Module 12-Private STP PDF

Private Sewage Treatment
and
Points of Disposal
Septic Tank
Seepage Pit
Sanitary Drain Field/Leaching Field
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
Soak Pit
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

SYSTEM DESIGNS….

CONVENTIONAL PLUMBING SYSTEM

SYSTEM COMPONENTS…

SEPTIC TANK: PRIMARY TREATMENT
POINTS OF DISPOSAL: SEEPAGE PIT

and
DISPOSAL FIELD
AS PROVIDED FOR IN THE

1999 REVISED NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Septic Tank:
Private Sewage Treatment System
Most urban and suburban areas in our country
do not have Public Sewage Treatment Plants.
It is therefore necessary the sanitary wastes in
every building be processed and neutralized by
means of a Private Sewage Treatment System
and Disposal Unit.
The General Scheme of a Private Treatment System is relatively simple, as enumerated below:
1. The sewage is retained in a submerged, tightly enclosed tank;
2. Solid wastes, known as sludge, are diverted to the bottom of the tank;
3. The action of bacteria present in the tank breaks up the solids and aids in purifying the fluids;
4. An amount of sludge builds up at the bottom of the tank while other organic matters, known as
scum, floats to the surface.
5. An outlet pipe is provided so that the partially purified effluent (the liquid content of the sewage)
will be disposed to a proper point of disposal.
The septic tank is the primary purification unit and should be installed close to the surface
of the soil, because correction of the effluent depends on oxidation and the presence of
aerobic bacteria that is usually found not more than 1500mm below the surface
SITING OF SEPTIC TANK
(Minimum Horizontal Distance)
From building or structure: 1.50 meters
Property line adjoining
Private property: 1.50 meters
Water supply Wells: 15.20 meters
Streams: 15.20 meters
Trees: 3.00 meters
Seepage pits or
Cesspools; 1.50 meters
Disposal Fields; 1.50 meters
On site Domestic Water
Service line: 1.50 meters
Pressure Public
Septic Tank – A watertight receptacle which receives Water Main: 3.00 meters
the discharge of a sanitary plumbing system,
designed and constructed to retain solids, digest
organic matter through a period of detention and to
allow the liquid to discharge into the public sewer or
an approved private sewage disposal system.
Septic Tank: Design and Construction Considerations
Septic Tank . Septic Tank Construction:
A water tight receptacle
which receives the
Septic tanks shall have a minimum of 2 compartments.
discharge of a sanitary
plumbing system or part The Inlet Compartment shall not be less than 2/3 of the total
thereof, designed and capacity of the tank, nor less than 2 cubic meters liquid
capacity.
constructed to retain
solids, digest organic Minimum Length of 1500 mm
matter through a period

of detention and to allow
the liquids to discharge
into the soil outside of
the tank through a
system of open-jointed
sub-surface pipings or a
seepage pit meeting the
requirements of the
National Plumbing Code. Minimum Width of
The Outlet Compartment shall have a 900 mm
minimum capacity of 1 cubic meter and a
maximum capacity of 1/3 of the total
capacity of the septic tank
The vaults and chambers are
vented through the sanitary
tees in the inlet and outlet
having the top ends open and
screened to make the tank Manhole: Minimum of 2 with
mosquito proof Minimum Dimension of 508mm x
508mm placed over the inlet and the
outlet
228.6mm
Minimum Air
Space or
Freeboard
Liquid Depth: 2 cu.m. minimum

600 mm volume
(minimum) to
1800 mm
(maximum)
If the Septic Tank is over 6 cubic meters,

the minimum length of Secondary
The bottom of the tank should slope (1:10) towards the Compartment shall be 1500mm.
center and below the manhole to facilitate cleaning
No septic tank shall be constructed or

