdiewithShah Wali
ull
ah
histal
entedson,ShahAbdulAzi zandhiswort
hydisci
plesandsuccessors st
rongfor
thereal
izat
ionofhismission.Theechoofthethir
dbattleofPanipatwasheari nthe
batt
leofBallaKot
.Bot
haret hel
andmarksoft
hesamest r
uggle”
.

SYED 
AHMED 
SHAHEED 
BARAI
LVI
 (
1786–1851)

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

ThenameofSy edAhmedShaheedcar riesgr eatimportance with 

regardtot
he
revi
valofI sl
am inthehi st
oryofsub-conti
nent
.Sy ed Ahmedpi ckedupt he 
course 
oft
he
two-pronged straddle aimed at t he purifi
cati
on 
of t he Musli
m soci
ety
and the dest
ructi
on oftheBrit
ishpowerinIndi
a.Hi s 
appr oach 
tofreedom wasbasedon
armed  str
uggle 
againstthe 
forei
gn 
and non-Musli
mf or ces.

Hewasgr eat
lyimpr
essedbytheteachi
ngs 
ofShahWali
 Ull
ahandwasastaunch
di
sci
pleofhissonShahAbdulAzi
z.From thever
ybegi
nninghehadani
ncl
i
nation
towardsbecomingasoli
der.Dur
inghisser
viceofNawab 
AmirKhan 
ofTonk,hel
earnt
mili
tar
ydisci
pli
neand 
str
ategywhichmadehim agr
eat 
mil
i
tar
ycommander i
ntheyears
ahead.

Hewrote 
SIRAT-
E-MUSTAKEEM  wi
tht
he 
hel
pofhisgr
eatdi
sci
plesShahIsmai
lShaheed
andMaulanaAbdulHayee.The 
worki
sanexcel
l
entsummaryof phi
l
osophi
es,
 
doctri
nes
andr
eformsofShah WaliUl
lah.

PREPARATI
ON 
OFJI
HADAGAI
NSTSI
KHS:

SyedAhmedwasext r
emelydismayedtosee t
he decli
neoftheMusli
msinthei
rreli
gious
and ideologi
calcommitments.He earnestl
ydesi r
ed to see t
he r
est
orati
on oft he
supremacyofI sl
am i
n I
ndi
a.Themai nobject
ive 
beforeSyedAhmedwast oestabli
sha
stat
ewhi chwasbasedon I
slamicpri
nci
ples.

I
nt het i
meof  
Syed Ahmed,Punj
ab wasrul
edbytheSi khrulerRanjeetSinghwhowas
regardedasaut ocrati
cdespot.TheMuslimsheavil
ysufferedunderhi sruleandwere
deniedlibert
yoff reedom andworshi
p.TheN.W.F.P.hadal sofal
len-i
ntoSikhregi
me.
Thehol yplaces 
ofMusl i
mswereturnedi
ntotemples.Azanwasf orbiddeninmosques.

SyedAhmedleftf
orMeccain1821alongwi t
hMaulanaIsmailShaheedandMaulana
AbdulHayeeandotherf
oll
ower
st operform Haj
j.Heretur
nedaf tert
woy ear
sand
st
artedpr
epar
ingf
orJi
hadashehadgatheredalar
genumberoffoll
owersonhisr
etur
n.

DECLARATI
ONOFWAR:

SyedAhmedbel i
ev ed,i
fPunjabandN. W. F.
P.hadli
berat
edf r
om Sikhs,theMuslims
wouldregainthei
rpositi
on.Hetheref
orepickedupPunjabtost
arthisI
jt
ihadmov ement.
HedirectedShahI smailandMaulanaAbdulHay eewith8000foll
owerstomar chfr
om
Rae 
Baraily
. 
He hi
msel fset
 our
 vi
aotherpartsofPunj
abtoinvi
tepeopl
et oj
ihadagainst
Si
khs.

SyedAhmedreachedNosherainDec’1826andestabl
ishedhi
sheadquart
ers.Hesenta
messagetoRanjeetSinghtoembraceI sl
am ort
ober eadytof
aceMuj ahiddi
n.Ranj
i
t
Si
nghturneddownt heoff
er 
and 
expressedahighdegreeofr
ageagainstMuslimsand
I
slam.

SyedAhmedst ar
ted 
ji
hadby
 chal
lenging 
theSi
khar myat Akor
a onDec21’1826.Itwas
asuccessf ulmissi
onandheav ylosseswer einfl
ateduponSi khfor
ces.Muj ahi
deen
fought
 second 
battl
eatHazr
owhi chtoowasagr eatsuccess.

Thusji
hadmov ement 
got 
immensepopulari
ty.ManyPathanchiefsjoi
nedSyedSahib
andtookanoat hofal l
egianceatthehandofSy edAhmed.YarMuhammad,t he
gover
norofPeshawaral
sojoinedSy
edAhmedbutl ateri
nvolvedi
naconspir
acy 
agai
nst
Syed 
Ahmedandt r
iedt
opoisonhim ul
ti
matel
yhejoinedSikhsagai
nstSyedSahi
b.
Hewaski
l
ledi
n1829i
nanencount
erwi
thMuj
ahi
deen.

SyedAhmedsetoutf orKashmirandPeshawarFrenchgener
al 
savedPeshawarSyed
AhmedreachedHazaraandat t
ackedSikhfor
cesbutt hi
sassaul
t 
wasrepulsed.
 Sy
ed
Ahmedagainat
tackedPeshawarandoccupi
edin1830.

ENFORCEMENT 
OFSHARI
AH:

Afteroccupyi
ngPeshawar ,SyedAhmedpai d 
attent
iont
owardsint
roducti
onofShari
ah.
SyedAhmedwasdecl aredKhali
fa.The 
establ
ishmentofIsl
amic 
governmentreduced
i
nfluenceoftri
balchief
s.Heintr
oducedsocialr
ef or
ms. 
InNovember 
1831,SyedAhmed
wit
hdr ewfrom PeshawarinfavourofSult
anMuhammadKhanwhopr omisedtopaya
fi
xedamountt otheMuj ahi
deen.

BATTLE 
OFBALAKOT(
1831)
:

After
 r
elinquishi
ng Peshawar,
Sy edAhmedwentt oBalakot
, 
wherethey 
wer
eattachedby
hugeSi khar mywi thsophist
icatedweaponsundert hecommandof  
Gen.
 SherSingh,
SyedSahi b,ShahIsmailandmany  
other
 l
aidt
hei
rli
veswhil
efight
ing.

Thej
i
hadmov
ement
 di
dnotdi
eaf
terSy
edSahi
b,buti
tgr
eat
lyl
ackedt
hel
eader
shi
p.

FRAI
ZIMOVEMENT

Haj
iShar
iat
ull
ah 
(1781-
1840)

I
NTRODUTI
ON:

The Musli
m sufispreadt heli
ghtofIsl
am i
nBengali nt he 13thand 14thcenturi
es.Inthe
beginni
ng t
heBengalwasv erymuchrecepti
veint hecal lofI slam butthereaft
erthere
hadbeenast rongHi ndur eviv
alwhichi
mmensel yinfusednewr eli
giousspi
ritamongt he
Hindus. 
Thi
sHi ndur evivalconver
tedmanyar eastoHi ndui sm andal somadei timpact
ont heMuslim society.Ther ewaswi de-
scaleignorancepr evalentamongt heMusl i
m
massesaboutI sl
am r esulti
ngintheemer genceofHi ndubel iefsandpr acti
cesi nthe
societ
y.

HAJISHARI
ATULLAH:

TheMuslimrev
ival
ism i
nBengalbeganint 19th cent
he  ury
 which 
wastoputanendto
theMusl
imisol
ati
onand expl
oit
ati
on.
 Thepersonwhocame  f
orward 
tost
irt
hedor
mant
fai
thoft
heBengali
Musli
mswasHaj i
Shari
atull
ah.

Haj
iShari
atul
l
ahleftforHijazi
n1799atv er
yyoungageof18.Af
teralongst
ayof
t
wentyyear
s,heret
urnedfrom Meccai
n1820.Dur
inghi
sst
ayi
nArabia,
hewasgreatl
y
i
mpressedbyt hedoctri
nesofSheikhMuhammadAbdulWahabwho hadi ni
ti
ated
Wahabimovementi
nAr abi
a.
HajiShari
atul
l
ahbeganhisrefor
m mov ementknownasFarazimovementinthecentr
e
ofthe Bengal
. 
Thi
smov ementwasst ar
tedinthereact
ionoftheant
i-
Musli
m poli
cyof
theBriti
sh.TheFarazimovementemphasi zed,ontheperf
ormingofFrai
z,rel
igi
ous
duti
esimposedbyGodandhi sprophet 
(PBUH).

HajiShariat
ull
ahwasdeadl yagainstthefal
seandsuper sti
ti
ousbeli
efswhichhad
arsenictheMusli
m societyduetol ongcont
actwi t
hHindus.Heutterl
ydi
sli
kedthe
expressi
onsofPEER and MUREED. Hestr
ongl
yforbadethelayi
ngonthehandsatthe
ti
meofaccept i
ngapersonint
odiscipl
eshi
pwhichhadcrepti
ntoMusli
m soci
ety
.

Hismov ementbr oughttheMuslimspeasant r

yt oget
heragai
nstt
hecruel 
expl
oit
ation by
theHi ndusZami ndars.Hisdispel
sandf ol
lower sbli
ndl
ytookhim as competent 
and
abletopul lthem outofcr i
sisand despair
. 
Hedecl aredJi
hadagai
nstt heinf
idels as
i
nevitable 
andt ermedt hesub-cont
inentDarul-Harab,wher
etheoff
eringsoftheFr iday
prayerswereunl awful.

TheFrai
zimovementofHajiShar
iatul
lahinj
ectedagreatdealof 
conf
idence 
amongthe
Musli
m massesHecontinuedhisreli
giouspreachi
ngand fi
ght 
agai
nstthenon-
Isl
amic
for
cesti
l
lhisdeat
hin1840.

DADUMI
YAN:

HajiShar i
atull
ah was succeeded by hi s son Dadu  Miyan. Hisr ealname was
Mohsanuddi n Ahmed.Dudu mi y an becamev erypopulari nt hedi stri
ct sofDacca,
Faridpurand Nokhali
 etc.WhenDuduMi yanassumedt he leadershipofFr aizimov ement;
hedi v
idedthewhol eofBengali ntocircl
esandappoi nteda Khal i
fat o lookaf terhis
foll
ower sin each circle.Dudu Mi yan vehement l
y,opposed t he 
levying of  
takes by
l
andl ords.Hedecl ar
edt hattheear t
hbel ongedt otheAl mightyAl l
ah andt hat 
noone
couldi nher
ititori
mposet axesuponi tDuduMi y
anbeliev edinequal i
tyoft herichand
thepoor .Fort heameliorat
ionoft heMusl i
m peasantryhehadest abli
shmenthi sown
statewher eheusedt oadmi ni
sterjustbyset t
ingdisputesandbypushi ngt hewr ong-
doer s.

TheHinduZamindar
s dr
eadedhim mostandconspi
redtocheckt
hespreadofhis
movement.Hewasharassedal
lhi
sli
feandwasputinjai
lti
meandagai
nonfri
vol
ous
char
ges.

He died in 1852 in Dacca,t he Frai

ziMov ement under HajiShari
atul
l
ah and
Dudu Miy
an cul
tiv
ateda 
greatdeal 
ofpoli
ti
calawar
enessamongt heMusli
msofBengal
andparti
cularl
yamongt hepeasant r
y,whoputaf ormidabl
eresist
anceagainstt
he
HindusLandlor
dsandtheBrit
ishRuler
s.

ALI
GARHMOVEMENTANDSI
RSYEDAHMEDKHAN

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:
Si
rSy edAhmedKhanapropheti
crev
ival
i
standamanofpr edator
yanaly
siswho
emergedattheti
mewhenMusl
imswereundert
henar
row ofsocio-
economi
c-r
eli
gio-
pol
it
icsci
rcumst
ances.

“Si
nce t
he war  
of i ndependence t he Musl ims of I ndia wer e
faci
ng str
ange cir
cumst ancesandpassi ngami ser
ablelif
e.AlthoughbothHindusand
Muslimsf oughtforliberati
on,butt heheavyhandoft heBr i
ti
shfellmoreonMusl ims
than 
ont heHindus",say sJawahar l
alNehruinhi
sautobiography.Theconsequences of
1857warhadr educedMusl i
mst oabackwardnation-"
Educationwastheir 
miserable
poli
ti
cswasaneni gmaandr el
igionswasanobsession”

InthisdarkesthouroftheMusli
m nati
onal
 l
if
e, t
hel i
feofSirSyedAhmedKhanbecame
mul t
idimensi
onalsincehim hast oprovi
dest rengthtotheMusl i
msofI ndiaforall
the fr
onti
ers.
 To hi
m,educat i
on was the f
oundat i
on on whi ch to bui
l
dt he super
structur
eofhi srel
igi
ous,soci
alandpoli
ti
calideas.He considered 
educat
iont obet he
panaceaf orall
il
lsofhiscommunity
.

SI
RSYEDCRUSADEFORTHEMUSLI
M UPLI
FT:

Thegr eatleadersethimsel ftothegi

ganti
ct askofall
evi
ati
ngthemiserabletoilof t
he
Musl im communi t
y.Histaskwasbymeananeasyone- ononehandhehadt o conv i
nce
the Briti
shaut hori
ti
est hatnobodyev erpannedt hemut i
nyandt hat
,atany  r
ate t
he
Musl imsr esponsibil
it
yf oritsmassbutcheri
eswasmol l
if
iabl
eandont heot her 
hand
to dispelandf anati
calbeli
efoftheMusli
mst hatwester
neducationwasinimicalto 
their
fai
t h.

EDUCATI
ONAL 
WORK:

Theeducat
ionalsetbackofMuslimswasbecauseofthef
actthat 
they 
wereini
micalto
wester
neducati
on.LearningEngli
shandacquir
ewest
ernknowledge went
 agai
nstthei
r
pri
deandtheythoughtthattheeducat
ionsat
urat
edwi
thChri
sti
anit
ymi ghtcorr
upt 
thei
r
vi
ews.

Sir Sy ed i nt
ellectual
ly f ought agai nst al lt endencies and att
it
udes wit
h dar i
ng
i
nitiati
ve. Hepr ov okedanewpsy cheint heirmi ndsand  br
ains.Hewashedt heirbrai
ns
thoughthi sspeeches,ar ti
clesandpamphl et
s.Keepi ngin vi
ew  t
hemoder n 
educati
onin
hismi nd,si rSy edest abli
shedasci entif
icsocietyi nGhazipur( 1862)andMur adabad
(1859)sci enti
fi
csoci ety.Ittransl
atedanumberofv al
uablebooksi nlocallanguages.
Hisv i
sittoEngl andi n1869was  purely 
tost udyEngl i
sheducat ioninsti
tut
ion.
 Onhi s
return,he publ ished a mont hlyj ournalTahzeeb- ul
-Akhlaq to br i
ng home t o t
he
Musl ims the need f or liberali
zi
ng t heirr eli
gious t houghts. Finall
yi n 1875 he
l
aid the foundationofMohammedanAngl o-OrientalColl
ege,atAl i
garh.

Aft
erthemodelofOxf ord andCambridge,
 t
hisconvert
edtoauniversi
tyaf
terhi
sdeat
h.
The 
coll
egewast hebir
th placeofAl
i
gar hmov ement 
and 
re-
aimed 
thecentr
eofMusli
m
pol
it
icalact
ivi
ti
est hr
oughoutt hehistoryofPakistanmov ement.Thefoundati
onof
Mohammedan educati
onalconference i
n 1886 i
ntensi
fi
ed Al
i
gar
h mov
ementand
pr
omotededucat
ionandsoci
alreformat
ionofMusli
m.

RELI
GIOUSREFORMATI
ON 
OFMUSLI
MS:

Inreligi
ousspher e, hestoodasar ationalphi losopher .Hear guedt hattherev ealedt ruth
couldbe  understoodbestt hr oughr easons.Ther evelat
ionsofphy si
calsciencescoul d
notbei gnoredi nt heunder standi ngofr eli
gion.Heat t
empt edt or ati
onal l
yi nterrupt
Isl
ami cideasand  concept st hrought hedict atedofmoder nt i
mes.I nt hi
swayhebr i
dges
the 
gul fbetween rational 
pat ternsofr eli
gioust hi nking.Thusheengi neeredt heat ti
tude
ofr approchementbet weent het r
adi t
ionalandneo- Isl
ami sm becauseofhi sr ational
i
deashewaschar ged“ i
nfidel” orheat hen.Nev er t
helesshi sser vicestot hecauseof
Isl
am cannotbedeni ed.Hi sdet ai
ledr eplyi nt hef or
m ofessay st othebl asphemous
bookofWi l
li
am moor s“LifeofMohammedan”  wasagr eatservicet oIsl
am.Hi sessay s
weret r
anslatedintoUr duandwer epubl i
shedwi t
hsomeaddi ti
onsundert het i
tleof
Khut bat-
e-Ahrnedia.Hewr oteexegesesofQur an.Heat t
ackedt hebl i
ndf ollower sof
Isl
am whi chhadgi v enway st ounwi seconv entions,cor ruptcust omsandev ils.Hef el
t
thenecessi tyofIjt
ihadi nev eryage.Heopposedt heconv entionaltypeofpi ri
-Mur idiand
regardedi tasthef ountainofmanyev i
ls.

SOCI
ALSERVI
CES:

I
nt hedi
mensi onofsoci allif
e,hest oodanar dentadv ocat
eto si
mpli
city
 andauster
it
y,
th
honest
yand integr
it
y . 
Inthesecondhal fof 19 cent ury,Musli
msoft hesub-conti
nent
were 
suff
eri
ngf rom diff
erent soci
al 
evil
s-I
ikelit
er acy,
disuni
ty,
jeal
ousy
, gr
eed,pri
deand
worshi
pofpastandi ndif
ferenceto present 
etc.si rSy
edAhmedKhansuggest edmeans
andwaystodo  away withtheseev i
ls.

Headv i
sedt heMusl
imst otakeagricultureandt
radeasprofessi
onsandi norder
to 
sol
v e 
theirpr
obl
em theyshoulduset heirownwi
sdom andexpendont hemsel
ves.
He st
ressed ontheneedofnationaldressandhewast hefir
stwhoi nt
roducedi
ti n
Ali
garhCollege.

I
nhi scel
ebrat
edmagazineTehzeeb-ul-
Alchlaq,hepreachedthevir
tues ofsoci
al 
ethi
cs
thataMuslim couldbett
erderi
vef rom west ernsocialli
fe.Hetaughtt he 
peopleto
accept
 what was sound and at t
racti
vei n European manners and soci all i
fe.
The magazi
ne 
play
edav er
yimportantrol
ei nimprovi
ngt hemoral
it
yoft heMuslims.

Inthemagazine,AHKAAM-l
-TA’
AM-I
-AHLEKITAB,Sir
 Sy
eddiscussed t
heeti
quet
tesof
eat
inganddininginIsl
am andmadeitclearthatitwasnot 
un-Isl
amic 
toeatwit
ha
nat
ion-
Chr
ist
ianswhower et
hebear
ersoftheholybook.

POLI
TICALSERVI
CES:

Si
rSyedhadper
ceiv
edwi thhisfar
sight
edness t
hatifthe excit
ingt
ensi
onbetween
Musl
i
msand Bri
ti
sh cont
inued,Hi
nduswoul d getadvantage ofitand asa r
esul
t
Musl i
ms woul d be l osti nt he dar kness ofobscur i
tyf orev er
.Thus t o promote
understandingbetweent her ulerandt her uled,SirSy edwr ot eabol d 
pamphl et
 onthe
causes of t he I ndi an r evolt
. Whose pi th and soul was t hat t he
estrangement  
between  gover nmentand t he gov erned led to the I
ndian mut i
ny and
hencet heMusl i
ms  wer enot  
entir
er esponsi bl
ef ort her ev oltof1957.I nt he“loyal
MohammedanofI ndia" hedescr i
bedt hesi ncereser vi
cesoft heMusl i
mst otheBriti
sh
governmentand def end t hem  against 
the char ges sediti
on and di sloyal
ty.He also
establi
shed Briti
sh Indi an associ ati
on” under  
the same  purpose.He  pleaded forthe
i
nclusionoft heIndiani nt hel egisl
ature councilinor dertor epresentthev i
ewsoft heir
fel
lowbei ngs.

SirSy edwast hefir

stmi ndwhosepr ophet icfor esi ghtfir
st l
y 
v i
sions thefact soft he Two
-Nationt heory.He saidthat i
nI ndia,Hi ndus  and  Muslimswer etwo  di
f ferent nati
ons,
hav i
ngt heirci
vil
i
zation 
cult
ure, histor y
, t
radi ti
onandev erythingelsequi tedi f
ferentfrom
eachot her.Tohi m sinceHi ndus  andMusl imswer et wosepar atenat ionssot heir
i
nt er
esti npol i
ti
calf or
um cannotbe  evol vedal toget her.Inhi sv iew,t heMusl imsi n
choosi ngt hei
rpolit
ical
 pr
iori
tyshoul dpr eferst heirloy alt
yt oBr iti
shf irstbykeepi ng
themsel vesalooffrom thecongr essand  shoul ddependont heirownst rengt h.Hedi d
notbel iefi
nwest erndemocr acywhi chgav eaut hor it
yt omaj ori
t y
,inacount rylikeIndia
wher eMusl i
mswer ei nmi nor i
ty.Heel ectorat e, andopposedt hepar ti
ci pationoft he
Musl imsi ncongress.SirSyed,t husunconsci ousl yper f
ormedgr oundwor kf ornat i
onal
freedom oft heMuslimsandf orasepar atehomel andf orthem int hesub- cont inent.

Toconcludehispoli
ti
calacti
vit
iesgavegr eatstrengt
htoMusl i
ms.Headvocatedt he
al
oofnessoftheMusli
msf rom poli
ti
cssincet heywereeducat
ional
l
yandeconomi call
y
backward.To 
him,
theiri
nvolv
ementi npoli
ticsshouldbematuredbythet
imeuntilthey
have 
broughtt
hemselvesuptothelevelofHi ndusinpr
osper
it
yandmoderneducation.

CONCLUSI
ON:

SirSy ed‘
s cont ri
butions t othe Muslims renaissance inI ndi
a were unri
vall
ed and
unpar all
eled.Hei nculcated 
sel
f-
confi
dence i
nhispeopl e.TheMusl i
mswer eundera
cloud; her emovedf rom them thesti
gmaofdi sl
oyaltyandt r
iestorehabi
li
tatethem with
theirruler
s.Hegav ethem amoder noperandiwhichwasnott othei
rpresentbutt othei
r
future.Hi sgr eatnessl iesthathest ruggl
ed to getMusl i
msoutoff rust
rati
on and
providedaf i
rmf oundat i
ononwhi ch 
thosewhocamel atercouldbuil
dwithconf i
dence.

CRI
TICAL 
ANALYSI
S:

Nevert
heless,hispoliti
calphil
osophyofco-operationwi t
h Bri
ti
shhad seri
ousli
mi t
ati
ons,
hi
sadv ocacyofuncr i
ti
calacceptanceofwest er neducat i
onandt houghtcouldnot
provi
deaf i
rmf oundat i
onf orbuil
dingupanat ionwi thawel l
-defi
nedentit
y,andhis
conceptofr el
igious t
ruthwasnar row andunphi l
osophical,yetatthet i
mewhenhe
advocated 
thesei deas,theywer eopportuneandsav edt heMusl i
msf rom economic,
educati
onal 
and philosophicali
nert
iaandfrom stagnationandev enanni
hil
ati
on.
 “
Peopl
esaySi
rSy
edsetupacol
l
ege,
buthe 
madea 
nat
ion”

“
DARUL-
ULUM-
l-
DEOBAND”

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Thebr ainchil
dofHaj iMuhammadAbi d  andt hef oilofMaul anaMuhammadQasi m-
Darul
-uloom Deoband,wast hebirthplaceof  
Islamicmov ement .
 Themov ementwas
l
aunchedi n 
ordert
ocounter-actthegr owi ngt endencyof  Ali
garhmov ement ,whose
motto was t o adj
ustand reconcil
e with Br i
tish ruler
s and t he west ern Chr
ist
ian.
Deobandmov ementwasast r
ugglefort heWel far
eandr enaissanceoft hedesperate
andhopel essMusli
m communi t
yofIndi
at hroughOr thodox rel
i
gioust eaching.

CREDOOFDEOBAND:

AstheAligarh 
movementtook 
uponi tself
 t
hewor koftherenai
ssanceandrehabi
li
tati
on
oftheMusl i
m community 
bypresenti
ng Isl
am inar at
ionalwayandlayi
ngstr
essont he
socio-
economic aspect of t
he  l
i
fe,t he deoband mov ement i
ni tsinit
ialstage
concentr
atedonmi ni
mizi
ngthedi v
ersityoft houghtamongt hevar
ioussectsand
puri
fyi
ngthet r
adi
ti
onsofIsl
am from ali
eninfl
uencesandunheal t
hycust
oms.

Thefir
st 
pri
nci
pleofDar ul
-Uloom Deoband… Maul anaMuhammadQasi m Nanaut
ri
al
ong with hi
slieut
enanthad come i nto conf
li
ctwith Br
it
ish dur
ing t
he warof
i
ndependence1857.The 
mov ement 
ledthem t
oexpostul
ateWester
nthought
s.

Hencet heinstitut
ionandt hemov ementcommi ttedtostandther eli
giousnat i
onal
ism
i
n India.Theirmai nAi m wast o supplementt heMusl imswi t
ht her eawakeningof
reli
giousnationali
sm,r el
i
gioustr
aditi
onalism andt orefr
ainf
rom them f rom thesoci al
andeducat ionalosmosi soft hewest :Tot hepi oneersofthei nsti
tution,whower e
most lyort
hodoxul ema,thedefi
nesoft her el
igi
onwast heonlypanaceat osav et he
disti
nctidentit
yoft heMusli
m nati
onsandt oav oidthei
rext
inct
ionundert heswayof
Christi
anmi ssi
onar yworkand Hi
ndupr actices.

PERSONALI
TIESOFDEOBAND:

Thedeobandmov ementwast he healthy blendof  spi

rit
ual ism andmy stici
sm.I ts
adher encewasmoder ateandnot -extremi stMaul anaMuhammadQasi m wasi nf act
the speak- head 
ofthemov ementandt hei nst i
tution.Hisef fortsf orthesuccessoft he
i
nst i
tutionswer esogr eatthatt he Madr assahat  theDeoband,wi t
ht het imecame
to be known  as“Qasi
mul Uloom Deoband" .Many  other i
nstit
utionsest ablishedbyhi mi n
variouspar tsoft hecount r
yser vedasbr anchesoft hemov ementandper formed
commendabl y f or t he spr ead of r eli
gious educat i
on. Maul ana
Shabbi r Ahmed Usmani ext
ended hi s ser vi
ces f or t he  i
nst i
tuti
on wi t
hout any
recommendat i
on.Ther ol
eSheikhulHi nd,Maul annAhmedulHassan  wasv ery 
dy nami c.
Hewasf i
rstamongt heDeobandt eacher st oext endhi s co-oper ati
onf orwar ds Ali
garh.
Hisl i
ber ali
sm brought 
thet wo 
inst i
tutions andt hemov ementi nto 
thet henshoul d of
r
appr
ochement
.

ROLE/I
NFLUENCEOFDEOBAND:

Deoband,nodoubtcast eani nfl

uence,not6nl yov ert hesub- continent,but  overt he
whol eMusl i
m wor ld.Musl i
msofCai r
oSaudiAr abiaandPal estine wer e 
total l
yawar eof
themov ement .The  i
nst i
tuti
on 
attract
eda  lar
gel yandf airl
ynumber  
ofst udent soft he
subcont i
nentand  from  otherpartsoft heMusl i
m wor ld. 
Itseducat ion standar dwasso
mai ntainedt hatitwassoonr atedasoneoft her eligious  seat s of 
Islamic l
ear ning.Next
tot heAzharUni versityofCai ro,Deobandst andasani nstitutionst oodf or defendi ng
rel
igio-polit
icalgoal s ofShahWal iUllah,whowast heirment or. 
Rel i
giousl y their pl
an
was t ot rain enough ul ema t o be ablet o spr ead t he phi l
osophy ofI slam and
they succeeded i n pr oducing many  famous  personal it
ies such as Maul ana Ashr af
Ali
 Thar ivi
. 
Maul anaHussai nAhmedMadni ,Maul anaShabbi rAhmedUsmani ,Maul ana
Ubai d-ull
ahSi ndhi,whospr eadIslam inthesub- cont i
nent .Qur an, Hadith,Ar abi c,Islamic
j
urisprudencephi losophyandI slamicj ur
ispr
udencewer et hemai ndi sciplinesoft he
i
nst i
tution.The  Fatwa ofDeoband Ul ema was ofgr eat aut henticit
y  
and consi dered
i
mpor tantint hesub- continent.

Administ
rat
ively
, 
Darul-Uloom was an excell
ent set
up which
provi
ded 
admi ni
strat
ive guidancetoother
 educat
ionalinst
it
uti
ons 
insphereofsyl
labi
,
conductof 
exami nat
ions andi mpar
ti
ngeducati
onin di
ff
erentspher
es.

Pol
iti
cal
ly
,t he leaders of t
he mov ement ai
med at closer r
elat
ionshi
p with 
the
sul
tan 
of 
Turkey
. 
Al t
houghthe 
Indiannati
onalcongr
essinfl
uenceddeoband, 
butthere
wasonecl eargroupunderMaul anaAshr af
 Al
iThanviandMaulanaShabbi rAhmed
Usmaniwascount eract
edtheinf
luenceofthecongr
ess.

ThegroupunderThanv iset
upJamiut-
ul-
UlemaIslam andsuppor
tedPakist
anmov ement
and ext ended v al
uabl
e assist
ance to Muhammad Al i Ji
nnah.
 Notwi
thst
anding
the 
col
laborati
on of 
Madnigroup 
withcongress,theThanvigroupwasmor epopular
amongt heMusl i
ms.

Soci
all
y,t
hew inst
it
uti
on,li
keAligarhendeav our
ed,anddidsucceedtor eawakenthe
Musli
ms wit
hsocialconsci
ousness.Itstressedupont heneedofsocialmobili
tyand
prov
idedMusli
ms wit
h newsoci
al psychi
csthroughrel
igi
ouseducat
ion.

DEOBANDVSALI
GARH:

Deoband adopt ed t he Ost rich l i

ke atti
tude t owar
ds t he west ern
cult
ure 
and l
earni
ng Nevert
heless,the Ulema ofDeoband,were more effecti
vei n
combating theanti-
Isl
amicmi ssi
onari
esbuttheyfail
ed t
ofoll
ow t
het eachingsof
thei
r 
ment or
-Shah 
Wal iUl
lah,andt heycouldnotpr
ov i
deanysoli
dleadershiptot he
Muslim communi t
y.

Wher
eas,Si
r Sy
ed Ahmed Khan hi
ghl
yfel
tthe need of r
evi
tal
i
zing and 
re-
eval
uating 
the 
ideasofI sl
am i nthelightoft hephil
osophyofShahWal iUl
lah,and
becamesuccessf ult
ohel p r
esolv
e t
he int
ell
ectual
 
cri
sisthat
 hadbeen 
creat
ed bythe
tr
adit
ional 
thi
nkingandreli
giousfundamentali
sm.

The Al
i
garh 
Mov ement
, 
unl
i
ke deoband ver
y i
nstr
umental i n t
he
Musli
m masses.
 I
ts i
mpart
ment 
toent
ert
aint
herel
i
gioust
hought
sorrati
onal
i
sm,hi
ghl
y
achi
evedit
smanifesto.

Sincet he i
nception t
hedeobandmov ementworkedont hestrategy,ant
iofAli
garh.The
Aligarh pol i
cy was based on t he poli
cy of reconcili
ation with the Br i
ti
sh
wher eas Deoband  f
ollowedaconf l
i
ctingatt
it
udetowardst heBr i
ti
sh.Thusdiver
sityof
polit
icalappr oachwi denedthegul fbetweenthetwoi nstit
uti
ons.Thet wor emained
engagedi n 
controversy.TheadviceofSi rSyednottoj oi
ncongr esswasopposedby
deobandl eaders,Maul anaRashi
dAhmedGangohi .Thispoliti
caltensi
onbetweent he
twoi nsti
tuti
onscont inuedti
l
l1947.

CONCLUSI
ON:

Wher eastheAl i
garhwi t
hitsli
beralat
ti
tudet owardsBrit
ish 
andIsl
am  succeededi ni
ts
missionandspear headedPakistanmov ement ;butdeobandi nit
s t
emper ament  
deal
t
I
slam onf anati
cbasi sandf ail
edt o achi
ev edesir
edr esult
s.Theirleaders such 
as
Maulana MahmoodUl -Hassan and Ubai d-ul
lah Sindhi supported Af ghans and
Turks agai
nstBr i
ti
shi nFir
stWor ldWarandsubsequent lythewarov erthei nfl
uence
of 
Hindu congress.

NADWATULULEMAOFLUCKNOW

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

The Al igarh and deoband  mov ementst ood 

apartand wor ked wi t
h goring
contrast sint heir 
objecti
ves andst rategy .Al i
garhwasnotar el
igi
ousmov ementand
emphasi zedont heneedofwest erneducat ion.Duet oit
sst ressonwest erneducation
theAl igarhcompl etel
yi gnoredt her eli
gi ousaspect .Asar esultthegr aduatedoft he
Ali
gar hser i
ousl ylackedi nrel
igiouseducat ionandcoul dnotact i
vatereli
giouslearni
ng.
Tehrik-I-
deoband  rendered educational ser v
icestot hecauseoft heMusl imsbuti twasa
purelyr eli
gionsmov ementand  l
aidgr eat erstressi nr
eli
giouseducat i
on.Thedeoband
seminar y was t otall
y i ncapabl e wi th t he modem t rends of 
educati
on.
The student s of 
deoband wer e compl et ely 
obli
vious of t he west er n and moder n
knowl edgeandwer eunabl etogui dethepeopl eint hemoderneducat ion.

Inthesecircumstances t
herewasenoughroom foraninst
it
uti
onwhichcould
combinethe br
oad feat
ureofbot hwest
ernandrel
igi
oustrendsofeducat
ionsothat
the 
ext
remist
 vi
ewofdeoband  andAli
gar
hcoul
dbemi ni
mized.

FOUNDATI
ONOFNADWA:
 Nadwa-t
ul-
Ull
amawasest ablishedin1894tobringt heulematogether
 i
n orderto
removethesectari
an di
ff
erences. 
Themai nobj
ecti
veoft hi
sinstit
uti
onwast oguideand
prepar
e theMusli
mswel li
nr eli
giousandmoder nknowl edge.MaulveAbdulGhaf oor
,
deputycoll
ect
orissaidtobei tsearliestf
ounder
:Maul anaShi bl
iNaumanisomet i
mesa
closeassoci
ateofSirSyedAhmadKhanwascl oselyassociatedwiththeNadva.

OBJECTTVES 
OFNADVA:

Themai nwor koft heorganizati

onwast heestabli
shmentofa  Dar -
ul-Uloom at
Lucknow.TheNadv a-t
ul-ulemast oodf orgeneralrefor
mationofMusl i
m  society wit
ha
vi
ew ofpr omot i
ngr eli
giousknowl edgemor alupli
ftandsoci alregenerationoft he
Muslimsof  
Indi
a….Apar tf rom t
heseobj ecti
vestheNadv awor kedtoremov esect arian
di
fferenceskeptal ooff rom thepol iti
calactivi
tyandst resseduponsepar ati
ngt he
poli
ti
cali ssuesf orm itsmai nobjectives.Theest abli
shmentof  
Nadv a-ul
-ulema  was
widel
y hai led i n t he Sub- Continent A l arge number of phi l
ant hropists
contr
ibuted generously
 fort heNadva.

NADVAANDMAULANASHI
BLI
:

Maul
anaShi bl
iwasbor nin1857 i nAzamgar h.Heat t
ained hi
ghestIsl
amic
educati
onHejoinedAli
garhCollegeasAssistanceprofessorof
 Arabi
c. 
Shibl
iwasateen
personandtookhisjobsincerelySirSyedAhmedKhanobser v i
ngther i
ch 
tal
eninthe
youngShibl
igreatl
yencouragedhi m Maulanautil
izedtheopportunit
y wi
th 
ent
husi
asm
andsoonbecameav al
uableassettotheAligarhColl
ege.

Howev er,thecordi
alrel
ati
onshipcoul
dnotl astvery 
long andsomedi ffer
encesof
seri
ouski nd,mai nl
yduet ot heMaul anaShibli
'
snat ure,
 dev eloped between Maulana
shi
bliandSi rSy ed.Hedisl
ikedtheeducati
onalpatternofAl igarhand  wast hev i
ewthat
theidealsystem ofeducat i
onwoul d;beami ngli
ngoft heol d 
and thenew,amodi fi
ed
for
m oft heol dsy st
em andnotthenewwhi chwasbei ngpr acti
calatAl igarh.Heopenly
negatedther eli
giousvi
ewsofSi rSyedandresignedfrom the  Al
igarh Collegein1904.

TheestablishmentofNadv a-t
ul-
ulemawas  boom from heavensf ortheambi t
ions
Shibl
i.He,therefore,activ
itytookpartint hemeet i
ngsofNadv a-t
ul-ul
emaandf inally
j
oinedit .Maul
anaShi bli
’sassociati
onwi t
hNadv agreat
ly 
enhanced thepr estigeoft he
i
nstit
ution.He wor ked v
er y hardto make Nadv a as 
useful
 i
nstit
uti
on  f
or the peopl e.
He wasmadet hei nchar geoft heMadr assahwhi chwasmai ntainedby  
Nadv a.He
i
ntroducedanumberofchangesi nthecur r
icul
um ont hebasisof hi
sexper ience hehad
recei
vedatAl i
garh.Heal sointr
oducedEnglishlanguageasacompul sorysubj ect
.

Heest abli
shedanacademyofaut hors( Dar ulMusanni f
in)atAzamgar h whi
ch
producedsev eralwri
tersandaut hor
stopr ov i
dedi ntell
ectual
 l
eadership.Helabori
ousl
y
tr
iedt ogathersupportfrom al
lquart
ersandmai ntained fr
iendl
yr el
ati
onswi t
hWaqar -
Ul-
MulkandMohsi n-Ul
-Mulk.MaulariaShi
bli
 sufferedbecauseofsomeper sonall
apsesof
characterandhepr ovidedanoppor t
unit
yof  curri
culums.Hi scol l
eaguesatNadv asoon
gotf edupofhi sviewsMaul anaAbdulKar im wr oteanar ti
cleonJi hadin1913.He
cri
ti
ci
zedthev i
ewsofMaul anaShibl
i.Malanat ookdisci
pli
naryacti
onagainstMaul vi
AbdulKari
m andremov edhi
mf r
om theteachingstaff
.Theledt oastrongagainsthim
and Shi
blihad toresi
gn.Ther esi
gnati
on ofMaul ana Shi
bliadver
selyaffected t
he
worki
ngofNadv awhichcoul
dnevergainthatglorywhi
chMaul anaShibl
ihadbroughtto
i
t.

CONCLUSI
ON:

The Nadv a TulUll

ema produced men wi
th hi
gh academic and i
ntel
l
ectual
foresi
ght.
 Alt
houghNadv acoul
d notaccompl
i
sh 
it
sdesir
edaimsy eti
tsserv
icesfort
he
promotion ofIsl
amiceducati
onareimmense.Anumberofst udentsof 
Nadvaledthe
peopleinthefreedom st
ruggl
e.

ANJUMANHI
MAYAT-
I-
ISLAM:
(1884)

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

TheAl i
garhcreat edawar enessamongt heMusl imswhichsetani ncent i
veforthe
peopleofot herareasaswel lPunj abwasunder  Si
khdomi nati
ont hoseday s  where 
the
economi csocialandeducat i
onalcondi ti
onsofMusl imswer edepl orabl
e.Somel eading
andsi ncereMuslimsl eader sdeci dedt osetupAnj uman-i-
Himay at-
i-l
slam at  
Lahore.
 I
t
wassetupi n1884i naMochiGat eMosque,wher enear ly250Musl imsdeci dedt oset
upAnj uman  f
orthe educat i
onal gui dance oft heMusl ims 
ofPunj ab KhaleefaHameed-
ud-Dinl ai
d down the 
f oundat i
on oft heAnj uman and becamei tsf ir
stpr esident,Dr
MuhammadNazi rand  MunshiAbdurRahi m ser eal sothepr omi nentwor keroft he
Anjuman.TheAnj umanf acedf i
nanci alproblems1nt hebeginning.Thewor kersoft he
Anjumanwenty ou’redoort odoort o collectfindsfort he 
Anjurnart.
 Ascheme  known as
Mut hiBhaiAtawasst artedtocol lectf undsf orAnj uman.Howev erwi ththepassageof
ti
mepeopl e 
began t
o donat e 
gener ousl y.

OBJECTI
VESOFANJUMAN:

1.Est
abl
i
shmentofeducat
ional
inst
it
uti
onsofModer
neducat
ionf
orMusl
i
ms.

2.Tocount
ert
hepr
opagandaofChr
ist
ian 
missi
onar
ies.

3.Tol
ook 
aft
er 
theMusl
i
m or
phanchi
l
drenandt
oeducat
ethem.

4.Est
abl
i
sht
heMusl
i
m soci
etyonsoundandst
abl
efoundat
ions.

5.Tost
ri
vef
ort
hesoci
alandcul
tur
alpr
ogr
essoft
heMusl
i
ms.

6.Toor
gani
zet
he 
Musl
i
m massespol
i
tical
l
yfort
he 
saf
eguar
d of
 I
slam.

EDUCATI
ONAL 
SERVI
CES:
 Anj
uman beganit
seducati
onal
 
program byestabl
i
shi
ngapri
maryschoolf
orgi
rl
s.
I
tseducat
ional
programmewas si
multaneousl
y i
nthemaleandf
emalesect
ors.

1.I
slami
aCol
l
egef
orwomen,
cooperr
oadwas 
est
abl
i
shedi
n1938.

2.l
slami
acol
l
egeRai
l
wayr
oadwasest
abl
i
shed 
i
n1913.

3.l
slami
aCol
l
egeCi
vi
ll
ines

4.l
slami
aCol
l
egeLahor
eCant
t

5.Hi
may
at-
i-
Isl
am 
l
awCol
l
ege.

Apartf r
om educati
onalinst
it
utionsAnjumansetupOrphanhouses,Dar
ulAman
Ti
biaCollegeandCent resforadulteducat i
on.Anjumanhel
ditsmeeti
ngseveryyear
pr
esidedov erbyi
mpor t
antpersonali
ti
eslikeSirSy
ed,All
amaI
qbal,
MohsinulMul
k,Al
taf
HussainHaliandJusti
ceShahDi n.

POLI
TICALSERVI
CES:

Anj
uman per formed commendabl
e ser v
ices in organizi
ng t he people
under 
bannerofMusl i
m League.I
tworked i
n dedicat
ed waydur i
ng the Paki
stan
mov ement.
 Theannualmeeti
ngsofAnj
umanpassedresol
uti
onsinfavourofPaki
stan.

Thest udentsofI sl
amiaCol leger ai
lwayroadt ookt hemessageoff r
eedom t o
ever
ycor ner  
orthe country
.Theyt ookact iveparti nmaki ngt hehi stor
icsessionof
MuslimsLeagueacompl etesuccession1940.TheQuai d-e-Azam was  escor
ted t
ot he
meet i
ng place byt he students ofIslamia Coll
ege r ail
wayr oad.Musl ims students
Federati
on was f ounded inI slamia Col l
ege RailwayRoad undert he l
eadershi
pi f
Hameed Ni zami.MSF ext ended maxi mum assi stance to Quaid-e-
Azam  i
n Pakistan
mov ement.TheAnj umanor ganizedpoliti
cal meet
ingt opromot et hetwonat i
ontheory.

CONCLUSI
ON:

Therol
epl
ayedbyAnj
aman-
e-Hamai
-t
-e-
Isl
am f
ort
hecr
eat
ionofPaki
stan 
was
cr
edi
tabl
e.

SI
NDHMADRASSAHKARACHI
.

SirSyedadvi
sedtheMuslimst
oset 
upeducati
onal
 i
nsti
tut
ions 
i
nthei
rar easont he
patt
ernofAl
i
garhsothatt
heMusl
ims 
needf
or 
educat
ioncoul
dbesuffi
cient
lyful
fi
ll
ed.

TheBri
ti
shgover
nment hadputt
oanendt otheseparat
est at
us of 
prov
inceof
Sindhandattacheditwit
hBombayPr esi
dency
.TheBriti
sh'governmenti norderto
pleasetheHi
ndu maj
ori
ty 
didnotpayanyat
tent
iont
otheeducationalrequi
rements 
of
the Musl
imsoftheSi
ndh.
 Sy
edHassanAliAf
ani
,adev
otedMusli
m ci
ti
zenof 
Karachiwas 
thef
ounderand
pr
esi
dentofCentr
alMohammedanAssoci
ati
onofKarachi
 whichwasestabl
ishedby
Sy
edAmeerAli
.

SyedHassanAliwasagreatadvi
serofSirSyed AhmedKhan andthuscollect
ed
f
undsf ortheestabl
i
shmentoftheMadr assah.Hel aiddownt hefoundati
on ofthe
Madr
assahi n1885.TheMadrashwasknownasSi ndhMadrasatul
-I
slam Af
tersome
t
imealargebui
ldi
ngwasconst
ructedforMadrassah.

HassanAlidi
edandhissonWali 
Muhammad  wasadmini
strat
orwhosucceeded
i
n acquir
ing gov
ernmentall
ocat
ed annual
 
grant
 t
ot he Madrassah butputcertai
n
condi
ti
onsaswellwhichcr
eat
edhadfeeli
ngamong t
he admi
nist
rati
on.

WaliMuhammadwassucceededby  
hissonHassan Al
iAbluremanin 1938 and
managed  t
opulloutMadrassaf r
om gover
nmentcontr
ol.
 Theadminist
rat
orboar dof
Madr asahdeci
dedtomakei tSi
ndhMusli
m Coll
egein1943.Quai
d-e-
Azam receivedhis
earl
yeducat i
ont ofrom Madrassahand t
hroughhiswillasizeableporti
onofhi s
propertywassurr
enderedt
oSindhMusli
m Coll
ege.

Si
ndhMadrassaht
ulIsl
am l
ook 
anact
ivepar
tint
hef
reedom mov
ementand
becameacent
reofTwoNati
onConcept
.

I
SLAMI
ACOLLEGEPESHAWAR:

TheChrist
ianmissi
onari
es 
beganthei
reducati
onalact
ivi
ti
esinthe 
NWFP.Ami ssi
on
wasopenedin1888whichcamet oEdwar
dCol l
egePeshawarm 1888.I
twasknownas
Munici
palHighschool.Thi
sschoolwasmadeGov ernmentColl
egePeshawarand
All
amalnayat
ull
ahMashraqibecomeit
sfi
rstpr
inci
pal
.

Thesewer enopr operar

rangement sofreli
giouseducation 
at 
NWFP.TheMusli
m
l
eadersof NWFP  f
elttheneedof  
establi
shi
ng aneducationalinsti
tut
ionwhi
chcould
i
mpactr el
i
giousandmoder n 
knowledge tothe-Musli
ms.Sahi bzadaAbdul 
Qay
yum 
was
oneofthosel eaderswhot ookiniti
ativ
e.Wi t
hhissi ncer
eef fort
sAnjamanHimay
at -
i-
I
slam wassetupi n 
theNWFP  whichopenedaschooli n1902knownasl sl
ami
aCol
lege
Peshawar.

Quaid-e-
Azam was v er
ycl osel
yassociated t
olslamia Col
lege 
Peshawar 
and
l
ov edthest udents.Quai
d-e-Azar
nv isi
tedtheColl
ege 
sev
er al
 
timesandaddressedthe
studentsthere.Thestudents’andteachersofl
slamiaCol
legePeshawarrenderedgr
eat
servi
cestot hefreedom mov ement.

SEPARATEELECTORATES:

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Thedemandf
orsepar
ateel
ect
orat
ewasnotmadebyt
heSi
mladeput
ati
on 
for
thef irstti
me.Nat ionalEl
ecti
onsont hebasisoftwonat iont heory wer
edemandedby
Sir 
Sy ed in a debate on t
he Cent ralProvi
nces l
ocalsel f-
Gov ernmentBi l
lin 1883.
The  demand  f
or separ at
e el
ectorates,
 a mani fest
ati
on of Musl i
m f eeli
ngs
of separ at
eness, 
playedacrucialrol
ei ntheMusli
m polit
ics 
of  
India.Theacceptanceof
Musl i
m demandf orseparateelectoratesinMinto-Morl
eyr ef or
ms1909wasagr eat
victoryasepar atenationbytheBr i
ti
sh.Theseparate t
he two-nationtheory
,andt hetwo
wer e responsi
ble f
ort he Pakistan Resolut
ion 1940 and finall
y  
forthe creati
on of
Paki stan

S.
EANDSI
R SYED:

Muslims wer e not v er

y ent husi
ast
ic about democrat
ic ref
orms
being 
i
ntroducti
on 
bysel
f-
Government1861asitcoul
dleadt
ocompl
etedomi
nati
onby
Hindusast hey
 wer
ein 
major
it
y.

AllIndiaNat i
onalCongr esscamei ntobeingin1885anddemand  western typeof
democr acy.Si rSyedt oeobject i
vesofthe Congress andaskedMusl im not 
toj oi
nt he
CongressHemadeMusl imsawar eoft hef actt hatpol i
cyoft heCongr ess would
adversi
ty affect 
them. I n his beech of 1883  he demanded separ ate el ector
ate
for 
Musl i
m  andsai d,
”Thel argercommuni tywoul dt otall
y 
ov er
ri
de 
theinter
est soft he
smallercommuni t
y".In1888,hesai d,
”strengt
hofHi ndusandMusl imsliedet ermined
theCounci lofVi ceroy.Hindust oelecttheirrepresent at
ivesthusSirSy edwast he
pioneeroft he conceptof 
thesepar at
eelector
atesinI ndia.