Secondary Compartment: Minimum Capacity of 1 cubic
installed within or under a house. meter or Maximum of 1/3 of the Total Capacity of
Sec. 233 of the 1959 Phil. National Plumbing Code Septic Tank
Inlet Pipe and Fitting:
use 104.6mm Ø (minimum) The invert of the Inlet Pipe shall be at
least 50.8mm above the invert of the
Outlet Pipe
Inlet and Outlet Pipe

shall extend at least
101.6mm above the
water surface
304.8mm Minimum
Depth of Inlet and
Outlet Pipe below
the water surface
Outlet Pipe and Fitting:

Siphon Pipe and Fitting: use 104.6mm Ø
Use 104.6mm Ø (minimum) (minimum)

Access to each septic tank shall be provided by at least 2 manholes Septic tank installed under concrete or black
508mm in minimum dimension or by an equivalent removable cover slab. top paving shall have the required manholes
One access manhole shall be located over the inlet and 1 access manhole accessible by extending the manhole
shall be located over the outlet. Whenever a first compartment exceeds openings to grade in a manner acceptable to
3700mm in length, an additional manhole shall be provided over the the Administrative Authority.
baffle wall.
Septic tank shall be structurally designed to withstand all anticipated earth or other
loads. All septic tanks covers shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not
less than 14.4 kPa when the maximum coverage does not exceed 9000mm.

Sizing of the Septic Tank
Septic tank should be properly sized due to the following conditions:

1. A septic tank of smaller capacity is impractical because some leeway must be allowed
for storage of accumulated sludge.
2. A tank of larger size is not advisable because retarded bacterial activity is liable to
result.
Methods of Sizing the Septic Tank

1. The Philippine National Plumbing Code of 1959 (Sec. 233) provides the standard sizes of septic
tanks based on the capacity (the number of persons) served by the tank.
2. The 1999 Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines uses the Estimated Waste/Sewage
Flow Rates of the Design Population in sizing the septic tank. (Tables B-2 and B-3).
3. If the number of persons served (design population) is not available, the Fixture Unit Method
may be employed.
4. If the values for the estimated waste flow rate are not available, use the following volume:
- For residential installations, allow 0.14 to 0.17 cubic meter of tank content per person.
- For school, commercial or industrial purposes, allow 0.06 to 0.09 cubic meter of tank content
per person.

Method 1:
Standard Sizes of Septic Tanks (Section 233 Philippine National Plumbing Code of 1959)
Number of Inside Dimension of the Digestive Chamber REMARKS
Person Served
Depth in meters Width in meters Length in
meters
10 1.20 0.90 1.80

15 1.20 1.10 2.20
Additional length of 1.00 meter should be added to the

20 1.20 1.25 2.50
25 1.20 1.40 2.80
30 1.30 1.50 3.00
35 1.30 1.60 3.20
vault for the Secondary Chamber.