SI
MLA 
DEPUTATI
ONAND 
S.E:

Musli
m delegati
onmett heVicer
oyin dat
a on1906andpr esent
edt hedesiresof
theMusli
ms.Thedemandoft heSepar
ate el
ect
orate asthemaintheme.Thi sdemand
oftheMusli
mswaspr acti
cal
l
yi mpl
ementedundertheof1909knownasMm t oMor l
ey
ref
orms.Congress refused t
o accept 
it
.Musl i
ms  were 
undoubt
edly accepted as a
separ
atenat
ion,underthi
sact.

LUCKNOW PACT:

Musli
m l
eague and Congr ess created an agr
eement at Lucknow i
n 1916
the 
congressundertheagreement  
accepted t
heideaofsepar
ateelectorat
esf orthe
MuslimsItwasagr eatpoli
ti
cal 
achiev
ementascongr ess 
hadr
econcil
edwi t
ht heidea
ofMuslimsasaseparatereacti
on

ACTOF 
INDI
A 1919:

Theconsti
tut
ional
 r
eformsundertheactwer
ebasedont hespir
itofLucknowact
.
This act 
(Montague Chelmsfor
dr efor
ms)kepti nt
actt he separ
ate el
ectorat
efor
Musli
msofI ndi
aThese refor
mswer e t
hecauseof 
cleav
ages 
betweent heHindusand
theMuslims.
DELHIPROPOSALS:

Ji
nnahcal ledtheconf er
enceofMusl iml eader
sinMar ch1927atDel hi
.He
pr
oposed cert
ain 
proposal
s af
termut ualconsul
tati
on.Att hatst age Ji
nnah was a
st
aunchbel i
everofHi nduMuslim unity
.Heaskedt hecongresst oaccepttheDelhi
pr
oposal
sandMusl imswoul dbepreparedtowit
hdr awfr
om theirdemandf orsepar
ate
el
ect
orates.

NEHRUREPORT:

I
nor dert ofacet hechall
enget hrownbyt heBri
ti
shgov ernmentinthewakeof
Simoncommi ssionwhi chwasboy cottedbothbycongr essandMusl im League,All
parti
es’
 conference atDelhiappointedacommi tteetopr oposecommonl yaccepted
proposals 
forfuture const
it
uti
onal 
reformsThiscommi t
teewasl eadedbymot i
l
alNehru
Reportoutrightlyreject
edtheconceptofsepar at
eelect
orateasi tamount
edtopolit
ical
disuni
tyofIndia.Congr essWasnotpr epar
edtoaccommodat ethegenui
nedemandsof
theMusl i
ms.Sot he Musli
msreject
edNehr ur
eport.

JI
NNAH’
S14POI
NTS:

Ji
nnahwascompl etel
ydismayed and di
sappoi
nted bytheNehruReportHe
summoned meeting ofal
lparti
es atthe Musli
ms in hi
sf amous f
our
teen poi
nts
the 
demandofsepar
ateel
ector
atewasoneofthemajordemands.

COMMUNALAWARD:

In1930,t
heBr i
ti
shgov ernmentheldar oundt abl
e conference ofIndi
anleadersto
resolv
et hepoli
ti
calconstitut
ionalprobl
em ofI ndia.Intheli
ghtdi scussion whichtook
placei ntheconf er
encet heBr i
ti
sh governmentannounced af or mula 
to solvethe
communalpr oblem ofIndia.Thisformulaiscall
edcommunal  
awar ds. 
Thisformulanot
onlyawar eMuslimsther i
ghtoft hesepar ateelector
atesbutal soot herminoriti
es 
li
ke
Sikhs,Chri
sti
ansandunt ouchableswerealsogivent hi
sr i
ght.

SI
GNI
FICANCE 
OF 
SEPARATEELECTORATE:

1.The day,
 the demand f orsepar ate elect
orat
e was conceded  t
he cour se for
the 
Musl i
ms f reedom mov ement was char ted. I tl aid 
the f oundat i
on 
for
the 
growth  ofMusl i
m Nat ionalconsci ousnesswhi chaf t
era40  years str
uggle
was t o achi evef or the Musl i
ms t he culmination of t hei
r aspi rati
on as
a di
stri
ct 
nat i
on.
2.Twonat iont heorieswasadv anced 
becauset he workingofsepar ateel ector
ate
forrunnyy earshadmadet heMusl i
ms consciousoft heirdisti
nct
iveness.
3.Openingtheer aofoptimize.
4.Establi
shing Muslim League.
5.DenialofSepar ateelect
orateexposedHi ndument al
ity.
6.Musl i
m unity and  1945-46 Electi
ons on t his pr incipl
e a pr oof and a
 r
efer
endum 
forPaki
stan.

Hadtherebeenno separateelector
ates 
theMuslimswoul
dhav ebeenabsor
bedand
di
gestedbythearr
ogantHi nduhidden Congr
essandhencether
ewouldbenoMusli
m
l
eaguesnopoli
ti
calconsciousnessandnoPakistan….

Ther
eis no doubt
 aboutt
hef
actt
hatt
hesepar
ateel
ect
orat
eisoneoft
he
si
gni
fi
canceofPaki
stan.

PARTI
TON 
OFBENGAL:

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Perhaps not
hing i
l
lust
rat
es so al
lthe val
i
dit
y ofSirSy ed Ahmed Khan 5
r
eadi
ng the 
Hindumindastheagit
ati
onagai
nstt
heparti
ti
onofBengal
.

Theparti
ti
onwasthemost 
hav
e f
aintmeasureoft
heLor
dCur zonadmini
str
ati
on
i
nternalstri
feandhisoughtthetwocommuni ti
esOpenhosti
li
ty,pull
i
ng 
the 
Musli
m
out 
of pol
i
tical
let
har
gy.

CAUSES 
CIRCUMSTANCES:

1.Bengal  
use  too big:Bengalwi tharear eaof189, 000Squar eMi l
ls,embr acingt he
popul ationofabout86mi l
li
onwast oounwi eldyt oheadmi nistered effi
ciently 
by
are l ieut enant Gov ernor . He coul d not make ev en a t our of whol e
prov ince  when  needed.I ts huge size made i t  
dif
ficul t
 forsmoot h sunni ng of
admi nist rator.
2.Limi tedsour cesofcommuni cati
on: 
Communi cation sy stem waspr imi t
ive.
3.Differ enceofl anguageandci vi
l
izat
ion:Ther ewasagr eat  di
fferent 
ofl anguage
and  civ i
lizat i
onbet weent hewest ernandeast er ndistricts.TheBengal ilanguage
spokeni nEast ernBengalwasknowna  Musal mani ,West ernpeopl ecount ed they
super ior.
4.Det erior ationofAgr iculture:The agrarian economyofBengalwasdomi natedby
thecapi talistsofCal cut t
aandasar esul tmi l
lionofi nhabi tantshav ing theunder
dev elopedar easwer edepr i
v edofthei rdue  shar es product s.Theper sonal i
tyof
East er ndi st r
ictswascr ushedundert heCal cut t
al andl ords.
5.Highr ateofCr i
me:cr imer atewasv eryhi gh.Pol icy  
sy stem was  al
most  
non-
existent .
6.Educat i
on:Fundsf oreducat i
oni nEast ernBengal  wer e meagr e;EastBengalwas
victim ofshamef ulgov ernmentapat hy .
7.Trade:Expor tt r ade ofAssam was hamper ed because  Calcutta aut horiti
es
wer e indi fferent  
tot heneedsofChi t
tagongpor tand  ther ewasanur gentneedt o
taket hemat teroutoft heirpur vi
ew.
8.No  progr ess inEast ernDi str
icts:Al
lWel f
are f
unds  wer espenti nwest erndi stri
cts.
Dr .AbdulHami d sai d aboutt hepar ti
ti
on ofBengal  
that,“ lf
 i
thad notbeen
attempt edbyCur zan, I
t couldnothav ebeendel ayedmuchl ongeraf t
erhi m.
PARTI
TIONPLAN:
-

In 
1905,thepr ov
incesofBengalandAssam wer ereconsti
tutedsoast of or
m
two provi
nces of 
manageablestate,
 wester
nBengalwi ththepopul at
ionof54mi lli
on
with 42 mi ll
i
on Hindus Eastern Bengal 
and Assam was t he otherprovi
nce with
the popul
ationof18mi ll
ionMuslimsand12mi ll
ionHindus.Deccawast heCapitalof
thenewPr ov i
nce.TheProvinceofEasternBengalandAssam offi
ciall
ycameintobeing
on 16thOctober1905.EastBengalandAssam consist
edof106650squar e.
mil
es.

MUSLI
MS 
RESPONSE:
-

I
tr ecei
ved a fav
ourabl
er esponse from Musl
i
ms.Muslims nev
ermade a
demand 
forpart
it
ion 
ofBengal
.Itwasbenefi
cialf
orMusl
ims1nmanyways.

1.Thenew pr ovincehadapopul at
ionof31mi ll
ionwi t
h18mi l
l
ion.Muslims
havingnumer icalsuperiori
tyov erHindus.
2.Thepossi bi
l
ityofMusl i
m economi cupl i
ftgrew bright
en.Itwashopedt hat
theywoul dgetr i
dofthehundr edy earsofexploitat
ion.
3.Musl i
mshopedt hattheirstatuswoul dher aisedinsocietyast heywerei n
minoritynumer i
calmaj ori
ty.
 They  
hopedt hattheywoul dbef reef r
om t he
rest
raintsofHi ndusociety.
4.Thepar ti
tioncouldresul ti
nt hepol it
icalupli
ftandsecur i
ngrepresent
ati
oni n
thegov ernment .
5.NeedofMusl im Organizati
on):-

“The 
event
sf ol
l
owingt hepar
ti
ti
onstrengthenedthedesir
eoftheMusli
ms 
to
organi
zethemselv
espoli
ti
call
yasaseparat
ecommuni t
y.Thebirt
hofAl
lIndi
aMusl
i
m
Leagueon30thDecember1906cameasanexpr essi
onofthatdesi
re.
"

HI
NDURESPONSE:

TheHi ndusdi dnotaccepti t,asitdealtatel

li
ngbl
ow tothei
rmonopoliesand
excl
usi
vehol doneconomi c,soci
al,poli
ti
cal
 l
if
e oft
hewholeoftheBengal
.Theycall
ed
i
tas an del iber
ate att
emptby t he Bri
ti
sh gover
nmentto disr
uptt he nat
ional
soli
dar
it
y and Bengal
inationali
sm.Theyt ermedLordCurzanast heupholderofthe
Bri
ti
shoffici
al 
poli
cyof di
videdandr ule.

1.Part
it
ion of Bengalhad br i
ghtened t
he possi
bil
i
ty of the bet
ter
ment
of 
Musli
ms. 
The Hi ndu capi
tal
ist
s wanted t
o continue t
he expl
oit
ati
on
Musli
ms.

Hi
nduLawyersopposedpart
it
ionbecausetheythoughtt
hatthenew 
prov
ince
woul
dhaveit
sseparatecour
tsandthusthei
rpracti
cewouldbeaff
ect
ed.

2.Hi
ndupresswasnot
 di
ff
erent 
fr
om t
hatofHinduadv ocates Hi
nduhadthei
r
monopol
yoveral
mostwhol eoftheprov
inces 
press.
 They wereaf
rai
dthat
 newnewspaper
swouldbeest
abl
ishedi
nthenewprovi
nce.
3.Hindudi
dnotwantt
oloset
hei
rpoli
ti
cal
dominance.

Ev entheIndi
anNat i
onalCongresswhi
ch 
Clai
med tobethe r
epresentat
ion 
body
ofallt he communi ti
es str
onglyopposed t
he 
part
it
ion.Congr
ess assert
ed thatthe
part
it
ionwoul dleadintothedisi
ntegr
ati
onoft
he 
BengalNati
onal
ism andwoul ddestr
oy
Bengalilanguageandlit
erat
ure.

4.Swadeshi 
movement br
ought economi
c pr
essur
e on Bri
ti
sh
by 
boycott
ing 
Bri
ti
sh goods. 16 October was observ
ed as a 
day 
of
nat
ional
 morni
ng.

ANNULMENTATDELHICORONATI
ONDARBAR:

KingGeogeV announced t
heannulmentofBengalat
 Del
hi 
Cor
onationDur
baron
12th December 
1911.Pr of
.Shai i
q-Rehman say
s,"The mostset t
led ofthe ent
ir
e
announcementmadebyt heKi ngatDelhi
".

RESULTSANDEFFECTS:

1.NawabSal
i
mul
l
ah 
say
s,”The 
par
ti
ti
on 
ofBengalbest
owed 
newl
i
fe 
andnewi
maget
o
theMusl
i
ms”.

2. Musl
ims dev
eloped 
sel
f-
conf
idence 
i
nthemsel
ves and wer
e on t
he way of
gr
adual
 pr
ogr
ess.

3.I
tpr
oved 
thatcongr
essdi
dnotcar
eforanycommuni
ty 
except
 Hi
ndus.

4.Annul
mentpr
ovedt
hati
nfut
ureMusl
i
mswi
l
lhav
etof
ightf
ort
hei
rri
ghtal
one.

5.Thethi
nki
ngofSirSyedAhmedkhan 
thatHi
ndusandMusl
i
mswer
etwosepar
ate
nat
ionspr
ovedcor
rect
.

6.Deccar
emai
nedt
hecent
reofMusl
i
msPol
i
tical
power
.

CRI
TICALANALYSI
S:

TheMusl i
msofI ndiaappreciat
edthestepandstar
tedturni
ngint
heBrit
ishbut
the Br i
ti
sh soon gav e i n against t
he mount i
ng pressur
e of Hindus which
helped t
he Musli
mst or eal
i
zet hei mpor
tanceofstandi
ngont heirownfeetandt o
organizethem pol
it
ical
l
y.

WeWi llnotbewr onginmakingtheconclusi

onbecauseofPar ti
ti
onofBengal
Musl
imssubconsciouslyembarkedonthepathofaseparat
ehomel and.
 I
t 
alsoaff
ir
med
t
heapprehensionofSi rSyedthatMuslimsmi ghtbe 
submerged i
nbrutemaj or
ityof
Hi
ndusandl osestheirsepar
ateenti
ty.Hinduswerereal
lyli
mitedupont oswayov er
whol
eofI
ndi
a.

SI
MLADEPUTATI
ON:

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Someofther
eformsofLordCurzangreatl
yharmedtheBri
ti
shinter
est
sinIndi
a. 
Sol
ord
Mint
ohadtofaceawidespreadpol
it
icalagi
tat
ionaf
terf
ormersresi
gnat
ion.

CAUSESOFSI
MLADEPUTATI
ON:

1.Jointel
ector
ates:Theel ect
ionsheldinthecount ryaccor dingt othe 
Indi
an Councils
act1892,madeitclearthatthesyst
em ofjointel
ectoratesisnot  goodforacountr ywith
di
ffer
entcommuni ti
esanddomi nat
edbyonecommuni ty.During t
he peri
odfrom 1892-
1905notev enasi ngleMusl i
mr epresent
ativecould secure hisseati nthelegislat
ive
council
s.

2.Chargi
nginter
nati
onalsi
tuat
ion:Vict
oryofJapanov er
 Russi
a i
n1905cr
eatedasense
i
nIndiathatfi
nall
yEasthasrenew.Itwasal so 
fel
tthatEngland 
wasalsodecl
ini
ng.Thi
s
encour
agedIndiantosecur
emor erightsforthemselves.

3.Congressatt
itude:The Hi
ndu at
ti
tudeover 
part
it
ion 
ofBengalconv
incedt heMusl
ims
ofthefuti
li
tyofexpect i
nganyjusti
ceorfairpl
ayfrom theHinduMajori
ty.
 Ther
efor
eto
saf
eguardt hei
ri nterest
s,the Muslim l
eaders now dr ew up a pl
an ofsepar at
e
el
ector
atesfortheircommunity.

4.Resi gnat
ion of 
Ful
ler:
 
Congr ess l
aunched Swedi sh Movementto exerteconomic
pressureont heBri
ti
shFullerthegovernorofEastBengalandAssam hadt o 
resi
gn asa
resul
t.Musl im demanded thathis 
resignati
on should notbe accept
ed.Buti twas
accepted whichshowed t
hatMusl i
m  i
nterestwer
eleast 
impolant
.

5.I
mmedi
ateReason:

Const
it
uti
onal
Ref
orms:

Electi
onswer eheldin1905inBr i
tainandLi ber
alpar
tycamei ntoPower.Li
ter
al
part
ywant edtoencouragethe 
nati
onsofI ndi
a bygivi
ngthem parti
cipati
onintheaf
fai
rs
ofgovernmentl i
beral
 
party
 announcedtoi nt
roduceconstit
utionalreformsi nI
ndi
a.In
the 
wake ofthis 
announcement,
 Musli
ml eader sfelttheneedofar ti
culat
ingMusli
m
demand.

SI
MLADEPUTATI
ON:

I
nthemarch1906,Mi nt
ostart
eddiscussingt
hescopeofconsti
tut
ionrefor
ms
wit
hthemembersofhisexecuti
vecounci
l
,al eadi
ngMusl
i
m HajiI
smailKhan,Wroteto
Nawab 
Mohsi
n-ul
-Mul
k 
drawing hi s at tenti
on t o demand t he r ight of
separ
ate 
elect
orat
es 
fort
he 
Musl
i
ms.

FORMATI
ONOFCOMMI
TTEEATALI
GARH:

Mohsi n-Ul
-Mul k 
consult
ed Waqar-
ul-
Mulk and const itut
ed a commi t
tee atAli
garh.
Mr. 
Archbol d, 
the pr i
ncipal of M.A.
O. Col lege assi gn t he duty of setti
ng
appointment  f
rom LordMi nl
o.Musl
imsofal lprovincesgatheredandf i
nal
izethetext
and deci ded t hatSirAgha Khan wouldl ead t he deput
ation of
 34-
36 members.
The 
del egation metVicer
oyonOct1,1906athi sresidenceatSi
ml a.

RECOMMENDATI
ONS:

(
i) Musl i
ms  should 
begi v
enwei ghtagei nt hel egisl
ativ
eassembl yandt hei
r
representati
vesshouldbeel ectedont hebasisofsepar ateelect
orate.
(
ii
) Quot awillbefixedofallservicesf orMuslims.
(
ii
i) Musl i
mj udgest obeappoi ntedi nHi ghcourtandChi efCourt
.
(
iv) Separ at
eseatbef i
xedinsy nd1cat esofuni versi
ties.
(
v) Musl i
m uni v
ersit
iestobeest abli
shed.
(
vi) Stepst obe taken i
nordertopr otectthepoliti
cal,socialandcult
uralident
it
yof
Musl i
ms.

VI
CEROY’
SRESPONSE:

LordMintoassuredthedelegat
iont
hathewasent
ir
elyi
naccor
d wi
tht
hei
rcase
andr
ightswouldbesafeguarded.

WASI
TACOMMAND 
PERFORMANCE:

Therei sacont rover

syaboutt hedel egat
ion;Maul anaMuhammadAl iJauharis
report
ed t
o  have char act
erized the delegation as a command  perf
or mance. 
Raji
ndra
Parsad has t ried t o pr
ove that t he del egat
ion was engi neered by
Mr .
 Ar
chbol d,
 the 
Briti
sh pri
ncipalofAl i
garhCol lege.Thisi sadistor
tionofr ealfact
s.
He, 
beingt he pri
ncipalwasv eryclosetot heMusl ims.He  wassimplyaskedt ocontact
the 
secretaryofVi ceroyCol .Dunl
opf oranappoi ntmentwi ththeVicer
oy .

CRI
TICALANALYSI
S:

TheSi
mladeput
ati
oni
scr
it
ical
l
y i
mpor
tant
 i
nthehi
stor
yofmoder
nMusl
i
mIndi
a:

(
i) Fi
rstt i
me,theHi nduMusl im confl
ict
 wasli
ft
edtot heconsti
tut
ional
pl
ane.Ther i
ftint hesocietywasnow t ober efl
ectedinlegaland
poli
ticali
nsti
tut
ions.
(
ii
) Musl i
mshadmade  i
tclearthattheyhadnoconfidenceintheHindu
major i
ty.Theyr ej
ectedt heI dea 
ofasi ngl
e I
ndiannationont he
groundt hattheMusl im minor i
tyhadanent i
tywhichcouldnotbe
mer gedintotheHindumaj orit
y .
 (
ii
i) I
twasbutaf
urt
her
 st
ept
odemandasepar
atest
atef
orMusl
i
ms.

TheHindual
l
egati
on 
thatt
heSi
mladeput
ati
onwasi
nspi
redbyt
heBr
it
ishhast
o
ber
eject
ed 
fortwor
easons.

No posi
tiv
e ev i
dence i
s av ail
able in its support and what the
Musl
i
ms demanded wasi
ncompl
eteconsonancewit
hthei
rthi
nki
ngandphi
l
osophy
.

TheSir
nladeputati
onisalsoami l
est
oneinthestruggleforthefr
eedom of
Musl
ims.Theconceptoftwo-
Nati
ont heor
yasenunci
atedbySirSyedAhmed 
Khanwas
f
urt
herstr
engt
henedbyt hi
sdel
egati
on.

Becauseofit
,theBr
it
ishgovernmentf
inal
l
ygaveal egalsanct
iont
ot hedemandof
separat
eel
ect
orat
eunderMint
o-Morl
eyr
eformsknownas“Indi
anActof1909”
.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Thepr edi
cati
onofSirSy edsoonproved t
o beaf act
.TheMusl i
ms of 
Indi
awer e
greatlydi sappoi
nted bytheant i-
Musli
m stanceofCongr ess.Theev entsfol
lowing
the parti
tion 
of Bengal 
strengt
hened 
the desi
re of t
he Musli
ms
to organize t
hemselves 
pol
it
icall
yas a separ at
e communi ty.The Bir
th ofAllIndia
Musl im LeagueatDeccaon 30thDecember 1906 cameasanexpr essi
onofthatdesi
re.

CAUSES:

1.ERUPTI
ONOFAMUSLI
M EDUCATEDCLASS:

A new gener
ati
on ofMusl i
ms educat
ed atAli
garh orinf
luenced by
the i
deashadcomet othefor
efr
ont.Theywerekeenon 
secur
inganhonourable
placefort
hei
rcommunityinpol
it
ical
sphere.

2.I
NDI
FFERENT 
ATTI
TUDE 
OFCONGRESSTOWARDS 
MUSLI
MS:

TheAllIndiaNationalCongr
esswasapurelyHi
ndubody.I
tsi
nter
estwas
alway
santit
heticaltotheMuslim.By1905,Musl
imleader
swere 
conv
incedthat
theymusthav etheirownpar t
ywhichshoul
dspreadfort
hei
rcommunity 
onall
i
mpor t
antoccasions.

3.TO 
SAVETHEI
R ENTI
TY:

Theoldbel iefut
ter
edbySi rSyed 
Ahmedt hat 
theMusl i
mswer esomehow
aseparateenti
ty.TheMusl i
ms didnotbehavethatHi ndusandMusl imsformed
onenation.They dif
fer
ent 
byreli
gion,hi
stor
y,ci
vil
izati
on,tradit
ionsandcul t
ure.
Theref
oreitbecameessent i
alforMuslimstoestabli
sha  pol
iti
cal 
organi
zati
on of
thei
rown.
 4.DI
FFERENCE 
OFPOLI
TICALVI
EWS:

Thepoli
ti
calvi
ewsofMuslimswer enotinconfor
mit
ywitht
hoseofHi
ndus.
The Congress support
ed joint el
ectorat
es wher eas the Musl
ims were
staunch 
proponent
s of separ at
e el
ectorat
es. 
This led Musl ims t o
the 
establ
ishmentof 
Musli
m League.

5.EDUCATI
ONANDECONOMI
CBACKWARDNESS:

Musl
i
mshadl agged far
 behi
ndtheHindusi
neducati
onandeconomics
Educati
onal
 andeconomi cconditi
onscoul
donlybeupgr
adedbyest
abl
ishi
nga
separat
eMusl i
m or
ganizati
on.

6.THEEVOLUTI
ON 
OFMI
NTOMORLEYREFORMS:

The t urni
ng point came i n the summer of 1906. Dur i
ng john
Morl
ey'
s budgetspeech in which he hinted ofconst
it
uti
onal 
ref
orms, 
atthat
j
unct
ionMusl imsdidnothaveapoliti
calplatf
ormtodemandt hei
rShare.
 Af
teral
l
t
heywant edaseparat
edpoli
ticalpl
atfor
m.

7.THESUCCESSOFSI
MLA 
DEPUTATI
ON:

Mint
o of
fer
ed f
ull
est
 sy
mpat
hy t
o Musl
i
m demands.The success of
deputat
ioncompell
edtheMusli
mstohaveasepar
atepol
i
ticalassoci
ati
onof
thei
rown.

FORMATI
ON 
OFTHEMUSLI
M LEAGUE:

InDecember  
1906, 
anannualsessi onofMuammadadaneducat ionalConfer
ence
was hel d in Decca as r equested by Nawab Sal im ul l
ah. Almost al lthe
Muslim leader
s st
ressedtheneedf orasepar atepolit
icalorgani
zati
onoft heMusl i
m,
Nawab Sal imul
la present
ed theout li
neoft hepr oposed organi
zati
on.A r esol
uti
on
mov edbyhi m wasappr ovedbyal lpresentandt husAl lIndi
aMusl im Leaguewas
establ
ished.Nawab  Waqar ul
 
Mul k,NawabSal i
mullah,MalunaMuhammadAl i
,Haki
m
AjmalKhan,Maul anaZaf i
aAl iKhanpl ayedav i
talrolem t heformationofMusl i
m
League.

OBJECTI
VESOFMUSLI
M LEAGUE:

1.Tocreat eamongMusl imsthefeeli

ngsofloyal
tytowardsBrit
ishgovernmentand
toremov emisconcepti
onsandsuspi ci
ous.
2.Tosaf eguar
dt hepoli
ti
calri
ght
soft heMuslimsandt obri
ngt hem i
ntothenoti
ce
ofthegov er
nment .
3.To pr event among Musl i
ms t he ri
se of prejudi
cialfeeli
ngs against t
he
other
 communi ti
esofIndia.
 Thef
ir
stformalmeet
ingofAllI
ndiaMusl
i
m Leaguewas  Hel
donDec29-
30-1907atKarachi.Sy
ed 
Ameer 
Aliorgani
zedthe 
Branch 
of 
Musli
m Leagueat
London.

CRI
TICALANALYSI
S:

Therecamei ntobei ngapol i

ti
calbodywhi ch 
wast opl ay 
adeci siveroleinthe
desti
nyoft heMusl i
m nat ion.Thedayt heMusli
m delegationwon  recogniti
onoft he
demandofsepar at
eel ectorate,
thecourseofthe 
Musl i
m fr
eedom st ruggle waschart
ed.
I
twas t he beginning oft he gr
owt h ofMuslim Nat i
onal consci
ousness.  
Itformer
vi
sible 
insti
tut
ional
 expression i
nt he 
form ofMusl i
n League whi ch aft
er  
a 40 years
 
struggle wastoachievef ortheMusl i
mst hecul
minati
onoft heirnati
onal aspir
ati
ons.

I
nt hebeginni ngAl lIndia Musli
m  League wasnotar adicalpar
tyanddi dnot
standf oranyr evolutionarychangei nI ndia. 
Itembar kedont het askwithi
ntheframe
workoft hegiv
ensi tuation.Butast heev ent sant ol
led,MuslinLeagueal sochangedit
s
outlookandt ookupt het askofpol i
ti
calfreedom  fortheMusl i
msofI ndi
a.Bytheendof
t 3rd decadeoft
he  he20th centur y
,Musl i
m Leaguer eallybecameamassmov ementof
theMusl i
msandsucceededi nachi evi
ng  Pakist
ani n1947.Act uall
ythenew breedof
l
eader shipli
keJinnahwasi nst
rument ali
ni ts 
met amor pl
iesi
s.

Alt
erMi
nto’
s accept
ance ofthe demand of
 separ
ate r
epr
esent
ati
on,i
twas
or
dinar
ycommonsense 
tohavea 
poli
ti
cal
partyt
ofi
ghtelect
ions.

Whatevermay 
hav
ebeent heeff
ectsofMusli
m League,
 
buti
tmadecl
eart
hatthe
i
nterest
s ofMuslimsmustberegardedcomplet
elysepar
atefr
om t
hoseofHi
ndus.Any
f
usionofbot h 
thecommuni
ti
esinfutur
ewasnotpossibly.

I
tst
ressedt
heshi
pofMusl i
m desti
nysaf
elyt
hrought
heosci
neofpol
i
tical
Chaos
andt
urmoi
l 
tothesaf
eharbourofPaki
stan.

MI
NTOMORLEY 
REPGRMS

I
NDI
ACOUNCI
LSACT1909

I
ntr
oduct
ion:

WhenLor dMi ntocameasVi ceroyinIndi

a,the 
whole 
count r
ywasi nast at
epol i
ti
cal
unrest
.Hehadt opassmai nl
ydr asti
claw t
osuppresst herevol
uti
onaryacti
vit
ies.
 But
at 
thesamet i
me,hei ncoll
aborationwit
hLordMor l
ey,thethensecret
aryofstateform
I
ndia introduced some r ef
orms t o give great
er share t o the local masses
i
n government. Theseref
ormsar eknownasMi ntoMor l
eyreforms

FACTORSRESPONSI
BLEFORTHEREFORMS:

Di
ssat
isf
act
ioncausedbyt
heactof1892:
 Indi
anwerenotsat
isf
iedwiththeacti
f1892 
whi
ch 
did 
not
 gi
ve 
enoughpower
s
t
oImperi
alandpr
ovi
nci
all
egi
slat
ivecounci
l
s.

Aut
hor
it
ari
anpol
i
cesofLor
dCur
zan:

Hi
s admini
str
ati
ve pol
ici
es had al
i
enat
ed I
ndi
ans He Opposed l
ocalsel
f-
gov
ernmentwhi
channoyedtheIndi
ans.

Ri
sei
nPr
ices:

I
nfl
ati
onhadbr
oughtpeopl
eagai
nstt
heBr
it
ishgov
ernment
.

Vi
ctor
yofJapanov
erRussi
a 1905:

Japanese 
vi
ctor
yhadcreat
edahopeamongI ndi
an 
whost ar
ted 
behav
ingt
hat
f
inal
l
ytheEasthadrenew.I
twasalsof
eltt
hatEngl
andwasdecl
i
ning.

Al
ltr
eat
mentwi
tht
he 
Indi
an 
abr
oad:

EspI
ndi
ansi
nAf
ri
ca,
Cyl
one,
Mal
aya.

Separ
ateel
ect
orat
efor
 Musl
i
ms:

Pr
omi
sedi
nSi
mle(
I906)

Topaci
fyt
heext
remi
sts:

I
ndi
ancounci
l
sActwaspassedbyt
heBr
it
ishPar
li
amentm 1909.

FEATURES:

1.Expansi
onof
 I
mper
ial
legi
slat
ive 
counci
l
:

Ri
sei
nnumberof
 addi
ti
onal
member
sofal
lGov
ernorGener
alsCounci
lto60.

2.Expansi
on 
ofprov
inci
all
egi
slat
ivecouncil
s.
3.Functi
ons 
and 
PowerofI
mpL. Cincreased.

Memberscoul
d move 
resol
uti
onsandasksupplementar
yquest
ion.Gov
ernment
coul
dref
usetoanswerthesuppl
ement
aryquest
ions.

4.I
ncr
easei
nexecut
ivecounci
l
’smember
s:

Thenumberofmember
sofexecut
ivecounci
l
sofBombay
,Madr
asandBengal
wasrai
sedf
rom 2t
o4.
 5.I
ndianappointmenti
nExecuti
vecounci
ls:
6.Restri
ctedfr
anchi
se:
7.System ofCommunal andcl
assel
ector
ates:

CONCLUSI
ON:

1.Thedemandofr esponsiblegover
nmentwasr ej
ectedonlyminorchangeswere
i
ntroducedt heactgaveunduei mpor
tancetoLandl or
dsandi ndust
ri
ali
stsby
giv
ingthem endueimportance.
2.Thef r
anchisewasrestr
ictedandnumberofvoteswasv erysmall
.Theycouldbe
easil
ypurchased:
3.3.Minorchangesweremadei nt
hepowersoflegi
slati
vecounci
ls.

HI
NDUREACTI
ON:

Hindu polit
icians, 
esp t
he 
congr
ess l
aunched demonst rati
ve 
campaign agai
nst
theactTheywer eagai nsttheMusli
msr i
ghtofsepar at
e el
ectorat
es.
 I
twasbecauseof
thi
s motivet hatat  t
he 1910 sessi
on,the congress condemned t he prov
isi
on of
separ
ate 
elector
atesanddemandedi t
swi thdrawal 
up 
to1935,t hecongresskepton
passi
ngresoluti
ons against 
thecl
auseexceptincaseofLucknowpact (1916)
.

MUSLI
M REACTI
ON:

Despit
e certai
nflows the refor
ms were consi
dered as a great 
omen tothe
Muslim f ate. Since they gr anted the Musl i
ms, t hei
r long st andi
ng and
cher
ished desi
re 
theseparateelectorat
e’si
nthepr ovi
nces wherelegi
slati
vecouncil
s
exi
sted.The Si
mladeputati
on demandwasmet .Thus Musli
m  wel
comedt heact.

ROLEOFMUSLI
M LEAGUE:

Mi
ntoMor l
eyreformsaresai
dtoreflectt
hef
ir
stachi
evementofnewl yf
ounded
allI
ndiaMusl
im League.Nevert
hel
essthedemandforsepar
ate 
elect
orat
es 
hadalr
eady
beenmadei nSimlaDeput at
ionbutt
her ol
eofMusli
m Leagueto mike 
thi
sdemanda
real
it
ywascommendabl e.

All Hindus and  sev

eral Bri
ti
sh obser ves 
of the Indi
an 
scene opposed
and 
cri
ti
cizedthe 
demandofcommunalel ectoratesas 
abreachofdemocrati
cpr
inci
ple
butitwas t he resultoft he t
ir
esome effort
s oft he Musl
i
m League t
hatMorley
consi
deredtheMusl i
m demandgenuineanjusti
fi
ed.

I
twast heachievementoftheMusl
im LeaguethattheBri
ti
shgov
ernmentfor
the 
fi
rst
 ti
meacceptedtheinIndi
awher
edif
fer
entcommuni t
iesl
i
vetheWester
ntypeof
democracyisnot 
appl
icabl
e. 
Thevoi
ceofSi
rSyedsawreali
tyoft
he 
day.

Itwastherecordachi
evementoft heMuslim Leaguewithi
nitstwoy ear
sof
i
ncept
ion.Theaccept
anceofsepar
ate 
elector
atesset
 thecauseofMusl
im separ
ati
sm
i
nIndi
a.

CONCLUSI
ON:

Thesi gnif
icanceofMintoMor l
ey 
ref
ormsinnotonl ytheconst i
tut
ionaldevelopmenti n
I
ndi anpoliti
csbutital
soplayedparamount 
i
mpor t
ance t
ot hepoli
ticalf
ateofMusl i
ms
i
nI ndia.Hadt her
ebeennopr ov
isi
onofseparateelect
orateintheMi nto-
Morleyreforms,
therewoul dhav ebeenleastenhanceofLucknow  Pact1916andconsequent l
y,there
woul dhavebeennochanceofconceptof  
Pakistan 
Resoluti
onin1940.

LUCKNOW PACT

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

The Lucknow pacti s of outstanding importance i

nt he dev elopmentof
I
ndian 
Muslim nati
onali
sm fortwor easons.Itwast hef i
rstHi
nduMusl i
m compacti n
ModernIndianhistoryandm the hopes ofseverall
eadersonboth sides wasexpect ed
t
olayt hefoundati
onofaper manentuni t
edact i
onagainsttheBri
tish.I twasal sothe
f
ir
standt heonlyoccasionwhent heHi ndusnotonl yconcededsepar ate elector
ates 
of
Musli
mr epresent
ationindi
ff
erentprovi
nciall
egislat
ureandatthecent re.

EARLI
ER 
EFFORTS 
OFRAPPORACHMENTBETWEENTHE 
TWO:

I
n 1910,
 Hakeem Aj mal Khan, Chai r
man of r ecept
ion commi ttee
of
 Musli
m League str
essed t
he need f
orimprovementofr el
ati
on wit
ht he f
ell
ow
i
nhabi
tati
ons.
 Therewereot
heref
fortsal
somadebutwithoutanytangi
bleresult
s.

CUMSTANCES 
WHI
CHPROMOTEDTHENEEDFORUNI
TY:

1.The annul mentofpar t
it
ionofBengalwasaj oltforMusli
msandi tshatteredthe
Musl i
m conf i
dencei nt
heBr it
ish.
2.Certai
nev ent si
nt heIsl
ami cwor l
d,l
i
keAnglo-Russi
anagreementwithr egardto
IranandBal kanwar sconf i
rmedMusl i
m suspici
onsaboutthehostil
i
tyofwest
towards  Musl i
ms.
3.The CONI RADE ofMaul ana Muhammad Al iand ALHI LAL ofAbul a Kal
eem
Azad wer e theleadingnewspaper swhichwerei nf
usi
ngnew spiri
tinMusl i
ms
aboutt heiridenti
ty.
4.Reluctance of Br i
tish t o gr eat of f
ici
al st at
us t o Al i
garh
Musl i
m  Universit
y compelled 
the 
Musli
mst ojoinhandwi ththeHindusagai nst
theBritish.

MuhammadAl iJi
nnahatthatj
uncture 
wasardent 
championofHindu-
Muslim
uni
ty.Lucknowpactwasan example ofJi
nnah’
s 
sagaciousst
atesmanshipanda
br
idgeto 
cov
erthe 
gapbet weenHindusand Musl
ims.

Heandhi
sot
hercol
l
eaguessucceededi
nper
suadi
ng 
bot
hCongr
essandMusl
i
mst
o
holdthei
rannualsessioninBombay1915.Ar esol
utionmov edJinnahi ntheBombay
sessi
oncallingupontheMusl im Leaguetoappoi
ntacommi tt
eef ornegoti
ati
onswith
otherpoli
ti
cal 
organi
zati
ons. 
Simil
arlyCongr
essalsoexpr essedits desi
re 
tohav ean
underst
andingonpol i
ti
calissueswi t
htheMuslim League. 
Both 
thepar t
iesagreedto
holdajoi
ntmeet i
nginLucknow.

JOI
NTSESSI
ON 
OF 
1916:

Congr
essandMuslim Leaguehel
dthei
rjoi
nt 
sessi
on 
atLucknow i
n1916.The
Congr
essadopt
edthenewschemeofrefor
mson29Decandt 31st.
heLeagueon 

FEATURESOFTHEPACT:

1.Provincesshoul d be gi
v ent hemaxi mum.Admi nistrat
iveandfinancialaut
onomy.
2.4/5memberof  t
hepr ov inciallegislaturesshoul dbepopul arlyelectedandthe
rest
 shoul dbe nomi nated.
3.Theel ectoonsshoul dbehel dont hebasi sofgener aladultf
ranchise.
4.½ oft hemember soft hecent ralandpr ovincialgov ernmentsshoul dbeelect
ed
bythemember s oftheirrespect iv
el egislat
ur ecounci l
s.
5.The Gov er
nor Gener al and t he gov ernor s woul d be bound t o
the 
resol uti
ons passed by  
t hei
rr espect iv
el egislati
ve councils.Howev erthe
Gover norGener alwoul dbeaut horizedt oputsuchr esolut
ionsof ffornotmore
thanay ear.
6.Thesecr etaryofthest ate should begi v
ent hesamepower saswer eenj
oyedbe
thesecr etaryofstateforot her  
coloni es.
7.Theexecut iv
eandj udiciaryshoul dr emai nsepar atef r
om eachot her.

Pr
ovi
sionaboutCommunal
issue:

1.The Musl i
m League and t he Congr ess should joi
ntly demand f or the
establi
shmentofcompl et
eself -
governmentinIndia.
2.TheMusl i
msshouldbegi vensepar ate 
reserv
ed seat
sinthelegisl
aturewiththe
ri
ghtofsepar at
eelectorate.
3.Any pr iv
ate resolut
ion att
raction 
a par t
icul
ar communi ty shoul
d r equi
re ¾
maj or
it
iesofthemember soft hatcommuni tyforit
sadvancementinthecouncil.
4.Musl i
m Leaguewi t
hdr ew fr
om t he 
claim t
hatMusl i
m wereinmaj or
ityinPunjab
andBengal .

I
MPORTANCEOFTHEPACT:

TheLucknow pactpr
eparedthegr
oundforpoli
ti
calcol
l
abor at
ion 
amongthe
Musl
i
msandt heHi
ndusandenablest
wopeopl
estoputfor
warda j
oint 
demandbef
ore
t
heBri
tishgov
ernment.

ToMusl
i
msi
tconcededt
hreeadv
ant
ages:
 1.Separat
eelectorates111thevari
ouslegi
slat
iveand representat
ive 
bodi
es.
2.Weightageinpr ovinceswher
etheywereinmi norit
y.
3.AndtheProv i
siont hatnononoff
ici
albil
l
 aff
ecting t
heir
 posit
ioncould 
bepassed
byanyofthelegi sl
atorsi
f¾oftheMusl i
m member soft he 
Housewer e 
opposed
toi
t.

No doubt,the acceptance ofthese pri

nci
ples,
 par
ti
cularl
y ofseparate
el
ect
orat
eshadv erygr
eatimportanceforthe 
future 
oft
heMusl i
ms butthe pactwasby
nomeansaonesi ded 
aff
air
. 
TheMusl imshadi ndeedpai
dabi gpri
ce,
 oflosing 
majori
ty
i
nBengalandPunjabtoobtai
ntheseconcessions.

Theschemecameupf orexaminati
on 
Mr,
Mont agueandLordChel
msf or
cl
and mostofi t
srecommendati
onsoff undament
alnature wererej
ect
ed bythem.
Howevert
he onl
ypartoftheschemewhi chwasadopted wast he 
communalscheme
andevent
hiswasnotadoptedi
nitsent
iret
y.

TheLucknow pact 
notonly 
hastenedtheimpor
tantpoli
cyannouncement
bytheBrit
ishgover
nmenton 20thAugust1917butincert
aini
mportantrespect
s.Fort
he
Congressitmeantmuchbecauset heMuslim suppor
tgaveitaddedst r
engthvi
s-a-
via
theBri
ti
shgov er
nment.

TheCongresswhohadbeenscandaltheMusl
i
m Leaguehithert
onow
acknowl
edgeditast
heonlyr
epr
ehensi
vepar
tyoft
heMusl
i
m ofthe 
sub-
cont
inent
.

CONCLUSI
ON:

Quaid-e-Azam wastheprinci
plear
chitectf
ortheLucknowpactandwashai l
edas
theAmbassadoroft heHindu-
Muslim Uni
tybySar oniNaidoK.BSaudsaid,“
TheHindu
Musli
m accor dofLucknowwast hehighwat ermarkoftheHi ndu-
Musli
m uni
ty”
.Most
ofthepri
ncipl
esoft heLucknowpactwer elateri
ncorpor
atedinthegover
nmentofIndi
a
act1919.

TheLucknowpactwashal lmar ki
nthepol it
icalhi
storyofI
ndiabecause 
onone
handt hedemandf orcompleteself-gover
nmentbr oughttheMuslimi nthefaceof
the 
Brit
ish 
governmentandont heotherhandt heysucceededi ngett
ingtherightof
separateelect
oratesLucknow Pactini t
sr ealsensewasanexper i
mentt ointegr
ate
HindusandMusl iminpoli
ti
calgrounds.

I
NDI
ANCOUNCI
LACT1919

MONTAGU-
CHELMSFORD 
REFORMS

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Khi
lafatMovementhadbeenstar
tedbytheMusl
im andthe 
Hindu 
Musl
i
m uni
tywas
gai
ningmoreandmorest
rengt
hsidebysi
deanor
gani
zati
onnamelyHomeRuleLeague
had emerged wi
ththedemandofcompl eteindependenceoft heSub-ContinentUnder
thesedevelopmentstheBri
ti
shgov ernmentwasobl i
gedt obringaboutsomer adi
cal
changesint heIndi
anconsti
tut
ion.InJul y1918Mont ague,thesecretar
yofst atefor
Indi
aand Lor d Chel
msfor
d, 
the Vi
ceroyofI ndiapublished aj oi
ntreportknown as
mont ageChelmsfor
drepor
t 
whichwas  enact
edinDecember1919.

FACTORYWHI
CHLEDTOI
NTRODUCTI
ONOFACT:

1.The demand f orr esponsible gov er

nmentwas r ejected m 1909 act . Only
minor  
changeswer eintr
oducedi nthepower sofl egi
sl ati
vecounci l
s.
2.Underi mportancewasgi ventol andl or
dsandChamberofcommer ce i
n1909act .
3.Lesst han 1909 act ,thef r
anchi sewas  r
estr
icted and v ot erscould easi l
ybe
purchased.
4.Womenwer edeniedt hepoliti
cal statusin1909act .
5.The i ndir
ect met hod of el ect i
on was i ntr
oduced i n 1909  act 
whi ch was
undemocr ati
c.
6.In1909act ,electedmaj orit
ywasnotcr eatedast hese r epresentat
ives di
dnot
grantedpower s.
7.Racialdiscriminationcont i
nuedev en af
ter1909actand  no higherjobswer e
giventoIndians.
8.Dissatisf
acti
onofMusl i
ms further grewbecauseoft heannul mentofPar tit
ionof
Bengal .
9.TheI ndiahelpedEngl ishdur i
ng  Fir
stWor l
dWar .Inret urnf ortheirservi
cest hey
wantedsel lGov er
nment .
10.
HomeRul eLeaguewas  established todemandsel f-
gov ernment .

Owing t
ot hese Ci
rcumstances t
he 
Bri
ti
sh gov
ernmentdeci
ded t
oint
roduce new
r
eformstopacif
ytheIndi
ans.

FEATURES:

1.Thesal ar y
 ofthesecr etary
 ofthest ateforIndiawast obegi venist heBr i
ti
sh
gov ernmentand  someofhi spower swerechur neddownandwer egivent o
IndianHi gh  Commi ssioner.
2.Bi-camer al
 l
egislatur e was introduced.The upper house  of legisl
ati
on was
Counci lofSt at
eandl owerhousewasCent r
alLegislati
veAssembl y.
3.Thel i
feofCounci lofst atewas5y earsandofcoul dbeext endedbyt heGov er
nor
Gener al.
4.Syst em ofdi rectelect i
onforbotht hehouses.
5.Vot ersforCounci lofst atewer ethosewhopai dtaxofRs10, 000t o20,000ar i
d
forcent ral l
egisl
at i
veassembl ythosewhopai d15t o20r upees perannum.
6.Thegov ernorGener alwasgi vent hepower stosummon,di ssolv
eandaddr ess
thechamber s.
7.Member sofbot ht hehousewer egi ventherightoff r
eedom ofspeech.They
coul dask  questionsandmov eresoluti
ons.
8.The  member sof theExecut i
veCounci loft
hegov er norgeneralwerenomi nated
 andwer enotr esponsi bletot heAssembl yVot eofnoconf idencecoul dnotbe
mov edagai nstthem.
9.DYARCHYsy stem wasi ntr
oducedi nt he 
provinces 
undert his act
 Accor dingt o
this actt he subj ects wer e divided intor eserved subject,admi ni
stered by
Execut i
ve 
counci l
 
and Tr ansferred subj ects, admi nist
ered by gov er nors’
mi ni
stri
es.
10.
Thesy st
em ofCommunalel ecti
ons/el ectorateswasnotonl yretainedf ort he
Musl i
ms.I twasal soext endedt ot heSIKHSbutr ef
usedtoot hercommuni ti
es.
11.
Final
ly,att he end of 10 y ears,a commi ssi
on shoul d be appoi nted t o
exami ne t
he workingoft hesy st
em andt oadv i
ceast owhet hert het i
mehad
comef or 
compel tor esponsiblegov ernment .

CONGRESSREACTI
ON:

Int he elect
ions heldin 1920 undert he new 
const
it
uti
on congress 
did not
part
ici
pate.I twas  againstthe Mont
ague Chelmsfordref
orms.ButNat ional
 l
i
berals
part
ici
patei nelecti
ons.In1923Congressdecidedtopart
ici
pat
e i
nelect
ionswithav i
ew
todestr
oy editfrom within.

MUSLI
M LEAGUEREACTI
ON:

The Musli
m di d notrejectthe actas Congr
ess 
did;t
hough t
hey wer
e not
compl
etel
ysat
isf
iedbutthei
nit
ialresponsewas 
favour
abl
e.

Howevertheydidnot  
part
ici
pated 
inelect
ionbecauseoftheunder
standi
ngwi t
h
Congr
ess.Thus,somebenef it
swhi chtheActcouldyi
eldwerereapedbyHindusalone.
I
twasMusl i
mswhosuf f
ered.Muslim Leaguedidnotmeetasaseparatebodybetween
1919t
o1924.It 
ident
if
ieditsel
fwiththeCongress.

CRI
TICI
SM:

Theacthadmer
it
sanddemer
it
s.

MERI
TS:

1.Secretaryofst at
eto bepaidbyBr i
ti
sh.
2.Creati
onoft heoffi
ceofHighCommi ssi
oner
.
3.Bicameral Legisl
atur
e.
4.Power sofLegi sl
ature 
enhanced.
5.Extendedf ranchi
se.
6.Separate elect
oratefur
therextended.

DEMERI
TS:

1.Cent
ral
legi
sl
atur
ehelplessbef
orecent
ral
execut
ive.
2.DYARCHYwasdef ect
iveduetothewat
erti
ghtdi
visi
onofsubj
ect
ed.
 3.Unscienti
fic di
vi
sion ofsubj ects’eq:I rr
igati
on was reserved subjectand
agri
culturewastransf er
redsubject.
4.Lackofco- oper
ationbet weenexecutivecouncil
lorsandminist
ers.
5.Precari
ouspositi
onofmi ni
ster
s.Secretar
yofconcer neddepart
menthadadi r
ect
accesst othegover nor.
6.As finance was r eserved subj
ect,mi ni
sters coul
d not 
putt hei
r 
scheme i
nto
practi
ce.

KHI
LIFATMOVEMENT

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Thei nst i
tutionofKhi lafathasbeencoev al withIsl
am Thedev iati
onofMusl imsof
Indiat ot heKhi lafatwasoneoft hebasi cf eat uresoft hepoliti
callifeearnerprov ed
st
during  t
he Bal kan war s and  1 wor l
d war cer tai
n dev el
opment s bey ond India
wer e disturbing the Musli
msofsub- conti
nent .TheOt t
omanEmpi rewasdecal i
ngint he
begi nning of 20th cent ury and ot her Eur opean count ri
es seemed t o be l ent
upon  grabbi ng theEur opean  parts oftheTur key .In1913Bal kanst atesrev ol
tedagainst
Turkey .The I ndi an Musl i
ms  psy chologicall
y  
wer ei ntensely attached wi th Turkey
becausei twast he cent
re ofKhi l
afat,al
thought heydi dnotownanypol it
icalall
egi
ance
toKhi l
afaty ett heyconsider edhi m ast her allyingf orcef ortheMusl i
msuni t
y.Af t
er
beingdepr ivedofpower ,Indi anMusl i
msment al l
y compensat edt hemselv esbyhav ing
spiritualli
nkswi tht heTurkishEmpi r
e.

ORI
GINOFTHEMOVEMENT:

Tur
keyhadchosent of i
ghtont hesideofGer manyagai nst 
all
i
edpower .
 The
Bri
ti
shgov ernmentaft
erdeclar
ingwaragainstTurkeypromisedIndi
an 
Musl i
msthatthe
sancti
ty of t he Holy Places wil
l be r espected. Stat
us of Cal i
phate would
be r
espected andOt
tomanEmpi rewouldbegivenlackitspossessi
onsattheendofwar.

VI
OLATI
ONOFPROMI
SE:

Aftertheendofwart r
eat
yofseverswas conduct
ed whosehar
shter
msmadei t
cl
earthatthevicar
iousall
ieswer
edeter
mi nedt
o destr
oy t
heOt t
oman 
Empir
e.ToI ndi
an
Musli
ms,Tr eat
yappear edtobeadeli
berateat
tempt toexter
minat
ethepol
it
icalpower
ofI
slam bytheChristi
anwest.

ROWLETTACT.JALLI
ANWALATRAGEDY 
ANDHI
NDUMUSLI
M UNI
TY:

Asecurit
yacti n1919,knownasRowl ettactwaspassedwhi chgav earbi
trar
y
powersofarr
estandt ri
altothegov er
nment .Theseactsarousedwidespr
eadagitati
on
Fi
rstsessi
onofKhi laf
atCongr esswashel d inDelhii
nNov1919andMusl imswer e
askednottoparti
cipateinvictorycel
ebrati
ont oboycottBrit
ishgoodsandst ar
tnon-
cooper
ati
onwomen.Gandhi ,whowasal sopr esentinthe sessi
on 
andofferedHindu
cooper
ati
onwithregardto 
Khilafati
nst
itut
ion,.
MUSLI
M DELEGATI
ON 
VISI
T EUROPE:

Maul
anaMuhammadAl iJauharl
edadel egati
ontoEuropei nMarch1920to
mustersupportfor 
Khilaf
atcause i nto appease Bri
ti
sh GovernmentofMuslim
gri
evancesandresentment.AsBr i
ti
shPri
meMi ni
sterLordGeorgewasi mpl
acabl
e
enemyofTurkey
,thedelegati
onretur
nedemptyhandedinOct1920.

MOVEMENTGAI
NSMOMENTUM:

Duri
ngMuhammadAl iabsencefrom Indi
atheMov ementgainedmoment
um.
Thepart
ici
pat
ionoft
reat
yofsev
erebroughtt
hemov ementandi
tsful
lswing.

Ul
emaPr
onounceFat
wa:

A f atwa was pronounce by Ul ema inf av

our of no cooper at
ion whi
ch
had a 
mar kedinfl
uenceont hemov ementUl emaalsodeclaredsubcont
inent 
asDar-
ul-
Harab and askedMusli
mst ostarthi
jr
atMov ementMaul anaMuhammadAl i I
nthemean
-t
imeoft our t
hewholesub-conti
nentwit
hGandhi andAzad.

BYCOTTOFEDUCATI
ONALI
NSTI
TUTI
ON:

SUSPENSI
ONOFPAYMENTOFTAXES:

MUSLI
MSRETURENDTHEI
RTI
TLES:

Studentpl ay
ed av it
alrole1nt hemov ement.Theyboy cot
tt hegover
nment
educati
onali nsti
tution.I
n Calcutt
a aboutt hree thousand st
udentwenton st ri
ke.
Lawyersboy cottedt hecourt
s.Goi ngtoj ai
lbecomea  f
ashi
on. 
Peopledeniedpayi
ng
taxes to gov ernmentand boy cot
ted Briti
sh goods People and prominentf
igur
es
ret
urnedt hen tul
les backt
o t
heBr i
ti
sh government.

HI
JRATMOVEMENT:

People star
ted mass migr
ati
on t
o Afghani
stan t
o str
engt
hi n 
the 
Khil
afat
Mov ement. 
Thousands 
ofMusli
msf ai
lsi
ntot
het r
aplaidbyGandhi
.Hij
rat
 Movement
spreadf or
m Sindht oNWFP.Thousandsofpeopl elostt
hei
rlaysandtheir
 homes
under 
theleadershi
pGandhi
.

KHI
LFAT 
CONFERENCE 
SESSI
ONKARACHI
:

In July, 1921 AIKC met i n Karachi 

Maulana 
Muhammad Ali precedent
was 
the sessi
onanddeliv
eredhis 
famous 
Karachispeech.
 Heur
gedt
he 
Muslim soli
der
t
oliv
et hereandboycot
tmili
tar
yservi
ces.

MOPLAHSUPRI
SINC-
CRI
CKSHI
NDUMUSLI
M UNI
TY:
 Moplahsof south 
Indiawer ereli
giousandemot ionalpeopleGov ernmentwanted
tokeepthem outofnon- cooperati
on.Sect ion144wasi mposedi nMoplahsdomi nat
ed
area.Theyar oseagai nst Br
iti
sh.Hi ndus acted asspeciesoft hegov er
nmentasa
consequenceMopl ahsal so actedonHi ndus.Mopl aywer eseverel
ybut ched.The
Hindus press expressed i t
s ut t
ersat isfact
ion 
overthe punishmentmet ed outto
Moplahswhi chcausedmut ualresent
mentamongMusl i
msr anks.

KARACHITRI
ALOFALIBROTHERS:

Al
ibrot
herwer eret
urnedfor
 t
wo year
sfort
hei
rrol
eint
heKhi
l
afatMov
ement
.
I
t 
causedofaleader
shipgapinthemovement.

I
NCI
DENT 
OF 
CHURA 
CHORI
-CALLI
GOFFOFMOVEMENT:

OnFeb5,1922atchor achuri
,av il
lagei
nUP,22pol i
cemenwereburntaliv
eby
thefur
iousmobandal l
 ofasuddenGandhical l
edofft
hemov ementwit
houtconsulti
ng
any 
Muslimleader.Hewasbitter
lycr
iti
cizedforhi
sbetray
alactbehav
iourbecausehis
nati
onalvol
unteer
s wer
eresponsi
blefortheact.

ABOLI
TIONOFKHI
LAFAT:

Theinsti
tut
ionofKhilafatr
evealedadeadbl owunderthel
eadershipofMustafa
KamalAtt
aturk,whowantedt omakeTur keyanewst at
easamoder nstate.Thusthey
deposedkhali
faandabolishedsultanate.Now Khali
faAbdulMaj
eedhadnot empor al
powerandwasexi ledonMar ch3,1924.Thi swastheendofthei
nsti
tutionofKhil
afat.
I
ndianMusli
mswer est
unnedbyt hedecision.

GANDHI
’
S ROLE:

Gandhi’
s rol
e i
n Khilafat had  evoked widespr
ead controversy
among  .
vari
ous hi
stori
ans. 
Someopenl ysaidthathewassi ncerewiththeKhi l
afatcause
whi l
eother 
accused hi
m ofcausi ngmaxi mum harmt oMusl i
mssol i
dar i
ty.Theywr ite
“hisaim wasto per
suade Muslimst oleaveMusl i
ml eagueandhesucceedi ndest royi
ng
Musl i
m’spolit
icalorganizati
on.ThusMusl im l
awy er
sboy cottcourts,studentsand
teachersdesert
edschool sand col
leges. 
Ev en 
themigrationwasat rapsetbyGandhi .In
thenutshell
,Gandhi’srol
einthemov ementi stoquestion.

JI
NNAHANDKHI
LAFAT:

He consi
dered t
he scheme as i
mpracti
cabl
e.He quest
ioned t
he wi
sdom 
of
wi
thst
andi
ng chi
ldr
enfrom 
schoolsandcol
leges.

CRI
TICALANALYSI
S:

Thismovementisoneandtheonl
yofitski
ndwhichboret
he 
imprintofHindu-
Musl
i
m  unit
y.I
tsf
ail
ureshat
ter
edallt
hehopesorHinduMusl
i
m uni
ty.The Musl
i
m  got
fai
rl
ythattheywouldgainbystandi
ngalonet
hanadheri
ngt
otheschemes 
of t
heHindus.
TheMusl i
m poli
ti
calconsci
ousnessevokeddur
ingthemovement
, 
conv
inced 
them t
hat
theywerenotami nor
it
ybutanat i
on.

Khil
afat
 movementbecameani nstr
umentof 
creat
ing pol
it
ical
 consci
ousnessamong
theMuslim masses.Itproducedbroadbased 
l
eadershipandt aught 
thetechni
quesof
organi
zi
ngamassmov ementtotheMusli
ms.These provedgreat 
assetsi
nt hest
ruggl
e
mov ementforPaki
stan.

Though tKhil
afatmovementfail
ed t
o achi
eveit
 mai
n object
ivey eti
thad some
redeemingaspect
s.I
twasthef
irstmovementwhi
chuni
tedtheIndianMusl
imsonone
plat
for
m.

I
twas the f
ir
stmass movementwhi
ch 
pract
ical
l
y or
gani
zed Musl
i
ms and pr
oved
i
nst
rument
alf
orPaki
stan.

Khilafatmov ementalsomadeMusl i
msawar eofthereali
ntenti
onsoftheBri
ti
shand
theyf elttheneedt ostandont hei
rownl egsrat
herthanr el
yingonother
s.Italso
establishedthe 
factthatt
hedr eam ofeducatemiddl
eclassHi ndusandMusli
msf or
poli
t i
calunit
ywasonl yapipedream.Itcreat
edapermanentwedgebetweentheHindus
andt heMusl i
mswhi chcouldnotbebridgedover
.

Howev er
,Khi l
afatmov ementhad adj ust
ed r el
i
gion i
nto pol
it
ics.Gandhifel
tby
supporti
ng the Khil
afat movement 
Hindus would peace Musli
ms in consi
derabl
e
i
neptnessandt hei
rmass str
engt
hcouldbeexpl oit
edforthef
reedom ofI
ndi
a.Butsuch
part
nershipwenttowindsbyhosti
leci
rcumstances.

CAUSESOFFAI
LURE:

1.Discontinuati
on  ofhindMuslim uni
ty.
2.Mopl ahincident.
3.Chorachur iincident.
4.Non-cooper ati
onmov ementwasabundantsuddenl
y.
5.Turkey’sabol i
ti
onofKhi l
afat
 pr
eaching.
6.Detenti
onofAl ibrothers.

RESULTS:

1.Educat
ional
loss

2.Muslimscivi
lservants 
resi
gned f
rom j
obs.
3.Disast
rousmigrati
onr esul
ts.
4.Mov ementwasf oll
owedbycommunal ri
ots.
5.HinduMuslim unit
ywasshat ter
ed.
6.Facts-
Musli
mswer eanact i
venati
on.
7.Muslim Ul
emai npoliti
cs.
 8.Disappoint
mentofMusl i
ms.
9.ShowofHi ndumot i
l
ity
.
10.
Poli
tical
awarenessamongMusl ims.
11.
Withdrawalfr
om el
ecti
ons of1920.

THENEHRUREPORT:

BACKGROUND:

The Br i
tishgov ernmentannouncedt he 
commi ssi
on fortheconsti
tuti
onunderthe
Sir John Si mon i n Nov 1927. The commi ssi
on was bei ng sent t o
i
nv estigate const i
tuti
on problems of India and a make r ecommendat ion on the
future const i
tution ofIndia.As t he commi ssi
on has no I ndian memberon i tThe
congr essdeci dedt oboy cottandaccept edthechal l
engeofLor dBirkenhead,then
secretary ofst ate f
orI ndia,
 t
o produce a constituti
on acceptati
on tot he v
ari
ous
element si nIndi aAll 
India 
Muslim Leaguedecidedtosuppor tasub-commi t
teetoconfer
witht he wor king commi t
tee ofI ndian Nation Congress,an organi
zat i
on forthe
purposedofdr af t
ingaconst it
uti
onf orIndi
a.

ALLPARTI
ESCONFERENCE:

LordBir
kenhead. 
Thesecr et
ary 
ofstateforIndi
aspeakingontheappoint
mentof
thestatut
orycommi ssi
onint heHouseofLor dThrewachallengepoli
ti
ciantoproduce
oragreedconst i
tut
ionforIndia.TheIndiannat i
onalcongr
essacceptedt hechall
enge
andin1928conv enedandal lparti
esconf er
enceandappoi ntedasubcommuni tyto
deter
mi nethepri
ncipl
es.

PunjabMot i
lalNehr
uwaspr
esi
dentofthecommitt
eeSirAl
iImam andShoai
b
Qureshi 
represent
ed Musli
ms.Ot
herpart
ies al
so had t
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
ves i
nthe
commi tt
ee.

RECOMMENDATI
ON 
(NEHRUREPORT)
:

Recommendations of the commi t

tee are known Nehru repor
t.I t i
s
an 
i
mport
ant
 const
it
utional 
documentasi
texposest
henatur
eofHi
ndunati
onal
ism.

1.SeparationofSi ndhf rom Bombay .

2.NWFPandBal uchi stant obeautonomouspr ovi
nces.
3.Pri
ncipleofsepar ateelectorat
erej ected.
4.I
ndiaassel f-gover nmentdomi ni
on.
5.Residuarypower sshoul dbev estedi ncentre.
6.¼Musl i
mr epresent ati
onsi ncentral l
egisl
ative.
7.Separate elector atef ormi nori
ties should be substi
tut
ed wit
h adultand
universalf
ranchi se.
8.Hindi 
woul dbeof fi
ciallanguage.
9.Centralgov ernmentwoul d compr ise ofa pr i
me mini
sterand mini
ster
s
 appoi
ntedby ar
e Gover
nerGeneral
.
10.
The 
reser
vati
on ofseatsin Bengaland Punj
ab was 
rul
ed 
out
 as 
proposed
by 
Quaid-
e-Azam inDel
hipr
oposal.

AMMENDMENTSPROPOSEDBYMUSLI
M LEAGUE(
JINNAH)
:

All
 
parti
es’confer
encewashel dinAugust1928atLucknow toConsidertheNehr u
ReportJinnah as Pr esi
dentofMuslim League expr
essed hi
s misgiv
ings about
Nehru 
repor
t andproposedfol
lowi
ngamendments.

1.Musli
msshouldhave1/3seatsincentral
legi
slat
ure.
2.Resi
duarypower
sshould 
rest
 i
nprovincesnotincentr
e.
3.Musli
ms in Bengaland Punj ab should be r epr
esent
ed on t
he basi
s of
popul
ati
on f
or10year
s.

Thesepr oposalswererej
ectedbyt hecongress. 
Jinnah 
wasgreat
lydisappointedat
t
heoutcomeoft heNehruReportandshort-si
ghtednessofCongressleadershi
p.Hel eft
t
heconnat i
oni nutterdi
smayandi ncheckedv oice;hesaid“Now itis 
thepar t
ing of
wayst
ot hereportwasa swif
t 
reject
ion.Fr
om thismomentoncongr ess became almost
acompletel
yHindubody ”
.

CRI
TICI
SM:

Though congress accepted t

he recommendat ions 
i
n Toto but
i
t 
fai
led to 
evoke r
esponse fr
om ot herquest
ions.Si kh Chri
sti
ans and othercastes
r
epudiatedther ecommendat i
onadoptedbyther eportI
n ref
erencetothe 
protect
ionof
minori
ties.

Repor
tclear
lyreject
ed feder
ati
on as a possi
ble sol
uti
on ofthe communal
probl
em. The Nehru consti
tut
ion was 
fi
rmly 
based on t he pr
inci
ple of uni
tar
y
gover
nment.

Thesupremacyofcentral 
l
aws ov erpr
ovi
nci
al 
l
awswasrecogni
zedi
ntherepor
t.
Ther
ewasnoconcur rentli
stofdi str
ibuti
on 
ofpowers 
bet
weencentr
eandprov
inces.
Thecent
rel
istofsubj
ectsconsisted 
of47subject
s.

CONCLUSI
ON:

I
ndeed t he extr
emi s of Hindus exposed m t he tr
acti
ons of League
(Ji
nnah)  
(Shafi
) 
toget
her
. 
Jinnah 
emerged 
as a str
ictMusl
im l
eaderfrom hi
s earl
i
er
posi
tionasanambassadorofHi ndusMusl i
m Uni
ty.Musl
i
mswer easeparat
enat i
on
whereasMot il
alNehrusaid,”evenami croscopewouldnot
 r
evealtheexi
stenceof
minorit
iesinIndia.

JI
NNAH 
FOURTEENPOI
NTS
BACKGROUND:

The resol
uti
on passed by Al
lIndi
a Musli
m League atDel hisessi
on 1929
i
s known asJi
nnah'
sfourt
eenpoint
s.Thesepoi
ntsarel
ogi
caloffshootofthefai
l
ureof
t
heNehr uReport
.

Ther efused to acceptanyamendmentt o Nehr uRepor tont hepartoft he

Congr essandt heHi nduleadersuniteddiff
erentfactionsofMusl imsi nt
heAllIndia
Musl im conferencehel dinDel hiinJan1929.Thi swasaconst it
utionaler
a.Butt he
reformssof arintr
oducedbyt heBr i
ti
shandpr oposedbyt heHi ndushadf ai
ledt o
placatet heMusl i
ms.Thebasi cdi f
fer
encewast hatcongr essalwaysspokeonbehal fof
allIndiansasawhol e,whiletheMuslim al
way sregardedt hem asasepar at
eenti
tyand
assuchi tsdemandsandaspi rati
ons 
dif
fer
ed f
rom thoseofcongr ess. 

DEHLIMUSLI
M PROPOSALS:

TheHi ndupoli
ti
calci
rcl
eswereoftheopini
onthatt
heMusli
msmustacceptj oi
nt
el
ectorates.TheMusl imswereofcoursev erysensi
ti
veonthisi
ssue,butinorderto
compr omise with majori
ty,t
he Musli
m League i t
s cl
aim ofthe maint
enance of
separate 
elector
ates 
onthefol
lowi
ngcondit
ions.

1.Separati
onofSindhfr
om Bombay .
2.Reforms should be i nt
roduced in Si
ndh,
 NWFP 
and Bal
uchi
stan l
i
ke
other 
provi
nces.
3.1/3 Musli
m repr
esent
ati
veinthecent
ral
assembly
.

Theseproposal
swer ehai
ledbyHinduscorner
sandwere opposed 
theext
remi
sts
andwe'r
ef i
nall
yrej
ectedbytheal
lpart
ies'
 
confer
ences.

Mr,Jinnah,aft
erovercominghis defect
ion conv
enedinMarch1929sessi
onofLeague
and gothi sr esol
uti
on passed.I ti s notewort
hy t
hatSirMuhammad Shafiwas
al
so present
 andatt
endedt hesession.

POI
NTS:

1.Futureconst i
tutionofI ndiashoul dbef eder alwith r
esiduarypower s v
estedi n
provinces.
2.Uniform autonomyshal lbegrantedt oall 
provinces.
3.Adequat e and ef fecti
ver epresentat i
on shoul d be gi ven to minorit
y ofal l
provincesi nalll egi
slati
vesandel ect edbodi eswi t
hout renderi
ngamaj ori
tyina
minor i
tyinanypr ovince.
4.1/3Musl imr epr esentati
oni ncentrall
egislature.
5.Represent ati
onofcommunalgr oupst hroughsepar at
e elect
orates.Itshouldbe
opent oanycommuni t
yatanyt imet o abandon.  
Itssepar at
eelectorateinfavour
of 
joint 
electorate.
6.Anyt erri
tori
alr edistri
butionthatmi ghtanyt i
mebe  necessar y
 shouldnotaf f
iant
 theMusl im maj orit
yi nPunj abBengal  and  NWFP.
7.Fullreligiousl i
ter ateshoul dbe  guaranteedt oallcommuni t
ies.
8.Nobi ll
orr esol utiononany  
partthereofshoul dbepassedi nanyl egislatur
eorany
electedbody  of¾ oft hemember sofanycommuni tyint hatpar ticul
arbody
opposedsuchbi llresol utionpar tthereofont hegr oundt hati twoul dbei njur
ious
tothei nt erestsoft hatpar ti
cularcommuni ty.
9.Sindhshoul d 
be  separ at edf r
om Bombay .
10.
Refor ms  shoul dbei ntroducedi nBaluchi stanandNWFPont hesamef ooli
ngas
inot her prov i
nces.
11.
Prov isi
onsshoul dbemadei nconst ituti
on givi
ng Muslimsanadequat eshar e
alongwi thot herI ndi ani nal ltheser vicesoft hest at
eandi nt hel ocalself
-
gov ernmenti ncent ralandpr ov i
ncialcabi nets.
12.
1/3Musl imsr epr esent at i
onincent ralandpr ovincialcabi
net s.
13.
Adequat esaf eguar dsf ort hepr otectionsofMusl i
m culture,religi
on,educat ion
andl anguage.
14.
Nochangeshoul dbemadei nt heconst ituti
onbyt hecent rallegislatureexcept
witht heconcur renceoft hefeder alunits.

SI
GNI
FICANCE:

Thereisnot hingnew i n t

hese fourt
eenpoint sbutt heyareanel aboratedand
syst
emat icdraftoftheDelhi pr
oposals pl
ussomeot herdemandsputf orwar dfrom t
ime
toti
mebyt heMusl imsonv ari
ouspolit
icalplat
for
m.  These 
point
sconst i
tutedtheentir
e
poli
ti
cal,
 consti
tuti
onaland  soci
o-cult
ural 
probl
emsoft heMusl i
msconf r
ontingthem.
Theyalsocont ainthegermsoft heideaofPaki st
anast heypostul
atetheMusl i
msasa
separateidenti
tyont hebaseoft hesepoints.I
twassuggest edthatthepol i
ti
calpower
and oppor t
unit
ies fordev elopmentwer et o be equallydivi
ded among t he Hindus
and Muslims.

Onef ail
stounder st
andwhyanexper i
encedpol i
ti
ciancoul dnotr egardthe vi
ews
andi nterestsoft heMusl i
mswhi l
edr aft
ingt heNehr ur eport.Act uall
yhesubmi tted
to the pressur eoft heHi ndu Mahasaba.Ev en a l i
beraland democr ati
cl eaderlike
Jinnah  wasbadl yshockedbyt herecommendat ionsoft heNehr urepor tHemadel ast
dithert osav etheHi nduMusl i
m unity,butallhisski l
l
sofst atesmanshi pprovedt obe
alonecr yint hewi l
dness.Nehr ureportshat t
eredal lhi
spol i
ticalidealsandhi shopef or
thecl oseCo- operationbetweenHi ndusandMusl i
ms.Hi sdreamsofHi nduMusl i
m uni t
y
hadshat tered ont he rock 
ofNehr u’
sat t
it
ude.Hiaspi rati
onf ort hepoliti
calsali
vati
onof
the Indian Musl i
mswasenv isagedinhi sfourt
eenpoi nts.Congr essat t
itudeatthispoint
cameasa  starti
ng  pointofthepermanentMusl im separati
onf rom Hindus.

SI
MONCOMMI
SSI
ONREPORT

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

The 
MontagueChelmsf
ordref
ormsof1919metaf ur
theratt
hever
yout-
set,asthey
werenotaccept
abl
etothemostoft
hepol
it
ical
 
par
ti
es 
keepi
ngi
nvi
ew,thef
ail
ureofthe
ref
orm and t
he ev erincr
easi
ng i
nter
estamong the peopl
et he 
Bri
ti
sh gover
nment
deci
dedtoi
ntroduce '
 
someconsti
tut
ional
changesbef
oretheexpir
yoftheref
orms.

APPOI
NTMENTAND 
THECOMPOSI
TION 
OFCOMMI
SSI
ON:

Towards the end of 1927,t he 

Indian v i
ceroy Lor dI r
win appoi
nted a statut
ory
commi ssi
onheadedbySi r
,JohnSimont o 
enqui r
ei ntotheworki
ngandt hefut
ureofthe
const
ituti
onoft hecommissionincludedsev enBr it
ish,al
lmember sofparl
iament.The
repor
t 
oft hecommi ssi
onwaspubl ishedin June 1930.Itconsi
stedoftwov ol
umes,the
fi
rsti
ncludet hesurveyofthewhol esoci al 
problemsand  t
hesecondr epr
esentedthe
commi ssi
on’srecommendations.

INDIAN  REACTION TOWARDS  THE  COMPOSI TI

ON  OF COMMI SSION:
The composi ti
on ofthecommi ssionspreadawav eof 
unr est 
alloverthecount ry
.Itwas
ofcour senotwi seont hepartofBr i
ti
shgov er
nmentt ocomposeal lwhi tecommi ssi
on
tofindoutt hesol uti
onoft heconst i
tuti
onali
ssueoft heIndianpeopl e.Jinnahinhis
stat
ementcr i
ti
cizedt hecompositionofthecommi ssi
on.Thesecr etaryoft hestatef
or
Indi
aar guedthatal lthemember soft hecommi ssionwer ehonest ,sagaciousand
unprejudicedandt hatnobodyamongI ndi
ans couldr epresentthedi fferentsectsof
nati
vepeopl e.I nfacthemadeasat irethatIndianswer enotcapabl eofsol vi
ngthe
consti
t uti
onalissuethroughmut ualunderst
anding.Thisr emar koftheLor dBir
kenhead
l
edt ot heconveningofal l
part
ies’confer
encebyt hecongr ess.

PROPOSALSOFTHESI
MONCOMMI
SSI
ON:

i
. Theonl ypol iti
calsol utionf ort hev astandv ar i
edl andwast hatt hefuture
framewor kmustbef eder al .
i
i. TheDi archysy stem shoul dbeabol ishedandt hepr ovincesshoul dbegi ven
full
 autonomy .Legi slatur esshoul dbepopul arl
yel ect ed.
i
ii
. The gov ernor s woul d be empower ed t o choose t he mi nisters who
commandedamaj orit
yi nt heassembl ies.
i
v. Thepr imemi nisterwoul dnotbeundert hecont roloft hegov er nor.Howev er
i
n  mat t
er sl ike the  safetyoft hepr ovincesandt hepr ot ect i
onoft hemi norit
ies
thegov ernorcoul di nterv ene.
v. The  fr
anchi se  wast obeext endedandpr ov i
nci alassembl i
esenl argedso  as
to facil
itat et hewor kofmi ni
st ri
es.
vi
. N. W.F.P. woul d hav eal egi sl
at i
vecounci lbutnotar esponsi bl
e gov ernment.
vi
i
. The  quest i
on  ofsepar atingSi ndhwast obef urtherexami ned.
vi
i
i. Feder alAssembl yshoul d be el ected byt he pr ov incialcounci l
s and each
prov i
nceshoul dhav et hreemember sincounci lofst at e.
i
x. Ther ewoul dbenosubst antialchangei nthecent ral  
execut i
ve andpr ovincial
counci ls woul dbeshoul dert henewheav yresponsi biliti
es.
x. Acounci lofgr eat erIndi ar epr esentingbot hBr i
tishI ndi a and 
thest ateswoul d
beset  upf orconsul tati
oni nt hemat tersofcommon  concer ns.
xi
. The  newconst itutionwoul dbeabl etodev elop byi tsel f
. Hencet hepr ocedure
ofper iodi cal enqui ri
esi ntot hewor kingofconst itutionwoul dnotbeneeded.
CONGRESS 
REACTI
ON:

Itwasgreatl
yresentedbythecongressthatauthori
zedit
sworki
ngcommi t
teetostarta
civ
ildisobedi
ence mov ement
.As a r esultv i
olentdemonstr
ati
ons were hel
d.The
gover
nmentdecl ar
edtheworkingcommi tt
ee unl
awf ul
andGandhiandJawaharl
alNehru
werearrest
ed.

MUSLI
M REACTI
ON:

TheMuslim showedmixedr eact

ionto 
theSi
moncommi ssi
on.Theywer
eopposedto
theBr
it
ish gov
ernmentaswel lasHindudomi
nati
on.Theycoul
dnotappr
oveofSimon
Commissionrepor
tbuttheydidnotj
ointheHi
ndumovement.

Ji
nnahsaid,“Werefuset
ojoinMr ,
Gandhi
becausehismovementi
snotamovementf
or
complete 
i
ndependence 
ofIndi
a butf
ormaki
ngt he70mil
l
ionofIndi
anMohammedans
dependentofHi
ndu Mahasaba”

I
nthemeantimelabourpartycameintopoweranddeclar
edthatSi
moncommi ssion
r
epor
twasnotf i
naland 
themat t
er 
wouldbefi
nal
lydeci
dedaft
erhol
dingconsul
tati
on
wi
ththel
eadersrepr
esenti
ngallcommunit
iesi
nIndi
a.Thiswouldbedoneatar ound
t
abl
econf
erenceinLondon.

I
QBALADDRESSATALAHABAD:

BACKGROUND:

The Musl i
ms sent i
ment s and pol i
ti
calv i
ews mani fested by Musl im league,t he
repr
esentati
vepar t
yofMusl imsi nIndia,wer ebasedupont hetwo- nati
ont heoryputby
SirSyedAhmedKhan.Accor dingt othistheor y,t
herewer etwobi gnat ions,Hindusand
Muslimslivi
ngi nI
ndiaandt hei deasoft wopeopl efrom onenat ionwasabl under .This
wast hebel i
efswhi chbecamet hemot i
v eoft hepr acti
calmeasur est akenbyt he
Muslimsanddet erminet hel inesoft heMusl im pol i
ti
csi nthehi storyoft hesub-
conti
nentThedemandf orsepar ateelectorat es,reservati
onofMusl im seatsi n'Musl i
m
minorit
yprovincesandonet hir
dMusl imr epr esentation i
nthecent rallegisl
aturecl earl
y
showedt hattheMusl i
msofI ndiaconsi der edt hemsel vestobeasepar atenat i
onf r
om
Hindus.Howev ersome quest ions regar ding t wo nat i
on theories wer e stil
lt o be
answered.Whatwast heideologicalbasisonwhi ch theMusl imsshoul dbeconsi dereda
separatenati
on?

NehrureportfellveryshortofMusl im expect
ati
onsand t hecongr ess,instead of
demandingautonomyt otheprovi
ncesinsi
stedonunit
arysystem.Jinnahpr oposalsfor
Nehrureportwere 
rej
ected.
 Ji
nnahutt
eredtheprophet
ic 
sentences.
”Itist heparti
ngof
theway s”
.Hecount eredNehru r
eportwit
hhi sfamous14poi nt
swhi chr epresent
ed
aspi
rat
ionofMusl i
ms.

MUSLI
M LEAGUEANNUALSESSI
ONATALLAHBADONDEC’
301930:
I
tseemedasi ft
heMusl imswer ehoardingt
owardsaseparatestatebutatbesti
twas
an uncert
ain pi
cture.A cl earconceptwas given by Si
rMuhammad  Iqbali
n hi
s
presi
denti
aladdressatAllahbadsessi onofal
lIndi
aMusl i
ml eagueonDec30,1930.
His concepti
on was notonl y cl
earbutcompr ehensi
vei nt he sense as i
thad
both 
geographi
cal 
ideol
ogicalundert
ones.

All
amaIqbalexplai
nedi
nhisaddresst
hatI
slam wasnotsi
mply
 nameofaf
ew 
creeds
theor
alr
ecognit
ionofwhichcoul
dmakeoneanaccompli
shedMusli
m.

Ont heot herhand, i

thasgi veni tfoll
owerstheconceptof  parti
cul
ar andauni que t
y pe of
poli
ticalsoci etywhi ch cov ersal lthephases oft heirl if
e.The  social coversal lt he
phrases of t heirl i
fe.The soci alunanimity and t he common spi r
it were two
such element swhi chst it
ched t heMusl i
msofI ndiai nt o onenat ion.Theyhad t he
same  cultural t
radit
ions,t he same mode ofl if
e,t he same hi stor y and t he same
civi
li
zat i
on.Al l
 t
hese simi l
arit
iesmadet hem quitedi stinctf r
om Hi ndus.  
This wast he
reasont hatt hey  
couldnotmer get hemselvesint
oanot hernat i
on.Nat urallytheywant ed
tomai ntaint heirentity 
asasepar at
e nat
ionandpr operi ncompat ibil
it
yt ot heirown
i
deol ogy.Al lamaI qbalal sopoi ntedoutt hatHinduswho  were i
nal lrespect sdiff
er ent
from Musl i
mswant edt ogai nanupperhandand,domi natedt heMusl imsandwast he
veryrootcauseoft hel arge communal r
iot
s al
loverthesub- conti
nent.

I
qbal
sai
d,

“Iwoul dl ike 
to see t
he 
Punjab N.W.F.
P,Si ndh and Bal
uchi
stan amal
gamated i
nto
single 
state;self
-gover
nmentwi t
hintheBrit
ishEmpi r
ewi t
houtit
.Thefor
mationofthe
consolidatedNor th 
WestIndianMuslim st
ateappearst omet obethefi
naldest
inyof
the Muslimsatl eastofNort
hWestI ndi
a”.

Thus,Dr,I qbal 
was t he f
ir
stman t o propose formalpolit
ico-
rel
i
gious problems of
the 
sub-
cont i
nentar guedt ot heideaofMusl i
m st at
et obepastI ndi
anf ederat
ion,if
resi
duar
y power swer ey eastedself-
governmentst at
e.Itisimport
anttobenot et hat
Iqbal
’
sideawast heideologicalbasi
soft hestate.Alt
houghhehadnoi l
l-
wi l
ltowar ds
communitiesy ethelov edhisown communal group.Thatiswhyhesaid,

“The f
ormati
onoftheconsol
idat
edMusl
i
m stat
eisint
hebest
 i
nter
est 
i
nIndi
aandIsl
am,
for 
Isl
am anoppor
tuni
tytogetri
doft
hestampthatAr
abi
ansimperi
ali
sm wasf
orcedto
give”

HisconceptofI
slami
cst at
ewasext
remelyreal
andfl
exibl
e.Isl
am wasver
yli
berali
nhi
s
capti
onofIsl
am.Hisclassi
cbook“r
econstr
ucti
onr
eli
giousthoughti
nIsl
am"testi
fi
est
o
thi
sfact.

RECONSTRUCTI
ON 
OFRELI
GIOUS 
THOUGHTSI
NISLAM BYI
QBAL:

Asfarastheper
manentsolut
ionoftheHinduMusli
m pr
obl
em wasconcerned,Al
l
arna
I
qbal.pr
oposed t
hatthe Ambala div
isi
on wher
e non-
Musl
im popul
ati
on formed a
majorit
yshoul dbesepar atedfr
om ther estofthePunjabiprovinceandthattheWest
Punjab,t hesesMusl i
ms formedamaj ori
ty,N.W.F.
P.,Bal
uchist
anandSi ndhshouldbe
convertedi ntooneprovince.ThusquitealargeMusl i
m pr
ovincewouldcomei ntobeing
andast heMusl imthereinwouldbeabl etoleadalif
eofanal iv
eandactivenati
on,they
wouldnoti nsi
stonsepar ateelect
orate.Thiswast heonlywayt odoawaywi t
ht he
communal probl
ems.

Thepr acticalval
ueofl qbal
’sconceptofMuslim stat
ewasgr easedbyt heMusl ims i
n
the l
ateryearandl ateronitwasadoptedi nt
heresoluti
onofMusl imleagueknownas
Pakistanr esol
uti
on.AllmaIqbalgaveanewv isi
onandi ntel
lectualbasisfortheirfai
th.
Hisi deal was the establi
shmentofa count r
y based on I slamicv alues Allama
Iqbal’
s conceptofI sl
am wasdi f
fer
entf r
om t
hecont emporaryUl emas.Hebel i
evedin
subli
me,humane  andl i
ber
alval
uesofI sl
am.Theaddr essofAl larnaI
qbalst andsasa
mi l
estoneont he 
pat hoffr
eedom movementtowar dsPaki
stan.

Thegreatesthistor
icalsi
gnifi
canceofAllamaIqbaladdr
esswas that
 i
twashedoutal l
pol
it
icalconfusionsfrom t
hemi ndsofMusli
mst husenabli
ngthem to 
determi
ne 
their
new and 
clean cutdesti
nati
onandwor koutadefini
teprogr
am toachievethei
rgoals.
Theybegant oreali
zethei
rtruestatusi
nthesoci
ety.

Al
lamaIqbalgav
ecl
earcutconceptoftwo 
nat
iontheor
y asenunci
atedbySi
rSy
ed
AhmedKhanandwar
nedtheBr
it
ishgover
nmentt
hat;

“I
ndi
aisacontinentofgroupbelongi
ngt o 
dif
fer
entraces,
 
speakingdi
ff
erentl
anguages
andprof
essingdiff
erentrel
i
gions.Toi ntr
oduceaco- i
nsti
tut
ionontheconcepti
onof
homogeneousIndi
awoul dbetoprepareherfora 
civ
ilwar”

CONCLUSI
ON:

Inshor ti
nor dertounder standI qbal’sthesis,onehast okeepi nmind,thepoli
ti
cal
,
soci
al,economi c and consti
tutional 
development si
nce 1857,which make Musli
ms
consciousoft heirmiserableposi ti
oni nt hesub-conti
nent.Thei
rpoli
ti
calawareness
acquir
edgr aduall
ymakest hem f eelthatthey werenot 
onlyarel
igi
ousminori
tybutaful
l
nati
onl i
keallothernati
onsint hewor ld.

ROUNDTABLECONFERENCES

BACKGROUND:

Si
moncommi ssi
onsubmit
tedit
sreportin1929whi chwasreject
edast her
ewasno
I
ndian memberon the commissi
on; 
Quaid-e-
Azam wroteto Bri
ti
sh Pr
ime Minist
er
RamsayMC.Donal dt
odeclar
einclearter
mst hefeatur
esofthefutur
econsti
tut
ionof
I
ndiaandincl
ude 
some I
ndi
anmember si
nt hecommi ssi
on.

LordIrwi
n,
 t
he Vi
cer
oy ofI
ndia,v
isi
ted Engl
and and decl
ared Br
it
ish gov
ernment
i
ntent
iontogiv
edomini
onst
atustoIndi
aandf orthi
spurpose,heannouncedRound
Table Conf er
ence at London compr i
sing Indian and Br it
ish r
epresentat
ives to
solve 
dif
ferent
 i
ssues.Musliml eaguewelcomedt hedecl ar
ati
onbutcongr esswant ed
anddemandedt heenforcementofNehr ureportin 
entir
ely
 astheconsti
tut
ion.Congress
i
ni tsmeetinginDec1929announcedf orit
scampai gnandJan1,1930cel ebratedas
IndependenceDaywhi chwasacompl etef ai
lureGandhiannouncedt ost ar
taci vil
disobedi
ence.Gandhiandot herleader
swer earrestedandcongr essworki
ngcommi tt
ee
wasdecl ar
edunlawful.

1stROUNDTABLECONFERENCE:
(12-
nov
-1930)–(
19-Jan-
1931)

Total 89 member s: 58 f rom di

fferent
 communiti
es and  r
est f rom pr
incely
stat
es  and 
Brit
ish 
member s ofpol i
ti
calpar ti
es.Muslim repr
esentat
ives were Agha
Khan, Quaid-
e-Azam, Muhammad Al i 
Jauhar, 
Sir Muhammad Shaf i and Hi ndu
representati
ves wer e Taj Bahadur
 Sapru-
. Al l ot
her minor
it
ies wer e 
repr
esented.
Congr esswasnoti nvit
ed.Someof  i
ts 
leaderswer ear
rest
edandot herswer ebusyin
civi
ldisobedience.SirTajBahadurSaprudemanded:

i
. Dominionst at
usforIndi
a
i
i
. Responsiblegovernmentatcent
re.
i
i
i. Feder
al system ofgover
nment.

Quai d-
e- Azam  andSi rM.Shaf iagreedt hesedemands.Thust hebasicstructur
eof
future 
const i
tution 
was lai
d smoot hly
.8 sub- commi ttees wer
e appointed t
o dr aw
const i
tution, deal i
ng wi t
h f ederal structure, provinci
al const
it
uti
on, franchise,
Sindh, 
N. W. F.
P. ,andDefence.Howev erconf erencefail
edt odecideaboutthefutur
eof
mi nori
tiesbecauseoft hester
nat ti
tudeofHi nduMahasaba.Thussessi onclosedon
Jan19  1931  wit hBri
ti
shpri
memi ni
ster’
srecommendat ions:

i
. Indi
a would be giv
en status ofl oose f
eder at
ions underBr it
ish 
contr
oll
ed
centr
e.
i
i
. Indi
an st at
es and Br iti
sh I ndi
a woul d be  l
eft t o t he
all
owed f
or 
diver
gent sy
stemsofadmi ni
str
ation.
i
i
i. Mostoft hei mport
antmat terswoul d 
bel eftto t
hei nternalcontrolofthe
provi
ncesandstatesasconst i
tuti
onalmember s ofthef ederat
ion.

Mr
,MuhammadAl
i
 Jauhar
 di
edi
nthe  seof1str
cour oundt
abl
e conf
erence.

GANDI
H-I
RWI
N PACT(
Del
hi-
MARCH,
 
1931)

Congress was absentf orm the 1st r

ound tabl
e conference.
 Alt
hough 
some oft he
mattershadbeendecl aredinthe conferenceyetho oneconsideredtheproposalsfi
nal
,
Bri
ti
shgov ernmentreali
zedthattheco- operat
ionofcongr esswas i
mperat
iveforfurt
her
advancementon t he f ormati
on oft he constit
ution.Thus,Ghandiwas r el
eased
uncondit
ionall
yunderGandhi I
rwinpact1931andanagr eementwasmade.

1.Congr
ess 
woul
d gi
veupci
vi
ldi
sobedi
ence.
 2.Congr esswoul dparti
cipat n2ndRTC.
ei
3.Congr ess could persuadepeopl et hrough peacefulmeanst o buyindigenous
goods.
4.Allordinancei ssuedbyt hegovernmentt ocurbcongresswouldbewi t
hdrawn.
5.Withdrawal ofal lnot
ifi
cati
onsdeclaringcert
ainassociat
ionsunl
awf ul
.
6.Allpolit
icaldet ai
neesreleased.
7.Prosecut i
onr elati
ngto off
ences notinvol
vi
ngv iol
encewouldbewi t
hdrawn.

ANALYSIS:TheGandhiIr
wi npactwasononehandaser i
ousbl ow t
ot heBr
iti
sh
aut
hori
tym I
ndi
aandonot herhandi
thadr
edoubl
edt
heGandhiinf
luencei
nthepol
i
tical
dev
elopmentsi
nthecount
ry.

2ndROUND 
TABLECONFERENCE:
(Sep07,
1931-
Aug04,
1931)

Gandhiadopt edonunr eali

sti
cat ti
tudei nhi sspeechmadeon  15th aboutcommunal
problem.  
He cl aimed t hat bei ng t he l eader of the congr ess, he was t he
sole r
epresent ativ
e ofallI ndi
ans. Gandhidi dnotwantt ot al
kaboutt hecommunal
problem.Ont hest ressofBr i
ti
shpr i
me  minister,hepr
esent
edNehr uRepor twi
thsli
ghta
changewhi chwasopposedv ehement l
ybyMusl i
msandot herminor it
iesThusBr i
tish
pri
memi nisterintendedt olaydownhi sownschemeknownascommunalawar d. Quaid
-e-
Azam  di dnotat tendthissession.Hel eftIndianpol
iti
csandhadset tled i
nEngland as
apr ofessional lawy er.

COMMUNALAWARDS:
 
Aug 
04,
1932)

Ontheconcl ngdayof2nd sessi

udi on,
 
pri
memi
nist
erdecl
aredt
heset
tl
ementoft
he
r
epr
esent
ati
onofcommuni
ti
es.

i
. Separate 
elect
orat
e tobemai nt
ained.
i
i
. Reservati
onofseatsf orbackwardcommuni t
ies.
i
i
i. Reservati
onsofMusl im seat
si nHindumaj ori
typr
ovi
ncesand 
ofHi
ndui
n
Muslim maj ori
typrovincesbutt hedist
ri
butionofseat
swasnotmadein
proport
iontothepopul ati
on.
i
v. Si
ndhsepar atedfr
om Bombay .

ANALYSIS: Communal awar ds wer e not up to t he Musl

ims expectat
ions but
i
t 
approxi
mated moreclosel
ytoMusli
m demandsratherthantoHi
ndusdesires.Musl i
m
l
eagueacceptedit
.It0wasquit
edi
stastef
ultonon-
MuslimsinPunj
ab,parti
cular
ly 
Sikhs,
Gandhihadbeenarrest
edandsenttojai
lbythenewv i
cer
oy .

3rdROUND 
TABLE 
CONFERENCE:
 
(Nov
 17,
1932)

Laboropposi
ti
on boycott
ed t
his session and 
congr
ess was t
oo absent
.Reportof
var
ious commit
tees came underdi scussi
on.Conference er
oded on the ev
e of
Chri
stmas.
I
n1933,governmentpublishedwhi
tepapercontai
ningther
ecommendat i
onsofthree
r
oundtable 
conf
erences.
 Thewhit
epaperwas di
scussedandsentf orroy
alassent
.It
waspassedastheactof1935andwasintr
oducedin 
Indi 24thJul
aon  y,sameyear
.

ACTOF1935:

BACKGROUND:

I
n1933t heBritishgov er
nmentannouncedit
sproposedconst
it
uti
onalr
efor
mst obe
i
ntroducedinIndi a.LordLi
nli
thgowasappoi
ntedasthechai
rmanofthecommitt
eeof
theBrit
ishpar
liament . 
Thecommi t
teesubmi
tt
edit
srepor
tin1934whichwasthebasi
s
ofIndi
anActof  1935.

The Indian 
Actof1935 
was a lengthy documentcontai
ning 32 secti
ons and 10
st
schedules.I
twas 
ful
l
yenf
orcedon1 Apr i
l1936duri
ngthegeneralel
ecti
ons.

CI
RCUMSTANCESLEADI
NGTOTHEPASSI
NGOFTHEACT:

i
. Theactof1919f
ail
ed:

Theactof1919di dnotmakemuchchangeint hecentr

e.Ther
ewasno
appreciabl
eincr
easeonthepower
soft
helegi
slat
ures.Di
archywasdef
ect
ive
m principl
e.

i
i
. Repr
essi
veat
ti
tudeoft
her
uler
s.

TheRawlat
tact,Jal
l
ianwala Bagh t
ragedy
,mart
iall
aw and t
heot
her
happeni
ngsaddedt
otheresent
mentofthepeople.

i
i
i. Recommendat
ionsofSi
mon 
Commi
ssi
on:

I
ndiandidnotaccepttheSi
moncommissi
onast her
ewasno Indi
an
memberinthecommissi
onandi
tsr
ecommendati
onswereal
sor
eject
edby
t
heIndi
ans.

FEATURESOFTHE 
ACT:

FEDERAL 
CONSTI
TUTI
ON:

The actpr ovided a compl

etet
ype of f
eder
alconst
it
uti
on.I
tpr
oposed an al
l
I
ndi
a feder
ation.

Al
lthr
eepr
ovi
nceswer
etoj
oini
twhi
l
etheent
ryoft
hest
ateswasv
olunt
ary
.

THREE-
LISTSOFSUBJECTS:
Theact 
prov
ided t
hreel
i
stsoft
hesubj
ect
s.Thefederalprov
inci
alandthe 
consume 
l
ist
.
I
tprovi
dedadiarchyatt
hecent
erwhi
lei
twasdone away wit
hinprovi
nces.

THESUBJECTSOF 
THE 
VICEROY:

Feder
alsubject
sSuchasdef ines,f
oreign,eccl
esi
asti
candadmini
strat
ionoftr
ibalareas
weret he excl
usi
vefunctions oft he Viceroy whi
ch he was t
o di
scharge wit
h the
assi
stanceofnotmorethant hreecouncill
orstobeappoint
edbyhim.I not
hersubjects
hewast obeaidedbyt
hef ederalminister
s.

BI
CAMERALFEDERALLEGI
SLATURE:

Thefederallegi
slatur
ewast obebi cameralconsist
ing 
ofthefederalassembl
yandt
he
councilofthestate. 
The f
ormerwast ohav eal i
feof5y earsfrom thelat
eofit
sfi
rst
meeting.However ,
governorgener
al wasauthor
izedtoextendit
slif
espan.

The councilofst at
es was a permanent
 body 
ofwhi ch 1/3 member
s wer
et o be
ret
ir
ed aft
erever
y 3 y
ears.Themembersf r
om princel
ystat
eswer et
obenominat
edby
therul
ers,whi
let
her epr
esentat
ivesf
rom t
heBrit
ishIndiaweretobeel
ect
ed.

PATTERNOFELECTI
ONS:

TheHindu,Musl
imsandSi
khs wereto 
beel
ect
edoncommunal
 
li
ves.Themember
sof
feder
alassembl
ywer
etobeindir
ectl
yel
ect
ed.

POWEROFELECTI
ONS:

Thepowersofboththehouseswer
est
ri
ctl
yrest
ri
ctedatt
her
ewer
e80% non-
vot
abl
e
i
temsofthef
ederalbudget
.

ESTABLI
SHMENTOFFEDERALCOURT:

Theact 
provi
ded f
or t
heestabl
i
shmentoft
hef
eder
alcour
twi
tht
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onov
ert
he
st
atesandthe pr
ovinces 
aswell
.

ABOLI
TIONOFTHEI
NDI
ANCOUNCI
LOFSECOFSTATE:

Theactaboli
shedtheIndi
ancounci
lofsecret
aryofst
ateandthesecr
etar
ywasgi v
en
advi
sor
swhomayormaynotbeconsul ted.Thegovernor
sweremader esponsi
ble
thr
oughthegover
norgeneral
tot
hesecret
aryofthest
ates.

A 
RIGI
D CONSTI
TUTI
ON:

The consti
tuti
on was ri
gid and only the Br
it
ish gover
nment could amend
i
t.
 The 
prov
inceswer
egiv
enautonomy,buti
twasasrestr
ict
edasthecont
rolaut
onomy
was.
SI
NDHSEPARATEFROM BOMBAY:

Sindhwasseparat
edfr
om Bombayandwasmadeasepar
atepr
ovi
nce.Thusaf
ir
stst
ep
towardasepar
ate 
homeland 
forMusl
i
m occur
red.

N.
W.F.
P.WI
THFULLPROVI
NCI
ALPOWERS:

The 
NWFP 
fort
hef
ir
stt
imei
nvest
edwi
thf
ull
prov
inci
alpower
s.

SEPERATI
ONOFBURMA+ADENFROM I
NDI
A:

Bur
ma andAdenwer econst
it
uti
onall
yseparat
edfr
om I
ndia.Theyhadbeen pr
evi
ousl
y
gov
ernedunderonegover
norgener
al.Or
issawasal
sodecl
aredasepar
ateprovi
nce.

CRI
TICAL 
ANALYSI
S:

Themostpr omi nentf eatureoft heconstit

uti
onwast hatt hepr ovi
nces got 
separate
constituti
onalconst i
tuencies/ent i
ti
esundertheact.Theacthad  enshri
ned thr
eelistsof
subjects, 
the federal, pr ovincial and concur rent 
l
ist
s. Provincial list was t he
exclusive 
jurisdicti
on ofpr ovinces whi
le boththe federall egislat
ure and provincial
l
egislaturecoul dl egi
slateaboutt hesubjectsinconcurr entl i
st,buti ncaseofany
contradicti
on  between t he f ederallaw and t he provinciall aw,t he l at
er woul d
stand annulled.

Thefinanci
aldecisi
onsofr esourcesbet
weencent
reand 
prov
inces 
wer
edesi
gnedt
o
st
rengthenthef
inancial
independenceoft
hepr
ovi
nces.

The r
ight
s offr
anchi
se wer
e enl
arged atpr
ovi
nci
al 
l
evelbyl
ower
ing t
he pr
oper
ty
qual
i
ficat
ion.

Separ
ati
onofSindhf
orm Bombayandful
lpr
ovi
nci
alpower
sto 
NWFP 
wasani
mpor
tant
st
eptowardst
hedemandofaseparat
ehomelandf
orMusli
ms.

Provi
ncesweregivenacounci
lofminist
erandit
sadv
icewasmadebui
l
dingont
he
gover
norexceptwhenheact
edi
nhisdiscr
eti
on.

The sy stem ofdi

archy was abol
i
shed 
single cabi
netatthe pr
ovince was made
responsiblet
oadmi
nisterpr
ovi
nceand 
governorwas t
oactoni
tsadvi
ce.

CONGRESS 
AND 
MUSLI
M LEAGUERESPONSE:

Alt
houghunderi
t,
 I
ndi
ahadherfi
rstt
ast
eandpract
iceofpar
li
ament
arysel
f-
gov
ernment
butitf
ail
edt
oappeasecongr
essandMusli
mleague.

i
. Mr, 
Jinnahdescr
ibedi
tast
hor
oughl
yrot
ten,f
undament
all
ybadandt
o t
otal
l
y
unacceptabl
e.
 i
i
. Raj
aGopalAchar
iasai
d,“
The newconst
it
utioni
sworset
hanDi
archy
”.
i
i
i. Mr,Nehr
ucondemneditas“anewchapt erofsl
aver
yItwasamachinewi
th
st
rongbr
akesandnoengine”
.

Undert hi
sact, 
electi
onsfroprovi
ncialassembl
i
eswer eheldi
n1937.Bydeci di
ngto
contest 
these 
elect
ions, t
he 
congress 
and Muslim league f
ormal
ly accepted t
he
prov
isionsoftheact .
 Thei
mplementati
on oft
hepartoft
he1935Actwhi
chr el
atetot
he
cent
r ewassuspended.

Thecr i
ti
cism  was madeespeci all
yont hesystem ofputt
ingthenomi neesofthenat i
ve
rul
ersint hef ederall
egisl
ature,specialresponsibi
li
ti
esanddiscr
eti
onar ypower soft he
governorgener alandgov ernors,additi
onofsecondchamberofl egislatur
ei nprov i
nces
andabsenceofanypr ovi
sionofaut omat i
cgr owthindevel
opmentofsel f-government.
Thus,throught heActwasani mpor tantstept owardsdomini
on 
states i
tfellf
orl ostof
theexpect at
ionsoft heIndi
ans.

60

CONGRESSI
NPOLI
TICS:

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

I
n 1937, congress 
formed mi
nistr
ies i
n 8 provi
nces out
of 
11.
 The day  
when 
congress l
eadersacceptedof fi
cesanewchapt erofst r
ainedHindu
-Musl
imr elati
onsopenedinthehistoryofIndia.Drunkwithpowers,the congress di
dnot
onlyali
enat etheMuslimsbutal soadopt edsuchmeasur eandpol i
cieswhi chwer e
dir
ect
lyinjuri
oust ot
heirsocial
,polit
icalandr el
igi
oussensibi
li
ti
es.I nthewor ds.ofan
I
ndianChr i
stian,t
hecongresswasatt hatti
me, theIndi
ancounterpar t
 of 
theNazipar ty
i
n Germany ”

GENTLEMAN’
S AGREEMENT:

Congressr ef
usedt oacceptthegov er
nmentafterhervi
ctor
yinelect
ionsanddemanded
aguaranteet hatgovernorswil
lnotexerci
setheirspeci
alpowers.Fi
nallyt
heagreement
wasconcl udedknownas" Gentl
eman’ sagr
eement ”byGandhiApart 
from maj
orissues,
gover
norswer eal
lowedt oint
ervene.

MI
NISTERSNOTRESPONSI
BLETOLECI
SLATURES:

Underthecongressrul
e,minist
erswer
enotresponsi
bletothe 
elect
orates 
orpopul
arl
y
el
ectedlegi
sl
atures,
rathert
heywereanswer
abl
et ocongr
ess wor
king committ
eewhich
appoint
edanddismissedminist
ers.

ANTI
-MUSLI
M ACTI
VITI
ES:

i
. THREECOLOURED 
FLAG:
 Congr esshoi sted threecolored f
lag onal loff
ici
aland import
antnon
off
ici
al bui l
dings to show that congr ess was the
only 
representati
v e 
organizati
onoft r
ehI ndianpeople.Thef l
ag 
becamethe
cause ofHi nduMusl i
m  ri
ots,
 att
hevariousplaces.

i
i
. BANDEMATRUM:

BandayMat r
um song  was i
ntr
oducedasawarcr yagainsttheMuslims.
Thus Hindus majoriti
es i
n t
he legi
slat
ure of the
congress 
provi
nces 
insist
ed oncommenci ngtheday'
sdeliber
ati
onwi t
ht he
reci
taloftheBandeMat r
um.The  cont
extfr
om whi
chitwascal l
edwounded
Muslimssuscepti
bil
i
t i
es.

i
i
i. I
NTRODUCTI
ONOFHI
NDI
:

Congressr ai
sedt hestandardofHindiasanof f
ici
all anguage.Eversince
1835,Urduhadbeenempl oyedasa court
 l
anguageov ert hegreaterpartof
nort
hernI ndia,butpr ej
udici
alHindusoughti ttor eplacewi thHi ndi
.The
Musli
ms, theel i
minati
onofUr duwoul
dmeana  st
eptowar d theanni
hilat
ionof
thecul
turalinheri
tanceofthe Musl
imsinIndia.

i
v. LI
ASI
ONCOMPAI
GN:

Underthi
spr ogram,t he congr
ess l
eadersWOULDHAVEADI RECTLINK
WI TH Musl i
ms AND TRYTO REMOVE THEI R“Narr
ow Mindedness”and
prejudiceagainstHi ndus.TheMusl i
ml eaguer
swereoffer
ed mini
str
ies 
but
theyhadt osignuncondi t
ionall
ythecongr esspl
edge.Thecongressused
Maul vi
’stocreatesplitamongMusl ims.

v
. Wl
DDl
A MANDI
RSCHEME:

Itwasaneducat ionalpol i
cyi nt
roducedi ncongresspr ovi
ncesfort he
student sbelongingtoal lsectsandr el
i
gions.Itwasadanger ousplot.It
deviating non-Hindus, especi all
y Musl i
m f rom t hei
rr eli
gion and t o
conv ert 
them i
nto Hi
nduism.  
They oungpeopl ewer ecompelledt ofol
dt heir
hands bef or
e Gandhi’s pictur
e and 
sing his prai
ses The book edit
ed f or
chil
dr enexpressedthegr eatnessofHinduism.

v
i. PROHI
BITI
ONOFCOW SLAUGHTER:

The pr ohi
biti
on of cow sl aught
er was announced and
cri
minal 
l
aws were 
enacted 
fort
hedef
iantofthi
srul
e.Thi
slaw wasagai
nst
therel
i
giousbel
iefsofthe 
Musli
ms.

v
ii
. I
NTRI
GUES:
 Congress kept i
tself inv
olved in maki
ng intr
igues agai
nst t
he
Muslim major
it
yprovi
nces.Punjab,Si
ndhandBengalwererul
edbyMuslim
part
ies 
butcongressremainedbusyi nmakingconspi
raci
esso astofail
thei
r 
government.

v
ii
i. HI
NDU-
MUSLI
M RI
OTS:

Thecommunalr i
otsi
ncreasedincongress gov
ernedpr
ovi
nces.
 Musl
ims
couldnotexpectjust
icei
nthecour t
s.Ti
llautumnof1939 t
her
e hadbeen57
communal r
iots 
with1700causali
ti
es.

i
x. THEMERI
T PRI
NCI
PLES:

Themeritpri
ncipl
eworkedtothe det
erment 
oft
heMusl
imsal
oneast hey
wer
e educati
onall
yl aggi
ng behind. Musli
m civi
lser
vant
s secur
it
y of
t
enure 
wasthr
eatened.

x. HI
NDRANCEI
NMUSLI
M RELI
GIOUSACTI
VITI
ES:

Azanwasfor
biddeninthemosques.Noi
sewasmadeinfrontofmosques
att
heti
mesofprayer
s.Hindust
ookholdofsomemosques.

xi
. RESULT:

i
. Itwasadi r
ectandpr acti
cal proofofHi ndumi li
tantnat i
onalism.
i
i
. It 
pr ovedt hatcongresswasacommunalor ganizat i
onandbel i
ev edin
theest abli
shmentofHi nduRaj .
i
i
i. Hol lowness and dupl i
city of  congress doct ri
nes and of I ndian
Nat ionalism exposed.
i
v. TheBr iti
shwer econv i
ncedwi t
hmor epr oof oft he twonat i
ont heory.
v
. Theunbr i
dgeablegulfofcommunal rivalrybecamewi derthem ever .
v
i. I t gav e pol i
ti
cal 
consci ousness to the Musl i
m  masses and
Musl i
m  l
eagueemer gedasapopul aror gani zationduet omor euni t
y
amongpeopl e.
v
ii
. Musl i
m l eague poli
ce under wenta r adicalchange.Theyno  longer
want ed I
ndianfederati
on env i
sionedi n1935act .
v
ii
i. Hindu Rajpushed Musl i
ms v ery close t ot heirul ti
mat e dest i
ny
of creat i
on ofPakist
an.
i
x. Ar rogantand unwi se policyofcongr ess pr eci pi
tated the par ti
ti
on
of India andemer genceofPaki st
an.

I
NVESTI
GATI
ONSI
NTOHI
NDUATROCI
TIES:

PI
RPURREPORT:

Aspeci
alcommi
tt
eeofei
ghtmember
swasappoi
ntedunderRaj
aPi
rpurt
ocol
l
ectal
l
i
nformationandsubmi tt
heirreportfr
om timetotime.Iti
ncludedsummar yaccount
sof
eventsinallt
hecongresspr ovincesexceptthe 
N.W.F.P.
 Theinformati
onsuppl
iedwas
basedon  t
hepersonalenquiresmadebyt hecommi tt
ee.It 
report
ed 
thatcongr
esshad
fai
ledtoinspi
reconfi
denceinmi nori
ti
es.

SHARI
FREPORT:

Theshari
frepor
tconfi
neditsfi
eldof
 inqui
ry 
inBihar
.Itcontai
nedhorri
fyi
ng 
account
s of
the congress hi gh handedness. I t showed t he i nv
olv
ement of l ocal
congr
ess 
leader
s admini
str
ati
veandjudici
alser
vantsininci
dents.

FAZLULHAQ’
SMUSLI
M SUFFERI
NGS 
UNDER 
CONGRESS 
RULE:

I
twasapamphl etcontai
ningthecongress,beganbyi mposing 
thei
rwi ll
 onMusl i
m
mini
str
ies.
 Azanwasf orbi
ddenincertai
nareas,wor shipperswereattacked hol
ding 
of
noi
sypr ocessi
ons beforethe mosques atpr ayer
st i
mes.Pi gs weret hrown,into
mosques. 
Muslimsshopswer eboycott
.Of f
ici
als'i
nv esti
gati
onswer eal waysbased
i
n mayorofHindus.

ENDOFCONGRESSRULE:

In Sep 1939,Br it
ain decl ared waragai nst Germany .The warsi t
uat i
on notonl y
demandedcompl etepeaceandor derinBr it
ish colonies butal
sof ul
lsuppor t
 fr
om  the
peopl eoft hese t
erri
toriest ot urnt hewarr esultsi nf avourofBr i
tish.TheBr i
tish
gover nment want ed to satisfy
 both Hindus and Musl i
ms. The
Brit
ish gover
nment  
neededal argescal earmyr ecruitmentati twasf orthisreasont hat
i
t woul dnot 
annoyMusl imleague.ThusVi ceroymadet heannouncementt hatt
heVi ews
ofev erypoli
ti
calpartywoul dbeconsi deredinmaki ngofany  
consti
tut
ion infut
ure.Thus
the 
leaguedemandt hatnof utureconst it
utionwoul dbeadopt edunl essitgott he
approv al
 ofthe Muslim l eague,was i ndir
ectlyaccept ed byt he Bri
ti
sh gov ernment
congr ess 
began t o pr opagatet hat the Br it
ish gov ernment 
wanted t o delay t he
i
ndependenceofI ndia by cr
eating 
Hi ndu-Muslim probl em.

Congr
essexpr
essed i
tunder 
disappoi
ntmentandinit
smeeti
ngon22Oct'
1939adv
ised
thecongr
essmi ni
sterstoresign f
rom t
hei
r 
offi
ces 
asa prot
est
.Thi
sisNov1989.
Congr
essmini
str
ies 
resi
gned.

THEDAYOFDELI
VERANCE:

Quaid-
e-Azam appealedt heMusli
msofI ndi
atoobser veadeliver
ancedayonDec22,
1939andexpr essedt heirr
eli
efattheter
minat
ion oft
he congr
essr ul
e whichhadbeen
toohostil
eduring t
hel asttwo y
ears.Thedeli
verancedaywassuccessf ull
yobser
ved
thr
oughoutthecountry .

CONCLUSI
ON:
K.K.Aziz.Observ
es,“Manywrit
ersareoftheopi
niont
hatr
efusedt
heshar
epowerwi
th
theleague 
ledtothecreat
ionofPaki
stan”

PAKI
STANRESOLUTI
ON:

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Asitsannualsessi
on-hi
stor
ic1nr et
rospect-
atLahore,t
heleagueforthefi
rstt
ime
adopt
edtheideaoft heparti
ti
onasi tsfinalgoalJi
nnah'
spresi
denti
aladdr
essi
sa
l
andmarkinhi
stor
yofMusl i
m nat
ional
ism"1nI ndi
a.

I
n Febr uary1940,t he counci
lofMusl i
m l eague,ini ts meeting atDehlidecided
t
h
to 
convince 
t he27 annualsessi onofMusl iml eaguei nwhichar esol
uti
onf orthe
part
iti
onofI ndi
awoul dbeadoptedSirSikanderHay atwast oheadt hecommitteewhich
was empower ed t
o draf
tt he r
esolut
ion. 
This 
resoluti
on was sentt o Ji
nnah forhis
approvalandher eferr
editto t
hesubject 
commi t
teefor consi
derati
on.Thiscommi t
tee
passedi twi
thsomeamendment s.

AI
MLSESSI
ONATLAHORE:

Thef atefulandhistori
calsessi
onofal lIndi
aMusl imleaguewashel d 
from 21stMarch-
24th mar ch 1940 atMi nt
o Park atLahor e.Jinnah presided overt he sessi 23rd
on 
mar ch 1940.The f amous Lahorer esol
ution was mov ed by Maul viA.K.Fazl ul
Haq  Chaudhary Khal i
q-uz-
Zaman seconded i t.Then di fferentl eaders of Muslim
fr
om  diff
erent 
areasofI ndi
asupportedtheresoluti
on.Theresol ut
ionsaidthat:

“Nort
h Wester
n and East
ern zone ofIndi
a shoul
d be 
grouped 
to consti
tut
e
i
ndependentst
atei
nwhichtheconst
it
utedunit
sshallbeaut
onomous andsover
eign”

Ther
esol
uti
oni
nfactusedt
het
ermi
ndependentst
ate 
rat
hert
hant
hewor
d“St
ate"
.

JI
NNAHADDRESSES:

Quai
d-e-
Azar
n i
n hi
s pr
esi
dent
ial
addr
esssai
d:

“Musl
ims are a nation according t
o any def i
niti
on of nations and t
hey must
have 
thei
r 
homel
and,t heirter
ri
toryand their
 st
ate we wi sh ourpeopleto devel
op
to 
ful
l
est 
ofourspir
it
ual,cul
tur
al,soci
alandpolit
icall
ife 
i
nawayt hatwethi
nkbestand
i
nconsonancewithourown idealsandaccordi
ngt othewishesofpeople”

THERESOLUTI ONPROVEDTOBEAMI LESTONEI NTHECREATI ONOFPAKI STANand

str
eamli
net hepoliti
csofMusl i
ms. Quai
d-e-Azam and t
heMusl i
m leaguezealousl
y
worked 
forasingl
e objecti
veandthatWascr eati
onofPakistan.TheMusl i
m coul
dnow
easi
lyvi
sual
izethei
r f
uture.
 Ji
nnahfur
thersaidinhispresi
denti
aladdress:

“
TheMusl
i
msofI
ndi
ast
oodunequi
vocal
l
yfort
hef
reedom ofI
ndi
a,buti
tmust
befr
eedom f
oral
lsect
ions.IftheHindusweretobef
reedandt
heMusl
imswer
et hento
beslav
esitwashardl
yaf reedom forwhichtheMusl
imscoul
dbeaskedt
ofight.The
Musl
imswereanati
onbyany  
defi
nit
ion”

Ji
nnahf
urt
her
 expl
ained,

“The probl
em ofIndi
a coul
d not.be sol
ved i
fitwas tr
eated as an i
nter
-
communal
 pr
oblem.I
twas,i
nfactani
nter
nati
onali
ssueandmustbedeal
twi t
hassuch.
TheHi
ndusandMusli
mscouldeverevol
ved-
ascommonnat i
onal
i
tywasani dl
edream”

TheHi ndusandMusl i
msbel ongt otwodiff
erentreli
gionsphil
osophies,t heynei
ther
i
nt ermarry norinter
-dine.Theirconcepts oflife and on li
fe are different
.They
hav e 
diff
erent 
epi
cs, 
dif
ferentheroesand di
ff
erent 
episodesveryoftent heher oesof
onei sthef oeoftheotherandt hei
rvi
ctor
iesanddefeatsoverl
ap.Musl i
msar eanation
accor di
ng t
oany  
defi
nition 
andtheymusthav ethei
rhomel and,t
heirterr
itoryandtheir
states”

I
NDI
ANPRESS:

i
. Indi
anpaperspubli
sheditundertheheadlines 
of “
Pakist
anResoluti
on”
.Some
paperscall
editanabsur
dscheme.
i
i
. TheHi nduTimeswrotethattobreakupt heunityofIndi
ai snott
osati
sfyt
he
ambiti
onsoft hi
scommuni t
yorthatbutruinthepeaceoft hepeopl
e.

BRI
TISHPRESS:

i
. In Br i
tai
n,t he resolut
ions w ere unnot iced Very 
few papers published
a summar y ofit
.Manchest erGuar dian accused Jinnah ofr e-
establ
ishing
the rei
gnofchaosi nIndi
anpoliti
cs.
i
i
. Themostf avour
ablecomment sappearedinNATUR.
i
i
i. The Ti mes heldt he congress poli
cies 
responsi
ble f
ort he emergence of
Musl imsasseparatenat i
on.
i
v. The economi st also chasti
sed congr ess for deny i
ng t he 
exi
stence of
mi nori
ti
es.

CONGRESSRESPONSE:

Thecongressopposedtheleague’sthesis.Gandhi
 i
nst
igat
edpr ej
udi
ce 
agai
nstpl
anby
cal
l
ingi
tthev i
vi
sect
ionofthemot herland and 
cut
ti
ngofthe 
other 
cow.

Congressquesti
onedtheeconomi
cv i
abi
li
tyof 
theproposedstate.Thereweresome
Hinduswhov i
ewedthedemandforthepar
ti
ti
onasa bargaini
ngcounter.
 Thecongr
ess
ar
restedthattheMuslim communi
tydidnotdesir
edt obe assentedbyt heMuslim
l
eague.

CONCLUSI
ON:
ThePakistanresolut
ionisthenatural off
-shoot
 ofthenegat i
veatt
it
udeoft hecongress
andt heMahasabaadopt edt heMusl i
ms.Andt her
e beenanyoft heleastsimil
ari
ty
betweenthet wocommuni t
ies.Ther approchementwoul dnothav etakenplaceatone
stageortheot her
.Sikhs 
andBuddhi stsreconci
ledwithHi ndusbecausetheyhadsome
commoncul turalt
rai
ts.Butthecasewi t
ht heMuslimswas  qui
tedi
ffer
ent.

Inshort
,itwasthrough t
hisr
esolut
ion-
Indi
anMusl
i
mscommi
tt
edt
hemsel
vest
othe
est
abli
shmentof
 Pakist
an asi
ts 
fi
nal
 goal
.

AUGUSTOFFER

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

TheBrit
ish gover
nmentwasnotdi shear
tened by
 thelackofargumentsei
therbetween
t
h
thecongressandt he 
l
eague 
orbetweenthet wooft hem andt
heViceroyon 
8 August ,
1940.Hismaj est
y’sgover
nmentissuedwhatcamet obeknownast heAugustoff
er.I
t
was a statement make 
bythe Lord Li
nli
thgo,the Viceroyon behal
foft he Bri
ti
sh
gover
nment .

MAI
NFEATURES:

i
. EXPANSI
ONOFTHEEXECUTI
VE 
COUNCI
L OFGOVERNOR 
GENERAL:
 

Thi
s di
scussi
on was taken i
n or
dert
oincl
ude a cer
tai
n numberof
r
epr
esent
ati
vesofal
lpol
i
ticalpar
ti
es.

i
i
. ESTABLI
SHMENTOFWARADVI
SORYCOUNCI
L:

Consi
sti
ngofr
epr
esent
ati
vesofv
ari
ouspol
i
tical
par
ti
es.

i
i
i. CONSTI
TUTI
ON 
MAKI
NG 
BODYSHOULDBESETUP:

Abodywast obesetupi nordertodiversethefr

ameworkoft henew
const
it
uti
on.The wor k ofconsti
tut
ion making was notpossi
ble dur
ing
war 
peri
od.The r
epresent
ati
ve 
bodyforthi
st askwouldbesetupaf t
erthe
concl
usi
on of
 war.

i
v. SAFEGUARDFORNI
INORI
TIES:

The posi t
ion of the minor
it
ies shoul
d be saf
eguar
ded i
n any
f
utur
e const
it
utional
 
change.

v
. CONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NG:
 
RESPONSI
BILI
TIES 
OF 
INDI
ANS:

Theframi
ngoft
henew const
it
uti
onwoul
dbepr
imar
yresponsi
bil
i
ty 
of
I
ndi
ans.
CRl
TlCl
SM:

1.Thest atementcontainedsomenew i deasForexampl e, 

for 
thef i
rsttimeint he
history,a const
it
uti
onassembl ycomposedoft heIndi answaspr omi sed.
2.Int hemat terofconsti
tut
ionassembl y,congresswas  rebuffed; 
thenewassembl y
wast obeonewhoseest abl i
shmentdi dnotaf fectther ightoft hemi nori
ti
esand
princes.
3.Thef earoft heMuslimst hatt he 
governmentmi ght surrendert ocongr esswas
setatr est.Nof urt
herpoliti
calmov eor  
devel
opmentwhi chdi dnot  
sati
sfy
 the
mi norit
ieswast obeapprov edbyhi smaj esty
's 
gov ernment .

MUSLI
M LEAGUEATTI
TUDE:

Theworkingcommi tt
eemetatBombayi nSepanddeclar
edt hattheMusl
imsofIndi
a
wereanationbythemselvesandthatt
hey
 al
one 
aret
he 
fi
nal
 j
udgesofthei
rdest
iny
.The
Bri
ti
sh 
offerregar
dingint
eri
m arr
angementsasmostunsati
sfactor
yanddidnotmeet
theMusli
mr equir
ements.

i
. Muslimleaguewas  not consul
tedasthenumberpr oposedt
obeaddedthe
vi
ceroy'
sexecuti
vecounci l.
i
i
. Themanneri nwhi chthecounci lwastobereconst
it
utedwasnott
oldt
othe
Muslim l
eague.
i
i
i. Noinformati
onaboutt hecoal i
ti
onpart
ner
s.
i
v. Awarding of
 por
tfoli
os notknown.
v
. All
proposal 
ofwaradv isorycouncil
wasvague.

Leaguewasof f
eredt wor epr
esentat
ivesi
nt hecounci
lwhi
chleaguerefusedtoaccept
and itconsi
dered the offerunsubstant
ial
.Howev erJi
nnah addr
essing t
he Bengal
provi
nci
alMuslim l
eague  sai
d,theleaguehad accepted i
t“i
n pri
ncipl
e"though the
detai
l
swer enotsat
isfactory.

CONGRESSATTI
TUDE:

The congress reacti

on to the off
er was viol
ent. Azad r
efused t
o see the
Vicer
oy. 
The 
congressthr
eat
enedtotakev
iol
entacti
on.Thecongr
essclai
medtospeak
foral
lIndi
aandreject
edtheoff
er.

BRI
TISHVI
EW POI
NT:

TheVicer
oyregrettedthathi
sofferhadnotbeenacceptedbyal
lthepar
ties,t
houghhe
had 
the 
sati
sfacti
onofknowi ngt hatithadmet wi
thconsi
der
abl
esuccess.Theof f
er
wasnotwi thdrawn and could bei mplement
ed assoon asasuffi
cientdegreeof
repr
esent
ati
vesuppor twasfort
hcomi ng.

CONCLUSI
ON:
TheAugustof f
erproducednopr acti
cal ofimmedi ate 
result
s.Themaj esty
’s government
hadr eadil
yagreedt ogiv
eunder taki
ngt hatMusl im sat i
sfactionwoul dbesoughti nany
furtherconsti
tuti
onalref
ormt ohav eext ractedt hisunequi vocaldeclarat
ionwi thinfi
ve
mont hsoft heLahoresession,wasgr eatachi evement  f
orMusl i
m league.Butcongr ess
playedatsi gnif
icantrol
ei nthisachi evement .I tconducti npoliti
calbar gai
ningand
i
ts atti
tude 
towardstheMusl imsmadei tclearthati twoul d har
dly beint hefitnessof
thingsto l
eavethefateof 
themi nori
ti
esi nthehandsoft hecongr essleaders.

CRI
PPSMI
SSI
ON

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Japanjoinedthewaragai nstalli
esin 1941 
andhersuccessive vi
ctor
ies caughtBr i
ti
sh
offguard.The 
Japanese f
orcesoccupiedBurmaandt hreatenedIndia.
 England beganto
feelthe necessi
ty ofchangi ng theirpoli
cy towar
ds I ndi
a.I n Mar ch 1942,
 Bri
ti
sh
governmentsentSirStaf
fordCripps,l
eaderoftheHouseofCommonsanda  member  
of
warcabinetwit
hcer t
ainproposalswhichareknowasCr ippsplan.

MAI
N FEATURES:

i
. Aconst i
tuti
onmaki ngbody  wouldbeconst i
tuted i
mmedi atel
yaf terthewar .
i
i
. Ther ewoul dbepr ovision fort hepar ti
cipationoft heI ndi
anst atesi nthe
const it
utionmaki ngbody .
i
i
i. Ifanypr ovi
ncedi dnott het oacceptt henew const i
t ut
ion,itcoul dr et ai
ni ts
existi
ngconst i
tuti
onalposi tion.I
tcoul dlateronj oin,ifitissodeci dedatl ater
date.
i
v. Ther e woul d be pr ovision i nt he constituti
onto pr otect t he r aci al 
and
rel
igious mi nori
ti
es.
v
. The  member s 
theconst itutionmaki ngbodywer et obeel ectedbyanel ectoral
consi sti
ng of t he ent ir
e member ship of t he pr ov i
ncial
l
egi sl
atur e 
assemblies. Thest rengthoft heconst it
utionassembl ywast obe
about1/ 10oft hemember shi poftheel ectoratecollege.
v
i. His maj esty'
s governmentwoul dr etain cont r
olov erdef ines dur ing t he
cri
tical 
per i
od ofthewar .I twasdeci dedt heC- in-Cwoul dretainhisposi ti
on
asmemberoft heviceroy ’sexecut i
vecounci l
.

MUSLI
M LEAGUEREACTI
ON:

Theworkingcommi t
teeofMusli
ml eagueconsi
deredtheCri
ppsproposal
sandpassed
aresol
uti
onexpressi
ngit
sdissat
isf
acti
onforthefol
lowi
ngreasons:

i
. Ther
ewasnocl earpr ovi
sionint heschemefortheestabl
i
shmentofan
i
ndependentMusl i
m state.
i
i
. Thedeclarati
onproposedt hesett
ingupofaconst
it
uti
onbodyWi thaviewto
the creati
on on one I ndian union wher
eas the l
eague beli
eved in
Paki
stan and 
ther
efore 
int he establi
shmentof t
wo consti
tut
ion making
 bodies.
i
i
i. Themet hodofel ectingconst it
utionalbodyal sowentagai nsttheMusl i
m
i
nterestsbecauset heyhav ebeendepr i
vedoft heirri
ghtofseparat
eelect
orate.
i
v. Allthedecisi
onswer et obet akenbybar emaj orit
ywhichwasgr avel
yunjust
tot he Muslims who wer ei n maj ori
ty and could not 
secure moret han
25%seat sintheconst i
tuti
onmaki ngbody .
v
. Thel eaguekeptbacki tsopinionont heinter
im ar r
angementsbecauset hei
r
detail
swer enotincludedint hedrafts.
v
i. The dr af
tpr oposalcont ained no pr oceduref orobtai
ning the v
erdi
ctof
the 
pr ovi
nce 
foragainstnon- accession.C

ONGRESS 
REACTl
ON:

TheCr i
ppsproposal
shadsuppor tedthedemandforPakistaninv ague 
ter
ms, t
hiscould
never 
be acceptabl
et o eh Hi ndus who wanted to 
est abl
ish Hi
ndu rul
e al lover
the 
Indi
a. 
Thi
s was t he mainr eason why congr
ess r
ejected the Cr
ipps proposal
s.
Congress 
hadfoll
owingobject
ionsov ert
hedecl
arat
ion:

i
. Theschemeopenedt hewayf orpar ti
ti
onoft he count ry 
i
nt oatl eastt woand
possi bl
ymanymor esepar atepoliti
calent iti
es.The  congr ess heldt hatt he
rightofaccessi ongi vent ot hepr ovinceswasaf atal 
blow  tot heuni tyof
Indianpeopl eformingonenat i
on.
i
i
. Tocongr ess,noof fercoul dbesat i
sfactory  
thatleft t
hear myundercompl ete
cont roloft he Bri
tish instead ofa mi nisterr esponsi blet ot he el ected
representationsoft heIndianpeopl e.
i
i
i. Thecongr esswasal l
ergi
ct oanyconcessi on,howev ermi nort ot heMusl i
m
l
eague.
i
v. Per hapst hemosti mpor t
antf actorwhi chwei ghtedi nt hecongr essmi nd
agai nsttheof ferwasi tsturning.Theal l
iedpower shadbeenr ecei vi
ngon
setback af ter anot her.Most Hi ndus r ead i nt he offer a conf ession of
weaknessandt ri
edt oexpl oitthe. si
tuation.Accor dingt o  Gandhi ,
 theof fer
wasnomor ethanapost -datedcheque,ona  bank thatwasf ail
i
ng.I twas  not
surei faf
tert hewarBr it
ishwoul dbei naposi ti
ont of ul
filtheirpromi se.

CONCLUSI
ON:

ThePakistanresol uti
onwaspassedi n1940andwi t
hin exactl
y t
woy ears,t
heBr it
ish
warcabinethadconcededi tispri
nci
ple. 
Thiswasagr eatv i
ctoryfort heMuslims,no
matt
erhowt hedr af tdeclar
ati
onwasint er
preted.Anywayt heofferinIndiawasr eadas
anabrasi
ont hattheBr i
ti
shgov er
nmentwaspr eparedatl easttoconsi derthePakistan
asasoluti
onoft hecommunalawar di
mpasse.Thus, emer genceoft heev entf
ulchapter
oft
heIndiaconstitutional 
devel
opmentandst ruggleforfreedom.

CABI
NETMI
SSI
ON

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:
Thecabi
netmissionplan-adv i
ceofBrit
ishimper
ial
ism tor econcil
etheirr
econcil
able,an
evi
ldesi
gnofBr i
tishdiplomacyt oavoi
dt he 
i
nevit
able &t helastattemptoftheBr it
ish
gover
nmenttoinstallt
henai li
nthecoffi
nbodyofPaki stan.Itwas,infact
,anat t
emptt o
bur
ytheconceptofPaki standeepunderthedebri
sofI ndiannationali
sm & uni
tedIndi
a.

Thelandsl
idevictoryoft hel
eaguein194546el ect
ions &thegr owingr i
ftb/wthetwo
majorpart
iesofI ndiahadmadet heBrit
ishgov er
nmentf eeltheur gencytofindouta
sol
uti
ontot hepolit
icaldeadl
ockbetweenthet wopolit
icalforces.Therefor
etheBri
ti
sh
gover
nmentdeci dedtosendtoIndiaaspecial
mi ssi
onofcabi netminister
s.

APPOI
NTMENT 
OFCABI
NETMI
SSI
ON:

Themi
ssi
onwasappoi
ntedbyhi
smaj
est
y’
sgov
ernmentconsi
sti
ngof
:

●Lor
dPet
ri
ckLawr
ence

●Si
rSt
aff
ordCr
ipps

●A.
V.Al
exander

The mi ssion arr

ived inI ndia on March 24,1946 & holdtal
ks wi t
h
di
ffer
ent
 poli
ti
calpartiestoarriveatasol uti
onaboutconst
it
uti
onmakingatlast,t
he
missi
on 
reject
edthe planofri
v alor
ganizat
ions&present
edit
sownschemeon 16thmay
1946.

MAI
N FEATURES:

●Thepr
ovi
ncesofBr
it
ishI
ndi
awoul
dfor
mthef
oll
owi
ngt
hree 
groups:

GROUPA:
(Hi
ndumaj
ori
tygr
oup)6Hi
ndu

Pr
ovi
nces:
 
Ori
ssa,
Bihar
,madr
as,
Bombay
,up& 
cp.

GROUPB:
(west
ernMusl
i
m maj
ori
tygr
oup)

Punj
ab,
N.W.
F.P.
,
 Si
ndh,
Bal
uchi
stan.

GROUP 
C: 
(east
ernMusl
i
m maj
ori
tygr
oup)

Bengal
 
& Assam

● Atthetopoft hesegr oups,ther

ewould bean al
lIndi
aunioncontr
oll
i
ngdef i
nes,
for
eseei
ngaff
air
s&  communi cat
iononl
y 
Unionwouldhaveanexecut
ive&a l
egi
slat
ure.
Thusthegr
oupsofpr ovi
nces wouldf
orm at
hree-
ti
erfeder
ati
on.

● Ther
ewoul
d beaconst
it
uent
 assembl
yel
ect
ed byt
heel
ect
ed member
soft
he
pr
ovi
nci
al 
assembl
i
es.

●Al
lresi
duar
y subj
ect
s woul
d r
esti
n t
hepr
ovi
nces.

●Each 
communitywould 
electi
tsown repr
esent
ati
ves 
intheprovi
ncesaccordingt
othe
pr
oport
ion ofpopul
ati
on. 
Fort hepurposeofelecti
ng aconst i
tuentassembly,
 
each
pr
ovi
nce woul
dbe al
l
ottedatotalnumberofseat
s pr
oport
ional
t oi
tspopulat
ion.

●TheVi ceroy
’s 
execut
ivecounci
lwouldber econsti
tut
ed.Thenew execut
ivecounci
l
woul
dincluderepr
esentat
ivesofmaj
orpol
it
icalpart
ies.

● The const i
tuti
on ofuni on would hav e a cl
ause t
hatany questi
on r
aisi
ng a
major 
communali ssue 
in 
the legi
slat
urewoul drequi
reforit
sdecisi
onamaj ori
tyof
r
epresentat
ives, 
present
 &v oti
ngofeachoft hetwomajorcommuniti
es,aswel
lasthe
majori
ty 
ofallthemember spr esent&v ot
ing.

●Anypr
ovi
ncewant
 i
ndependenceaf
ter10y
ear
s.

●Ti
llthedraf
ti
ngoft
henewconst
it
uti
onani
nter
im gov
ernmentwi
l
lrunt
heaf
fai
rsof
t
hestate.

I
NDI
AN 
REACTI
ON:

Gandhi 
sai
dthatthemissi
onhadbr
oughtsomethi
ngofwhich 
theyhadev
eryr
easont
o
beproud.Congr
essleader
swel
comedthecabi
netmissi
on’
s 
proposal
s.

Hi
ndunewspaper
swr
ote:

“
Paki
stan,
thePaki
stanofMr
,Ji
nnah’
sconceptr
ecei
ves 
sui
te 
bur
ial
.
”

JI
NNAH’
S RESPONSE:

Heregret
tedthatthemissi
onhadnegatedtheMusl
im demand.Hesaidthatitseemed
t
hat t hi
s has been done si mpl
y t o appease the congress. Howev er,
 
he
r
efr
ained f
rom accept
ingorrej
ect
ingitast heworki
ngcommi t
teewast hedecisi
on
makingbody.

MUSLI
M LEAGUE 
WORI
GNG 
COMMI
TTEE 
RESOLUTI
ON:

TheMusl
i
mleaguewor
king 
commi
tt
ee 
i
tsr
esol
uti
onaccept
edt
hepl
anf
ort
wo 
reasons;

(
A)GRAVE 
ISSUES:

Wer
einv
olv
ed 
& l
eaguewant
eda 
peacef
ul 
sol
uti
on.

(
B)The 
genesofPaki
stanar
einher
enti
nthepl
anbyv
irt
ueoft
hecompul
sor
y
 gr
oupi
ngofthesi
xMuslim prov
incesi
nasect
ionb 
& c 
whi
ch 
woul
d ul
ti
mat
ely
l
edint
hecr
eati
onof 
Paki
stan.

BRI
TISH 
PRESS:

Itwaswel
lrecei
vedi
nBri
tai
n.Thedai
l
y t
elegr
aph 
cri
ti
cizedi
tfornotmeet
ingt
he
genui
nedemandoftheMusli
ms.

ATTI
TUDE 
OFCONGRESS+MI
SSI
ONTOWARDS 
MUSLI
M ACCEPTANCE:

Nei
therthecongr
essnorthecabi
netmissionsai
dawor dinrecognit
ion ofwhat
 i
t
had cost the league to abandon i
ts basic demand.The onl yr esponse was
art
icl
es & 
cart
oonsintheHindupressanenounci
ngthedefeat
 oftheleaguegleeful
l
y.

FAI
LURE 
OFTHEPLAN:

Thef ai
lureoft hecabi netmi ssi
on planaccompani ed thefactst hatcongr ess r
efused to
j
oint hei nt
erim gov ernmentbutaccept edt hel ongt erm pl anoft hecabi net.Musl i
m
l
eaguehadaccept edbot hl ongterm &shor tterm pl ans.Itagr eedt o j
oint he 
interi
m
government ,butt hemi ssionduet ot he refusal  
ofcongr esst ojoini nter i
m gov ernment,
backedoutf rom itswor ds,t ogoaheadev eni foneoft hepar t
iesr ef usedcompl i
ance
witheitherpar t
 ofpl anignored theleagueof ferofco- oper ati
on&decl ar edthepr ojectof
i
nterim governmentt ohav ef ai
l
ed.TheMusl i
ml eaguer egisteredi ts protest agai
nstt he
met hods ofthemi ssion &t heintentionsoft hecongr essl eader sbywi t
hdrawi ngits
acceptanceoft hepl an&decl ari
ngf ordi rectact ion.Itpr ovokedcongr ess,agai n,to
acceptt heplan&  thispr ocessofshi f
tingt he tendenci es f
inall
yf ailedt he mission.

REDCLI
FFAWARD

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Thel egi
slati
vemember sfr
om Hindumajor
it
yareasofPunjab&Bengalhaddeci dedby
major i
ty 
vote that the provi
nces should be par ti
ti
oned. Consequent
ly,t wo
separate commissi
ons wer
e appoi nt
ed to gi v
e ef
fect 
to the demar cat
ion of
these provi
nces.

REDCLI
FF 
BOUNDARY 
COMMI
SSI
ON:

Thedemar cati
oncommi ssi
onf orPunj
abwascomposedoft woMusli
m & t
woHindu
repr
esent
atives.TheMusl i
ml eaguenominat
edMrJusti
ceDinMuhammad&MrJust i
ce
MuhammadMuni r
.Thecongr essnominatedMr
,Just
iceti
jasi
ngh.Mr
,Justi
ceRedcl
i
ff,
aBrit
ishj
udgewast oheadt hecommissi
onsofbot
hthe pr
ovi
nces.

The cont
rov
ersy points of t
he 
demarcati
on 
had not been y et rai
sed
when 
Radcl
i
ff 
Itwanted t
o have{ l
i
ghtovercert
ain ar
eas al
ong wit
hjustice Di
n
Muhammad&M.Muni r 
because 
i
tseemedtheMr ,Redcl
if
falr
eadyknew thepoint
s
neededtobeset tl
ed.Justi
cedinMuhammadex pr essedhisfeartoMr ,Quai d-
e-Azam &
wanted t
or esi
gnbutJinnahdidnotthi
nkitpropert olevelachargeofpar tiali
tyagai
nst
Radcli
ff & bot hthe Musl i
m judges submitted bef oret hei
rl eader.The bef ore
ti
me int
erest i
nthe demarcat
ion 
ofeast& westPunj ab as shown by Mr ,Radcliff
was not 
withoutrhyme.HehadmetMount batten & Nehru 
immedi atel
y af
terhi sarr
ival
i
nDel hi
.Hehadal soworkedoutthedetai
lsofthe demar cat
ion.

Gur daspurwasaMusl im maj or i

tydistri
ctbuti nst eadofi t
sent i
reinclusionin
West  Punjab,Mr ,Radcli
f fwant ed it
sdi vi
sion i n such a wayt hatTehsi lpathankot
should  goi nto I
ndianTer ri
tory
.Thegeogr aphicali mpor tanceofpat hankotwast hati t
s
i
nclusi oni ntoeastPunj abcr eatedacommonbor derl ineofI ndia& Kashmi rthus
enablingI ndia to easi
lysendi tsar medf orcesi nKashmi rterritory.Thesimpl eprincipl
e
ofdi strict
-wise  part
it
ion 
woul dsendt heent ir
edi stri
ctofGur daspurincludingTehsi l
pathankoti nt hewest  Punjab,but asTehsi lpat hankot  f
or medaHi ndumaj ori
tysot he
pretextofi ncludingitin 
eastPunj ab 
wasathand.Thei ncl usionofTehsi lpathankotin
eastPunj abal somade  Amr it
serapar t 
ofI ndianTer ri
tory .
 Radcl i
ff 
wantedt ohav ea
Bightabov et hesamear ea( gurdaspur  & pathankot )
 & theMusl i
m member soft he
commi ssionhadsmel ttheintentionofl eader sofMusl i
ml eaguet hemselvesint heir
memor andum had shown Pat hankot i n I ndian t
er r
itory &  t
ehsil of f erozpur,
ni
kodar , 
& Japundar  i
nwestPunj ab,i.e.inPaki st an.The  r
esponsi bil
ityof 
drawingsuch
detail
sf al
lsonNawab  Marndot.

Thetwoparti
esdebatedforafew dayson thecont
rover
sial
 
points,andthen
Radcli
ffaskedt
hemember softhe 
commi
ssion 
to 
submitt
hei
r r
especti
vereport
sinthe
l
ightofthelawy
ersofbot
hthesides.

Just
ice 
Munirwantedtoholddebat
e onthe i
ssueoff
erozpur&zerat
ehsi
l
sbut
Radcli
ffmadei tclearthatnodebateonthis 
pointwasrequi
redbecauset
hesetwo
tehsi
l
shadbeeni ncludedto 
westPunj
ab.

Just
ice 
din 
Muhammad  againstsaw t
he 
Quai
d-e-
Azam 
&toldhi
mt hatPaki
stan
waslosi
ngtheareaoftehsi
lpathankotbutQuai
dwassobusyi
nhiswor
kthathecounld
nott
hinkovert
hematter.

Itisnot ablet hatRadcl i

ff
 awar dedhadbeenhandedov ertolordmountbat tenon
9thaugustbutt helat erannounceneedi ton  17thaugust,twoday saft
erthepartitionhad
takenpl ace.Theawar dshowedf erozpur&zer atehsilsi neastPunj abthust hear ea
whi chPaki stanexpor t
edin t
urnf orav eryimpor t
ant ar
eaofpat hankoy&gur daspurhad
also been l ostlat eron i twas  disclosed t hatt hef ir
st  
Radclif
fawar d had i ncluded
ferozpur & zera 
tehsi l
sinwestPunj ab.I tisev i
dentthatt hef i
rstRadcli
ffawardhadbeen
changedwi t
hintheper iodfrom 9th to 17th august.The keepingoft heawar dinsecr ecy
causedgr eathar mt ot heMusl i
msoff erozpur&zer at ehsil
s.Theyt houghtt hatt hei
r
areashadbeeni ncl udedi nPaki st an.Butt hent heawar dwas  announced af t
ert he
establi
shmentofPaki stanthesear eascamet obet hepar tofIndianTerri
tory.Hor r
ibl
e
communal ri
otsbr okeout  & 
Musl ims  sufferedi n 
expressiblelosses.
 EARLYPROBLEMSI
NPAKI
STAN

Atthet i
meofi tsestabl
ishment,Pakistanhadtof acevarioust er
ri
bleprobl
emst he
sol
ution of whi ch was i mperati
ve f or i
ts very existence. Paki
stan had no
suff
icient 
resourcestosol v
et hesegiganticpr
obl
emsl i
kel ackoff i
nance,agri
cul
tural
setback, i
nsuffi
cient
 defi
nesarrangementsandtherehabi
li
tationofthe 
ref
ugees.

Fol
lowi
ngaresomeoft
hepr
obl
emswhi
chPaki
stanhadt
ofacei
mmedi
atel
yaf
teri
t
est
abli
shment
.

►DEMARCATI
ON 
OFBOUNDRI
ES:

Under t
he provi
sions of I
ndian independence act 1947,two boundaries
commissi
onwer eappoi
ntedforthedivi
sionofPunj abandBengalbetweenandI ndia
andPaki
stanMr,Radcl
if
fwasappointedchair
manofbot hthecommi ssi
on.

I
nconsul tati
onwi thMount bat
ten,Radcl
iffgavehi
sv er
dicti
nfavorofIndi
anandeast
Punj
ab Di str
ictGur daspur
,Ferozpurand someot herMusli
msmaj ori
tyareaswere
awarded t oI ndia.I n 
Bengal
, 
Radcli
ff gave Muslims major
it
y areas li
ke 
Cal
cutt
a
and 
Mur shadabad t o I
ndi
a.Similar
lysome i mpor
tantheadwork 
of 
the 
lar
gestcanal
s
wasleftwi t
hIndia.

Theawar
dofMusl i
m major
it
ydi
str
ictGur
daspurwasmostunjusthadt
hisdi
str
ictbeen
awar
dedtoPaki
stan,t
her
ewouldhavebeennoKashmi
rdisput
e.

►CHOI
CEOFCAPI
TAL:

The probl
em ofchoi ce ofa capit
alwas a big problem.I t 
was t
he basic
prer
equisi
tetof
orm agov ernmentandtoest
abl
i
shasecret
ariat.
 Karachi
 waschosenas
capi
talbyQuaid-e-Azam. 
Arrangement
sweretomaket o 
bringt he of
fi
cial
sandot her
materi
alsfr
om DelhitoKarachi.

►REHABI
LITATI
ONOFMUHAJI
REEN:

Thesecondpr oblem Pakistanhadt of acewast hepr oblem ofaccommodat i

ng
Muhajireen.Themassacr eofMusl imsi nEastPunj abhadst ar
tedev enaf ew days
befor
et hepar t
it
ionoft hesub- conti
nent,wi despreadriot
shadal sooccur r
edinIndia’
s
otherpar ts wi
tht heirr eper
cussion in Pakistan.Pakist
an t herefore had t
oreceive
and l
ookaf tert
hemi ll
ionsofMusl i
mswhower eforcedtoleav eIndia.Supremeeffort
s
weremadebyJi nnahandhi scabinettogr applewiththi
ssituation.

►THEACCESSI
ON 
OFI
NDI
AN 
PRI
NCELYSTATES:

Therewasal argememberofst at
esr ul
edbyI
ndianpri
ncesinIndi
a.Atthisti
me
ofI
ndi
an 
independence,
 thesepri
ncely
 st
ates wer
egiv
ent heopti
onst oaccede,eit
her
I
ndi
aorPakistan 
ortor emainindependent.Allt
hest
atesamicableaccededeitherto
I
ndiaor 
toPaki
stan.
 Howevert
hefutur
eofthreepr
incelystat
es(
Hyder
abad,Junnagar
h
and 
Kashmir
) 
remainedundeci
dedandcreat
edconfl
ictbetweenI
ndi
aandPakist
an.

►HYDERABAD:

Byv i
rtueofit
spopulati
onandar ea,i
twast hemosti mport
antstat
eofI ndia.It
s
annual r
evenues wereabout260mi l
li
onandi thadi t
sowncur rencyandst amps.The
major i
ty 
of 
i
tspopul at
ionwasHi ndu,butitsruler,t
heNi zam wasaMusl i
m Ni zam
requestedthev icer
oyf orHyder
abad’sindependentstat
esasasov erei
gnst ate,but
Viceroypressedhimt oaccedetoIndi
a.Thiswasnotaccept abl
et oNizam andthathe
mightjoinPakist
an.

Onaugust24, 1948,Hyderabadfil
edacomplaintbeforethesecuri
tycounciloftheU.N
bef
oresecuri
tycouncilcoulddecidethef
ateofHy derabad,I
ndiasei
zedHy derabad 
by 
a
mil
it
aryoperationandi ncorporatediti
nto di
ff
erentpr ov
incesofI ndi
anuni on.The
complai
ntbeforetheU.N.issti
ll
pending.

►JUNNAGARHAFFAI
R:

Junnagarhwasasmal l 
mar i
ti
me state 300mi l
esdownt hecoastf
rom Kar
achi.The
majori
tyofit
spopul
ati
onwasHi nduandt herul
erwasaMusl i
m.OnSep15,1947t he
stat
eaccededtoPaki
stan,nutIndi
ar efusedtoacknowl
edgeitandcl
aimedt
hestateby
i
nherit
ance.

OnNov7,1947,AzadFaujorl i
beralar
myofIndi
aenter
edJunnagar
h,Twodayslater,
contr
olovertheent
ir
est at
ewasassumedbyI ndi
a.Paki
stanatthatti
mewas  not
i
n apposi
ti
onto 
def
endJunnagar h.Acompl
aintl
odgedbyPakist
anwiththesecurit
y
counci
loftheU.
N.i
ssti
ll
pending.

►KASHMI
R:

Kashmi risthenor t
her nmostpar tofI ndo-Pakistansub- cont i
nent .(I
tsareaof84, 471
squaremi leswast hebi ggestofanyst ateinI ndia.I t
s i
nternational 
boundar i
eswith
Tibet,
china,AfghanistanandRussi agav eitastrategicimpor tance.Kashmi risaMusl i
m
majorityarea.Thepeopl eofKashmi rwant edt o accedet oPaki stanbutt her ul
erof
Kashmi rwasMahar ajaHar iSinghofDogr aHi ndu  dynasty 
whowant edt oal i
gnwith
Indi
a.Themahar aj
af ai
l
ing to suppresst hemassupsur geappr oached theI ndi
an
governmentf orhelp.Indianwasent eredKashmi r
 andt heMahar ajasignedi nst
rument
ofaccessi ontoIndiaon26th Oct ober1947.Thi s 
created adi sputebet weenI ndiaand
Pakistan.Paki
stanitroopsenteredin 
Kashmi r andwarbegan.

Indi
atookt heissuetotheU.N.in1948,U.
Nappoint
edacommi
ssi
onforKashmi
r.A
Securi
tyCouncilofU. N.unani
mouslydeci
ded 
thatt
hef
utur
eofKashmi
rshouldbe
sett
ledaccordi
ngt ot
hewishesofit
speopl
e.

Pl
ebi
sci
tewast
obehel
dundersuper
visi
onofU.
N.I
ndi
alat
eronwentbacki
tspr
omi
se
andr
efusedt
ohol
dapl
ebi
sci
te.
 Thef
ateofKashmi
risst
il
li
nli
mbo.

►THEDI
VISI
ONOFASSETS:

Paki
stanhadtof acedi
ff
icult
yinreceiv
ingi tsdueshar
eofasset
sfr
om I
ndia.
I
ndiai
ntent
ional
l
ydel
ay edtheprocessoft r
ansferofassetstocr
eat
eprobl
emsfora
newl
yborncountr
ywhichwasalreadyinshor
tofr esour
ces.

AtthetimeofPaki
stan,Paki
stanreceivedonl
y 
Rs.20 
cror
easanopeningbal
ance.I
ndia
wit
hheldt heremai
ning mutual
lygr eed amountof75 cror
ein or
derto embarrass
Pakist
an i
nimi
cal
ly
.

Of mil
it
ary 
asset
s,Pakist
an was checked inthe same way.What ev
er Paki
stan
recei
ved was 
nothi
ngbutscar
pandoutofor derachi
evesbr
okenweaponsandrusted
arti
ll
ery
.

►ADMI
NISTRATI
VEPROBLEMS:

Paki st
anwasanewl ycreatedcountr
ywhichhadtoconstr
uctt
headmi ni
str
ati
ve
setupf rom ascr at
ch.Therewer eneit
heranycapit
alsnoranybuil
dings.Eventhe
gover
nmentser vantswerenotav ai
labl
eforthesmoothrunni
ngoftheadmi ni
str
ati
ve
machinery.Gover
nment of
fi
cers 
weresetupi nt
hemili
tar
ybarr
acksandinsomecases
undertents.

►CONSTI
TUTI
ONALPROBLEMS:

Framingofanew const
it
uti
onwasabi
gpr
obl
em.Paki
stanmi
ser
abl
yfai
l
edt
o
sol
vet
his 
probl
em

i
. Const
ituti
onassembl y 
produced 
onl
ytwoort hr
eedraf
tsf
ort heconst
itut
ion
i
nlongsev enyears.
i
i
. Const
ituentassembl ydraf
tedaconsti
tuti
onin1956whichwasdecl arednull
andvoidaf t
ert he pr
ocl
amat i
on 
ofMar it
alLaw i
n1958t heconst i
tuti
onof
1962 was thrown awaywi ththe marti
allaw “
of1969 in 1973,anot her
const
it
ution was f r
amed f or t he country whi ch has been
amended several
 ti
mes.

►LANGUAGEPROBLEM:

Another problem was about t he nati

onal l
anguage 
Quaid-
e-Azam  sol
ved
thi
s probl
em  bydeclari
ng Urduasnat i
onallanguagebutm 1952,EastPaki stanis
wanted Bengali
 asanat ionall
anguagewithUrdu.Khawaj
aNazi muddinrej
ectedt hei
r
demand.Thi sled 
to cl
ashesbetween and governmenti
n EastPunjab,resulting i
n
several 
kil
l
ings.Inf
luencedbyt hi
sepisode,BengaliandUrdugotequalr anksunder
1956 constit
uti
on.
►PAKHTOONI
STANMOVEMENT:

Int hewest ern wing ofPakistan,Pakhtoonistan,speaking Pushto,

 l
ed byt he
frontierGandhiGhaf farKhan,atthev eryoutsetrai
seda  quest
iondemandi ng 
them a
nat i
onwi thin Paki
stan. 
Themov ementhadabacki ngofI ndia 
and Af
ghanrulers.Atthis
point ,Paki
st aninfactattimesfounddiffi
cul
ttokeep  good rel
ati
onswithAfghanistanA
referendum washel dinfronti
erprovi
ncei nwhicht he peopledecidedtor emainwi th
Paki stan.Quai d-
e-Azam dismissedDr,KhanSahi b(br ot
herofGhat farKhan)congr ess
mi nded cabinetandi nstal
l
edKhanAbdul Qayy
um Khani nhisplace.

►DEATHOFQUAl
D-E-
AZAM:

Despite allthe problems and di

ff
icul
ti
es beset the infant state,Paki st
an
conti
nued t o mar ch under the abl
e and dy namicl eader
shi p of Quai d-
e-Azam.
Predomi nantposit
ionofQuaid-e-
Azam wasasour ceofstrengt
hf orPakistan.Hisdeath
ofSep 11,1948 wasagr eatlossto Pakist
an.I tlef
tgap t oo bigt o bef il
led i
n
by hi
s successors.

►THEI
NDUSBASI
NWATERDI
SPUTE:

TheInduswaterBasi
ndisput
ehadit
sor
igi
ninthepar
ti
ti
onofPunj
abItbr
okei
nto
t
heopenonApr i
l1,1948,whenEastPunj
abI
nIndi
acutoffthef
lowofcanalwat
erto
westPunj
abinPakistan.

Theshar ingoft hewat eroftheIndussy stem hasbeenamat terofdisputeformany

years bet
weenPaki st
anandI ndi
aandl ateroni tbecameani nternati
onalissue.The
disputeexi stedbet weent hetwount ilat reat
ygov erningtheuseoft hewat ersof
the Indussy stem ofr iver
senti
tl
ed“ theI nduswat ertreat
y1960"wasconcl udedon
Sep  14,i
nKar achibetweenJawaharlalNehr uandAy ubKhan.Thet r
eatyall
ocatedthe
wat ersofther iver
s.

Paki
stan:
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-I
ndus,
Jhel
um andChenab

I
ndi
a: 
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-Rav
i,BeasandSut
luj

OBJECTI
VE 
RESOLUTI
ON

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Soon af ter t he i ndependence of Paki st

an, di ff
erent ci rcl
es of publ i
c
started speculating 
about 
the shape oft he future consti
tuti
on ofPaki stan.Some
preferredPakist antobeasecul arstatewhi l
eont heotherhandt hereli
giousl obbywas
desper atel
yt r
y i
ngt oconvertPakist
ani ntoat heocrati
cstatecont r
aryt othepr ofessed
i
deal sofQuai d-eAzam.Somepol i
ti
calleaderswer e i
n f
avorofast rongcent r
ewhi lethe
others want ed compl et
e autonomy f ort he pr ovi
nces up t o t
he extent 
ofmaki ng
Pakistanaconf ederati
on.
In order tor esolv
e al
lt hese contr
oversies,the fir
st maj or step was taken by
consti
tuti
on assemblyon 7 March1949,wheni tpassedt her esoluti
onont heaims&
the 
object
ivesoftheconst i
tuti
onpopul ar
ityknownast heobj ect
ives“resol
uti
on”.I
tlai
d
downt he 
broadprincipl
esofconst i
tut
ion& polit
iesi
nPaki stan.

SALI
ENTFEATURES:

1.All
ahi st hesupr emesov ereign&sov er eigntybelongst ohim.  
Itwi llli
ewi tht he
peopleasasacr edt r
ustofAl l
ah.
2.Thest at eshallex ercisei tspower&aut hority
,thr
ough thechosen  r epresentatives
ofthepeopl es.
3.The principl
es ofdemocr acy ,fr
eedom,equal i
ty, 
tol
erance & soci aljust i
ce as
enunciat edbyI slam wi ll becompl etel
yadher edto.
4.Musl i
msshal lbeenabl ingt oevol
vet heirl i
vesindivi
duallyaswel lascol lecti
vely
accordingt ot het eachi ngsoft heholyQur an&Sunnah.
5.Minoritieswoul dbepr otect ed&woul dbet opr of
ess&pr act
icet heir.
6.Pakistan  wi
llbeaf eder ationwher epr ovinceswi l
lenjoyaut onomyi nconf ormi t
y
tonational unity&i nt
er est .
7.Adequat e prov i
si ons shal lbe made t o 
safeguard t
he l egiti
mat ei nterests
of 
backwar dar eas&depr essedclasses.
8.Allt
hebasi crightswi l
l grant edtothepeopl eofPakistan.
9.Judici
ar ywi l
lbef ul l&Independent .

CRI
TICI
SM:

The obj ect

ives 
resol
uti
on 
despi
te sev
eraldist
ingui
shed f
eatures 
was subject
ed
to 
some cri
ti
cism bysev er
alschools ofthought& polit
icalleaders whi
ch can be
summarized as f
oll
ows:

●I
tmi
xed 
uppol
i
tieswi
thr
eli
gion.

●I
treducedt
hemi
nor
it
iest
othest
atusofser
fs.

●I
tfai
l
edt
ochanget
hebasi
cst
ruct
ureoft
hecount
ry.

●I
tal
l
owedt
hest
atet
oint
erf
erei
ntheper
sonal
aff
air
soft
hepeopl
e.

Theseobj
ecti
onswerelevel
edagai
nsttheobject
ivesresol
utionsbyt
hosemember
s
whowerebasi
cal
lycongr
essremi
nded 
& bel
ongedtoopposit
ion.

SI
GNIFI
CANCE:The signif
icance ofobj
ect
ives r
esol
uti
on can be anal
ysed i
nthe
st
atementofLi
aquatAl
iKhan.

RESOLUTI
ON 
SAI
D:

“
Iti
sthemosti
mpor
tantoccasi
oni
nthel
i
feoft
hecount
ry,nexti
nimpor
tance
onlytotheachi
evementofindependence”
.Thef
oll
owi
ngaspect
soft
heobj
ect
ives
resol
uti
ongav
ethehist
ori
cal
signi
fi
cancetoit
.

1.itwast hef i
rstconcr eteef forttof ramet hef i
rst const i
tution ofPakistan.
2.Itembodi edt hebasi cI slami cpr ov isions.
3.The f undament al,soci al,economi c& pol it
icalr ightsoft he peopl e wer e
guar anteed.
4.Ther i
ght sofmi noriti
eswer epr ot ect ed.
5.Itsolvedt heol ddisput ebet weenmoder nism & Islami sm.
6.Itgav ef ederal gover nment .
7.Itguar anteedt heindependenceofj udi ciary.
8.Ittrulyreflectedt hepopul araspi rat ionsoft hemov ement .
9.Itfinallychangedt hescopeofanyi sm,whi chcomesi ntodi r
ector  i
ndirect
conf l
ictwi ththepr inci plesofI slam, foradopt i
oni nPaki stan.
10.
It 
tell
sust hatPaki stanwoul dmaket hef ullcont r
ibut i
ont owar dsinternational
peace&pr ogr ess&happi nessoft he  humani t
y.
11.
It 
i
ssomewhat  I
jma- i
-ummat  
whi chcannotber ebut ted.
12.
Bot hthepar tsofPaki st anagr eedont heobj ectiver esolution & t
hecr editgoes
tot hepr emi erLiaquatAl i Khanaccor ding toJust i
ceJawai dIqbal.
13.
Obj ecti
v eresol uti
oni samodem I jt
ihadwhi ch was  testi
fiedbyt henat ion&t he
nationhadconf i
denceov erit.

CONCLUSI
ON:

Objecti
ves resoluti
on isav er
yv i
taldocument .Itsi mpor
tance can be
seen 
fr
om  t
hef actthatithasbeenmadet hepr eambletoal
lthe keyst
one i
nthearch
of 
our 
pol
icy.I
t al
somadet het
askofconstit
utionmakingeasi
er.The1973constit
uti
on
goestofurtherextentofmaki ngobj
ecti
vesr esolut
ionnotmerelyapr eambl
ebutan
i
ntegr
al 
partof 
it.

(
NATI
ONALRESOURCES)

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Naturalresourcesaret heinval uabl

egil
tbest owedbyAl l
ahto acountryplayan
i
mpor tantrolei neconomi cdev el
opmentt heypr ovi
deast ablebasef orerecti
ngt he
formidableedi f
iceofcountry'
seconomy .Theav ail
abil
ityoftheseresourcesisnott he
onlyf actwhi chi simportant,
 but 
act uall
y,t
hepr oper use&expl oit
ati
on ofthenatur al
resourcesav ail
ablefornationaldev elopmentist he r
ealendeav our
.Theav ail
abil
it
yof
naturalresour ces,t
heirpr
operuse&expl oit
ati
on,helpt henati
onsgreatl
yinov er
comi ng
thei
reconomi cpr obl
ems&assi stthem t opasstheirdev el
opmentstagessmoot hl
y.

TYPESOFNATI
ONALRESOURCES:

For
est
s mi
ner
als&ener
gyresour
cesarenottheonlygif
tsofnatur
e,ani
mals,
l
and&manpowermayal
sobei
ncl
udedinnat
uralr
esour
ces.Cl
i
mat eofacer
tai
nregi
on
canalsobe incl
uded i
nthel i
stofnat
uralresour
cesbecausei
tgreat
lyhel
psincr
eat
ing
suit
ablewor ki
ng condi
ti
ons &thusprovidesopportuni
ti
estotheindivi
dual
stofull
y
exploi
tthenatur
al r
esources.

NATURALRESOURCES 
OF 
PAKI
STAN:

Paki
stani
sgreat
lyendowedbythenatur
ewi t
hvastquali
tyofnat
uralr
esources,
buttheseresour
ceshavenot 
beenf
ull
yuti
li
zed.ThegovernmentofPaki
stanhastaken
adequatemeasurest
oexploret
hehi
ddenresources&tofull
yut
il
izet
hem.

76

1.MI
NERAL 
RESOURCES:

Pakist
an possesses  a large v ari
ety of mi nerals some of whi ch hav e
substantial
 r
esour ces & 
qui
te 
a few ar
e ofhigh quali
ty.Thegov ernmenthast aken a
number of  steps t
o exploit t he count r
y’s mineral 
potenti
al. Semi-
autonomous
corporati
onsundert heministr
yofpet r
oleum & naturalresourceshavebeenset up.
Among t hese ar et he Pakist
an dev elopmentcor porat
ion (PMDC) ,the resour ce
dev el
opment  (
RDC)  & 
thegeologicalsurv
eyofPaki stan(GSP) .Somepr i
nci
plemi ner al
resourcesofPaki stanare:

●CHI
NACLAY:
 
Gwat
, 
Makand,
Hzar
a,Kl
abaga 
&Mi
nwal
a.

●I
RONORE:
chi
tr
al,
 
Saker
ar& 
Msl
i
m bagh.

●CHROMI
TE:
 
Jhang,
 
Chaghi
,Khar
an&Ml
akand.

●COPPER:
 
Chaghi
&Sai
ndak.

●GYPSUM:
Jhel
um,
Dir
,Dgh,
Sibbi
,Dadu,
Kohat
 & 
Queet
a.

●SULPHUR:
 
Wah,
Chaghi
,Rohr
i,Dawoodkhel
,Mar
dan& 
Kai
pur
.

●MARBLE:
 
Naushehr
a,Swat
,Hazar
a & 
Khy
ber
.

●SOAP-
STONE:
Kushal
i
,Mkar
wal
&Khor
a.

About42 mi neral
s ar
e being ext
ract
ed in Paki
stan.
 Gov
ernmenthas 
for
mulat
ed a
nati
onalmi neralexpl
oit
ati
on pr
ogrammed  (
NMEP). 
Asiandevel
opmentbank(ADB)is
provi
ding 
aid 
toexploi
tthemineral
 r
esources.

2.POWER 
ENERGY 
RESOURCES:

●( COAL)
: 
iti
soneoft heimpor
tant
 ener
gy  
sour
cesi nPaki
stan.Coalmi
ning
beganin 
theareaspr
esent
lyi
nPakistan.
 Thecoal 
areaofourcountrymai
nly
occur
redinsedi
ment
aryr
ocksoft
ert
iar
yage.Thecoalf
oundi
nourcount
ryi
sof
i
nferi
or.

Qual
i
ty,cont
aininghi
gh 
quali
tyof
 ash 
& l
owheatval
uesulphur
.Iti
smostl
yused
i
nbri
ck-making,li
me-
burni
ngkil
ns,andrail
wayengi
nes 
& f
ordomesti
cpur
poses
aswell
.

●( CRIDEOI L):Pakistani sgreatl

yendowedoi ldeposits.Thef i
rsteff
ortt oexplore
oil
,int hisr egi
on,wasmadei n1868wheni twasdr ill
ednearmi anwali,Pakistan
got fouroi lproducingf ieldsatthetimeofi ndependence.Nowt heproduct i
onof
oilfiel
dshasgr eatl
yincr easedduet odiscov ery&dev el
opmentofnew  oi
lfi
elds.
Theoi l
 & gasdev elopmentcor porat
ionsetupi n1961( ogdc)hasef f
ici
ent l
y
carried out dr il
li
ng f or oi l
 & 
gas r esources besi des ogdc,some pr ivate
compani es are also expl ori
ng oilint he count ry
.Paki stan isfaced wi t
ha
serious problem of r efi
ning of t he i ndigenous oi l out put.
Three refinery l
td (
Kar achi),
 
& at t
ock 
refiner
y ofcr ude oi l
-bei
ng dril
led in our
count r
y .

●( NATURAL GAS) : 
nat
uralgas was di
scov ered i
n Sui(Baluchi
stan)in 1952
duri
ngdril
l
ingf oroil
.Addit
ionalgasf i
eldscamet oli
ghtduringtestdri
ll
ingat
Khankot
,Pirkoh,Toot,Mari
,Dhulian 
& Meyalet c.nat
uralgasfoundi nPakist
an
hasahighmet hane.Suii
sthebiggestgasfieldintheworl
d.

●( FORESTS) :
 forestspl ayani mpor t
antr ol
eint heeconomyofacount ry.They
notonl ypr ov i
depi nber ,
 Fir
e-wood,medi calherbsbutal soprov i
deav it
alsuppor t
tor egulatet he suppl yofwat ersint he rivers.Theyal so sustain country’
s
Wildli
fe & prov i
deunl i
mi tedr ecreati
onalfacil
it
ies.Unfortunatel
y,inPakistanonly
5%ar eaoft otalcul t
ivatedlandi sunderf or
ests.Itistool i
mi t
ed what 
compar ed
withthe totall andar ea.Thegov ernmenthasbeenmaki ngeffortstoincreasethe
areaaswel last oimpr ovethepr oduct
ivit
yunderasy st
emat icmanagement .The
fr
esh dev elopment cor poration was set up  i
n 1976.  
The cor porati
on
l
aunches  dif f
er ent 
‘LOKPORESTRY’pr ogramswi ththesol eaimt omot ivatethe
peopleatl ar get obr i
ngmax imum l andundercul tiv
ati
on.

●( CLIMATE) :locatedonatgr eatland-mass,nor thoft ropi

cofcancer ,Pakist
an
has a cont i
nent alt ype ofcl i
mat e characterized by ext r
eme v ari
ati
ons of
temper at
ure.Thear easclosertothesnowcov erednor ther
nmount ainsar ecold
wher easthet emper atur
eofmi l
d & souther
nr egi onsishoti nsummer  & col
di n
winters.Thecount ryi sonthemar ginofmonsooncl i
mat e.Ther ainfal
lisbarely
suffi
cient&t husi tpossessesadr yclimate.Duet ot hedi ver
sityofcl i
mat ea
l
arge  v
ari
etyofcr opsi s 
culti
vatedbal anci
ngt heagr i
cul t
uraleconomyoft he
count r
y.

●(SOIL):ThesoilsofPakistanbelongtodrygrouphav i
ngahi gh propor
ti
on of
cal
cium carbonat
e & 
aredefi
cienti
norgani
cmatter.Theyaregenerallyf
ert
il
edue
tot
heext ensiv
euseofi r
ri
gati
onofwat er
sinsomepar tsof 
canali
rrigat
ionlands
 ar
easwi
th‘
thur
’&‘
kal
l
ar’
aref
ound.

●( ANI MALS) : 
Paki stan is also ri
ch 1n animal  
resour ces.The wat ers ar
ound
Karachi arer i
chwi thsea- food & 
areconsi
der edt obe  someoft hebestf i
shing
groundsoft hewor ldl obsters,shri
mps,sharks,dolphins&ot heraquat i
cli
feexi st
i
npl ent y
.Innor ther nar eas,therearemajesticMar co pol osheep,Siber i
ani bex,
bluesheep, snowl eopar d,brown & bl
ackHimal ayanbearj ackal
s,fox,wildcat s&
repti
les.The bi rd popul ati
on shows a rich v ar
iety
. Ther e ar
e over100 mai n
speciesofr esidentbi rds,ofwhi chmanysing.Thewat er sofIndusRi v
ersust aina
ri
cht reasureofwat erbirds.

●( MANPOWER) :thetotallabor 
forcein thecount r
y,est
imat edin1988-89was
31 mill
ion.Accordi
ng tol aborf orcesur vey( LFS)theunempl oymentratein
count r
ywas3. 31%.Inthecount rysigni
ficantmemberofempl oyedpeoplework
forlesst han35hour s 
& thusat enotf ull
yempl oy
ed.Ifthesef igur
esarealso
taken i nt
o account then about 14% ar e 
unempl oy
ed. 
Like many developi
ng
count r
ies,the employment  
str
uct ur
e i
n Paki stan islargely based on self-
empl oyment,par
ti
cul
ar l
yinruralareas.

THEAGRI
CULTURE:

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Agr
icult
ureist
hepr e-
domi nantsect orintheeconomyofPakistan.I
tcontri
butes
about30%t o t
hecount r
y’sGDP, providesempl oymentto50%ofthelaborfor
cesand
alsoforms70%oft he exportcomi ngs.Itisthesour ceofl
ivel
i
hood,di
rectl
yorindir
ectl
y,
forabout70%oft heruralpopulation.Itprovidesfoodforourever
ygrowingpopulati
on,
andrawmat er
ial
formostofouri ndust r
ies.

Despitei
tspiv
ot al
importancei
nthecountr
y’seconomy,ourcount
ryhasnotbeen
abl
et o achi
eve sel
f-suf
fi
ciency i
n agri
cul
tur
alcommodi ti
es.These arev ar
iet
y of
obst
aclesintheway ofagri
cult
uredevel
opmentinPakist
an.

PROBLEMSOF 
AGRI
CULTURE

a)Fi
nanci
alPr
obl
ems

Thefi
nanci
alpr
obl
emshav
epr
ovedt
o be 
ast
umbl
i
ngbl
ocki
nthewayofachi
evi
ng
t
arget
.

i
) I
nadequat
eAl
l
ocat
ions

Governmentallocati
ons forthe agri
cult
uralsect
orare cont
inuousl
y
decli
ning.Int hesecond 5years 
plantheall
ocati
onwas51.8% buti nthe
seventh5y earpl
an(89-94)i
thasbeenreducedto8.2%onl
y.
 i
i
) Pr
ici
ngPol
i
cy

Thesuppor
tpri
cesofwheat/basmat
iri
ce,cot
tonandsugarcanehas
beenfi
xedmuchlowert
hani
tcost
sthegr
owers.

i
i
i) Rur
alCr
edi
t

Thebul kofr uralcreditgoestobigfor

mers(Zami ndars)becameofnormal
cr
it
eriaoffinancialinsti
tuti
onsandi nthi
swaysmal lfarmersaredi
scouraged
whichadverselyaffecttheirproduct
ionandef
fi
ciency .

b)Resour
ceDev
elopmentPr
obl
ems

i
. Wat
erPr
obl
em.

Duetothescarci
tyofwat er
,mill
ionsofhect
orsofcul
ti
vabl
elandi
ssti
ll
l
yi
ngbarreninBaluchi
stan,Thar,Choli
stanandNort
hWesternandWester
n
mountai
nranges.

Thecanalnet workofI ndusBasi nist hebi ggesti nthewor l

dbut ,isnot
beingut i
lizi
ngpr operl
yandef f
ecti
vely.The19%oft heav ail
ablewateri slost
duringconv ey ancefrom canalheadst owat ercourseheads;anot her22% i s
l
osti ndi stri
but i
onfrom watercourseheadst ofarmer s.Tubewel l
sareusedi n
40%ar east osuppl ywat ert
oar easwher ecanalwat eri snotav ai
l
able.Butwe
aref acingpr oblemsi nthisregardalsoduet ofinancialdiff
icul
ti
esinoper ating
mai ntaining tube wel l
si n public sector,low ef f
iciency in pr
ivate sector
becauseofhi ghcostsandhi ghratesoff uelandt heshor t
ageofelectri
city.

i
i
) Fl
oods

Floodsareresponsi
bleforheavylossesofst
andi
ngcropsandfer
ti
li
tyof
l
and.Theircausesar epoormai nt
enanceofbunds,lackoffloodcanal
s,
i
neff
ici
entf
loodinfor
mation,heav
yrai
nswi t
hnodrai
nagesyst
em.

i
i
i) Sal
i
nit
yandWat
er 
Loggi
ng

Theexcessofsal tint heupperlay

erofsoi liscal ledsalini
ty.Thewater
l
oggi ngiscausedwhent heconti
nuouspr esenceofsal twat er
,closetothe
surfaceplugsupt hepor esoft heupperl ayeroft hesoi landcheckst he
atmosphericai rt
or eacht herootsofthepl ants.Wat erloggingandsal i
nit
y
retardsthegr owthofpl antsanddecr easet hey i
eld.InPaki stan,themain
causesar eseepageofwat erfr
om canalswhi chr aisest hewat ertabl
e,no
drainagesystem i
nirri
gatedareasandcont i
nuousov erirr
igati
onoflands.

WAPDA,i
sear
ly603hadl
aunchedCSARPI
 pr
ogr
ammet
ocur
bthet
win
menace.
 i
v) Er
osi
onofSoi
l

Theupper  
17-20cm l
ay erofsur faceoflandisr esponsibl
ef orfer
til
it
yof
l
andandi sknownassoi l
.Itcontainsnutri
entsessent i
alforplantgrowth.If
thi
ssoiliserodedbyai rorwat er,itmakest helandinferti
l
e.In Paki
stan, 
the
Dir
ector
atesofSoi lConservati
onar eatwork,yettheproblem i
snotov ercome
completel
y. Ther e is st i
ll a need t o cont rol soil erosion caused
by 
deforestat
ion,
 
dryweat hers,whichandwat er.

c)Agr
icul
tur
al 
Input
sPr
obl
ems

i
) Fer
ti
li
zer
s

Thedef iciencyofnut r
ient
slikenitr
ogen, sulphat
es,phosphate, potassium,
etci nourl andbecauseofsemi -
ari
dt ropicalcli
mat eisf i
ll
edbyt heuse
of f
erti
lizers r
eplenishes of the f er
ti
li
ty of soi l
. But t he f armer s are
facing problems becauseoft her educti
onofgov ernmentsubsi dies,inabil
ity
to suppl y adequat e quanti
ty ofwat er,lack oft he dosage i nfor
mat ion,
shor t
ageoff ert
il
izersandincr
easei npri
cesduet oblackmar ket
ing.

i
i
) Seeds

Improv
edv ari
etiesofseedsareneeded 
toget 
thebet
terr
esponseand
maximum yiel
d.Butinourcount
ry,moder
nmethodssuchascr
oss-br
eedi
ng
et
caresti
llunconventi
onal
.

i
i
i) Pl
antPr
otect
ion(
Pest
ici
des)

Pestsanddi seasesarer esponsibl

ef or20-
30% l
ossofy i
eld.Wehave
fai
ledtocontrolthem becauseofbi gcostsofpest
ici
desandbecauseof
unawarenessofthemaj ori
tyoff armers,thepr
opermethodofappli
cat
ion,
dosageandfrequencyofsprays.

d)Mechani
zat
ionPr
obl
ems

Mechanizati
onhelpsagr eatdeali nsowingandhar v
estingofcropsina
ver
yshortspanoft i
meandt husreducespost -
harvestlosses.AlthoughADBPpr ovi
des
l
oansforpurchaseoftractor
sandi nstall
ati
onoft ubewel l
sy etaccordingtoanesti
mate,
onl
yonepercent(1%)t rader
sarebei ngusedi n Bal
odaistan. 
Themai nhurdl
eintheway
ofmechani
zationishi
ghcost softechnol ogy.

e)Soci
alPr
obl
ems

Therear
ecertai
nsocialprobl
emswhicharehi
nder
ingthedev el
opmentof
agr
icul
tur
e sect
or.Due t
oi ll
i
ter
acyf armersfai
lto gett
imel
yi nf
ormation and are
i
gnorantaboutthenew technol
ogies.Bestuseofseeds,fer
ti
li
zers,pesti
cides,et
c,
becomesdif
fi
cultf
orthem.Ther
eareothersocialproblemsliker
uralpover
ty,
hadhealt
h
condi
ti
ons,i
nadequat
eandexpensivetransportsystem,lackoff ar
mt omar ketr
oads,
expl
oit
ati
onbythemiddleman,outdat
edmar kettrends,whichaf
fectthesyst
em.

f
)Inadequat
eAgr
i-
Educat
ion

Noeducationaboutagr i
cultur
egi v
enatsecondarylevel
.Atgraduat
elevel
,thesy
ll
abus
i
stheor
eticalratherthanpracti
cal.
 Ther
e ar
einadequatefundsforr
esear
chinthefi
eld.
Theagr
icultur
e univer
sit
ies 
arelessinnumber.

FI
NDI
NGANDRECOMMENDATI
ON

1.LANDREORMS:

I
nspi
teofthreelandref
ormsi n1959,
1972and1977,bi
gl andl
ordsar
e
sti
lli
ndefectspossessi
onoft housandsofacresoflandpr
oblem shoul
dbe
assessedafr
eshandreformsshouldbeimpl
emented.

2.RESOURSE 
DEVELOPMENT:

Governmentshoul
d beembar kprojectsforthedevel
opmentoft hr
ee
vi
tal
 natur
al 
resour
ces-
for
est
,wat erand land.Aer i
alphot
ogr
aphy shoul
d be
carr
iedout t
ocheckthewastageofwat
erofI ndus.

3.TOPREVENTWATERLOGGI
NGANDSLANI
TY:

Sal
i
nit
ycont
rol
andr
ecl
amat
ionpr
oject
 (
SCARP)

Li
ningofcanal

Useofgy
psum

4.AGRLTECHNOLOCY:

Genet
ic 
engi
neer
ing

5.PLANTSPROTECTI
ON:

Pest
ici
desandseeds

6.CREDI
TSANDSUBSI
DIES:

Fi
nance 
assi
stance

I
mpor
tofmachi
ner
y
 7.FERTI
LIZERS:

Bet
tersoci
alcondi
ti
ons

FEDERALI
SM I
NPAKI
STAN

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

I
naf eder
alsyst
em  ofgov er
nment ,t
hepower soft hegov er
nmentaredi vi
ded
betweent hegov er
nmentf ort hewhol ecount r
yand gov ernmentsforpartsoft he
countryi nsuchawayt hateachgov ernmentislegall
yindependentinit
sownspher e.
Thegov ernmentforthewhol ecount ryhasits 
ownar eaofpower sanditexercisesits
authori
tywi t
houtanycont rolfrom t hegov ernmentsoft he 
const
it
uentparts of
 t
he
country,and  t
hese 
l
aterint ur
n exercise 
thei
rpower swi t
houtbeingcontrol
l
edbyt he
centralgov er
nmentNeitherissubordinatetoother,bot
h ar
ecoor di
nat
e.

Af
tert
he emergenceofPakistanasanindependentst
ate,t
herel
ationbet
ween
the cent
erand prov
inces 
in one ofthe mostcomplicat
ed i
ssue and chal
l
enge i
n
Paki
stanpoli
ti
cs.

AFEDERATI
ON:

Afederalstateisonei nwhi chanumberofcoor dinatestatesunit

ef oracer t
ain
commonpur pose.Si milarl
y,Pakistanwasal so consti
tuted whenMusl i
msmaj ori
ty
areasofI ndoPaki stansub- conti
nentwer elimit
edt o for
m asi ngl
est ate.Itwasa
feder
ationuniquei nits 
charactersinceitwas establ
ished int
henameofI slam.After
nineyearsofstal
emat eandwast ageoftime,t
hepopul ati
ongott heirf
ir
stconst i
tut
ionin
1956,whichenv i
sagedaf eder
alsystem ofgovernment.

Pr
ovi
nci
alAut
onomyandConst
it
uti
onsofPaki
stan

1956constit
utionpr ovedtobeshor tl
ivedandaf tertwoyear
sofi t
sexistence
mart
iall
awwaspr oclaimed.Thesecondconst i
tutionof1962alsoest
abl
ishedaf ederal
sy
stem ofgover
nment .ButAy ub’
sauthori
tari
anr ulemadeitdif
fi
cul
ttorunthecountr y
i
nthetruespi
ri
toffeder al
ism, asaresul
tofwhi chtheeasternWhigwasseparat
edf r
om
wester
n,duet
ogr owingr esentmentin1971.

Thenpeopl ewer epr esent edanew const itut

ionof1973.Thi sconstituti
onal so,
l
ikethepr evioust woconst i
tuti
ons,pr ov
edf 0rt heest ablishmentofaf eder alform of
government .Int hi
sconst i
tution,whi chwasendor sedbyal lt hemajorpol
iti
calpar t
iesof
thetime,anef fortwasmadet ocr eat
eandst rikeanunder standi
ngbetweent heunits,
i
.e.
,thepr ovincesandt hecent ralgovernment.Thej udiciar ywasgiventhepowert o
sett
ledi sputesar isi
ngbet weent hecentreandt hepr ov i
nces,aCounci lofCommon
Int
erest s(CCl)wer eformed, andmostofal l
compr ehensi vel i
stsofpowersoft hecent r
e
andt hepr ovinceswer epr ovidedf or.Ont hefaceofi tt heconst it
uti
oncreatedani deal
str
uct uralfr
amewor kforthewor kingofasuccessf ulfeder alsy st
em.
 Howev er
,hist
oryISwit
nesst ot hefactt
hattherunni
ngandmanagi ngofthe
federalsy
stem hasnotbeenwithouttr
oublesandcent
reprovi
ncerelati
onshi
phasqui
te
oftenremainedtenseforoner
easonort heother
.Ther
earecertai
nlysomesnagsinour
system whichhampert hesmoot h,cordi
alandharmoniouswor kingofthefederal
arrangement.

CausesofCent
rePr
ovi
nceConf
li
ct:

i
. StrongCentre:Whichinfr
ingesonprovinci
al autonomy
i
i
. Economi c Dispar
ity
:Economi c disparit
y bet ween centr
e and provi
nces
di
st r
ibut
ionoffunds/r evenue/t
extil
e.
i
i
i. Distr
ibut
ionofSubjects:Theconsti
tuti
onpr ovidesthr
eeli
stsofsubj
ects.

i
. Feder
alli
st
i
i
. Provi
nci
alli
st
i
i
i. Concurr
entli
st

The f ederaland concur r

ent- li
sts ar e so  exhausti
ve t
hathar dl
y  
any
i
mpor tantmat terhasbeenkeptbey ondt heirscope.Ont hesubjectsenumer at
edint he
concurrentlist
,bothf ederalaswellaspr ovinci
allegi slatureshav ethepower stoenact.
Incaseofi nconstancy,theenactmentoff ederallegi slaturewi l
lprevai
lasamat terof
factcentrehascompl etecont r
olont hese.iv.Popul ationAr eaFact or:Accordi
ngtot he
Punjab’spoi ntofv i
ew t hedistr
ibution ofpower s/f undsshoul d bebased on t he
populati
on.Thepopul ati
onofPunj abi s58%.Ont heot herhandBal uchist
ancompr i
ses
of46%oft otalareaofPaki stan,mostofwhi chisbackwar d.Ther ef
oreitsuggeststhat
whiledistr
ibuti
ngf unds,theareafactorshoul dalsobet akeni ntoconsiderati
on.

4.DI
STRI
BUTI
ONOFTAX-
COLLECTI
ON:

AccordingtoSindh’
sviewpoi
nt,
 distr
ibution 
ofr ev
enuecollect
edshouldbe
doneaccordingtothesizeoftaxescollect
edf r om eachprov
incebecausemost
oftheindustri
al 
uni
tsarebasedinKar achi;thereforeSindhi
s contr
ibut
ing 
more
thananyotherprovi
nce.

5.ROYALI
TYOFPROJECTS:

Constr
ucti
onofKalabaghDam andr oyalt
yofTer bel
adam hasbeenbone
ofcontent
ion between N.W.F.P.
 and the federat
ion.Royal
ty ofSuigas is
al
so 
demandedbyt heBaluchi
stanpr ov
ince.

6.NEGLI
GENCETOPROMOTEHARMONYTHROUGHRELI
GION:

Rel
i
gioussect
ari
ani
sm

7.I
NADEQUATE 
JUDCARY:
 Theset
tl
edi
sput
esbet
weencent
reand 
prov
inces

POWERSOF 
PRESI
DENT

1.PROCLAMATI
ON 
OF 
EMERGENCY:

Accordingt oar
ti
cle232of  
constit
uti
on presi
dentisempoweredtodeclare
by proclamat i
on of 
emergency,t hat a gr
ave emergency exi
sts wher
eby t he
securi
tyofPaki stan i
st hr
eatened bywarori nter
naldisor
der.Duri
ng such
emergency ,federallegi
slat
ure shallhav ethe power sto make laws on the
provi
ncialsubjects.

2.FI
NANCI
ALEMERGENCY:

Accor
ding to ar
ti
cle 234,if 
the presidentf eelst
hateconomiclif
e or
fi
nanci
alstabil
it
yofcountryoranypar tis t
hreat ened,hemaypr
oclaimfi
nancial
emergency.Dur i
ng such emer gency federation can gi
ve di
rect
ions t
ot he
prov
incestoobservepri
ncipl
esofpr opr
iety.

GENERAL 
ATMOSPHEREOFDI
STRUSTAMONGUNI
TS:

1.I
MPLEMENTATI
ONPROBLEM:

Overt
he y
ears,
 
ithasbeenobservedthatfederalgovernmenthasbeen
r
eluct
anttogivetheprovi
ncest
heirdueconst
itut
ionalshare.I
thasnotful
fil
led
i
tscertai
nobli
gati
onse.g.meeti
ng ofN.
F.C.andcounci lofcommoni nt
erests
(
C.C.l
).

Thefor
mationofnat
ionalfi
nancecommissi
onatanint
erv
alof5y
ear
sis
r
equi
redunderar
ti
cle160butitcoul
dnotbehel
df r
om 
1974-
91.

2.REMEDI
ES:

Butitdoesn’
tdeeplythatt
hedaysoff
ederali
sm inPakist
anarenumbered
orar e over
. I
twasandst il
lremainst
hemostappr opr
iateandperhapsthei
deal
system t orunt heaff
air
soft hestat
e.I
tisonl
yt hatcertai
nconcret
estepsare
requiredtobet aken.

Di
str
ibut
ion 
ofsubj
ect
s:

Concur
rentl
i
stshoul
dber
educed.

Appoi
ntmentofgov
ernor
:

Itshould be elect
ed fr
om the pr
ovi
nci
alassembl
yinst
ead ofhav
ing been
appoi
ntedby 
thefederalgover
nment
.
Fi
nanci
alaut
onomy
:

Themeet
ingofNFC:

Regul
armeet
ingsofcounci
lofcommoni
nter
est
s:

Repeal
 
emer
gency
:

Banonsepar
ati
stmov
ement
:

Banonar
med 
rel
i
gious 
group:

I
SLAMI
ZATI
ON 
INPAKI
STAN

I
NTRODUCTI ON: Ther easonlateroftheemer genceofPakist anwas  t
he  I
ndianMusl i
ms’
desiretopreserve&  fosterI
slamicv alues.Itismaintai
nedt he implici
t 
int hedemandf or
thePakistanwast hedemandofanI slami cstate.Pakideologyi sbasedont hei dealsof
I
sl am whichmeanst hatPakistanwoul dbeanI sl
amicst at e 
drawingi ts 
inspirati
ons
from the princi
pl es ofHol y Quran Sunnah.The peopl e ofPaki st
an  would hav e an
oppor t
uni
tyto li
vet heirli
vesaccor di
ngt ot heirfai
th&creedbasedon  I
slamicpr i
nciple.
Theywoul dhav er esourcesatt heirdisposalt oenhanceI slamiccul ture& civil
izati
on
becauseitwast hesoulpur poseofdemandi ngasepar atehomel and forthe Muslims of
i
ndo- Paki
stan.

QUAID’S VI
EWS:Itismybeli
eft
hatoursalv
at i
onliesi
nf ol
lowi
ngt hegoldenr
ulesof
conductsetforusbyourowngr eatl
aw given,theProphet(P.
B.U.H),l
etuslaythe
foundati
onofourdemocr
acyont
hebasisoftr
ulyIslami
cideals&pri
ncipl
es".

Quai
d-e-
Azam’sv iews on f
uture const
it
uti
on of Paki
stan ar
e cl
ear
ly gi
ven i
n
t
he f
oll
owingspeechwhenhesaid:

I
slam &i
tsi
deal
i
sm hast
aughtt
heMusl
i
ms

Democr
acyi
thast
aughtt
heequal
i
tyofman,

Just
ice,
fai
rpl
ayt
oev
ery
body
.Paki
snotgoi
ng

Tobeat
heocr
ati
cst
ate.I
’
m sur
ethatt
hef
utur
e

Const
it
uti
onof
 Paki
stan 
woul
dbedemocr
ati
cambo

-
dyi
ngt
heessent
ial
pri
nci
plesofI
slam"
.

EFFORTS 
TO 
ISLAMZEPAKI
STAN:

Fr
om t
hev
erybegi
nni
ng,ourf
oundi
ng f
ail
urest
ri
ed t
hei
rbestt
o gi
vean I
slami
c
constit
ution tot he country.
 The f
ir
st great 
step towards such consti
tut
ion was
“obj
ectivesresolution”.I
t 
wasmov edbythethen P.M Li
aquatAlikhani
ntheconsti
tuent
assembl yon 7th mar ch1949 &waspassedwi thoutanyopposi ti
on.I
nthisresol
ution
God’ssov erei
gntywasr ecogni
zedov erwholeuni ver
se.Pri
nci
pleofIsl
amicdemocracy,
socialjusti
ce&r ightsofmi nor
iti
eswer erecognizedast hegui
dingpri
nci
plesonwhi ch
thefutureconstituti
onwast obebased.

I
SLAMI
C PROVI
SIONS 
OF1956-
62-
73 
CONSTI
TUTI
ONS:

Sev enyearsaf t
ertheadopt i
onoft heobj ect
ives r
esolut
ion,
 
Paki
st anwasgi ven
rd
i
tsf i
rstconst it
uti
on on 23 mar ch 1956.The i mportance ofthi
s constitution was
that
 objectiv
es r
esoluti
onwas  i
ncluded i
naspr eamblewhi chgaveanIslami ct oucht o
theconst i
tuti
on.
 Besides,
 I
slamic 
provisi
ons 
were continued i
nthedir
ect
ivepr incipl
esof
stat
epol icy.Samewast hecasewi tht wootherconst i
tuti
onsadoptedin1962&  1973.
There 
wer emanyI slamicpr ov
isi
onsi nal
ltheseconst i
tuti
onswhichdesi gnat edt he
countryasanI sl
ami cstat
e.

Thesepr ovi
sionswer ethatnol aw shal
lbepassedi nPakistanwhi chwoul d
repugnant 
tot heteachi ngsofI sl
am asl aiddownint heholyQur an & theSunnah;
existi
nglawsshal l
 
be  broughti
ntoconf ormitywi
thsuchinj
ecti
ons,anadv i
sorycounci
l
ofI sl
amicideologyshoul dbeest abli
shedwhi chwouldsuggeststeps & meanst othe
gov er
nmenttoenabl e 
theMusli
ms  ofPakistantoor
derthei
rli
vinaccor dancewithholy
Qur an&Sunnah;pr esident&premi ershouldbeMusl i
ms.In1973sov erei
gnty 
ofgod
wasdecl ar
edpr i
ncipleofdemocr acy.

WHY 
THESE 
CONSTI
TUTI
ONS 
FAI
LED 
TO 
ISLAMI
ZEPAKI
STAN:

●Thoughtt her
ewer emanyI sl
amicpr ovi
sionsint hese const
it
uti
ons.Butt heywere
mor einnat
ure 
of 
anideology,
&t her
ewasnor eal 
substance tomakethepol i
ti
calor
der
ar ealIsl
amic one.
 For
 example:objecti
ves r
esolut
ion was inthe preamble butthe
preamblewasnev ermadeapar tofany  
consti
tuti
on.I twasnotenf orceabl
ebyt he
courts.

● Polit
icalpart
ies & thei
rl eader
s were never
 ser
ious t
owards t
he process of
Isl
amizati
on,sotheydi
dnott akeany measur
es 
tomaket hecount
ryapurelyIsl
amic
stat
e.

● Dueto pal
acei
ntr
igues& i
mposi
ti
on ofvari
ousmar
ti
allaws,theconsti
tut
ion &
t
he i
nst
it
uti
ons 
wer
eneveral
l
owedtoworkfr
eelyt
owar
dsI
slamizat
ionpr
ocess.

●Duetowide-spr
eadill
it
eracyinthecountr
y,mostofthepopul
ati
onwasnotcl eari
n
t
hei
rmindstowardstr
ue I
slamic 
concepts&bel
ief
s.I
tresul
tedi
nthelackofi
nter
eston
t
hepar
tofthe 
people 
towardsIsl
amizati
on.

ROLE 
OF 
ULEMA 
& RELI
GIOUSPARTI
ES:
Thoughmostoft heul emaopposedt hecr eat ionofPaki st anbutaf teritsi ndependence.
Theyr econciledwi ththenewl ycreat edst at e & star t
edt hei rstrugglet oIslami zei t.Their
earl
y  effortssucceedwhen  objecti
ves  resol ution( 1949)i ncl udedmostoft heirdemands
Inthemeanwhi letheypr esentedt hei r22poi nts&pr essur izedgov ernmentt oincl ude
them  i
nto upcomi ngconst i
tuti
on1956.ManyofI slamicpr ov i
sionwer ei ncor poratedi n
the const it
utionbutsoonAi j
ubkhancamei ntopower  & treatedmostoft her eligious
partiesasant i
-Pakistan.Hewasmor ei nclinedt owar dswest&want edt owest ernize
the peopl e atfi
rsthedi dn’
tincludeI slami cpr ov i
sionsint hedr af tconst itutionbutf inall
y
he had t o surrenderbef or
et he pr essur e oft he r eligious par ti
es  & incorpor ated
thei
r  demandsi n1962const it
ut i
on.I nt hef ollowi ngy ear s,Ulema’ sr olewassur prised
butt hey he asser t
ed t hemsel ves when  cont ested 1970 el ections & ent er
ed t he
parliament f or the f irst ti
me.They f ormed st rong opposi t
ion agai nst Bhut to’
s
gover nmenti nnat i
onalassembl y.Duet ot heirpr essureBhut towascompel l
edt oadopt
foll
owi ngmeasur es:

●Qadi
ani
swer
edecl
arednon-
Musl
i
ms.

●I
slam becamest
ater
eli
gion.

●Dr
inki
ngwaspr
ohi
bit
ed.

●Fr
idaywasdecl
aredasweakl
yhol
i
day
.

Therewerenodoubtgreat 
achi
evements 
rel
i
giouspart
ies.
 However
, 
thei
r 
cli
max came
i
n1977,whent heystart
edmass- movementagainstMr ,Bhutt
o.They succeeded 
in
bri
nging zi
a into corri
dors of power . He was r eady to do what ever
rel
i
gious 
Par
ti
es 
want
edhimt odo.

I
SLAMI
ZATI
ON 
UNDER 
“ZI
A-UL-
HAQ:

The prev i
ousgov ernment sdidnot  
take anyconcr etestepst oimpl ementI slam in
the count r
y .Howev er
,wi tht he mi l
it
aryr ule ofzi a,t he process ofni faz-i
-ni
zam- i-
i
slam  wasst ar t
ed.He,ont her ecommendat ionsoft hecounci lofI sl
ami ci deology
promul gated5or danceon Febr uary 
10,1979i nstit
utingIslamicpenal ti
es (hudood)t heft,
zina, 
false accusationway ,het ri
edtochanget hesoci al&mor al or
der ofthesoci ety, 
so
ast obr i
ngi ti nmor econf ormi t
ywi ththehol yQur an&Sunnah.Hudoodl awswer e
foll
owedbyI slamicshar i
ahbenchesi neveryHi gh court&anappel l
ateshar i
ahbenchi n
theSupr emeCour t
.These  bencheswer eempower ed 
todi sposeof ftheeasesunder
hudoodl aws.Besi dest hey 
coul ddeclare 
anyl awr epugnantt ot heinjunctionsofI slam.
Lateront he federal 
shari
ahcour twasest abli
shedasani ndependentcr outon 26th may
1980.  
The  j
urisdict
ionofpr eviousshar i
ahbencheswasconf erredupont henewcour t 
5
j
udges  &3ul emabecamet he member soft hef ederalshariahcour t.

I
nJune1980,t hepresi
dentissued anotherordinancewhi chimposed zakat
on savi
ngs & usheron agr
icult
ural
 
products.These Islamic 
taxes wer
e i
mposed t o
secureeconomicwell
-bei
ngofthepoor 
& tohelp 
them becomesel f
-r
eli
ant
.
 Inbanki
ngsect
ori
nter
esthadbeenel
iminat
edfrom domest
ict
ransacti
ons1981.
Howev
er,
in1984-
85prof
it&l
osssyst
em (p.
l.
s)wasint
roducedi
nst
eadofriba.

To assist t
he pr ocess of Islamizat i
on the government establ
ished a law
commi ssi
onheadedbyt heJust i
ce ofPaki stan&counci lofI sl
amicideologyi
f 
headed
byaj udgeof highcourt. 
Theyusedt omaker ecommendat ionsforbri
ngingthel
awsinto
conformi t
ywi thinj
ectionsofI sl
am.Ont her ecommendat ionoft hesecommi ssi
ons
Zia i
ssued Nizam- i-
Risal
at 
& Namus- i-Nihaba 
ordi
nance, 
& made Isl
amic
studies a 
compulsorysubj ectup t o graduat i
on. He al
so gav einstr
ucti
ons to make
arrangementf orperf
ormi ng.Salatinal loff
ices.

Fi
nal
lyZi
a pr
ocl
aimedanor di
nanceonj
une15,1988whi
chdecl
aredshar
iahast
he
supr
emelaw 
ofthecount
rywit
himmedi
ateef
fect
.

CRI
TITCI
SM OFZI
A’S 
ISLAMZAI
ION:

●Aszi acameintopowerthr
ough-non-const
it
uti
onwaysohewasi nneedof suppor
tof
rel
igi
ousparti
es.He,t
her
efore,usedthenameofI sl
am toprolong 
hisr
ule.HisIsl
amic
punishmentswerenotpract
ical
lyimplementedwhich 
resul
tedinlaw l
essens&many
othersoci
alevi
ls.

●Hi sl sl
amizati
onpol i
cyresult
edi nthebifur
cat
ionofPaki
stanisociet
yonsect ar
ian
basis.Sincetheinf
luenceofulema incr
eased i
ngover
nmenttheymisuseditagai
nstthe
teachingsofot hersect sAsa  result
 Shi
a,suniri
otstookplace i
n manyci ti
esof
Sindh & Punj
ab.

●Hispoli
ciescoul
dnotlsl
amize,Paki
stanisoci
etyi
ntr
uespi
ri
t.Hudoodl
awswer
e
gr
eat
lyr
esentedbythewomen.

I
SLAMI
ZATI
ONBYNAWAZ 
(15thAMENDMENT 
BILL)
:

1.Holy  
Qur an  &Sunnahshal lbet hesupremel awoft hestate.
2.Thef eder algovernmentshal lbeunderobl i
gati
ont otakest epstoenforcet he
shar i
ahest abli
shsal at
,admi nisterzakat
,promot eeradicatecorr
upti
on &provide
j
ust i
ceaccor di
ngtoI sl
ami cprincipl
es.
3.Not hi
ng cont ai
ned i
n t
his ar ti
cle shal l af f
ect per sonal l aws,
rel
igious f reedom, 
tradit
ions 
&  customs ofnon- Muslims & t hei
rstatus oft he
cit
izens.
4.Thepr ovisionsofthisarticl
eshal lhaveeffectanylawor  j
udgmentorany court
.

CRI
TICALANAYSI
S:

●Forthef ir
stti
meholyQuran&Sunnahshal
l
 besupr
emelawofthel
and.Inpr
ev i
ous
const
it
utionsonly
 pr
ovi
sion 
wer
egi
venbutnowthecompl
etef
ramewor
ktoIsl
amize 
the
soci
ety 
wasgi v
en.
●Thi sactaccommodat eddi f
ferent
 Muslim sects& non-Musl
im minori
ti
esbygi ving
them full
 f
reedom i
npersonal&r eli
gious 
matters. 
Inthi
swayPaki st
an shallnot
 bea
theor
etic state but it shal
l be r ai
sed abov e allr aci
al,
 
nati
onal 
& sectarian
prej
udices. 
However,aft
eri mplement i
ng thi
s actt here wil
lbe st i
lla need f or
great
er cauti
on,
 aseven 
minordiffer
encesonr el
igi
ousissuescaneasilyflairupinto
majorconf l
i
cts.

Clause2ofthe arti
clesayst
hatt hegovernmentshallbeunderobli
gati
ont
o t
ake
stepst oenfor
cet heshar iah.I
tisnotcer tai
n whethert
his 
provi
sion 
i
smandatoryor
direct
ory.Inotherwor dst hi
sprovi
sionnei t
her 
gives 
any
 ti
me fr
amewi t
hinwhi
chthe
gov er
nmentmust  
fulf
iltheseconst
it
utionalobli
gati
onsnoraretheconsequenceeofit
s
fail
uretodosospel l
edout .

Art
icl
e3assuresthatt
heactwoul dnot 
aff
ect
 t
heint
erest
sof 
stat
uesquewhi
l
e
t
hegov
ernmenthasnotunder
takenanyobl
igat
iontot
heanyt
hingposi
ti
vefor
 t
hem.

(
CAUSES 
FOR 
DEMAND 
OF 
PAKI
STAN)

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

A.Suleri
 
gav et hree mainr easonsbehi nd the for
mat i
on ofthe demand f or
Paki
stanHindus&Musl i
m phil
osophi
esofl i
fe&way soflif
e wereso wideapart
fr
om eachot hert hatitwasi mpossible t
hem t oli
v etogether
,Musl i
mswer e
conv
incedt hatt heireconomic&soci alpr oblemscoul dbesol vedonlybyan
appr
oacht oIslam &t hi
swasi mpract
icableuntilt
hey had 
astateofthei
rown.

LI
AQATALIKHAN underl i
nedthatoncet
hechi
ef 
causesof
 f
ri
cti
ontheambi
ti
onof
majori
tycommunit
ytor ul
eoverthewholeofIndi
awasr emoved,
 
ther
ewould be
peace 
& cont
ent
menti
nIndi
a.

KARIMBHOY  I
BRAHl
M r egr
ett
ed t
hat t
he at
ti
tude of congr
ess had nev
er taken
the 
Musli
ms int
oconf
idencewheni
tgai
nedpower.I
talwayswanted 
toest
abl
ishHindu
Rajby 
i
ntroduci
ng

vi
dya mandi
r, wardha scheme,
 
band-e-
matr
am & 
other Hindu 
pract
ices 
&
bel
ief
s Not 
oncei
nanywayhadi
tshownadesir
etoaccommodateMusl
i
ms.

CAUSES:

(
POLI
TICAL)
:

●Separ
ateel
ect
orat
e

●Fai
l
ureofcongr
esst
osaf
eguar
dMusl
i
mint
erest
s
(
SOCI
AL)
: 
dif
fer
enceofHi
ndul
i
ving/cul
tur
e/t
radi
ti
ons.

(
RELI
GIOUS)
:

●Musl
i
m Hi
ndui
deol
ogy

●Twonat
iont
heor
y

(
EFFORTSOFUNI
TYFAI
LED)
:

●Lucknowpact
.

●Khi
l
afatmov
ement
.

●Dehl
ipr
oposal
.

●Nehr
urepor
t(f
inal
blow)
.

(
CONCLUSI
ON)
:

(
DELAYI
NFRAMI
NGOF 
CONSTI
TUTI
ON)

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Pakistanbecameanew sev eri

ngstateonan  august14,1947t hecr ownofEngl and
remainedconst i
tut
ionalheadofPaki stant ellthe promulgadon of1956const it
uti
on.
Therear enumberofr easonsonaccountofwhi ch,Pakistantooknear l
yadecadet o
makeherf i
rstconsti
tutionNodoubtt hehist oryofPaki st
an’s 
constit
uti
onbegan with
theLahoreresoluti
onof1940whi chfi
rstobt aintheideaofsepar at
ehomel andfor 
the
Musl i
msofI ndiaThust heleaderofPakist
anf reedom mov ementhad  shortti
mef or
framingtheprimarystructur
eofconsti
tut
ion 
ascompar edtotheIndianleadershi
p.

The 
processofconst
it
uti
onf
rami
ngwasmai
nlydel
ayedduet
o t
hese 
fact
ors.

BENGALI
S’ 
FEAR 
OFSUPPRESSI
ON:

I
twas st range 
that 
i
n Paki
stanidemocr acy major
it
y was demanding saf
eguards
Bengal
is’r
epresentat
ion 
i
n ci
vilmil
itar
ybur eaucr
acywas li
mited.Theywere being
gover
ned byr ef
ugees,i.
e.Punjabi
s & 
men f r
om N.W.F.
P.,t
heyf el
tmutualdist
rust
del
ayedtheprocessofconst
it
uti
onframing.

ABSENCEOFSTRONG 
POLI
TICAL 
PARTY:

Consti
tut
ion 
makingthr
oughdemocr ati
cprocessi
salwaysdif
fi
cul
t.I
twasallthemore
di
ffi
cul
tf or
 a new count r
y like Paki
stan 
where nor
ms of democr acy needed
devel
opmentwel l
-or
ganized pol
i
ticalpartiesdi
d notexi
st.Withthedecli
neoft he
Musli
ml eague,ther
ewasnonat i
onalpoli
ti
calpar
tywhichcouldf i
l
lthegapcreat
edby
Musli
ml eague.
 These 
arepol
i
ticalpart
ieswhichsati
sfythepoli
ti
caldemandsofpeopl
e
absenceofsuchchannelhadanegat i
veeffectonconsti
tut
iondevel
opment.

CRI
SISOFLEADERSHI
P:

Thel eadershi
pofacount rypl
aysav i
tal
 
pole 
inthepolit
icalact
ivi
ty 
of acount
ry.After
thedeat hofQuai d,therewasnoleaderwhichcoul
dfillthegapSecondl y,mostofthe
rul
ingcamef rom acr osstheborder
.Theyneededt i
mef ortheirestabl
ishment.
 This
factoralsocontr
ibutedinthedel
ayofconsti
tut
ionmaking.

CLASHB/
W TRADI
TONALI
STS&MODERNI
STS:

UlernainPaki stan wer e 
conservat
ive 
& poli
ti
calcult
ure 
ofPakistan wast raditi
onalon
thecontrary
,thel eadingpersonalit
iesi
nMusl imleagueli
keQuaid&Ji nnah&Li aquatAli
khanwer ether epr esentati
vesofmoder nschoolofthought.Moder nist
spoi ntofv i
ew
wast hatIsl
ami csy stem ofcal
iphateperiodwasnotapplicabl
einmi d 20thcentury.They
argued t
hat 
they shoul d draw spi ri
t f rom I sl
am & shoul
d wor k accor ding t o
the 
parli
ament ary system.

Buttradi
tional
i
st swerenotr eadytogi
veanyconcessi
onto 
them.Theyargued
thatI
slam wascompl etecodeofl ife&coul
dbeintr
oduced 
immediat
ely
.I nor
derto
bri
ngcompr omisebet weent hem, 
framer
sof 
const
it
uti
onneededti
mewhi chdel
ayed
thepr
ocessof  
consti
tuti
on making.

CONTROVERSYOVER 
THE 
FEDERAL 
STRUCTURE 
OF 
CONSTI
TUTI
ON:

Pakistan did notpossess si nglel anguage,nordi ditpossess a uni f

orm cult
ure.
Thereforet hemodeloff eder al
ism wassui t
ablef orPakistanin1947. But
 t
he l
ackof
homogenei ty among the 
dif
ferent 
sectors of t
he 
populat
ion,
 i
.e.
,
Punjabis,
 
Bengal i
s,
 Si
ndhis, etc,createdpr obl
emsf orfederalstr
uctur
e. 
Theframersof
theconstituti
onhadgr eat problems  tosatisf
ywhodemandedmaxi mum autonomyf or
the provi
nces wi t
h a weak cent re& t hose who f avored a str
ong feder
alcentral
governmentwi thprovi
nces  enjoyinglimit
ed autonomy .

SEPARATEORJOI
NTELECTORATES:

Underthesy st
em ofsepar ateel ect
orates, 
therot
orsar edividedonr el
igi
ousbases.The
probl
em ofsepar ateorjoi
nt elector
ate tookconsi
der abletimeint hedebat esoft hefir
st
const
ituentassembl y.Thenov elsi
tuati
oni nPaki
stanwast hatwhi l
einundi vi
dedI ndi
a,
theseparateelectorateswer edemanded  bythemi norit
y groupsi nPakist antheywer e
opposedbyuppercl assHinduswho  constit
uti
on 
oneoft hemi noriti
es.BengaliMusl i
ms
alsoopposedi t.
 The mainreasonf ort heoppositi
onbyuppercl assHi nduswast hat
separ
at eel
ectoratefordepressedcl assHi nduswouldi ndangert heirpriv
ilegedpositi
on.

CONCEPTOFI
SLAMI
CSTATE:
Pakist
anwas foundsot hattheMuslimscoul dhaveast at
eoft hei
rown.Butwast hi sto
beanI sl
amicst ate?Ifi
twas,whatdi dt hister
m actuall
ymean?  Thesequestionwer e
debatedinsi
de & outsi
det heconsti
tuti
onassembl y
.Di f
ferentgroupshel ddi v
er gent
vi
ewsaboutt heconceptofI sl
amicstate.Thus,itwasnoteasyf ort heframersoft he
consti
tut
ion t
o pr oduce such an I
slamicconst i
tut
ion which could sat
isfydifferent
groupsholdi
ngdi v
ergentviewsregar
dingt he 
str
uctur
e&nat ure 
ofIslamic 
stat
e.

NATI
ONALLANGUAGE:

Paki
stan wasa mul ti-
bili
ngualstate,therewasa f undament aldifferencebet ween
east
 & WestPakistaninr egardedtolanguage.InEastPakistanBengal iwasspoken&i n
westPakistanPunj abi,Sindh,Balochi&Pusht o.Urduwasaccept edast hecommon
l
anguageoft hewhol eregion.Ithadachi evedasy mboli
cposi ti
on duringt he f
reedom
movement .Sincet heepi sodeofUr du,Hindicontrover
sy, 
Musl i
msdi dt heirbestt o
prot
ectUrdu.Thepr oblem wast hatt hereshouldbeonenat ional l
anguage( Urdu) 
or
any 
other(Bengali
)shoul dalsober ecognizedasst atelanguage.Quai d 
& LiaquatAli
khanwasnotwi l
l
ingt o give 
Bengalistat
usofnat ionallanguage.Ont heot herhand
Bengali
srefusedtoacceptUr duasnat i
onall
anguage.

CLEAVEGES 
WITHI
NRULI
NG 
ELI
TE:

Thepowerel i
tethatemer ged 
soon  aft
ertheemer genceofPaki
stanwer ethemiddl
e
cl
ass prof
essional
 groups li
ke lawyers,civi
lser vants & bi
glandlord’
s mostl
yfrom
Punjab 
& Sindh.Thislose 
coali
tion 
hadbeenbr oughtt opowerbyMusl i
m nati
onal
i
sm.
Thisheterogenei
tycreateddiff
icult
yf orthem t
ocomeononepoi ntinordertomakea
consti
tuti
on.

LEGI
SLATURE’
S LACK 
OFI
NTEREST:

Afterthedeathof Quai
d-e-
Azam member sof 
const
it
uent 
assemblygav
eless 
ti
meto
theassignmentofconstit
uti
onfr
aming.I
ni t
ssevenyearsli
feitmetonl
yfor116 
day
s
the av
erageat
tendancerangi
ng 
only
 fr
om 37to56outofthetotal
76seat
s.
SHAHWALIALLAH(
QUTABAL-
DINAHMADAL-
RAHI
M)(
1703–1762)

I
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.Hewast
hegr
eat
estMusl
i
m schol
arofei
ght
eent
h-cent
uryI
ndi
a
2.Hecont
ri
but
edt
othei
ntel
l
ect
ual
,economi
c,soci
al,pol
i
ticalandr
eli
giousl
i
feof
t
heMusl
i
m communi
tyi
nIndi
a(I
ESPR)
3.Het
ri
edt
oreconci
l
ethev
ari
ousf
act
ionsoft
heI
ndi
anMusl
i
ms
4.Het
ri
edt
opr
otectt
heMusl
i
m empi
ref
rom col
l
apse.
5.Hecont
endedt
hatt
her
ootcauseoft
hedownf
all
oft
heI
ndi
anMusl
i
mswast
hei
r
i
gnor
anceoft
hesacr
edscr
ipt
ureofI
slam.Hepr
epar
edf
ir
stcompl
etet
ransl
ati
on
oft
heQur
'ani
ntoPer
siant
ofaci
l
itat
eit
sunder
standi
ngamongal
ltheMusl
i
msof
I
ndi
a.

EARLYLI
FE
1.Hewasbor
nin1703nearDel
hi.Hi
srealnamewasQut
abal
-Di
n.Hewasknown
asShahWal
iUl
l
ahbecauseofhi
snobl
edeeds.
2.Hi
sfat
her
,Shah'
Abdal
-Rahi
m,wasar
eli
giousschol
arandat
tachedwi
thFat
awa-
Al
amgi
ri
.
3.He st
udi
ed Ar
abi
c,Per
sian gr
ammar and l
i
ter
atur
e,phi
l
osophy
,theol
ogy
,
met
aphy
sics,
andHadi
th.
4.Hememor
izedQur
an.
5.Hi
sfat
heri
nit
iat
edhi
mint
othef
amousNaqshbandi
order
.
6.Hebeganhi
scar
eerasat
eacheratt
heMadr
asa-
e-Rahi
miy
ya
7.I
n 1731,
ShahWal
iAl
l
ahwentt
oMeccat
oper
for
m haj
j
.Heper
for
medhaj
jtwi
ce.
I
nMecca,
hemetwi
thShei
khAbuTahi
rBi
nIbr
ahi
m andgoteducat
ionf
rom hi
m.
Her
etur
ned homet
o Del
hii
n 1732.Hespentt
her
estofhi
sli
fet
eachi
ng
Hadi
th,
 
Lit
erat
ureandMet
aphy
sics.

Page1of1
BACKGROUND(
CONDI
TIONOFMUSLI
MS)
Dur
inghi
sti
me:
1.Mughal
swer
efaci
ngi
nter
naldet
eri
orat
ionofMusl
i
m soci
etyaf
tert
hedeat
hof
Al
emgi
rin1707.
2.I
ndi
anMusl
i
mswer
efaci
ngdecl
i
nei
nint
ell
ect
ual
,economi
c,soci
al,pol
i
ticaland
r
eli
giousl
i
fe(
IESPR)
3.Hi
ndusandMer
hat
taswer
ecr
eat
ingpr
obl
emsf
ort
heMusl
i
mrul
ers.
4.For
eigni
nvader
s(ext
ernalencr
oacher
s)wer
ethr
eat
eni
ngt
hesov
erei
gnt
yoft
he
Musl
i
mrul
ers.
5.I
slami
cval
ueswer
edy
inganduni
slami
ctr
endswer
eri
sing.
6.Musl
i
m communi
tywasdi
vi
dedanddi
sint
egr
ated.
7.Sect
ari
ani
sm wasbei
ngpr
omot
ed.
8.ConceptofWahdatUl
Waj
oodwashur
ti
ngt
hebel
i
efsoft
heMusl
i
ms.

STRUGGLE/SERVI
CES
SERVICESFORECONOMICUPLI
FTI
NG
1.HeaskedMusl
imstogi
veupluxur
iousl
i
feandt
ospendasi
mpl
eli
fe.Heasked
Musl
i
mst
olear
nfr
om t
hesackofDel
hi.Maj
orr
easonsf
ort
heSackofDel
hiby
Nadi
rShahi
n1739wer
eeconomi
cli
kel
uxur
iousl
i
feofr
uler
s,bankr
upt
cyof
st
ateexchequer
,mul
ti
pli
cit
yofJagi
rdar
s,monopol
ysy
stem andext
remepov
ert
y
oft
hel
owercl
ass.
2.Hebel
i
evedt
hatsoundeconomi
csy
stem basedonsoci
alj
ust
icecancont
ri
but
e
t
othehappi
nessofi
ndi
vi
dual
sandt
hesoci
ety
.
3.Heal
soconcl
udedt
hatt
womaj
orr
easonsf
ort
hedecl
i
neofMusl
i
m soci
etywer
e
exi
stenceofpar
asi
tes(
sol
dier
s,poet
s,cl
owns)and l
evyofheav
ytaxeson
agr
icul
tur
ist
sandt
rader
s.
SERVICESFORRELI
GIOUSUPLIFTI
NG
1.Heprepar
eddi
sci
pleswhospreadI
slam i
nfarf
lungar
easofsubcont
inent
2.HeaskedMusl
i
mst
ofol
l
owf
oot
-pr
int
soft
heHol
yPr
ophet(
PBUH)
.
3.HeaskedMusl
i
mst
obr
ingaust
eri
tyi
nli
feaccor
dingt
otheI
slami
cteachi
ngs.

Page2of2
 4.Hei
ntr
oducedel
ast
ici
tyandl
i
ber
ali
sm i
nIsl
am.
5.He pr
omot
ed I
jt
ehad (
fi
ndi
ng sol
uti
on accor
ding t
oIsl
am t
othe moder
n
pr
obl
ems)
6.Hei
ntr
oducedbal
ancedappr
oachbet
weenf
ourschool
soft
hought
s(Humbl
i
,
Mal
i
ki,
Shaf
i,Hanf
i)t
oer
adi
cat
edi
ff
erencesamongt
hem.
7.Hest
art
edcampai
gnagai
nstsect
ari
ani
sm.
8.Hest
ressedonf
oll
owi
ngt
heconceptofWahdatal
Shahood.
9.Hepr
omot
edJi
hadagai
nsti
nvader
s.
SERVICESFORPOLITI
CALUPLIFTI
NG
1.Hewr ot
elet
ter
stovar
iouspromi
nentr
uler
s(Naj
eebudDaul
a,Shuj
ahudDaul
a,
andAhmadShahAbdal
i
)toi
nter
fer
eandf
ightwi
thMar
hat
tasandSi
khs.I
n1761,
AhmadShahAbdal
idef
eat
edMar
hat
tasi
nPani
pat
.
2.Het
ri
edf
ort
her
evi
val
oft
hepol
i
tical
str
engt
hoft
heMusl
i
ms.
3.Hepr
epar
edt
heI
ndi
anMusl
i
mspsy
chol
ogi
cal
l
yfort
her
evol
uti
onof1857.
LI
TERARYSERVI
CES
1.Hewrotemor
ethan50booksonRel
i
gion,
Economi
csandPol
i
tics.
2.Het
ransl
atedHol
yQur
ani
nPer
sianl
anguagef
ort
hef
ir
stt
ime.
3.Hi
ssons,ShahRaf
iUddi
nand ShahAbdulQadi
r,t
ransl
ated Qur
ani
nUr
du
l
anguage.
4.Hi
smagnum opus“
HUJJATULLAHAL-
BALI
GHA”di
scussedsoci
alandpol
i
tical
r
easonsf
ordecl
i
neofMusl
i
msandst
ressedonI
jt
ehad.
5.Hewr
otet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wobookst
omi
nimi
zeShi
ya-
Sunni
dif
fer
ences:
a.I
ZALATULKHULFA
b.KHI
LAFATULKHULFA
6.Hewr
ote“
AL-
INSAFFI
-BAYANSAHI
B-UL-
IKHTELAF”t
omi
nimi
zet
hedi
ff
erences
amongf
ourSunni
school
soft
hought
s.
7.Hewr
ote“
FAYYZULHERAMAI
N”anddi
scussedhi
sdr
eam ofbei
ngchosenby
Hol
yPr
ophet(
PBUH)f
orpr
eachi
ngI
slam.

Page3of3
ANALYSI
S/OUTCOMESOFHI
SSTRUGGLE
1.Her
ebui
l
tdy
ingv
aluesofI
slam.
2.Hebr
oughtuni
tyamongMusl
i
ms.
3.He made Musl
i
ms r
eal
i
ze t
hei
rint
ell
ect
ual
,economi
c,soci
al,pol
i
ticaland
r
eli
giousr
esponsi
bil
i
ties.
4.Hi
smov
ementhel
pedi
nachi
evi
ngi
ntel
l
ect
ual
,economi
c,soci
al,pol
i
ticaland
r
eli
giousupl
i
fti
ngf
orMusl
i
ms.
5.Hi
smov
ementact
edasani
mpet
usf
ornextmov
ement
sli
keJi
hadi
,Far
aizi
,Duo
Bandi
.
CRI
TICI
SM BYSOMECRI
TICS
1.Hi
smov
ementwasf
ort
hewel
lbei
ngofI
ndi
aMusl
i
ms.Howev
er,somecr
it
ici
ze
hi
spol
i
tical
ser
vices.
2.Hi
smov
ementcoul
dnotst
opt
hedownf
all
ofMughal
s.
3.He i
nvi
ted hel
pfr
om f
orei
gn I
slami
crul
ers whi
ch f
urt
herweakened and
under
minedt
hepoweroft
heMughal
s.
4.Hi
sinv
itat
ion t
ofor
eign I
slami
crul
ers senta si
gnalt
o Br
it
ish aboutt
he
oppor
tuni
tyt
ooccupysubcont
inent
.

CONCLUSI
ON
1.Hepl
ayedani
mpor
tantr
olei
ntheupl
i
fti
ngofi
ntel
l
ect
ual
,economi
c,soci
al,
pol
i
tical
,andr
eli
giousl
i
feoft
heMusl
i
m communi
tyi
nIndi
a.
2.Het
ri
edhi
sbestt
opr
eventt
hecol
l
apseoft
heMughal
sbutt
heMughal
swer
eso
weakt
hatt
heset
ti
ngsuncoul
dnotbet
urnedbackt
oit
speak.
3.Hewast
her
olemodel
fort
henextcomi
ngMusl
i
m per
sonal
i
tiesl
i
keSy
edAhmad
ShaheedandHaj
iShar
iatUl
l
ah.

QUOTE
Gr
eathi
stor
ianWaheedUzZamanoncesai
d:
“
Hisappr
oachwassol
i
ber
alt
hati
twasdi
ff
icul
ttoknowast
owhi
chschooloft
hought
hehi
msel
fbel
ongs.
”

Page4of4
SHEI
KHAHMADSI
RHI
NDI(
26May1564–10December1624)

I
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.HewasanI
ndi
an 
Isl
ami
cschol
ar,aHanaf
ijur
ist
,andapr
omi
nentmemberof
t
he 
Naqshbandī
 Suf
i 
orderandar
evol
uti
onar
yspi
ri
tual
leader
.
2.
Hei
scal
l
ed 
Muj
addi
d Al
fThānī(
rev
iveroft
hesecondmi
l
lenni
um)f
orhi
swor
kin
r
ejuv
enat
ing I
slam and opposi
ng t
he her
esy pr
eval
ent i
n t
he t
ime
of
 Mughal
 
Emper
or 
Akbar
.Hei
sal
socal
l
edSai
ntofSi
rhi
nd.
3.Mostoft
heNaqshbandīsubor
der
stodayl
i
keMuj
addi
dī,
Khāl
i
dī,
Sai
fī
,Tāhi
rī
,and
Haqqānīt
racet
hei
rspi
ri
tual
li
neaget
hroughSi
rhi
ndi
.
4.Hi
sshr
ine,
knownasRauzaShar
if
,isl
ocat
edi
n Si
rhi
nd,
Indi
a.
5.Hepr
eachedt
rueI
slam andspr
eadawar
enessofI
slam amongt
heMusl
i
msof
sub-
cont
inent
6.Heer
adi
cat
edun-
isl
ami
cpr
act
icesandenf
orcedShar
iat

EARLYLI
FEANDEDUCATI
ON
1.Hewasbor
nin1564i
nSi
rhi
ndi
nt Ashr
oan  af 
fami
l
ycl
aimi
ngdescentf
rom
t
he 
cal
i
ph  2ndCal
Umar( i
ph)
.
2.Her
ecei
vedear
lyeducat
ionf
rom hi
sfat
her
,Shay
kh'
Abdal
-Ahad’
.
3.Heal
somemor
isedt
heQur
'an.
4. He l
ear
ned l
ogi
c,phi
l
osophy
,theol
ogy
,taf
sīr
,hadī
th,j
uri
spr
udence,and
Muhammad'
sbi
ogr
aphyandhi
stor
y.
5.Heev
ent
ual
l
yjoi
nedt
heNaqshbandīor
dert
hrought
heSuf
imi
ssi
onar
yal
-Baqī
Bi
l
lahandbecameal
eadi
ngmast
eroft
hisor
der
.

HI
SVI
EWS
1.Heemphasi
zedt
hei
nter
-dependenceofbot
hthe 
Suf
i 
pat
handShar
iah.
2.Hecr
it
ici
zedher
eti
cjur
ist
swhof
oll
owedonl
ytheout
war
daspect
soft
heshar
ia.
3.Hedi
ff
erent
iat
edbet
weenOnenessofappear wahdatash-
ance( shuhūd)and
Onenessofbei wahdatal
ng( -wuj
ūd)
.

Page1of1
BACKGROUND(
EVI
LSOFSOCI
ETY)
1.Soci
alandr
eli
giousv
aluesofMusl
i
mswer
edy
ing
2.Uni
slami
cpr
act
iceswer
ebei
ngcar
ri
edout
3.Mostoft
heMusl
i
mswer
enotf
oll
owi
ngQur
anandSunnahi
nthei
rtr
uespi
ri
t.
Theywer
efol
l
owi
ngher
esywi
thoutf
oll
owi
ngShar
iat
.
4.Musl
i
msbel
i
evedi
nKar
amaat
sofSai
nts
5.Musl
i
msbel
i
evedi
nmagi
cal
andsuper
nat
ural
power
sint
hecov
erofSuf
ism
6.Musl
i
mswer
edi
vi
dedi
ntosect
sli
keShi
ya,
Sunni
etc
7.Akbarpr
omul
gat
edandpr
opagat
edDeen-
e-El
ahiwhi
chwasi
ncont
rastwi
tht
he
I
slami
crul
es.
8.Akbarassumedt
het
it
lesofI
mam-
e-Adi
landMuj
adi
d-e-
Azam
9.Akbarwasani
l
li
ter
ateper
sonwhol
edt
heI
ndi
anMusl
i
mst
oAt
hei
sm (
bel
i
evei
n
noGod)andHer
esy(
rej
ect
ingor
thodoxt
enet
sofI
slam)
.
10.
Akbarsuppor
tedBhagt
iMov
ementwhi
chi
ntr
oducedt
heconceptofUni
tyof
Rel
i
gions.I
twasaconspi
racyofHi
ndusagai
nstMusl
i
mst
oconv
ertt
heMusl
i
ms
i
ntoHi
ndus.
11.
Toachi
evepol
i
ticalends,Akbarmar
ri
edHi
nduwomenwhobet
ray
edhi
mfr
om
t
het
ruepat
hofI
slam
STRUGGLESH.AHMADSI
RHI
NDITOPURI
FYMUSLI
M SOCI
ETY
1.Heeducat
edandt
rai
nedanumberofdi
sci
pleswhol
ateronspr
eadhi
smi
ssi
on
ofawar
enessoft
rueI
slam i
nthef
arf
lungar
easofsubcont
inent
.
2.Heemphasi
zedonNi
maz,
Fast
s,andsi
mpl
eli
fe.
3.Heemphasi
zedQur
an,
ToheedandSunnahov
erSuf
ism.
4.Her
ect
if
iedmy
sti
cism andasser
tedt
hatf
oll
owi
ngmy
sti
cism wi
thoutShar
iat
wasmi
sl
eadi
ng
5.Hewr
otemanyl
ett
erst
oMusl
i
mleader
s(AbdulRaheem,Khan-
e-Khana,Khan-
e-
Azam,Shei
khFar
id)t
oper
suadet
hem t
oremov
ethei
rdi
ff
erencesandt
ost
and
agai
nstAt
hei
sm
6.Heexposedt
hef
alsi
tyanddangerofDeen-
e-El
ahi
andopposedi
t
7.Hest
oodagai
nstAt
hei
sm andHer
esy
.
8.Hegav
etheconceptoft
wo-
nat
ions.

Page2of2
 9.Hedi
ff
erent
iat
edbet
weenWi
l
lay
at,
Sai
nt-
hood,
NabowatandPr
ophet
-hood
10.
Hedi
ff
erent
iat
edbet
weenWahdatAl
Waj
oodandWahdatAl
Shahood.
11.
Hei
nfl
uencedandconv
incedJahangi
rtoabol
i
sht
hepr
act
iceofSaj
daht
othe
Ki
ng,
tocr
eat
eMosqueandt
oabol
i
shbanonCowsl
aught
er
HURDLESFACEDBYSH.AHMADSI
RHI
NDIDURI
NGHI
SSTRUGGLE
1.QueenNoorJahanandherbr
otherAsi
fJah,whowasPM ofJahangi
r,f
il
ledt
he
ear
sofJahangi
rthatSi
rhi
ndiwascr
eat
ingunr
esti
nthesoci
ety
.Jahangi
rcal
l
ed
onSi
rhi
ndii
nhi
spal
ace.Si
rhi
ndir
efusedt
obowhi
sheadont
heear
thbef
oret
he
emper
or.Jahangi
rputSi
rhi
ndit
ojai
lduet
othedeni
alofbowi
ngheadbef
oret
he
emper
or.
ANALYSI
S:OUTCOMES/ACHI
EVEMENTSOFHI
SSTRUGGLE
1.Hi
sst
ruggl
egav
eimpet
ust
othepr
opagat
ionofI
slam
2.Hegav
enewl
i
fet
otheMusl
i
ms
3.Hecur
bedt
hei
nfl
uenceofmi
sgui
dedUl
emasonJahangi
r
4.Hewr
ote536l
ett
erst
othe 
Musl
i
mleader
stoper
suadet
hem t
oremov
ethei
r
di
ff
erencesandt
ost
andagai
nstAt
hei
sm
5.Hesuccessf
ull
yencount
eredt
hreat
sofAkbar
’sDeen-
e-El
ahi
6.He gav
ethe conceptoft
wo-
nat
ions i
nthe sub cont
inentwhi
ch ul
ti
mat
ely
r
esul
tedi
ncr
eat
ionofPaki
stan
7.Hewassuccessf
uli
ninf
luenci
ngandconv
inci
ngJahangi
rtoabol
i
sht
hepr
act
ice
ofSaj
daht
otheKi
ng,
tocr
eat
eMosqueandt
oabol
i
shbanonCowsl
aught
er
8.Heal
sowr
otehi
sfamousbookI
thbât
-un-
nubuwwawas
CONCLUSI
ON
1.Hewast
her
olemodelf
ort
henextcomi
ngMusl
i
m per
sonal
i
tiesl
i
keShahWal
i
Ul
l
ahandAl
l
am I
qbal
2.Hecr
eat
edal
i
neofdi
ff
erent
iat
ionbet
weenHi
ndusandMusl
i
ms
QUOTE
Hi
steacherKhawaj
aBaki
Bil
l
ahoncesai
d
“
Hewi
l
ltur
nint
oal
i
ghtwhi
chwi
l
lil
l
umi
nat
ethewhol
ewor
ld.
”

Page3of3
HAJISHARI
ATULLAH 1781–1840(
FARAI
ZIMOVEMENT)

I
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.Haj
iShar
iat
ull
ah 
(1781–1840)wasanemi
nentI
slami
cref
ormeroft
he 
Bangal
i
Musl
i
ms 
i
n Br
it
ishI
ndi
a
2.He i
s known f
orf
oundi
ng Far
aizimov
ementt
hatst
ressed on per
for
ming
obl
i
gat
oryr
eli
giousdut
iesandt
ogi
veupuni
slami
cpr
act
ices(
Bidah)
,uni
slami
c
r
it
ual
sandcer
emoni
esr
elat
edt
obi
rt
h,mar
ri
ageanddeat
handsuper
sti
ti
ous
bel
i
efs
3.DuduMi
anwast
hesuccessoroft
heFar
aizimov
ementaf
tert
hedeat
hofHaj
i
Shar
iatUl
l
ahi
n1840andcar
ri
edt
hismov
ementt
il
l1861

EARLYLI
FE
1.Haj
iShar
iatUl
l
ahwasbor
nin1781i
nav
il
lageShamai
lofFar
idpuri
n Bengal
.
2.Hewentt
oMeccai
n1799t
oper
for
m Haj
jandst
ayedt
her
eti
l
l1818f
or20y
ear
s.
3.Dur
inghi
sst
ayi
nAr
abi
a,hewasi
nfl
uencedbyt
he 
WahabiMov
ement
 st
art
ed
by
 AbdulWahab.Theobj
ect
iveoft
hismov
ementwast
our
geMusl
i
mst
ofol
l
ow
pur
eandr
ightI
slami
cval
ues.
4.Af
tercomi
ngbackt
oBangal
,Shar
iatUl
l
ahst
art
edFar
aiziMov
ementt
hatwas
si
mil
ari
nmanyr
espect
stoWahabi
Mov
ement
.

BACKGROUND(
CONDI
TIONSOFMUSLI
MSI
NBANGAL)
Dur
inghi
sti
me:
1.MostBengal
iMusl
i
ms 
wer
enotf
oll
owi
ngt
hebasi
cpr
inci
plesofI
slam
2.Musl
i
mswer
efol
l
owi
ngun-
Isl
ami
cpr
act
ices(
Bidah)
3.Musl
i
mswer
eper
for
ming uni
slami
cri
tual
sand cer
emoni
esr
elat
ed t
o bi
rt
h,
mar
ri
ageanddeat
hthatwer
eagai
nstt
het
eachi
ngsofI
slam
4.Musl
i
mswer
eadher
ingt
otheHi
nducust
oms.
5.Musl
i
mswer
ehol
dingsuper
sti
ti
ousbel
i
efs

Page1of1
SALI
ENTFEATURESOFFARAI
ZIMOVEMENT
1.Shar
iatUl
l
aht
ri
edt
obr
ingt
heBengal
iMusl
i
msbackt
othet
ruepat
hofI
slam
2.Hest
ressedonper
for
mingcompul
sor
yandmandat
oryr
eli
giousdut
iesor
dai
ned
byt
heQur
anandbyt
heHol
yPr
ophet(
PBUH)
.
3.Hedi
scour
agedt
heconceptof‘
Pir
’and‘
Mur
eed’andi
ntr
oducedt
heconceptof
‘
Ust
aad’
and‘
Shagi
rd’
4.Hef
orbadeaper
sonf
rom ki
ssi
ngt
hef
eetandhandsofaper
son.
5.Hest
art
edcampai
gnagai
nstt
hef
alsesuper
sti
ti
onsi
ntheMusl
i
m soci
ety
.
6.HeaskedMusl
i
mst
omakeTobbaf
ort
hei
rpr
evi
ousl
ycommi
tt
edsi
nsandt
o
spendt
hei
rfut
urel
i
feaccor
dingt
oIsl
ami
claws.
7.HeaskedMusl
i
m peasant
stost
andupagai
nstt
heat
roci
ti
esoft
hel
andl
ords.
8.Hecommandedhi
sdi
sci
plesnott
opaydi
shonestcessest
othel
andl
ords.
9.Hedecl
aredBengal
asDar
-ul
-Har
bandaskedf
orJi
hadagai
nstt
hei
nfi
del
s.

PROBLEMSFACEDBYHAJISHARI
ATULLAH 
Theout
ragedl
andl
ordsst
art
edpr
opagandaagai
nsthi
m andbr
oughtsev
eral
l
awsui
tsagai
nsthi
m.Hewaspl
acedundert
hedet
ent
ionoft
hepol
i
ceanumberof
t
imesf
orpur
por
tedl
yinci
ti
ngagr
ari
ant
urbul
encesi
nFar
idpur
.

DUDUMI
AN—SUCCESSOROFFARAI
ZIMOVEMENT
1.DuduMi
an,t
hesonofHaj
iShar
iatUl
l
ah,wast
hesuccessoroft
heFar
aizi
mov
ementaf
tert
he deat
h ofHaj
iShar
iatUl
l
ah i
n 1840 and car
ri
ed t
his
mov
ementt
il
l1861.
2.Hewasbor
nin1819.Hi
srealnamewasMuhsi
nuddi
nAhmadandwasknownas
DuduMi
an.
3.Hef
oll
owedt
hesamephi
l
osophyaswasf
oll
owedbyhi
sfat
her
.Howev
er,
hewas
l
i
ttl
ebi
taggr
essi
veandgav
epol
i
tical
toucht
otheFar
aizi
Mov
ement
.

Page2of2
STEPSTAKENBYDUDUMI
AN
1.Hedi
vi
dedBangal
int
oci
rcl
esandappoi
ntedKhal
i
fast
olookaf
tereachci
rcl
e
2.Heest
abl
i
shedhi
sowncour
tsf
orj
ust
ice.Hepuni
shedt
hosewhowentt
oof
fi
cial
cour
tsi
nst
eadofhi
sowncour
t.
3.HeaskedBangal
iMusl
i
mst
ost
andupagai
nstt
heHi
nduMusl
i
m Landl
ords
4.Hewasoft
hev
iewt
hatl
andi
sthepr
oper
tyofAl
l
ah.Noonecani
mposet
ax.So,
Musl
i
m peasant
sshoul
dnotpayanyt
axexceptt
her
evenuet
ax
5.Ri
chandpoorar
eequal
andshoul
dhel
peachot
her
.

ENDOFMOVEMENT
Becauseoft
heant
i-
stat
emov
ement
scar
ri
edonbyDuduMi
an,
hewasputt
ojai
l
sev
eralt
imes.Hedi
edi
n1861i
nDhaka.Af
terhi
sdeat
h,t
heFar
aiziMov
ementcamet
o
anendduet
olackofl
eader
shi
p.

ANALYSI
S
Asar
esul
tofFar
aizi
Mov
ement
:
1.Musl
i
msgotasi
ghofr
eli
ef
2.Musl
i
msgotmanyoft
hei
rri
ght
s
3.Musl
i
msgotr
idofuni
slami
cpr
act
ices
Ov
eral
l
,themov
ementwasi
nfav
oroft
heBangal
iMusl
i
ms.Howev
er,somecr
it
icssay
t
hatt
hismov
ementwasshor
tter
m,ant
i-
stat
eandf
acedpol
i
tical
probl
ems.

CONCLUSI
ON
Far
aizimov
ementst
ressedonper
for
mingobl
i
gat
oryr
eli
giousdut
iesandt
ogi
ve
up uni
slami
c pr
act
ices (
Bidah)
,uni
slami
cri
tual
s and cer
emoni
es r
elat
ed t
o bi
rt
h,
mar
ri
ageanddeat
handsuper
sti
ti
ousbel
i
efs
Duet
othi
smov
ement
,Musl
i
msgotasi
ghofr
eli
efandmanyoft
hei
rri
ght
sand
gotr
idofuni
slami
cpr
act
ices

Page3of3
DAARULULOOM DEOBAND
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.I
thaspr
omi
nentpl
acei
nthehi
stor
yofsubcont
inent
.
2.I
twasamov
ementwhi
chai
medatr
evi
valandupl
i
ftofI
ndi
anMusl
i
msand
er
adi
cat
ionsofuni
slami
cpr
act
ices.
3.I
twasr
eli
gious,
ant
i-
Bri
ti
shandJi
hadi
ini
tsnat
ure.
4.I
twasbasedont
hephi
l
osophyofShahWal
iUl
l
ahoft
wo-
nat
ionst
heor
y.
BACKGROUND
1.Af
tert
heWarofI
ndependencei
n1857,Br
it
ishRajwasest
abl
i
shedi
nthesub
cont
inent
.
2.Br
it
ishat
ti
tudewasmor
ehost
il
etowar
dst
heMusl
i
m communi
ty.
3.Theat
roci
ti
esoft
heBr
it
ishRaj
wer
eagai
nstt
heMusl
i
mst
okeept
hem pol
i
tical
l
y,
economi
cal
l
y,soci
all
yandeducat
ional
l
ybackwar
d
4.Chr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
iesst
art
edspr
eadi
ngt
hei
rownv
aluesy
stem andcul
tur
al
nor
mswhi
chwer
eagai
nstt
heI
slami
cval
ues
5.Musl
i
mswer
eeconomi
cal
l
ypoorandI
slami
cval
ueswer
edy
ing
6.I
ndi
anMusl
i
mswer
einneedofamov
ementt
ocount
erwest
ernmi
ssi
onar
ies
andat
roci
ti
esofBr
it
ishRaj
andt
opr
otectandr
evi
vet
hegl
oryofI
slam.
7.DaarulUl
oom Deobandwassuchamov
ementwhi
chai
medatr
evi
valofI
ndi
an
Musl
i
msandwhi
chwasr
eli
gious,
ant
i-
Bri
ti
shandJi
hadi
ini
tsnat
ure.
8.I
twasbasedont
hephi
l
osophyofShahWal
iUl
l
ahoft
wo-
nat
ionst
heor
y
ESTABLI
SHMENTOFMADRASSAHDAARULULOOM DEOBAND
1.Madr
assahDaarulUl
oom Deobandwasest
abl
i
shedbyHaj
iM.Abi
don14Apr
il
1866i
nSahar
anpur
.
2.Haj
iM.Abi
dcol
l
ect
edf
undst
oest
abl
i
sht
heMadr
assah.
3.Hei
nfor
medMol
anaYaqubandMol
anaQasi
m Nanot
wiaboutt
heMadr
assah
andr
equest
edt
hem t
ojoi
ntheMadr
assah.
4.Mol
anaQasi
m Nanot
wir
eti
red f
rom t
hegov
ernmentser
viceand j
oined t
he
Madr
assah atRs.10 permont
h.He wor
ked so har
d day and ni
ghtt
hat
Madr
assahf
lour
ishedv
eryf
astandi
tbecamet
obeknownasQasi
m Al
Uloom.

Page1of1
STRUCTUREOFTHEMADRASSAH
1.Madr
assahwasest
abl
i
shedi
nasepar
atel
argebui
l
ding
2.Wor
kwasdi
vi
dedi
ntodi
ff
erentdepar
tment
sli
keQur
an,
Hadi
th,
Fiqahet
c
3.Asepar
atel
i
brar
ywasal
soest
abl
i
shedi
ntheMadr
assah
4.Moder
nfeat
ureswer
eint
roduced l
i
kepr
epar
ati
on ofcur
ri
cul
um,conductof
exami
nat
ionandi
ssueofcer
ti
fi
cat
es.
5.I
tpr
oducedv
ari
ousper
sonal
i
tiesl
i
ke:
1.Mol
anaAshr
afAl
iThanwi
2.Mol
anaHassanAhmadMadni
3.Mol
anaShabbi
rAhmadUsmani
4.Mol
anaUbai
dUl
l
ahSi
ndhi
5.Muf
tiShaf
iUsmani
6.Mol
anaAhmadLahor
i
7.Shei
khul
HindMol
anaMahmoodUl
Hassan
SERVI
CESOFTHEMADRASSAHDAARULULOOM DEOBAND
Soci
alser
vices
1.I
temphasi
zedont
hewomen’
sri
ghtofi
nher
it
ance
2.I
tst
ressedonmar
ri
ageofwi
dows
3.I
nbr
oughtmoder
nism i
nthought
sinMusl
i
m soci
ety
4.I
treducedunempl
oymentf
orMusl
i
ms
5.I
ter
adi
cat
ed uni
slami
c pr
act
ices,cust
oms and t
radi
ti
ons f
rom t
he Musl
i
m
soci
ety

Rel
i
giousser
vices
1.I
tcount
eredt
heat
tackofHi
nduandChr
ist
ianMi
ssi
onar
ies
2.I
test
abl
i
shednet
wor
kofMadr
assahsf
ort
eachi
ngofI
slam
3.I
tpr
oducedagal
axyofr
eli
giousschol
ars
4.I
tpl
ayedav
ital
rol
einKhi
l
afatmov
ement
5.I
tst
art
ed Si
l
k Let
terMov
ement(
Tehr
eek-
e-ReshmiRumal
)whi
ch ai
med at
f
reei
ngI
ndi
afr
om Br
it
ishr
ulebyal
l
yingwi
thOt
tomanTur
key
,Imper
ialGer
many
andAf
ghani
stan.Si
ncel
ett
erswer
ewr
it
teni
nsi
l
kcl
othhencet
hename.
6.I
tgav
ebi
rt
htot
wor
eli
giouspol
i
ticalpar
ti
esnamel
yMadniGr
oupandThanwi

Page2of2
 Gr
oup.Madnigr
oupwasheadedbyMol
anaHassanAhmadMadniandi
twasi
n
f
avorofpar
ti
ti
onofsubcont
inentandest
abl
i
shmentofPaki
stan.ThanwiGr
oup
washeadedbyMol
anaAshr
afAl
iThanwiandi
twasagai
nstt
hepar
ti
ti
onofsub
cont
inent
.

Pol
i
tical
ser
vices
1.I
tgav
ebi
rt
htoMusl
i
m Nat
ional
i
stPr
ess
2.I
tgav
ebi
rt
htor
eli
giouspol
i
tical
par
ti
es
3.I
tdev
elopedant
i-
imper
ial
i
sti
cat
ti
tudeamongMusl
i
ms
4.I
tfol
l
owedt
hephi
l
osophyofShahWal
iUl
l
ahofTwo-
Nat
ionst
heor
y.
CONCLUSI
ON
1.I
twasamov
ementwhi
chai
medatr
evi
valofI
ndi
anMusl
i
msandi
twasr
eli
gious,
ant
i-
Bri
ti
shandJi
hadi
ini
tsnat
ure.
2.I
twasbasedont
hephi
l
osophyofShahWal
iUl
l
ahoft
wo-
nat
ionst
heor
y.

Page3of3
 COMPARI
SON

Poi
nts Di
ff
erences

DEOBAND ALI
GARH

I
tspur
posewast
her
eli
gious I
tspur
posewast
hemoder
n
Educat
ion
educat
ionoft
heMusl
i
ms. educat
ionoft
heMusl
i
ms.

I
tst
ressedonJi
hadagai
nst I
tst
ressedoncooper
ati
onwi
th
St
ress
Br
it
ishRaj
.Itwasant
iBr
it
ish. Br
it
ishRaj
.Itwaspr
o-Br
it
ish.

I
twasmai
nlyl
i
ber
albuti
twasal
so
Nat
ure I
twaspur
elyr
eli
giousandr
igi
d
gi
venar
eli
gioust
ouch.Quot
e.

I
tfocusedononesectandgav
e I
twasamoder
nmov
ementandi
t
Focus
Fat
wasagai
nstBr
elv
is di
dnotbel
i
evei
nsect
s

I
tpr
oducedsal
ari
atcl
assand
Di
sci
ples I
tpr
oducedMol
vi
sandI
mams
moder
npeopl
e

I
twasnotpr
ovi
dedwi
thf
inanci
al I
twaspr
ovi
dedwi
thf
inanci
alai
dby
Fi
nanci
alAi
d
ai
dbyt
heBr
it
ishgov
ernment t
heBr
it
ishgov
ernment

Pol
i
tical
phi
l
osophi
es I
twasi
nfav
orofpol
i
tics I
tfor
badeMusl
i
mst
ojoi
npol
i
tics

Si
mil
ari
ti
es

Pur
pose Bot
hthemov
ement
swer
efort
hesamepur
pose

DeobandandAl
i
gar
hwer
einanagr
eementbywhi
chEngl
i
sheducat
ion
Coor
dinat
ion waspr
ovi
dedi
nDebobandbyAl
i
gar
handRel
i
giouseducat
ionwas
pr
ovi
dedi
nAl
i
gar
hbyDeoband.

Quot
ebySi
rSy
edAhmadKhan
‘
CrownofKal
mawoul
dbeonmyhead,sci
encei
nmyr
ighthandandphi
l
osophyi
nmy
Page4of4
l
efthand’

Page5of5
SYEDAHMADBARELVI
 SHAHEED—JI
HADIMOVEMENT(
1786–1831)
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.Hewasagr
eatr
evol
uti
onar
y I
slami
c act
ivi
sti
nIndi
a.
2.Hewagedj
i
hadandat
tempt
edt
ocr
eat
eanI
slami
cst
atewi
thst
ri
ctenf
orcement
ofI
slami
claw.
3.Hewast
hef
ir
stmoder
nIsl
ami
cleadert
oleadamov
ementt
hatwas"
rel
i
gious,
mi
l
itar
yandpol
i
tical
"andt
oaddr
esst
hecommonpeopl
eandr
uler
swi
thacal
l
f
orj
i
had.
4.Hewasi
nfl
uencedby
 ShahAbdulAzi
z,sonof
 ShahWal
i
ull
ah.Hepr
eachedf
or
r
enewalofI
slam andj
i
hadandbui
l
tahi
ghl
ydev
elopednet
wor
kofper
sonal
f
ri
endsandpar
ti
sans.
EARLYLI
FE
1.Hewasbor
nin1786i
nRai
Bar
eli
.
2.Hewast
hef
oll
oweroft
hephi
l
osophyofShahWal
iUl
l
ahandShahAbdul
Azi
z.
3.Hepr
efer
redt
obeasol
dierr
athert
hanaschol
ar.
4.Hel
ear
ntt
heQur
anandHadi
th.
5.Hei
sknownf
ort
heBat
tl
eofBal
akot
.In1826,hepr
ovi
dedanI
slami
cchal
l
enge
t
o anexpandi
ng Si
khempi
rewhenhe,wi
thhi
snumer
ousdi
sci
ples,ar
ri
ved
i
n Peshawart
oest
abl
i
shanI
slami
cst
ateamong 
Pasht
un 
tr
ibesi
nthear
ea.Sy
ed
Ahmadandhundr
edsofhi
str
oopsandf
oll
ower
swer
eki
l
ledbyt
heSi
khAr
my
i
n Bal
akot
, 
Mansehr
aDi
str
ict
 i
n1831.
MI
LITARYSERVI
CE
1.Att
went
y-f
ive,he st
art
ed hi
s mi
l
itar
ycar
eeras ‘
Sawar
’(cav
alr
yman)
.The
mi
l
iti
arywasl
edbyNawabAmi
rKhanofTank.Hegotal
otofmi
l
itar
yandst
ate-
maki
ngexper
ienceher
e. 
Hel
eftt
hemi
l
itar
ybecauseAmi
rKhanr
efusedt
ogo
agai
nstt
heBr
it
ish.
2.Hedecl
aredTankasDar
-ul
-Har
bandr
etur
nedt
oDel
hiandv
isi
tedhi
sfor
mer
t
eacher
 ShahAbdulAzi
z,whowassoi
mpr
essedbySay
yidAhmad'
schar
isma
andmat
urat
iont
hatheadv
isedhi
snephewShahI
smai
landhi
sson-
in-
lawMaul
vi
AbdulHay
ytot
akespi
ri
tualal
l
egi
ance(
bay
'ah)wi
thhi
m.I
n1818,hewr
ote‘
Sir
at
Must
aqeem’
basedont
hephi
l
osophyofShahWal
iUl
l
ah.

Page1of1
BACKGROUND(
CONDI
TIONOFI
NDI
ANMUSLI
MS)
Dur
inghi
sti
me:

1.Musl
i
mswer
eweakeconomi
cal
l
y,soci
all
y,pol
i
tical
l
yandr
eli
giousl
y

2.Musl
i
mswer
eper
for
ming uni
slami
cri
tual
sand cer
emoni
esr
elat
ed t
o bi
rt
h,
mar
ri
ageanddeat
hthatwer
eagai
nstt
het
eachi
ngsofI
slam (
rest
ri
cti
onont
he
mar
ri
ageofwi
dows,
bel
i
efi
nsuper
sti
ti
ons,
heav
yexpendi
tur
eatt
het
imeofbi
rt
h,
deat
handmar
ri
age,
indul
gencei
neaseanddi
scomf
ortandaddi
cti
ont
owi
ne)

3.Mughal
Empi
rewasdecl
i
ningandSi
kh,
Jat
tsandMar
hat
taswer
eri
sing

4.Ranj
eetSi
ngh(
thef
ounderofSi
khEmpi
re)wasagai
nstt
heMusl
i
msandhe
conv
ert
edv
ari
ousMusl
i
m school
sandmadr
assahsi
ntost
abl
es

PREPARATI
ONFORJI
HAD
1.Sy
edwast
hef
ir
stper
sont
oreal
i
set
henecessi
tyofamov
ementwhi
chwasat
t
hesamet
imer
eli
gious,
mil
i
tar
yandpol
i
tical
.
2.Hewast
hef
ir
stt
oaddr
esst
hepeopl
einhi
scal
lfor
 j
ihad.
3.Hi
sfi
rstt
argetwast
he 
Sikh-
rul
edki
ngdom of
 Ranj
i
tSi
ngh.Punj
abandNWFP
wasundert
hecont
rolofRanj
eetSi
ngh.Musl
i
mswer
einv
erypi
ti
abl
econdi
ti
on
wi
thnor
eli
giousl
i
ber
ty.ManyMusl
i
m school
sandmadar
ssahswer
econv
ert
ed
i
nto st
abl
es.Sy
ed Ahmad v
isi
ted manyar
eas and Musl
i
ms compl
ained of
massi
veper
secut
ionofRanj
i
tSi
ngh.
4.Hedeci
dedt
otakeupt
hear
msagai
nstSi
khsi
nPunj
abandNWFP.HesentShah
I
smai
landAbdul
Hay
ywi
th6000t
roopsf
orJi
hadagai
nstRanj
i
tSi
ngh.
5.Hehi
msel
fvi
si
tedmanyar
easandcar
eful
l
ydev
elopedanet
wor
kofpeopl
eto
col
l
ectf
undsandencour
agev
olunt
eer
s.Hear
ri
vedi
nPeshawari
n1826and
r
eachedNoshahr
aandest
abl
i
shedhi
sheadquar
tert
her
e.
6.Hepr
eachedj
i
hadamongstt
hel
ocal
 
Pasht
un 
tr
ibesanddemandedt
hatt
hey
r
enouncet
hei
rtr
ibal
cust
omsandadoptt
he 
shar
iat
.
7.Heest
abl
i
shedsy
stem ofI
slami
ctaxest
ofi
nancet
hej
i
had.

Page2of2
MAI
NEVENTSOFJI
HAD
1.Hesentamessaget
oRanj
eetSi
nghei
thert
oacceptI
slam ort
opr
epar
efora
war
.Si
nghaccept
edt
hel
att
er.I
n1826,Sy
edAhmadandhi
sfol
l
ower
scl
ashed
wi
thSi
kht
roopsatAkor
aanddef
eat
edSi
khswhower
eundert
hecommandof
BudhSi
ngh.Thesecondbat
tl
ewasf
oughtatHazr
owhi
chwaswonbyMusl
i
ms
2.Theset
woi
nit
ialsuccessesi
ncr
easedt
hepopul
ari
tyofAhmad’
smov
ementand
manypeopl
egat
her
edar
oundhi
mincl
udi
ngt
heYarMuhammad,
theGov
ernorof
Peshawar
.Soont
henumberoft
roopswasi
ncr
easedt
o80,
000
3.Si
khs conspi
red agai
nstAhmad and bet
ray
ed hi
s al
l
yYarMuhammad.Yar
Muhammadt
ri
edt
ogi
vepoi
sont
oAhmadandwaski
l
ledbyAhmadwhenhe
camet
oknowaboutt
hemal
i
ciousi
ntent
ionsofYarMuhammad.
4.Ther
eaf
ter
,Sy
ed Ahmad wentf
orPeshawarand Kashmi
r.Si
khs undert
he
super
visi
onofGener
alVent
uradef
eat
edMusl
i
msandsav
edPeshawarandgav
e
i
ttoSul
tanMuhammadwhowast
hebr
otherofYarMuhammad.Sy
edAhmad
wentt
oHazar
aandf
acedSi
khswhower
eundert
hesuper
visi
onofHar
riSi
ngh.
Musl
i
mswer
edef
eat
edher
etoo.
5.Thesedef
eat
swer
eduet
oindi
sci
pli
ned,i
nef
fect
iveand poor
lycoor
dinat
ed
mi
l
itar
yfor
ce.Toov
ercomet
hesedef
ici
enci
es,Sy
edAhmadwasunani
mousl
y
chosenast
heI
mam.
6.Sy
edAhmadmadeanot
herassaul
tonPeshawari
n1831anddef
eat
edSi
khsand
occupi
edi
t.Hei
mposedShar
iati
nPeshawaranddecl
aredhi
m asCal
i
ph.Af
ter
t
womont
hs,
hel
eftPeshawari
nfav
orofSul
tanAhmadonapr
omi
set
hatSul
tan
shal
lpaya‘
Tri
but
e’.

ENDOFMOVEMENT
Sy
edAhmadl
eftf
orBal
akoti
n1831.Si
khsundert
hesuper
visi
onofShei
rSi
ngh
def
eat
edMusl
i
msandki
l
ledSy
edAhmadal
ongwi
thhi
sfol
l
ower
s.Af
terhi
sdeat
h,no
onecoul
dcont
inuehi
smov
ementandi
tendedbecauseofwantofl
eader
shi
p.

Page3of3
ACHI
EVEMENTS
1.Hef
oughtt
oer
adi
cat
ethecor
ruptpr
act
ices
2.Het
ri
edt
ocor
rectt
heat
ti
tudet
owar
dsTaql
i
dandI
jt
ehad
3.Het
ri
edt
oref
orm Suf
ism
4.Het
ri
edt
orev
ivet
hepol
i
tical
poweroft
heI
ndi
anMusl
i
ms
5.Hef
orbadI
ndi
anMusl
i
msf
rom per
for
minguni
slami
cri
tual
sandcer
emoni
es
r
elat
edt
obi
rt
h,mar
ri
ageanddeat
hli
ket
ombwor
shi
p,r
est
ri
cti
onont
hemar
ri
age
ofwi
dows,bel
i
efi
nsuper
sti
ti
ons,heav
yexpendi
tur
eatt
het
imeofbi
rt
h,deat
h
andmar
ri
age,
indul
gencei
neaseanddi
scomf
ortandaddi
cti
ont
owi
ne

ANALYSI
S
1.Ji
hadimov
ementawakenedt
hedor
mantspi
ri
tofJi
hadi
nMusl
i
msanduni
ted
t
hem

2.Ji
hadi
mov
ementi
ncul
cat
edt
hespi
ri
toff
reedom andi
ndependencei
nMusl
i
ms

3.Ji
hadimov
ementur
gedMusl
i
mst
ofol
l
owt
het
ruet
eachi
ngsofI
slam andt
oget
r
idofuni
slami
cpr
act
ices

Ov
eral
l
,themov
ementwasi
nfav
oroft
heMusl
i
ms.Howev
er,
somecr
it
icssayt
hatt
his
mov
ementwasf
orshor
tter
m andi
tcoul
dnotgett
hesuppor
toft
hel
ocalpeopl
e
(
Pat
hans)whowentagai
nstt
hismov
ement
.

CONCLUSI
ON
1.Sy
edAhmadShaheedwasagr
eatMusl
i
mref
ormer
.
2.Hewasamanofact
ionhav
ingmagnet
icper
sonal
i
ty.
3.HeaskedMusl
i
mst
odenounceal
linnov
ati
onsi
nIsl
am andt
ogetr
idofher
eti
c
Suf
is,
uni
sl
ami
cpr
act
icesandt
heHi
ndui
nfl
uenceandt
ofol
l
owst
ri
ctl
ytheQur
an
andHi
dth.

Page4of4
DEGENERATI
ONOFMUSLI
M SOCI
ETY
I
NTRODUCTION
Musl
i
msr
uled ov
ert
he sub cont
inentf
orov
era t
housand y
ear
s,butt
hen
Musl
i
ms f
aced decl
i
ne i
nthei
rint
ell
ect
ual
,economi
c,soci
al,pol
i
tical
,rel
i
gious,
educat
ionalandmor
all
i
fe.Si
khs,Jat
ts,Mar
aht
tas,andf
orei
gni
nvader
sal
soposed
ser
iouschal
l
enget
otheMusl
i
mrul
ers.Themaj
orf
act
orsbehi
ndt
hedecl
i
neoft
he
Musl
i
mrei
gni
nthesubcont
inentar
edi
scussedundert
hef
oll
owi
ngheadi
ngs:
1.Pol
i
tical
fact
ors
2.Soci
alf
act
ors
3.Economi
cfact
ors
4.Rel
i
giousf
act
ors
5.Mi
l
itar
yfact
ors
CONDITI
ONSPREVAI
LINGI
NTHESUBCONTI
NENTBEFORETHE
COLLAPSEOFMUGHALREI
GNIN1857
1.Af
tert
hedeat
hofAur
genzai
bAl
mgi
rin1707,Musl
i
mswer
efaci
ngsev
erl
ackof
l
eader
shi
p.
2.Ther
e was no wr
itoft
he st
ate.Aut
hor
it
yoft
he cent
ralgov
ernmentwas
col
l
apsed.
3.Manyi
ndependentst
atesemer
ged.
4.Localpower
s(Si
khs,Jat
ts,Mar
aht
tas)wer
ecr
eat
ingpr
obl
emsf
ort
heMusl
i
m
r
uler
s.
5.For
eigni
nvader
swer
echal
l
engi
ngt
hesov
erei
gnt
yoft
heMusl
i
mrul
ers.
6.EastI
ndi
aCompanyoccupi
edBengali
n1757andcr
eat
edi
tsr
ooti
nthesub
cont
inent
.

FACTORSBEHI
NDTHEDEGENERATI
ONOFMUSLI
M SOCI
ETY
POLI
TICALFACTORS
Col
l
apseofcent
ral
aut
hor
it
y
Aur
angzai
bspent25y
ear
sinDhakanst
atef
ight
ingagai
nstt
heShi
ya
st
ates and t
he Mar
athas whi
ch weaken hi
s cent
ralaut
hor
it
y and
cont
ri
but
edt
othedecl
i
neofmusl
i
ms.

Page1of1
Leader
shi
pcr
ises
Af
tert
hedeat
hofAur
anzai
b,Musl
i
msf
acedl
ackofl
eader
shi
pwhi
ch
cont
ri
but
edt
othedecl
i
neofmusl
i
ms.
Conspi
rat
ional
rol
eoft
henobi
l
ity(
Bur
eaucr
acy
)
Nobl
esl
i
keMi
rSadi
q(Bengal
)andMi
rJaf
ir(
Dhakan)conspi
redagai
nst
t
heMughal
sandcont
ri
but
edt
othedecl
i
neofMusl
i
ms.
For
eigni
nvader
s
Musl
i
mswer
eso weakt
hatt
her
ewasno r
esi
stanceagai
nstf
orei
gn
i
nvader
s.Nadi
rShahsackedDel
hii
n1939andAhmadShahAbdal
isacked
Mar
athas i
n 1961.Thi
s under
mined t
he poweroft
he Mughal
s and
cont
ri
but
edt
othei
rdecl
i
ne.
Col
oni
ali
ntr
usi
on
Br
it
ishoccupi
edBengali
n1757andt
hesubcont
inenti
n1857.Br
it
ishal
so
cont
ri
but
edt
othedecl
i
neoft
heMusl
i
ms.
SOCI
ALFACTORS
Ri
seofnewsoci
alpower
s
Si
khs,Jat
ts,Mar
athas,
and Raj
put
s al
so became power
fulenough t
o
chal
l
enget
heMughal
sandcont
ri
but
edt
othei
rdecl
i
ne.
Lossofchar
act
erofki
ngsandnobi
l
ity
Musl
i
mrul
erswer
efocusi
ngonweal
th,wi
neandwomenr
athert
hanon
educat
ion,r
eli
gionandJi
had.Att
hatt
ime,pal
aceshadbecomeasy
mbol
ofadul
ter
y.Thi
ssi
tuat
ional
socont
ri
but
edt
othedecl
i
neofMusl
i
ms.
I
ntel
l
ect
ual
ari
dit
y
Musl
i
mswer
enotpay
ingat
tent
iont
othei
reducat
ion.Theywer
elaggi
ng
behi
ndt
her
estoft
hewor
ldwhi
chal
socont
ri
but
edt
othei
rdecl
i
ne.
ECONOMI
CFACTORS
Agr
ari
ancr
i he18thcent
sesoft ury
Due t
otwent
yfi
vey
ear
sofDhakan campai
gn byAur
angzai
b,I
ndi
an
musl
i
msf
acedsev
ereagr
ari
ancr
isesbecausei
twasal
mosti
mpossi
ble
t
ogr
ow cr
opsi
nthebat
tl
efi
elds.Thi
sresul
tedi
npov
ert
yandr
evol
t
agai
nstt
heMughal
sandcont
ri
but
edt
othei
rpov
ert
y.
Col
l
apseoft
heMansabdar
isy
stem
Mansabdar
isy
stem f
ail
ed when mansabdar
s pur
sued t
hei
rvest
ed
i
nter
est
sandi
ndul
gedi
ncor
ruptpr
act
ices.Thi
sal
sor
esul
tedi
ndecl
i
neof

Page2of2
 Musl
i
ms.
Dr
ainageofI
ndi
anweal
th
For
eigni
nvader
stookI
ndi
anweal
thwi
tht
hem whi
chr
esul
tedi
neconomi
c
l
osst
otheMusl
i
ms.
Rol
eofEastI
ndi
aCompany
EastI
ndi
aCompanyl
abel
edsubcont
inentasGol
denSpar
row.I
tal
so
dr
ainedI
ndi
anweal
thwhi
chr
esul
tedi
neconomi
closst
othemusl
i
ms.
Par
asi
ti
ccl
ass
Musl
i
msr
uler
sst
art
edspendi
ngl
uxur
iousl
i
fe.Theypat
roni
zedDar
ogas,
Pr
ost
it
utes,Sol
dier
s,andPoet
swhi
chal
sor
esul
tedi
neconomi
closst
o
t
heMusl
i
ms.
Lossofmar
ket
Duet
othepol
i
ticalunr
estandeconomi
cdecl
i
ne,Mughal
sal
sol
ostt
hei
r
mar
ket
sandf
orei
gnt
radewhi
chr
esul
tedi
neconomi
closst
othemusl
i
ms.
RELI
GIOUSFACTORS
Dev
iat
ionf
rom r
eli
gion
I
slam i
s a compl
ete code ofl
i
fe.Musl
i
ms f
aced decl
i
ne when t
hey
depar
tedf
rom i
slam.
Suf
ism cor
rupt
ed
When suf
is st
art
ed pr
act
ici
ng her
esy wi
thoutf
oll
owi
ng shar
iat
,thi
s
r
esul
tedi
ndecl
i
neofmusl
i
ms.
Lackofj
i
hadi
spi
ri
t
Musl
i
msf
ocusedonweal
th,
wineandwomanandl
ostt
hei
rfocusonj
i
had
whi
chcont
ri
but
edt
othei
rdecl
i
ne.
Sect
ari
ani
sm
Musl
i
msdi
vi
dedi
ntosect
sli
keShi
ya,Sunniet
candl
ostt
hei
runi
tywhi
ch
cont
ri
but
edt
othei
rdecl
i
ne.
Super
sti
ti
ousbel
i
efsanduni
slami
ccer
emoni
esandr
it
ual
s
Bel
i
efsi
nsuper
sti
ti
onsandpr
act
iceofuni
slami
ccer
emoni
esandr
it
ual
s
r
elat
edt
omar
ri
age,bi
rt
handdeat
hal
socont
ri
but
edt
othedecl
i
neof
musl
i
ms.
MI
LITARYFACTORS
Leadercr
ises
Af
tert
hedeat
hofAugr
anzai
bAl
amgi
rin1707,
musl
i
msal
sof
aceddear
th

Page3of3
 ofl
eader
shi
pwhi
chcont
ri
but
edt
othei
rdecl
i
ne.
Warofsuccessi
on
Warofsuccessi
onbet
weent
hef
oursonsofShahJahan(
Aur
angzai
b,
Dar
a,Shuj
ah,
andMur
ad)al
socont
ri
but
edt
othedecl
i
neofmusl
i
ms
Ci
vi
lwar
Publ
i
crebel
l
ionagai
nstt
heMughal
sal
socont
ri
but
edt
othei
rdecl
i
ne
Lackofmoder
nwar
heads
Mughal
susedt
radi
ti
onalandout
dat
edwar
headsandf
ail
edi
nbui
l
dinga
nav
alf
orcewhi
chal
socont
ri
but
ed
ANALYSI
S
1.Ther
ewasnotj
ustasi
ngl
ecausef
ort
hedecl
i
neofMughal
srat
hert
her
ewasa
ser
iesofcauses.
2.Lackofl
eader
shi
p,Shor
tsi
ght
edness,Sect
ari
ani
sm,Conspi
raci
es,Cor
rupt
ion,
I
ntel
l
ect
ualar
idi
ty,Lossofmar
ket
,andi
nvasi
onbyf
orei
gner
sandEastI
ndi
a
Companywer
ethemaj
orcausesf
ort
hedecl
i
neofI
ndi
anmusl
i
ms.
3.Pr
obl
emswer
esodi
ver
se,sev
ereanddeadl
ythati
twasv
erydi
ff
icul
tfort
he
Mughal
stost
ayal
i
ve.
4.Hadt
heyencount
eredt
hesepr
obl
emssuccessf
ull
y,t
her
ewoul
dhav
ebeenonl
ya
uni
tedsubcont
inentundert
her
ulesoft
hemusl
i
ms.
CONCLUSI
ON
Mughal
slostt
hei
rrei
gnbecauset
heywer
etr
appedf
rom al
mostev
erydi
mensi
on.
Al
thoughi
tisawf
ult
hatt
heycoul
dnotsur
viv
eyeti
tisf
ort
unat
ethatt
odaywel
i
vei
n
Paki
stan—AnI
ndependentI
slami
cSt
ate.

Page4of4
ALI
GARH(
SERVI
CESOFSI
RSYEDAHMADKHAN)
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.Hewasagr
eatmusl
i
mref
ormeri
nsubcont
inent
2.Af
tert
hewor
ldwarof1857,Musl
i
mswer
efaci
ngdecl
i
nei
nthei
rint
ell
ect
ual
,
economi
c,soci
al,
pol
i
tical
,rel
i
gious,
educat
ional
andmor
all
i
fe
3.Hepl
ayedani
mpor
tantr
olef
ort
hewel
far
eandupl
i
fti
ngofMusl
i
ms
4.Hewast
hef
ir
stt
oreal
i
zet
hatmusl
i
mswer
eindi
reneedofeducat
ionandt
hat
backwar
dnessi
neducat
ionwast
hecauseofal
li
ll
s
5.Heusedt
hepl
atf
orm ofAl
i
gar
htopr
ovi
dehi
sser
vices.Al
lhi
sser
vicesar
e
knownasAl
i
gar
hmov
ement
BACKGROUND(
CONDI
TIONOFMUSLI
MS)
1.Musl
i
mswer
efaci
ng decl
i
ne i
nthei
rint
ell
ect
ual
,economi
c,soci
al,pol
i
tical
,
r
eli
gious,
educat
ional
andmor
all
i
fe
2.Mughal
swer
edecl
i
ningandEastI
ndi
aCompanywasr
isi
ng
3.Br
it
ishwer
eoft
hev
iew t
hatmusl
i
mswer
ether
ootcauseoft
heI
ndi
anr
evol
t,
t
her
efor
e,musl
i
mswer
efaci
ngat
roci
ti
esoft
heBr
it
ishl
i
keLandoft
hemusl
i
ms
wasconf
iscat
ed;Fi
nger
soft
hemusl
i
m masonswer
ecutof
fsot
hatt
heycoul
d
notpr
oducecompet
ingpr
oduct
s;Musl
i
mswer
edepr
ivedoft
hei
rjobs;Musl
i
m
t
eacher
swer
edi
smi
ssed
4.Ar
abi
candPer
sianwer
ebanned
5.JummaPr
ayerwasbanned
6.Chr
ist
iani
tywasbei
ngpr
eached
7.I
n1870,
onl
y17musl
i
msgr
aduat
edoutof525
ROLEOFSI
RSYEDAHMADKHAN
Hemadet
heeducat
ionofmusl
i
mst
hecor
ner
stoneofhi
sst
rat
egy
.Accor
dingt
o
t
hebi
ogr
apherofsi
rsy
edahmadkhan,hi
sphi
l
osophywast
oeducat
e,educat
eand
educat
e.Hepr
ovi
dedhi
sser
vicesf
rom t
hepl
atf
orm ofAl
i
gar
hwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ng
obj
ect
ives:
1.Tor
emov
emi
sunder
standi
ngbet
weenBr
it
ishandMusl
i
ms
2.Tokeepmusl
i
msawayf
rom agi
tat
ional
pol
i
tics
3.Topr
otectmusl
i
mri
ght
sandi
nter
est
s

Page1of1
POLI
TICALSERVI
CES
1.Het
ri
edt
obr
ingBr
it
ishandMusl
i
mscl
oset
oget
her
a.Hewr
ote‘
Risal
a‘Asbab-
e-Baghawat
-e-
Hind’anddi
scussedt
her
eint
hat
t
hesewer
eHi
nduswhost
art
edt
heI
ndi
anRev
olt
,musl
i
msj
oinedt
hem
l
ater
.
b.Hewr
ote‘
Loy
alMuhammadanofI
ndi
a’anddi
scussedt
her
eint
heser
vices
ofmusl
i
mst
obr
it
ish
c.HeengagedBr
it
ishi
nhi
seducat
ional
syst
em:
i
.Lor
dLy
toni
naugur
atedAl
i
gar
hschool
i
i
.Ear
lypr
inci
plesofAl
i
gar
hwer
eal
soBr
it
ish
i
i
i.Heest
abl
i
shedBr
it
ishI
ndi
anAssoci
ati
on
2.Hekeptmusl
i
msawayf
rom agi
tat
ionalpol
i
ticsandaskedt
hem nott
ojoi
n
Cent
ral
MohammadanAssoci
ati
onf
oundedbySy
edAmeerAl
i
3.Hepr
eser
vedmusl
i
mident
it
y:
a.Heaskedmusl
i
msnott
ojoi
nCongr
essf
ormedbyA.
O.Humei
n1885
b.Hedemandedsepar
atej
obquot
asf
ormusl
i
ms
c.Heusedt
hewor
d‘Qaum’f
ormusl
i
msf
ort
hef
ir
stt
ime.Quot
e:M.
S.Jai
n
‘
SirSy
edAhmedt
ransf
ormedMusl
i
msi
ntoaNat
ion’
d.Hegav
esepar
atepl
atf
ormt
othemusl
i
msl
i
ke:
i
.MohammadanEducat
ional
Conf
erence
i
i
.Br
it
ishI
ndi
anAssoci
ati
on
i
i
i.I
ndi
anPat
ri
oti
cAssoci
ati
on
4.Hegav
etheconceptoft
wo-
nat
ion.Ur
du-
HindiTanazabr
okeouti
n1867i
n
Banar
asf
orr
epl
aci
ng Ur
du wi
th Hi
ndiasof
fi
ciall
anguage.Hesuccessf
ull
y
def
endedUr
du.
EDUCATI
ONALSERVI
CES
1.Heur
gedmusl
i
mst
ogetmoder
neducat
ionandl
ear
nEngl
i
shandWest
ern
Sci
ences
2.Hepr
ovi
dednet
wor
kofeducat
ional
inst
it
uti
onst
othemusl
i
ms:
a.1859–Madar
assahMur
adabad
b.1862–Madar
assahGhazi
pur

Page2of2
 c.1875–Al
i
gar
hSchool
d.1877–Al
i
gar
hCol
l
ege
3.Heest
abl
i
shedsci
ent
if
icsoci
eti
esl
i
keest
abl
i
shmentofGhazi
purSci
ent
if
ic
Soci
etyf
ort
ransl
ati
onofi
nval
uabl
eEngl
i
shbooksi
ntoUr
du.Mor
ethan700
bookswer
etr
ansl
ated.
4.Heest
abl
i
shedMuhammadanEudcat
ionalConf
erencewhi
chwasconv
ert
ed
i
ntoMusl
i
m Leaguei
n1906andpr
ovi
dedpol
i
tical
plat
for
mtot
hemusl
i
ms
5.Hegat
her
edgal
axyofi
ntel
l
ect
ual
sandschol
arsl
i
keMohsi
nUlMal
i
k,Waqar
Ul
Mal
i
k,Shi
bleeNaumani
,Sy
edMahmoodet
c
6.Hewr
ote‘
TahzeebUlI
khl
aq’
inwhi
chhedi
scussedt
heet
iquet
tesofev
ery
day
l
i
fe.Al
i
gar
hInst
it
uteGazet
tewasal
sopubl
i
shed
SOCI
ALSERVI
CES
1.Hedi
scussedt
hemanner
sofdi
ningi
n‘TahzeebUl
Ikhl
aq’
2.Hedi
scussedt
hehi
stor
yofDel
hii
nAsar
-Ul
-Sanadeed
3.Heest
abl
i
shedAnj
amanTar
aqi
-e-
Urduf
ordef
enseofUr
duagai
nstHi
ndi
4.Hest
art
edcampai
gnagai
nstpr
ejudi
cesandsuper
sti
ti
ons
RELI
GIOUSSERVI
CES
1.Heaskedmusl
i
mst
oadoptr
ati
onalappr
oacht
owar
dsr
eli
gionandt
hati
slam
wasnotast
ati
crel
i
gion.Hewasdecl
aredKaf
irf
orhi
svi
ews
2.Hewr
oteKhut
bat
-e-
Ahmadi
atocount
ert
hebl
asphemyofWi
l
li
am Mor
einhi
s
book‘
Li
feofMuhammad’
.
3.Hewr
oteexegesi
soft
heHol
yQur
an
4.Het
ri
edt
oer
adi
cat
eShi
ya-
Sunni
dif
fer
ences
ANALYSI
S/I
MPACTOFMOVEMENT/SI
GNI
FICANCE
POLI
TICALI
MPACT
1.Br
it
ishandMusl
i
mscamecl
oset
oget
her
2.Br
it
ishat
ti
tudechangedt
owar
dst
hemusl
i
ms
3.Musl
i
mri
ght
swer
epr
eser
ved
4.Heor
gani
zedanduni
tedmusl
i
msatnat
ional
lev
el
5.Hi
smov
ementpr
ovi
dednur
ser
yoft
hef
utur
eleader
s.St
anel
yWal
por
t“Al
i
gar
h
cr
icketgr
oundandcommonr
oomsser
vedasabr
eedi
nggr
oundf
ormusl
i
m
l
eague”

Page3of3
 6.Al
i
gar
hmov
ementi
sthef
orer
unneroft
hePaki
stanmov
ement
EDUCATI
ONALI
MPACT
1.Musl
i
msl
ear
ntEngl
i
shandgotmoder
neducat
ion.
2.Educat
edcl
assoft
hemusl
i
mswaspr
oduced
3.Moder
neducat
ionopenedt
hedoorofmat
eri
alpr
osper
it
ytot
hemusl
i
ms
4.Ur
dul
anguagewaspr
otect
ed
SOCI
ALANDCULTURALI
MPACT
1.Het
ransf
ormedsoci
alout
lookoft
hemusl
i
ms
2.Hewast
hegr
eatr
efor
merofmusl
i
m soci
ety
3.Musl
i
m soci
etywasi
ntr
oducedt
othewest
erncul
tur
e
4.Cul
tur
eofbi
l
ingual
i
sm wasi
ntr
oducedi
nthesubcont
inent
CRI
TICI
SM BYSOMECRI
TICS
Si
rSy
edAhmadKhanwast
hegr
eatr
efor
merofmusl
i
msandhecont
ri
but
ed
t
owar
dst
hei
ntel
l
ect
ual
,economi
c,soci
al,pol
i
tical
,rel
i
gious,educat
ionalandmor
al
upl
i
fti
ngoft
hemusl
i
ms.Howev
er,
somepeopl
ecr
it
ici
zehi
mfort
hef
oll
owi
ngs:
1.Al
i
gar
hmov
ementdev
elopedsl
avi
shment
ali
tyi
nmusl
i
ms
2.I
tdev
elopedoppol
ogi
sti
cat
ti
tudei
nmusl
i
ms
3.I
tpr
oducedEngl
i
shspeaki
ngsal
ari
atcl
assonl
y
4.Mostoft
heeducat
ional
obj
ect
ivesr
emai
nedunf
ulf
il
led
5.I
tdampedj
i
hadi
spi
ri
tinmusl
i
ms
CONCLUSI
ON
Si
rSy
edAhmadKhanwast
hegr
eatr
efor
merofmusl
i
msandhecont
ri
but
ed
t
owar
dst
hei
ntel
l
ect
ual
,economi
c,soci
al,pol
i
tical
,rel
i
gious,educat
ionalandmor
al
upl
i
fti
ngoft
hemusl
i
ms.Hewast
hef
ir
stt
oreal
i
zet
hatmusl
i
mswer
eindi
reneedof
educat
ion.Heusedt
hepl
atf
orm ofAl
i
gar
htopr
ovi
dehi
sser
vices.Al
lhi
sser
vicesar
e
knownasAl
i
gar
hmov
ement
.
Whywer
emusl
i
msnotget
ti
ngwest
erneducat
ion:consi
der
edi
tinf
eri
ort
oIsl
ami
clear
ningand
agai
nstt
hei
rpr
ide;f
eltt
hati
twasf
orcedbyf
orei
gnpeopl
e;saw noneedofi
t;t
houghtt
hati
twas
sat
urat
edwi
thChr
ist
iani
tyandi
tmi
ghtcor
ruptt
hei
rbel
i
efs.

Page4of4
PARTI
TIONOFBENGAL(
16OCTOBER1905–12DECEMBER1911)

I
NTRODUCTI
ON(
P)
1.Par
ti
ti
onofBengal
int
oEastandWestBengal
wasat
urni
ngpoi
nti
nhi
stor
y.
2.I
twasbl
essi
ngi
ndi
sgui
sef
ort
heI
ndi
anMusl
i
msbecauseEastBengalwas
Musl
i
m-domi
nat
edpr
ovi
nce,andi
tgav
ethem t
heoppor
tuni
tyt
opr
eser
vet
hei
r
i
dent
it
y.
3.Di
vi
sionofBengalwasnotdemandedbyt
heI
ndi
anMusl
i
ms.I
twasdi
vi
ded
basedonadmi
nist
rat
iver
easons.
4.Howev
er,Hi
nduscoul
dnott
oler
atet
heMusl
i
m-domi
nat
edpr
ovi
nce,andt
hey
st
art
edagi
tat
ionagai
nstt
hepar
ti
ti
onofBengal
.
5.Musl
i
msr
eal
i
zedt
hatHi
nduswer
enotsi
ncer
etot
hem,andCongr
esswast
he
par
tyoft
heHi
ndus.
6.Musl
i
msst
art
edt
hei
rrealpol
i
ticsaf
tert
hisev
entandf
ormedMusl
i
m Leaguei
n
1906whi
chul
ti
mat
elyr
esul
tedi
nthef
ormat
ionofPaki
stan.

BACKGROUND(
P)
1.Bengalwast
hebi
ggestandpr
osper
ouspr
ovi
ncebef
oret
hebat
tl
eofPl
aceai
n
1757.Lor
dCl
i
vesai
d,af
terhi
svi
sitt
oMur
shadAbad,“
Theci
tywasasbi
gas
London.Theonl
ydi
ff
erencewast
hati
thasl
essnumberofmi
l
li
onai
res.
”
2.Af
tert
heBat
tl
eofPl
aceai
n1757,i
twasoccupi
edbyBr
it
ishanddecl
i
neof
Musl
i
msst
art
ed.
3.Musl
i
ms st
art
ed f
aci
ng t
he at
roci
ti
es oft
he Br
it
ish l
i
ke t
hei
rLand was
conf
iscat
ed;Fi
nger
soft
hemasonswer
ecutsot
hatt
heycoul
dnotpr
oduce
compet
ingpr
oduct
s,andMusl
i
mswer
efor
cedt
osel
lthei
rpr
oduct
stoEI
Catl
ow
r
ates.
4.Musl
i
mswer
eweaki
ntel
l
ect
ual
l
y,economi
cal
l
y,soci
all
y,pol
i
tical
l
y,r
eli
giousl
y,
andmor
all
y.
5.I
n1865,
notev
enasi
ngl
emusl
i
m wasanM.
A.,
whi
l
e9Hi
nduswer
eM.
A.

Page1of1
REASONSFORPARTI
TION
1.Bi
ggestpr
ovi
nce
a.Bengalwasabi
gadmi
nist
rat
iveuni
t.I
tsar
eawas189000squar
emi
l
es,
andi
tspopul
ati
onwasnear
ly85mi
l
li
on.Ter
ri
tor
iesofBengali
ncl
uded
Or
issaandBi
haral
so.
2.Admi
nist
rat
ivepr
obl
ems
a.BecauseBengalwasv
erybi
g,i
twasv
erydi
ff
icul
tforasi
ngl
eGov
ernort
o
managei
tsaf
fai
rs.
3.Languagepr
obl
ems
a.Di
vi
si
onofBengal
wasal
sosoughtt
ocombi
net
heOr
issaspeaki
ngpeopl
e
i
ntoonepr
ovi
nce

PARTI
TIONPLANOFBENGAL
1.Par
ti
ti
onschemewaspr
epar
edbyLor
dCur
zon,
theGov
ernorofBengal
,andwas
sentt
oJohnBr
odr
ick,
theSecr
etar
yoft
heSt
atef
orI
ndi
a,onFebr
uar
y2,
1905.I
t
wassanct
ionedbyBr
odr
ickonJune9,1905andBengalwasdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo
pr
ovi
ncesonOct
ober16,
1905.
2.EastBengalandAssam,wi
thDhakaasi
tscapi
tal
,was106540squar
emi
l
esi
n
ar
ea.I
tspopul
ati
onwas31mi
l
li
on,outofwhi
chMusl
i
mswer
e18mi
l
li
onand
Hi
nduswer
e12mi
l
li
on.I
twasMusl
i
m-domi
nat
edpr
ovi
nce.
3.WestBengal
,wi
thCal
cut
taasi
tscapi
tal
,was54mi
l
li
oni
npopul
ati
onoutof
whi
ch Musl
i
ms wer
e 9 Mi
l
li
on and Hi
ndus wer
e 42 Mi
l
li
on.I
twas Hi
ndu-
domi
nat
edpr
ovi
nce.

MUSLI
M,HI
NDUREACTI
ONTOPARTI
TION
Musl
i
mreact
iont
opar
ti
ti
on
1.Musl
i
mswer
ehappybecausepar
ti
ti
onwasbenef
ici
alt
othei
rint
erest
s
2.I
tgav
ethem achanceofeconomi
c,soci
alandpol
i
tical
upl
i
ft
3.Theyappr
eci
atedt
hegov
ernmentdeci
sionandcondemnedt
heHi
nduagi
tat
ion
agai
nstt
hepar
ti
ti
on.

Page2of2
Hi
ndur
eact
iont
opar
ti
ti
on
1.Hi
nduscoul
dnott
oler
atet
hemusl
i
m-domi
nat
edpr
ovi
nce
2.Duet
othepar
ti
ti
on,Hi
nduLandl
ords,Lawy
ersandI
ndust
ri
ali
stswer
etol
ose
t
hei
rland,
pract
iceandf
act
ori
esr
espect
ivel
y.
3.Theydecl
aredt
hepar
ti
ti
onassl
aught
eroft
hei
rsacr
edCowMot
her
4.Theyst
art
edagi
tat
ionagai
nstt
hepar
ti
ti
on:
a.Theyst
art
edSwedeshi
Mov
ement(
local
l
ypr
oducedgoods)
b.Theybannedf
orei
gngoods
c.Theyr
efusedt
opayt
axes
d.Communal
riot
sst
art
ed
e.Ter
ror
ism i
ncr
eased.Bombswer
edr
oppedi
ngov
ernmentr
esi
denci
esand
anat
temptwasmadeonVi
cer
oysl
i
fe.
5.Congr
essandHi
nduBengal
iPr
essal
sosuppor
tedt
heagi
tat
ion
ANNULMENTOFBANGALPARTI
TION
Hi
ndusboy
cot
tedt
hef
ort
hcomi
ngv
isi
toft
heKi
ngGeor
geV.Br
it
ishgov
ernment
coul
dnotbeart
heHi
ndupr
essur
e.I
trev
ersedt
heBangalPar
ti
ti
onOr
deri
nDecember
12,
1911atDel
hiDar
bar
.
ANALYSI
S
1.Thi
seventshowedt hatHinduswer eagainsttheMusli
ms
2.Thi
seventshowedt hatCongr esswasapar tyoft
heHindus
3.Thi
seventgav eboosttoTwo- Nati
onTheor y.
4.Thi
seventdisappoi nt
edmusl ims
5.I
tresul
tedint headditi
onoff ourt
hcreedintheagendaofMusl
i
m League:
a.LoyaltytoBr i
ti
shGov ernment
b.ProtectionofMusl i
m Rights
c.Peacef ulrel
ati
onshipwi t
hothercommuni t
ies
d.Attai
nmentofsel f
-government
CONCLUSI
ON
Par
ti
ti
ongaveMusl i
msachanceofeconomi c,soci
alandpoli
ticalupl
i
ft.They
werehappy.However
,itsannul
mentshowedt hatHi
nduswereagai
nsttheMusli
ms, and
Congresswasapar t
yoft heHindus.ItgaveboosttoTwo-Nat
ionTheoryandMusl i
m
LeagueaddedtheAtt
ainmentofself
-governmenti
nit
sagenda.

Page3of3
URDUHI
NDICONTROVERSY
I
NTRODUCTI
ON(P)
1.UHCwast
heey
e-openerf
orI
ndi
anMusl
i
ms.
2.Theyr
eal
i
zedt
hatHi
nduswer
enotsi
ncer
ewi
tht
hem,
andt
hatCongr
esswast
he
par
tyoft
heHi
ndus.
3.Musl
i
msal
sor
eal
i
zedt
hatt
heyshoul
dhav
ethei
rownwayofact
ion.
4.UHCwasoneoft
hemai
nfact
orst
hatcont
ri
but
edt
othef
ormat
ionofMusl
i
m
Leaguet
hatev
ent
ual
l
yresul
tedi
ncr
eat
ionofPaki
stanbasedonTwo-
Nat
ion
Theor
yemphasi
zedbySi
rSy
edAhmadKhan.
BACKGROUND(
P)
1.Ur
duwast
heof
fi
cial
languageofsubcont
inentsi
nce1825.
2.My
sti
cpoet
ry,
exegesi
soft
heHol
yQur
an,
Isl
ami
cJur
ispr
udenceandal
lrel
i
gious
bookswer
ewr
it
teni
nUr
dul
anguage.
3.Ur
duwascal
l
edt
hel
anguageoft
heMusl
i
ms.I
tsot
hernameswer
eLaskhr
iand
Shahj
ahani
.
4.Hi
nduscoul
d nott
oler
ate Musl
i
ms.Theyl
aunched ant
i-
Urdu campai
gn and
demandedt
hatUr
duwi
thPer
sianscr
iptber
epl
acewi
thHi
ndi
wit
hNagr
iscr
iptas
of
fi
cial
language.
1STPHASEOFUHC
UHC st
art
edi
n1861whenMahar
ajaofBanar
aspat
roni
zedBanar
isI
nst
it
ute
whi
chst
art
edwor
kingonmaki
ngHi
ndit
heof
fi
ciall
anguageoft
hesubcont
inent
.In
1867,
itof
fi
cial
l
ydemandedt
her
epl
acementofUr
duwi
thHi
ndi
asof
fi
cial
language.
ROLEOFSI
RSYEDAHMADKHANI
NPROTECTI
ONOFURDU
Si
rSy
edAhmadKhant
ookt
hef
oll
owi
ngst
epst
opr
otectUr
du:
1.Hegav
etheconceptofTwo-
Nat
ions.Hi
ndusand Musl
i
mshav
enot
hing i
n
common.Hi
ndushav
erel
i
gion,cul
tur
e,andci
vi
li
zat
iont
hatdi
ff
erf
rom t
hatof
Musl
i
ms.
2.Hecr
eat
edGhazi
purSci
ent
if
icSoci
etywhi
cht
ransl
atedi
nval
uabl
eEngl
i
shbooks
i
ntoUr
du.
3.Hecr
eat
edCent
ral
Associ
ati
on
4.Al
i
gar
hInst
it
uteGazet
teandBanar
isGazet
tecondemnedant
i-
Urducampai
gn
Duet
othest
epst
akenbySi
rSy
edAhmadKhan,
UHCcamet
ohal
tforsomet
ime.

Page1of1
2NDPHASEOFUHC
UHCst
art
edagai
nonNov
ember7,1871whenGeor
geCambel
l
,theLi
eut
enant
Gov
ernorofBengal
,at
tendedasessi
onhel
dbyBhaghal
purSci
ent
if
icSoci
ety
.Mol
vi
I
mdaad addr
essed t
he sessi
on and used v
erydi
ff
icul
tUr
du whi
ch coul
d notbe
under
stoodbyGeor
geCambel
l
.
Hi
ndust
ookbenef
itoft
hesi
tuat
ionandf
il
ledt
heear
soft
hel
i
eut
enantgov
ernor
t
hatUr
duwasav
erydi
ff
icul
tlanguage,andt
hatUr
duber
epl
acedwi
thHi
ndiasof
fi
cial
l
anguage.
I
n1900,
Ant
onyMecdonalwasappoi
ntedt
heLi
eut
enantGov
ernorofUP.Hewas
gi
venamemor
iali
nwhi
chhewasr
equest
edt
orepl
aceUr
duwi
thHi
ndiasof
fi
cial
l
anguage.
OnApr
il18,
1900,
Urduwasr
epl
acedwi
thHi
ndi
asof
fi
cial
languagei
nUP.

MUSLI
M REACTI
ONTOTHEDECI
SION
1.Si
rSy
edhaddi
edi
n1898.
2.NawabMohsi
nUlMul
i
kcamef
orwar
dtopr
otectUr
dul
anguage,
andhet
ookt
he
f
oll
owi
ngst
eps:
a.Hecr
eat
edUr
duDef
enceAssoci
ati
onf
ort
her
evi
valofUr
duasof
fi
cial
l
anguage.
b.Her
esi
gnedf
rom t
hesecr
etar
yshi
pofAl
i
gar
hCol
l
ege.
c.Br
it
ishdi
sbar
redt
het
it
leofNawabMohsi
nUlMal
i
kfr
om hi
m(Mahdi
Khan)
.
d.Hecr
eat
edAnj
amen-
e-Tar
aqi
-e-
Urdui
n1903.
3.I
n1910,
Shei
khZahoorAhmadmov
edar
esol
uti
onanddemandedt
hatant
i-
Urdu
campai
gnnotbesuppor
tedbyt
heBr
it
ishgov
ernment
.
4.I
n1916,Al
lIndi
aMusl
i
m Leagueal
somov
edar
esol
uti
onf
ort
hepr
otect
ionof
Ur
du.
Despi
teal
ltheseef
for
ts,
thedeci
siont
odecl
areHi
ndiasof
fi
ciall
anguagecoul
dnotbe
r
evoked.

Page2of2
ANALYSI
S
1.UHCr
esul
tedi
nsoci
o-pol
i
ticopol
ari
zat
ionofsubcont
inent
“
Lingui
sti
cconf
li
ctwasr
esponsi
blef
ort
heI
ndi
andi
suni
tywhi
chhel
pedi
nthe
f
ormat
ionofmor
ethanonenat
ion”
.Dr
.K.
K.Azi
z
2.UHCgav
eboostt
oConceptofTwo-
Nat
ionTheor
y.
3.I
tshowedt
heHi
nduandCongr
essment
ali
ty
4.I
tgav
eawar
enesst
oMusl
i
mst
hatt
heyshoul
dhav
ethei
rownwayofact
ion.
5.Musl
i
msst
art
edt
hei
rownpol
i
tical
mov
ement
.

CONCLUSI
ON
1.UHCwast
heey
e-openerf
orI
ndi
anMusl
i
ms.
2.Theyr
eal
i
zedt
hatHi
nduswer
enotsi
ncer
ewi
tht
hem,
andt
hatCongr
esswast
he
par
tyoft
heHi
ndus.
3.Musl
i
msal
sor
eal
i
zedt
hatt
heyshoul
dhav
ethei
rownwayofact
ion.
4.UHCwasoneoft
hemai
nfact
orst
hatcont
ri
but
edt
othef
ormat
ionofMusl
i
m
Leaguet
hatev
ent
ual
l
yresul
tedi
ncr
eat
ionofPaki
stanbasedonTwo-
Nat
ion
Theor
yemphasi
zedbySi
rSy
edAhmadKhan.

Page3of3
SHI
MLADEPUTATI
ON

I
NTRODUCTI
ON(
P)
1.Shi
mlaDeput
ati
oni
sthel
andmar
kev
enti
nthehi
stor
yofsubcont
inent
.
2.Thi
swast
hebegi
nni
ngoft
her
eal
pol
i
tical
mov
ementoft
heI
ndi
anMusl
i
ms.
3.I
tgav
eimpet
ust
otheMusl
i
m nat
ional
i
sm.
4.Hi
ndu-
Musl
i
m conf
li
ctwasl
i
ftedt
otheconst
it
uti
onal
lev
el.

FACTORSWHI
CHLEDTOSHI
MLADEPUTATI
ON
1.Li
ber
alpar
tycamei
ntopoweri
n1905andannouncedt
hati
twi
l
lint
roduce
r
efor
msi
nthesubcont
inent
.Musl
i
mst
ri
edt
otakeadv
ant
ageoft
heser
efor
ms.
2.Mor
ley(
Secr
etar
yofst
atef
orI
ndi
a)announcedi
nhi
sBudgetSpeechonJul
y20,
1906t
hathewasgoi
ngt
oint
roducer
efor
msi
nsubcont
inent
.
3.Musl
i
mscoul
dnotgetanyseati
nthej
oint
-el
ect
orat
eel
ect
ionshel
din1892.
Thust
orepr
esentandpr
otectt
hei
rint
erest
,theydemandedsepar
ateel
ect
orat
e
f
orMusl
i
ms.
4.Musl
i
ms’r
ight
swer
epr
otect
edwhenSi
rSy
edAhmadwasal
i
ve.Af
terhi
sdeat
h
i
n1898,Musl
i
msr
eal
i
zedt
hati
twast
het
imet
otakepar
tinpol
i
ticst
opr
otect
t
hei
rri
ght
s.
“
Musl
i
mshav
eawakenedi
nthe20th cent
uryandShi
mlaDeput
ati
onwas
t
heout
comeoft
hisawakeni
ng.
” DrRazi
Wast
i
5.Musl
i
ms wer
e al
so i
n need ofpol
i
ticalmov
ementt
o count
ert
he Hi
ndu
nat
ional
i
sm st
art
edbyB.
G.Ti
l
akandBal
pal
Lal
.
6.I he2ndphaseofUHC.Hi
twast ndibecamet
heof
fi
ciall
anguagei
n18Apr
il1900.
Musl
i
mswer
eout
raged.
7.Att
hatt
ime,Hi
ndus had st
art
ed ant
i-
par
ti
ti
on ofBengalmov
ementwhi
ch
di
sappoi
ntedt
hemusl
i
ms.
8.Congr
esswasHi
nduor
ient
ed.Musl
i
mswer
einneedofsepar
ater
epr
esent
ati
on
andel
ect
orat
e.

Page1of1
FORMATI
ONOFTHEDEPUTATI
ON
1.NawabMohsi
nUlMal
i
ktookser
iousnot
iceoft
heMor
ley
’sSpeech.OnAugust6,
1906,hewr
oteal
ett
ert
oAr
chBol
d,whowasi
nShi
mla,andr
equest
edhi
mto
appr
oachCol
.Dunl
opSmi
th,
thePr
ivat
eSecr
etar
ytot
heVi
cer
oy,
andaskhi
mto
ar
rangeameet
ingoft
heMusl
i
m del
egat
ionwi
tht
heVi
cer
oy.Theper
missi
on
wasgr
ant
ed.
2.Meet
ingsofMusl
i
mleader
s,Mohsi
nUlMal
i
k,HassanBi
l
grami
,ImdadUlMal
i
k,
wer
ehel
don15and16Sept
ember
,1906i
nwhi
chdr
aftoft
headdr
essoft
he
Shi
mlaDeput
ati
onwaspr
epar
ed.
3.Deput
ati
onwasconst
it
utedwhi
chconsi
stedof35member
sfr
om al
lov
ert
he
I
ndi
aincl
udi
ngMohsi
nUlMal
i
k,WaqarUlMal
i
k,Sal
eem Ul
l
ah,Adam GPi
rBhai
,
undert
heheadshi
pofSi
rAghaKhan.
4.Deput
ati
onmetv
icer
oy,
Lor
dMi
nto,
inShi
mlaonOct
ober1,
1906.

SHI
MLADEPUTATI
ONDEMANDS
1.I
tdemandedsepar
ateel
ect
orat
efort
hemusl
i
ms
2.I
tdemandedr
epr
esent
ati
onoft
hemusl
i
msi
nImper
ialLegi
slat
iveCounci
lin
excessoft
hei
rpopul
ati
on
3.I
tdemandedr
epr
esent
ati
onofmusl
i
msi
nExecut
iveCounci
lofv
icer
oy.
4.I
trequest
edt
hatel
ect
orat
esy
stem bepr
efer
redov
ert
henomi
nat
ionsy
stem
5.Musl
i
msbegi
venshar
einGazet
tedandNon-
Gazet
tedseat
s.
6.Musl
i
msbeappoi
ntedasj
udgesi
nhi
ghcour
tsandchi
efcour
ts.
7.Musl
i
msbegi
venseat
sinsy
ndi
cat
esandsenat
esoft
heuni
ver
sit
ies.
8.Musl
i
m uni
ver
sit
iesbegi
venf
inanci
alai
d.
Addr
essendedwi
thanot
eofl
oyal
tyt
otheBr
it
ishRaj
.

REACTI
ON
Musl
i
mswel
comet
heShi
mlaDeput
ati
on.I
twasast
ept
owar
dst
hepol
i
tical
r
ecogni
ti
on oft
he separ
ate ent
it
yoft
he Musl
i
ms.Hi
nduscr
it
ici
zed musl
i
msand
showed hat
red ast
heyast
heyr
egar
ded I
ndi
aasHomogeneousNat
ion wi
th one
maj
ori
ty(
Hindus)andmul
ti
plemi
nor
it
ies(
Musl
i
ms,
Sikhs,
Mar
ahat
tas,
Jat
ts)
.

Page2of2
ANALYSI
S:SI
GNI
FICANCEOFTHESHI
MLADEPUTATI
ON
1.I
twast
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hepol
i
ticalmov
ementofI
ndi
anmusl
i
ms.Twomont
hs
l
ater
,Musl
i
m Leaguewasf
ormedonDecember30,
1906.
2.DemandsofShi
mlaDeput
ati
onar
ecal
l
edMagnaCar
taofPaki
stanMov
ement
.
3.Hi
ndu-
Musl
i
m conf
li
ctwasr
aisedt
oconst
it
uti
onal
lev
el
4.I
tmadet
hef
ir
stf
ormal
demandofsepar
ateel
ect
orat
eformusl
i
msbasedont
wo
-
nat
ionst
heor
y
5.Musl
i
ms’demandofsepar
ateel
ect
orat
ewasaccept
edi
n1909i
nMi
nto-
Mar
ley
r
efor
ms.
6.Demands of Shi
mla Deput
ati
on r
emai
ned t
he f
ocaldemands f
or many
subsequenty
ear
s.
7.I
tgav
eimpet
ust
omusl
i
m nat
ional
i
sm.
8.I
tmadepossi
blet
hesur
viv
alofmusl
i
msi
nIndi
a
9.ForSy
edAmeerAl
i
,ithast
wo-
fol
dsi
gni
fi
cance:Musl
i
mscamei
ntopol
i
ticsand
Br
it
ishpol
i
cychanged.
“
It
’sf
inaland i
nev
itabl
e consequence was t
he par
ti
ti
on ofI
ndi
a and
emer
genceofPaki
stan.
” DrRazi
Wast
i
CONCLUSI
ON
1.I
twast
heMagnaCar
taoft
hePaki
stanMov
ement
.
2.Musl
i
msgotsepar
ateel
ect
orat
e.
3.Separ
atei
dent
it
yoft
hemusl
i
mswasaccept
ed.

Page3of3
ALLI
NDIAMUSLI
M LEAGUE(
30DECEMBER1906)
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.I
ndi
anMusl
i
msst
art
edt
hei
rreal
pol
i
ticsbyf
ormi
ngAI
MLon30December1906.
2.AI
MLwast
hepl
atf
ormf
orI
ndi
anmusl
i
mspol
i
tics.
3.I
tcr
eat
edal
i
neofdi
ff
erencebet
weenHi
ndupol
i
tics(
Congr
ess)andMusl
i
m
pol
i
tics(
AIML)
.
4.I
tnotonl
ypr
otect
edt
her
ight
soft
hemusl
i
msbutal
sor
esul
tedi
nfor
mat
ionof
separ
atehomel
and(
Paki
stan)f
ormusl
i
ms.

FACTORSWHI
CHLEDTOFORMATI
ONOFAI
ML
1.El
ect
ionsi
nBr
it
ain:Li
ber
alpar
tycamei
ntopoweri
n1905andannouncedt
hati
t
wi
l
lint
roducer
efor
msi
nthesubcont
inent
.Musl
i
mst
ri
edt
otakeadv
ant
ageof
t
heser
efor
ms.
2.Mor
leyBudgetSpeech:Mor
leyannouncedi
nhi
sBudgetSpeechonJul
y20,
1906
t
hathewasgoi
ngt
oint
roducer
efor
msi
nsubcont
inent
.
3.Resul
tsofEl
ect
ions1892:Musl
i
mscoul
dnotgetanyseati
nthej
oint
-el
ect
orat
e
el
ect
ions hel
din 1892.Thus t
orepr
esentand pr
otectt
hei
rint
erest
,they
demandedsepar
ateel
ect
orat
eforMusl
i
ms.
4.Deat
hofSi
rSy
ed:Musl
i
ms’r
ight
swer
epr
otect
edwhenSi
rSy
edAhmadwas
al
i
ve.Af
terhi
sdeat
hin1898,
Musl
i
msr
eal
i
zedt
hati
twast
het
imet
otakepar
tin
pol
i
ticst
opr
otectt
hei
rri
ght
s.
“
Musl
i
mshav
eawakenedi
nthe20th cent
uryandShi
mlaDeput
ati
onwas
t
heout
comeoft
hisawakeni
ng.
” DrRazi
Wast
i
5.Ri
seofHi
nduNat
ional
i
sm:Musl
i
mswer
eal
soi
nneedofpol
i
ticalmov
ementt
o
count
ert
heHi
ndunat
ional
i
sm st
art
edbyB.
G.Ti
l
akandBal
palLal
.Hi
ndushad
st
art
edv
ari
ousact
ivi
ti
est
ohur
tmusl
i
msl
i
keAr
yaSmaj
(pr
omot
ionofHi
ndui
sm)
,
andShudi
Mov
ement(
propagat
ionagai
nsti
slami
cteachi
ngs)
6.2nd phaseofUHC:I he2nd phaseofUHC.Hi
twast ndibecamet
heof
fi
cial
l
anguagei
n18Apr
il1900.Musl
i
mswer
eout
raged.
7.Ant
i-
par
ti
ti
onofBengalMov
ement
:Att
hatt
ime,
Hindushadst
art
edant
i-
par
ti
ti
on
ofBengal
mov
ementwhi
chdi
sappoi
ntedt
hemusl
i
ms.

Page1of1
 8.Hi
ndu Or
ient
ati
on ofCongr
ess:Congr
ess was est
abl
i
shed i
n 1885 byAl
an
Oct
avi
anHumeandwasHi
nduor
ient
ed.I
tfol
l
owedt
hedoct
ri
neofOne-
Nat
ion
andwasHi
ndudomi
nat
ed.Musl
i
mswer
einneedofsepar
ater
epr
esent
ati
onand
el
ect
orat
e.
9.SuccessofShi
mlaDeput
ati
on:Posi
ti
ver
epl
yofMi
ntot
oShi
mlaDeput
ati
ongav
e
musl
i
mscour
ageandconf
idencet
ofor
mthei
rownpol
i
tical
par
ty.
10.
Miscel
l
aneousr
easons:K.
K.Azi
zwr
it
esi
nhi
sbook‘
TheMaki
ngofPaki
stan’
that
t
her
ewer
efourmai
nfact
orsf
ort
hef
ormat
ionofAI
ML:
a.Musl
i
mswer
esepar
ateent
it
y
b.Congr
esswasHi
nduor
ient
ed
c.Musl
i
msgoteducat
ionandpol
i
tical
awar
eness
d.Musl
i
msr
eal
i
zedt
ohav
ethei
rownpol
i
tical
par
ty

FORMATI
ONOFAI
ML
1.Mohsi
nulMal
i
k,WaqarulMal
i
kandSal
eem Ul
l
ahshowedt
hei
rdesi
ret
ohav
ea
pol
i
tical
par
ty.Sy
edAmeerAl
isuppor
tedt
hei
dea.
2.Sessi
onofMohammadanEducat
ionalConf
erencewashel
dinDhakaon29thand
30thDecember1906.
3.Att
heendoft
hesessi
on,NawabSal
eem Ul
l
ahmov
edar
esol
uti
onf
ort
he
f
ormat
ion ofmusl
i
m pol
i
ticalpar
ty named Al
lIndi
a Musl
i
m League.The
r
esol
uti
onwasaccept
edbyal
lthel
eader
s.
4.AI
MLwasf
ormedwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngobj
ect
ives:
a.Toexpr
essl
oyal
tyt
otheBr
it
ish
b.Topr
otectmusl
i
msr
ight
sandi
nter
est
s
c.Tohav
efr
iendl
yrel
ati
onshi
pwi
tht
heot
hercommuni
ti
esofI
ndi
a

ORGANI
ZATI
ONSTRUCTUREOFAI
ML
1.Member
shi
pwasr
est
ri
ctedt
o400,al
labov
etheageof25andhav
ingannual

Page2of2
 i
ncomeofmor
ethanRs.500.
2.ACent
ralCommi
tt
eewasf
ormedt
oimpl
ementt
heobj
ect
ivesanddeci
sionsof
t
hel
eagueandt
oexer
ciseexecut
ivef
unct
ions.
3.Si
xty
-memberconst
it
uti
onalcommi
tt
eewasf
ormedundert
hepr
esi
dencyof
MohammadAl
iJohar
.Itpr
escr
ibedt
her
ulesofMusl
i
m Leagueandpubl
i
shed
t
hem i
nGr
eenBook.
4.I
nit
ial
l
y,t
hel
eaguehasonePr
esi
dent
,si
xVi
cePr
esi
dent
s,oneSecr
etar
yandt
wo
Joi
ntSecr
etar
ies,
all
elect
edf
orat
erm oft
hreey
ear
s.
5.NawabMohsi
nUlMal
i
kandNawabWaqarUlMal
i
kwer
ethepr
ovi
sionalJoi
nt
Secr
etar
ies.
6.Secondsessi
onofAI
MLwashel
don18Mar
ch1908atAl
i
gar
hinwhi
chSi
rAgha
Khanwasel
ect
edasPr
esi
dentandHassanBi
l
gramiwasel
ect
edasSecr
etar
y.
Nawab Mohsi
n UlMal
i
kand Nawab WaqarUlMal
i
kwer
eel
ect
ed asJoi
nt
Secr
etar
ies.
7.Di
ff
erentbr
anchesofAI
MLwer
eopenedi
ndi
ff
erentci
ti
es:
a.Cent
ralMohammadan Associ
ati
on,f
ormed byAmeerAl
i
,becamet
he
Londonbr
anchofAI
ML.
b.Si
mil
arl
y,br
anches wer
e opened i
n Pona,Punj
ab,Madar
as,Dkhaka,
BombayandEastBengal
.
8.I
n1913,
MohammadAl
iJi
nnahj
oinedAI
ML.
9.On27Mar
ch1913,f
our
thcr
eed,at
tai
nmentofsel
f-
gov
ernment
,wasaddedt
o
t
heobj
ect
ivesofAI
ML
ANALYSI
S:SI
GNI
FICANCEOFAI
ML
1.AI
MLwast
hepl
atf
ormf
ormusl
i
m pol
i
tics.
2.I
tnotonl
ypr
otect
edt
her
ight
soft
hemusl
i
msbutal
sor
esul
tedi
nfor
mat
ionof
separ
atehomel
and(
Paki
stan)f
ormusl
i
ms.
CONCLUSI
ON
AI
MLwast
hepl
atf
ormf
ormusl
i
m pol
i
tics.I
tnotonl
ypr
otect
edt
her
ight
soft
he
musl
i
msbutal
sor
esul
tedi
nfor
mat
ionofsepar
atehomel
and(
Paki
stan)f
ormusl
i
ms.

Page3of3
LUCKNOW PACT
INTRODUCTI
ON(P)
1.I
tisami
l
est
onei
nthehi
stor
yofsubcont
inent
2.I
tisahi
ghmar
kofHi
ndu-
Musl
i
m uni
ty
3.Congr
essaccept
edsepar
ateel
ect
orat
edemandofAI
ML
4.Thi
spactconf
ir
medt
hatCongr
esswast
hepar
tyoft
heHi
ndusandMusl
i
m
Leaguewast
hepar
tyoft
heMusl
i
ms.

FACTORSTHATLEDTOLAKHNOW PACT
Thi
spactwasnotacci
dent
alr
athersev
eral
fact
orsl
edt
othi
spact
.
1.Changei
nMusl
i
m pol
i
tics:Att
hest
artof2nd decadeof20th cent
ury
,sev
eral
ev
ent
soccur
redt
hatl
edt
oant
i-
imper
ial
i
sti
cat
ti
tudeofmusl
i
ms:
a.Annul
mentofBengal
Par
ti
ti
on
b.KanpurMosqueTr
agedy
c.Gov
ernmenthesi
tat
ioni
nrai
singt
hest
atusofAl
i
gar
hCol
l
eget
oUni
ver
sit
y
l
evel
d.Pat
het
iccondi
ti
onsofMusl
i
msi
nBal
kanst
ates
Duet
othesei
nci
dent
s,Musl
i
mswer
einneedofHi
ndu-
Musl
i
m uni
ty
2.Newl
y educat
ed l
eader
shi
p emer
ged wi
th ant
i-
imper
ial
i
sti
c at
ti
tude l
i
ke
MuhammadAl
iJohar
,Abdul
Kal
am AzadandZaf
arAl
iKhan
3.New br
andofmusl
i
mjour
nal
i
sm ar
ose.Musl
i
m pr
essl
i
keAl
-Hi
l
al,Hamdar
d,
Comr
ade,andZami
ndarpl
ayedar
olei
nthedev
elopmentofant
i-
imper
ial
i
sti
c
at
ti
tude.
4.Ef
for
tsf
orHi
ndu-
Musl
i
m Uni
ty:Musl
i
msr
eal
i
zedt
hatt
heyneedHM uni
tyt
oget
t
hei
robj
ect
ivesaccompl
i
shed.I
n1910,
Hakeem Aj
malexpr
essedhi
ssent
iment
s
f
orHM uni
tywhi
chwer
esuppor
tedbyBr
it
ish.Si
rWi
l
li
am Waddenber
gsst
art
ed
negot
iat
ionswi
thCongr
ess.Asar
esul
t,Cal
cut
taUni
tyConf
erencewashel
pedi
n
whi
ch60Hi
ndusand40Musl
i
mspar
ti
cipat
ed.
5.Rol
e ofLondon Br
anch ofMusl
i
m League:I
n 1912,i
n an annualr
epor
t,a
suggest
ionwasgi
vent
ofor
m ar
epr
esent
ati
veboar
doft
wocommuni
ti
est
o
ov
ercomedi
ff
erencesandt
oresol
vecommunali
ssues.I
twasal
sosuggest
ed

Page1of1
 t
hatMusl
i
msshoul
dst
opcowsl
aught
erandHi
ndusshoul
dst
opi
nter
fer
encei
n
Musl
i
m pr
ayer
s.
6.Changei
ncr
eedofMusl
i
m League:AI
MLaddedf
our
thcr
eedi
nit
sobj
ect
iveson
23Mar
ch1913.
7.Rol
eofLi
ber
alLeader
s:Congr
essl
eader
sli
keGokhal
aandSPSi
naandAI
ML
l
eader
sM.
A.Ji
nnah,M.A.Johar
,andAbulKal
am Azadal
sosuppor
tedHi
ndu
Musl
i
m uni
ty.
8.Rol
eofJi
nnah:Ji
nnahwast
hememberofbot
htheAI
MLandCongr
essatt
he
samet
ime.Hepl
ayedani
mpor
tantr
olei
nHi
nduMusl
i
m Uni
ty.Hewascal
l
ed
AmbassadorofHi
nduMusl
i
m Uni
ty.
9.Out
breakofWor
ldWar
-I(
1914-
1918)
:Hi
nduMusl
i
m uni
tywasnecessar
yto
pr
essur
izet
heBr
it
ishGov
ernmentf
rom f
oll
owi
ngant
i-
Tur
kishpol
i
cies.
10.
SchemeofNi
nteen:Ni
net
eenmember
sofI
mper
ialLegi
slat
iveCounci
lpr
esent
ed
adr
aftandcal
l
edf
orf
urt
herconst
it
uti
onal
ref
ormsi
nsubcont
inent
.

DESI
GN/MAKI
NGOFLAKHNOW PACT
Mul
sim League and Congr
ess hel
dthei
rannualsessi
ons atBombay on
December15,
1915.Sessi
onofMLwaspr
esi
dedov
erbyMazharUlHaqandsessi
onof
Congr
ess was pr
esi
ded ov
erby S.
P.Si
na.Af
tert
he sessi
ons,a commi
tt
ee was
const
it
utedt
ofor
mul
ateaschemeofr
efor
ms.
OnDecember30and31,1916,aj
ointsessi
onoft
het
wopar
ti
eswashel
dat
Lucknow.Thecommi
tt
eegav
eit
sschemeofr
efor
mswhi
chwasagr
eeduponbybot
h
t
hepar
ti
es.Thi
sagr
eementbet
weenMLandCongr
essi
sknownasLackhnow Pact
.
Af
terhi
spact
,Ji
nnahwascal
l
edt
he‘
AmbassadorofHi
nduMusl
i
m Uni
ty’
.

DEMANDS/FEATURESOFLAKHNOW PACT
1.Musl
i
msbegi
vensepar
ateel
ect
orat
e.
2.Musl
i
msbegi
venone-
thi
rdr
epr
esent
ati
oni
nImper
ial
Legi
slat
iveCounci
l
.
3.Wei
ght
agef
ormul
awaspr
oposedbywhi
chmusl
i
mswer
etogetl
essseat
sin
Musl
i
ms-
maj
ori
tyar
easl
i
kePunj
ab(
50%)andBengal(
40%)andmor
eseat
sin
Musl
i
ms-
minor
it
yar
easl
i
keU.
P.(
30%)
,Bi
har(
25%)
,C.
P.andMadar
as(
15%)
,and

Page2of2
 Bombay(
13%)
.
4.Pr
ovi
ncesshoul
dbegi
venmaxi
mum aut
onomy
.
5.Ther
ewoul
dbeanexecut
ivecounci
linev
erypr
ovi
ncet
obeheadedbygov
ernor
andhal
foft
hemember
sofwhi
chwi
l
lbeI
ndi
ans.
6.Four
-f
if
thoft
hepr
ovi
nci
all
egi
slat
ivecounci
l
swoul
dbeel
ect
edandone-
fi
ft
h
woul
dbenomi
nat
ed.
7.Numberofmember
swi
l
lbeatl
east125i
nlar
gepr
ovi
ncesand50–75i
nsmal
l
er
pr
ovi
nces.
8.Member
sofl
egi
slat
ivecounci
lwoul
dbeel
ect
edf
orf
ivey
ear
s.
9.El
ect
ionswoul
dbebasedonadul
tfr
anchi
se.
10.
Execut
ivef
unct
ionwoul
dbesepar
atedf
rom j
udi
ciar
y.
11.
Counci
lfort
hesecr
etar
yofst
atef
orI
ndi
awoul
dbedi
ssol
vedandt
woassi
stant
secr
etar
ieswoul
dbeappoi
ntedt
oassi
stt
hesecr
etar
yofst
ate.Thei
rsal
ary
woul
dbewi
thdr
awnf
rom Br
it
ishexchequer
.

ANALYSI
S:SI
GNI
FICANCEOFLAKHNOW PACT
PLUSPOI
NTSFORMUSLI
MS
1.I
twasf
ort
hef
ir
standt
heonl
yti
met
hatamut
ual
l
yaccept
abl
esol
uti
onoft
he
Hi
nduMusl
i
m pr
obl
emswaschal
kedout
.
2.I
twast
hehi
ghmar
kofHi
ndu-
Musl
i
m uni
ty.
3.Mostoft
hef
eat
uresofLakhnowPackwer
elat
eri
ncor
por
atedi
ntheGov
ernment
ofI
ndi
aAct
,1919.
4.Musl
i
msdemandf
orsepar
ateel
ect
orat
ewasaccept
ed.
5.Musl
i
msgotseat
sinMusl
i
m-mi
nor
it
ypr
ovi
ncesl
i
keU.
P.,Bi
har
,C.
P.,Madar
as,
andBombay
6.Thi
spactconf
ir
medt
hatCongr
esswast
hepar
tyoft
heHi
ndusandMusl
i
m
Leaguewast
hepar
tyoft
heMusl
i
ms.
7.I
tpav
edt
hewayt
osel
f-
gov
ernment
.

NEGATI
VEPOI
NTSFORMUSLI
MS

Page3of3
 1.Musl
i
msgotf
ewerseat
sinMusl
i
m-maj
ori
tyar
easl
i
keBengal
andPunj
ab.
2.Thi
spactdi
dnotsol
vet
hef
undament
alpr
obl
emsofhet
erogeneouspopul
ati
on.
3.I
qbalwasunhappy
.Hesai
dthatt
hispactwassuccessf
uli
fitwasi
ntendedt
o
benef
itonenat
ionandaf
ail
urei
fitwasi
ntendedt
obenef
itt
wonat
ions.
4.Sy
edAhmadNoorcal
l
edi
tanat
temptt
obr
ingt
woext
remest
oget
her
.
5.Khal
eeqUzZamancal
l
edi
tpol
i
tical
inexper
ienceoft
heMusl
i
ms.

CONCLUSI
ON
1.I
twasfort
hefi
rstandtheonl
yti
methatamutual
l
yaccept
abl
esol
uti
onof
t
heHinduMusl
im probl
emswaschal
kedout
.
2.I
twast
hehi
ghmar
kofHi
ndu-
Musl
i
m uni
ty.
3.Musl
i
msdemandf
orsepar
ateel
ect
orat
ewasaccept
ed.
4.Thispactconfi
rmedthatCongr
esswast
hepar
tyoft
heHi
ndusandMusl
i
m
Leaguewast hepar
tyoftheMusli
ms.

Page4of4
NEHRUREPORT
I
NTRODUCTION
1.I
twast
heey
e-openerf
orI
ndi
anMusl
i
ms.
2.I
twasabl
essi
ngi
ndi
sgui
sef
ort
heMusl
i
m nat
ional
i
sm.
3.I
trej
ect
ed t
he demand oft
he Musl
i
ms f
orsepar
ate el
ect
orat
e whi
ch was
concededbyBr
it
ishi
n1909andCongr
essi
n1916.
4.I
tledt
ofour
teenpoi
ntsofJi
nnaht
hatul
ti
mat
elyl
edt
ocr
eat
ionofPaki
stan.
BACKGROUND
1.Mont
eyMar
leyr
efor
msof1909andMont
agueChel
msf
ordr
efor
msof1919wer
e
al
readymade.Ref
ormsof1929wer
eexpect
ed.
2.Si
monCommi
ssi
onwassenti
n1927t
ogi
vesuggest
ionsf
ort
heconst
it
uti
onal
r
efor
mst
obemadei
n1929.
3.TheCommi
ssi
ondi
dnoti
ncl
udeanyI
ndi
anmember
.Lor
dBi
rken,t
hesecr
etar
y
ofst
atef
orI
ndi
a,sai
dthatnounani
mousr
epor
tcoul
dbeexpect
edf
rom abody
wi
thI
ndi
anr
epr
esent
ati
on.AHi
nduRepor
t,aMusl
i
m Repor
toraSi
khRepor
t
coul
dbeexpect
edbutnotanI
ndi
anRepor
t.Ther
efor
enoI
ndi
anwasaddedt
o
Commi
ssi
on.
4.Toanswert
hechal
l
engeputbyLor
dBi
rken,acommi
tt
eewasf
ormedundert
he
headshi
pofMot
il
alNehr
u.I
tincl
udedmember
sfr
om al
lthecommuni
ti
es.I
t
publ
i
shedi
tsr
epor
tinAugust1928whi
chi
sknownasNehr
uRepor
t.
MEMBERSOFTHECOMMI
TTEE
1.Mot
il
alNehr
u Hi
ndu(
Chai
rman)
2.M.
S.Aney Hi
nduMuhasabha
3.M.
R.Jay
akar Hi
nduMuhasabha
4.Al
iImam Musl
i
m
5.Shoai
bQur
eshi Musl
i
m
6.G.
R.Pr
adhan Non-
Brahmi
n
7.Mangal
Singh Si
khLeague
8.Tej
BahadurSapr
u Li
ber
als
9.N.
M.Joshi Labor

Page1of1
FEATURESORMAI
NPOI
NTSOFTHENEHRUREPORT
1.I
ndi
ashoul
dbegi
venst
atusofDomi
niononauni
tybasi
swi
thpar
li
ament
ary
f
orm ofgov
ernment
.
2.Resi
duar
ypower
sshoul
dbev
est
edi
nthecent
er.
3.Cent
ralgov
ernmentwi
l
lcompr
ise a Pr
ime Mi
nist
erand si
xot
herMi
nist
ers
appoi
ntedbyGov
ernorGener
al.
4.Musl
i
mscoul
denj
oyone-
four
thr
epr
esent
ati
oni
ntheCent
ral
Legi
slat
ure.
5.Ther
eshoul
dbenosepar
ateel
ect
orat
eorwei
ght
agef
ormi
nor
it
ies.I
tshoul
dbe
r
epl
acedwi
thadul
tanduni
ver
sal
franchi
se.
6.Reser
vat
ion ofseat
sforBengaland Punj
ab assuggestbyJi
nnah i
n Del
hi
pr
oposal
swasr
uled out
.Howev
er,r
eser
vat
ion ofseat
sin pr
ovi
nceswher
e
musl
i
mswer
eatl
east10%wasmai
ntai
ned.I
tfur
thersai
dthatami
nor
it
yshal
l
r
emai
nami
nor
it
ywhet
heranyseat
sar
ereser
vedf
ori
tornot
.
7.I
taccept
edt
hedemandofsepar
ati
onofSi
ndhf
rom Bombayandr
efor
msi
n
NWFPandBal
ochi
stan.
8.I
tsuggest
edcr
eat
ionofCanar
ese-
speaki
ngpr
ovi
ncei
nSout
hIndi
a.
9.Hi
ndi
woul
dbet
heof
fi
cial
languageofI
ndi
a.
ANALYSI
S
1.I
tgav
eant
i-
musl
i
m pol
i
cies.
2.I
tshowedHi
nduandCongr
essment
ali
ty.
3.I
trej
ect
edt
hedemandofmusl
i
msf
orsepar
ateel
ect
orat
e.
4.I
tresul
tedi
nMusl
i
m nat
ional
i
sm.
5.Al
lIndi
aMusl
i
m Conf
erencewascal
l
edbySi
rAghaKhani
n1929atDel
hiwhi
ch
passedt
hef
oll
owi
ngr
esol
uti
on:
1.I
tdemandedf
eder
alsy
stem wi
thr
esi
duar
ypower
svest
edi
nthepr
ovi
nces.
2.I
tdemandedsepar
ateel
ect
orat
eformusl
i
ms.
3.I
tdemandedt
hatexi
sti
ngwei
ght
agef
ormusl
i
msi
nmusl
i
m-mi
nor
it
yar
eas
bemai
ntai
ned.
4.I
tdemandedt
hatmusl
i
msbegi
vent
hei
rdueshar
eint
hecent
erand
pr
ovi
nces.
5.Dueshar
eofseat
sshoul
dbegi
vent
omusl
i
msi
npubl
i
cser
vicesand

Page2of2
 aut
onomousbodi
es.
6.I
tdemanded saf
eguar
dsf
ort
hepr
otect
ion and pr
omot
ion ofmusl
i
m
i
nter
est
s.
7.Noconst
it
uti
onshal
lbeaccept
abl
eunl
essi
tconf
ormst
othepr
inci
ples
embodi
edi
nthi
sresol
uti
on.
CONCLUSI
ON
1.I
twasabl
essi
ngi
ndi
sgui
sef
ort
heMusl
i
m nat
ional
i
sm.
2.I
trej
ect
ed t
he demand oft
he Musl
i
ms f
orsepar
ate el
ect
orat
e whi
ch was
concededbyBr
it
ishi
n1909andCongr
essi
n1916.
3.I
tledt
ofour
teenpoi
ntsofJi
nnaht
hatul
ti
mat
elyl
edt
ocr
eat
ionofPaki
stan.

Page3of3
FOURTEENPOI
NTSOFJI
NNAH
I
NTRODUCTION
1.Thesepoi
ntshav
esi
gni
fi
canti
mpor
tancei
nthehi
stor
yofsubcont
inent
.
2.Thesewer
ebef
it
tedr
epl
ytoNehr
uRepor
t1928.
3.Thesepr
otect
edmusl
i
mri
ght
s.
4.Fr
om 1930t
o1940,t
hesef
our
teenpoi
ntsr
emai
nedt
hemai
nfocusofmusl
i
m
pol
i
tics.
BACKGROUND
1.Mont
eyMar
leyr
efor
msof1909andMont
agueChel
msf
ordr
efor
msof1919wer
e
al
readymade.Ref
ormsof1929wer
eexpect
ed.
2.AI
ML i
nit
sthr
ee consecut
ive sessi
ons of1924,1925 and 1926 gav
eit
s
pr
inci
plesandf
ramewor
ktobei
ncl
udedi
nther
efor
msof1929.
3.Ji
nnahgav
eDel
hipr
oposal
sin1927.
4.Si
monCommi
ssi
onwassenti
n1927t
ogi
vesuggest
ionsf
ort
heconst
it
uti
onal
r
efor
mst
obemadei
n1929.
5.Nehr
uRepor
t1928negat
edmusl
i
mri
ght
sthati
thadaccept
edi
nLacknowPact
.
6.Four
teenpoi
nts1929wer
ethebef
it
tedr
epl
ytoNehr
uRepor
t1928.
FEATURESOFFOURTEENPOI
NTS(
GAMMETRRSSSABC)
1.For
m ofgov
ernmentwi
l
lbef
eder
alwi
thr
esi
dual
power
svest
edi
npr
ovi
nces.
2.Pr
ovi
ncesshoul
dbegi
venaut
onomy
.
3.Musl
i
m shoul
dbegi
venone-
thi
rdshar
eint
heCent
ral
Legi
slat
ive.
4.Mi
nor
it
ieswoul
dbegi
vent
hei
rdueshar
ewi
thoutconv
ert
inganymaj
ori
tyi
nto
mi
nor
it
yorev
enequal
i
ty.
5.The r
epr
esent
ati
on of communalgr
oups wi
l
lbe by means of separ
ate
el
ect
orat
es.
6.Anyt
err
it
ori
alr
edi
str
ibut
ionshoul
dnotaf
fectmusl
i
m maj
ori
tyi
nPunj
ab,Bengal
,
andt
heNWFP.
7.Rel
i
giousl
i
ber
tywoul
dbegi
vent
oev
erycommuni
ty.
8.Ref
ormswoul
dbei
ntr
oducedi
nNWFPandBal
ochi
stan.
9.Si
ndhshoul
dbesepar
atedf
rom Bombay
.
10.
Musl
i
msshoul
dbegi
vendueshar
einst
ateser
vicesandaut
onomousbodi
es.
11.
Const
it
uti
onshoul
dsaf
eguar
dmusl
i
mri
ght
s.
Page1of1
 12.
Noamendmenti
ntheconst
it
uti
onshal
lbemadebyCent
ralLegi
slat
ureexcept
wi
tht
heconcur
renceoft
hest
atesconst
it
uti
ngt
heI
ndi
anFeder
ati
on.
13.
Nobi
l
lorr
esol
uti
onshal
lbepassedi
fiti
sopposedbyt
hree-
four
thoft
he
member
s.
14.
Ever
ycabi
net(
cent
ralorpr
ovi
nci
al)shoul
drepr
esentatl
eastone-
thi
rd of
musl
i
ms.

ANALYSI
S/SI
GNI
FICANCE
1.I
tgav
ethemi
nimum char
terofdemandoft
hemusl
i
ms.
2.I
thasgr
eatconst
it
uti
onal
signi
fi
cance.
3.Fr
om 1930t
o1940,t
hesef
our
teenpoi
ntsr
emai
nedt
hemai
nfocusofmusl
i
m
pol
i
tics.
4.I
tisbef
it
tedr
epl
ytoNehr
uRepor
t.
5.I
tpr
otect
ednotonl
ythemusl
i
mri
ght
sbutal
sot
her
ight
soft
heot
hermi
nor
it
ies.
6.I
tuni
tedt
het
wogr
oups(
JinnahandShaf
i)ofMusl
i
m League.
7.I
test
abl
i
shedt
heJi
nnah’
scr
edent
ial
sasal
eaderoft
hemusl
i
ms.
8.I
test
abl
i
shedMusl
i
msLeague’
scr
edent
ial
s.
9.Ji
nnahov
ershadowedt
hepopul
ari
tyofal
lther
ival
soft
heLeague.

NEHRUREPORTANDFOURTEENPOI
NTS
SI
MILARI
TIES
1.Bot
hdemandedconst
it
uti
onalr
ight
s,ci
vi
lli
ber
ti
esandpol
i
ticalf
reedom f
ort
he
peopl
eofI
ndi
a.
2.Bot
hdemandedsepar
ati
onofSi
ndhf
rom Bombay
.
3.Bot
hdemandedr
efor
msi
nNWFPandBal
ochi
stan.
4.Bot
har
esamei
nnat
urepol
i
tical
l
yandconst
it
uti
onal
l
y.

DI
FFERENCES

Page2of2
 NEHRU FOURTEENPOI
NTS

I
tdemandedst
rongcent
er. I
tdemandedst
rongpr
ovi
nces.

I
tdemandedone-
four
thshar
eformusl
i
ms I
tdemandedone-
thi
rdshar
eformusl
i
ms
i
nthecent
er. i
nthecent
er.

I
tignor
edt
her
ight
sofmi
nor
it
ies. I
tpr
otect
edt
her
ight
sofmi
nor
it
ies.

I
tdemandedj
ointel
ect
orat
es I
tdemandedsepar
ateel
ect
orat
e

I
twasr
epl
ytoSi
monCommi
ssi
on I
twasr
epl
ytoNehr
uRepor
t

I
twast
hepoi
ntofv
iewofHi
ndusonl
y I
twast
hepoi
ntofv
iewofal
lmi
nor
it
ies.

CONCLUSI
ON
1.Nof
utur
econst
it
uti
oncoul
dbeev
olv
edunl
essi
twaswi
thi
nthef
ramewor
k
pr
ovi
dedbyt
hesepoi
nts.
2.I
qbalseemst
ohav
edr
awnhi
sconceptofsepar
atemusl
i
msst
atef
rom t
hese
f
our
teenpoi
ntsofJi
nnah.
3.Chaudhr
yRehmatAl
icl
aimedt
hati
nfr
ami
nghi
sschemeofPaki
stanhewas
i
nfl
uencedbyI
qbal
’
saddr
essandf
our
teenpoi
ntsofJi
nnah.
4.Thesepoi
ntsshowedt
hewi
sdom andf
ar-
sight
ednessoft
heJi
nnah.

Page3of3
 CONGRESSMI
NISTREES(
JULY1937-
OCTOBER1939)
I
NTRODUCTION
1.Est
abl
i
shmentofCM wasauni
queepi
sodei
nthehi
stor
yofsubcont
inent
.
2.I
twasf
ort
hef
ir
stt
imet
hatr
esponsi
blesel
f-
gov
ernmentofI
ndi
answasf
ormed
undert
heaegi
sofBr
it
ishgov
ernment
.
3.Howev
er,Congr
essRajwasnotf
reef
rom cont
rov
ersi
es.I
twasmar
ked as
Congr
essdi
scr
imi
nat
ionandat
roci
ti
esagai
nstmusl
i
ms.
4.I
twast
het
urni
ngpoi
ntofcessat
ionofHi
ndu-
Musl
i
m coexi
stence.

BACKGROUND
1.El
ect
ionsof1937wer
ehel
dunderI
ndi
aAct
,1935.
2.AI
MLandCongr
esspar
ti
cipat
edi
nel
ect
ionswi
thsl
i
ght
lydi
ff
erentsl
ogans.
“
Toal
lappear
ance,t
hesoci
alpol
i
cyi
t(ML)adv
ocat
edwasmucht
hesameas
Congr
essPol
i
cies.
” Pr
of.Coupl
and
3.Congr
esswasbet
teror
gani
zed,
hadi
nfl
uent
ialpr
opagandamachi
ner
yandsound
f
inanci
albacki
ngwhi
l
eMLwasnotwel
lor
gani
zed,hadmeagerr
esour
cesand
l
i
mit
edexposur
etomedi
a.
4.Asar
esul
t,Congr
essgotsi
gni
fi
cantsuccessasi
twon711seat
soutoft
otalof
1585.I
twasabl
etogetabsol
utemaj
ori
tyi
nfi
vepr
ovi
nces(
Madar
as,UP,CP,
Or
isaandBi
har
)andwasal
soi
naposi
ti
ont
ofor
m gov
ernmenti
nBombay
.Whi
l
e
AI
MLgotonl
y109seat
soutof482Musl
i
m seat
s.
5.Congr
essf
ormedgov
ernmentwi
thoutmaki
ngal
l
iancewi
thAI
MLandst
art
edi
ts
at
roci
ti
esagai
nstMusl
i
msandAI
ML.
“
From now,
Congr
esswoul
dadoptsl
oganofCongr
essdi
ctat
orshi
p.”
Congr
essPr
esi
dent
:SubhashChandr
aBass
6.Pandi
tNehr
uwentast
epf
orwar
dandsai
dthatt
her
ear
eonl
ytwopar
ti
esi
nIndi
a,
t
heBr
it
ishGov
ernmentandt
heCongr
ess.I
tmeantt
hatmusl
i
msandAI
MLhad
nopl
aceandi
mpor
tancei
nthepol
i
ticsofI
ndi
a.

Page1of1
ATROCI
TIESOFCONGRESSMI
NISTRI
ES
1.Congr
essconspi
raci
est
odest
royAI
ML:Congr
esst
ookt
hef
oll
owi
ngst
epst
o
dest
royt
hei
dent
it
yofAI
ML:
a.I
tref
usedt
ofor
m coal
i
tiongov
ernmentwi
tht
heAI
ML.
b.I
tof
fer
edhumi
l
iat
ingcondi
ti
onsofcoal
i
tiongov
ernmentt
oAI
MLi
nUP.
i
.MLshal
lceaset
ofunct
ionassepar
ategr
oup.
i
i
.Exi
sti
ngmember
sofMLshal
lbecomet
hemember
sofCongr
ess.
i
i
i.Par
li
ament
aryBoar
dofMLi
nUPwi
l
lbedi
ssol
ved.
c.Nehr
u’smasscont
actcampai
gnt
oweakenanddemor
ali
zeMLandt
o
di
scr
edi
tit
sleader
shi
p.
d.Congr
esscr
eat
edpr
obl
emsf
ormusl
i
m gov
ernment
sinPunj
ab,Bengal
andSi
ndht
omakemusl
i
m gov
ernment
sunst
abl
e.
2.Conspi
raci
est
oer
odei
dent
it
yofMusl
i
ms
a.War
daEducat
ional
Scheme
i
.Itwasaneducat
ionalpol
i
cygi
venbyt
hecommi
tt
eeheadedbyDr
.
Zaki
rHussai
n.I
tsr
epor
tisknownasWar
daScheme.I
twasant
i-
musl
i
msandant
i-
isl
am.I
tmadeHi
ndui
sm t
hesupr
emer
eli
gion.
Coeducat
ionandmusi
cwer
emadecompul
sor
y.
b.Vi
dyaMandi
rScheme
i
.Itwasal
soaneducat
ionalpol
i
cyi
nCPandBer
ar.Hi
ndil
anguage
wasmadecompul
sor
y.I
tsai
m wast
oel
i
minat
eident
it
yofmusl
i
ms.
3.FocusonUni
-Nat
ional
i
sm:
a.Musl
i
mswer
econsi
der
edasmi
nor
it
ybyt
heHi
ndus.
b.Forpr
omot
inguni
-nat
ional
i
sm,Congr
essi
ntr
oducedt
ri
-col
orf
lagwi
thout
commonconsentandmut
ual
agr
eementofal
lthepar
ti
es.
c.Musl
i
mswer
efor
cedt
obowbef
oret
hepor
trai
tofGhandi
.
d.BandeMat
aram wasdecl
aredasNat
ionalAnt
hem.I
tssi
ngi
ngwasmade
compul
sor
yinschool
s,col
l
egesandl
egi
slat
ivesessi
ons.
e.Congr
essal
sosuppor
tedHi
nduMahasbhawhohadaggr
essi
vef
eel
i
ngs
t
owar
dsmusl
i
ms.
4.Economi
c expl
oit
ati
on ofMusl
i
ms:Musl
i
ms wer
e notconsi
der
ed f
ort
he

Page2of2
 gov
ernmentj
obs.Congr
esst
ri
edt
okeepmusl
i
mseconomi
cal
l
ydependent
.
5.Communalv
iol
ence(
ri
ots)
:Congr
esssuppor
tedmi
l
itantHi
ndus.Musl
i
mswer
e
subj
ect
edt
oper
secut
ion,
lat
hi-
char
ge,
fir
ingandar
rest
.
6.Congr
essgov
ernmentputabanonCowsl
aught
er.I
twasant
i-
Isl
am pol
i
cy.
7.Hi
ndi
wasdecl
aredasof
fi
cial
language.I
tmadeUHCmostsev
ere.
ENDOFCONGRESSMI
NISTEREESANDDAYOFOBSERVANCE
IIWorldWarbr okeoutin1939.Br i
ti
shwantedtowi nthesympathiesofthe
musli
msf ort
hepur
poseofget t
ingsupportofmusl
i
m army.Itwant
edtogi
vesupportto
nd
themusli
ms.Congressr ej
ect
edi tandresi
gnedfr
om themi ni
str
eeson22 Oct ober
nd
1939.Musli
msobservedDeli
verancedayon22 October1939ontheadvi
ceofJinnah.
ANALYSI
S:I
MPACTOFCONGRESSMI
NISTREES
1.CM dev
elopedsenseofi
nsecur
it
yamongmusl
i
ms.
2.I
texposedHi
ndument
ali
ty.
3.I
tgav
eimpet
ust
oMusl
i
m Nat
ional
i
sm.
4.I
tresul
tedi
ntr
ansf
ormat
ionofout
lookofJi
nnah.
5.I
tincr
easedt
hepopul
ari
tyofdemandf
orPaki
stan.
6.I
tbr
oughtmusl
i
msl
eader
s(Si
rSi
kandar
,Fazl
-ul
-Haq,AsadUl
l
ahKhan)cl
oset
o
eachot
her
s.
7.Ji
nnahemer
gedast
heundi
sput
edl
eaderoft
heMusl
i
ms.
8.Congr
essr
esi
gnat
ioni
ncr
easedr
espectofmusl
i
msi
ntheey
esofBr
it
ish.
CONCLUSI
ON
1.Congr
essRajwasmar
kedasCongr
essdi
scr
imi
nat
ionandat
roci
ti
esagai
nst
musl
i
ms.
2.I
twast
het
urni
ngpoi
ntofcessat
ionofHi
ndu-
Musl
i
m coexi
stence.
3.Bydi
sregar
dingt
heMLi
n1937,
Congr
essdi
dtempor
ari
l
yenj
oyt
ast
eofabsol
ute
power
,buti
tsaf
ter
-ef
fect
spr
ovedqui
tef
atst
oit
sownpopul
ari
tyandcr
edi
bil
i
ty
amongt
heI
ndi
anmi
nor
it
ies,
especi
all
ythemusl
i
ms.
4.I
tlef
tmusl
i
mswi
thnodoubtt
hatCongr
esswasnot
hingbutaHi
ndupar
ty.
5.“
The Congr
ess r
ulei
nthe pr
ovi
nces di
d mor
eto st
rengt
hen t
he musl
i
m
separ
ati
sm t
hant
hewor
koft
hedi
sor
gani
zedMLcoul
dhav
eachi
eved.
”
I
.H.Qur
eshi

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