40 1.40 1.65 3.30
45 1.40 1.75 3.50
50 1.50 1.80 3.60
60 1.50 1.95 3.90
70 1.50 2.00 4.00
80 1.60 2.20 4.40
90 1.80 2.30 4.60
100 1.80 2.50
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU 5.00
CHAPTER
Method 2a:
Estimated Waste/Sewage Flow Rates (Table B-2, 1999National Plumbing Code)
Capacity of Septic Tanks*
SINGLE MULTIPLE OTHER MINIMUM SEPTIC TANK CAPACITY IN:
FAMILY DWELLING USES:
DWELLING UNITS or MAX. DFU GALLONS LITERS CUBIC
(NO. OF APARTMENTS SERVED METERS
BEDROOMS)
1 or 2 --- 15 750 2838 2.84
3 --- 20 1000 3785 3.79
4 2 units 25 1200 4582 4.58
5 or 6 3 units 33 1500 5677.5 5.68
--- 4 units 45 2000 7570 7.57
--- 5 units` 55 2250 8516.3 8.52
--- 6 units 60 2500 9462.5 9.46
--- 7 units 70 2750 10,408.8 10.41
--- 8 units 80 3000 11,355 11.36
--- 9 units 90 3250 12,301.3 12.30
--- 10 units 100 3500 13,247.5 13.25
Extra Bedroom: 150 gallons (567.8 liters) each
Extra Dwelling Units over 10: 250 gallons (946.3 liters)
Extra Fixture Units over 100: 25 gallons (94.6 liters) per fixture unit
*Septic Tank sizes in this table include sludge storage capacity and the connection disposal of domestic food waste units
without further volume increase. Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER
Method 2b:
Estimated Waste/Sewage Flow Rates (Table B-3, 1999 National Plumbing Code)
Type of Occupancy Gallons per Day Liters per Day Type of Occupancy Gallons per Day Liters per Day
Airport : per employee 15 + 4 per 56.8 + 18.9 per Restaurant: Cafeteria 20/employee 75.7/employee
passenger passenger
Churches (Sanctuary) 4 per seat; (with 18.9 per seat; (with Restaurant: Toilet 7/customer 26.5/customer
Kitchen): 7 per Kitchen): 26.5 per
seat seat Restaurant: Kitchen 6/meal 22.7/meal
waste
Factories: w/o shower 25/person/shift 94.6/person/shift
Restaurant: Add for 1/meal 3.8/meal
Factories: w/ showers Add 10/employee Add 3.79/employee garbage disposal
Factories: w/ cafeteria Add 5/employee Add 18.9/employee Restaurant: Add for 2/customer 7.6/customer
cocktail lounge
Hospitals 250 per bed 946.3 per bed
Schools: Staff & Office 20/person 75.7/person
Hospital: Kitchen waste 25 per bed 94.6 per bed
Schools: Elementary 56.8/person
Hospital: Laundry waste 40 per bed 151.4 per bed
Schools: intermediate 20/person 75.7/student
Hotel: No kitchen waste 60/bed (2 person) 227.1/bed (2 & High School
person)
Schools: w/ gym & 5/person Add 18.9/student
Hotel: w/ kitchen waste 70/bed(2 person) 264.95/bed showers
Offices 20/employee or 75.7/employee or Schools: w/ cafeteria 3/person Add 11.4/student
1.12/ sq.m. floor 4.23/sq.m. floor
area area Recommended Design Criteria:
Stores 20 /employee 75.7/employee A. Waste/Sewage Flow, up to 1500 GPD (5677.5 LPD):
Septic Tank Capacity = Flow x 1.5
Stores: Public Restroom Add 1.2/sq.m. of Add 4/sq.m. of B. Waste/Sewage Flow over 1500 GPD (5677.5 LPD):
floor space floor area Septic Tank Capacity = (Flow x 0.75) + 1125

Method 3.
Sizing of Septic Tank: Fixture Unit Method
Plumbing Fixture Drainage Fixture
Unit (DFU)
Use the formula:
Bathtub 2
4log L = log (1.65 x F)
Bidet 2 Where:
Drinking Fountain 1 L = length of the septic tank
F = The total fixture units that drain into the septic tank.
Floor Drain 2
Grease Trap 3 •To Solve for the Width of the Tank, use the formula:
Laundry Tub 2 W = 0.5 L
•To Solve for the Depth of the Tank, use the formula:
Shower, single stall 2
D = 0.6 L
Sink, residential 2
Sink, 3
Commercial/Industrial
Sink, service 3
Urinal. Wall-mounted 3–6
Wash basin (lavatory), 1
Single
Wash basin, in sets 2
Water Closet, private 4*
Water Closet, public 6
*Use 6 DFU when computing for septic tank

size
Prefabricated Septic Tanks
Manufactured or prefabricated septic
tanks shall comply with all approved
applicable standards and be approved
by the Administrative Authority.
Independent laboratory tests and

engineering calculations certifying the
tank capacity and structural stability
shall be provided as required by the
Administrative Authority.
Plastic Purifying Septic Tank (PPST): Courtesy of KOTEC PLASTIC CORPORATION.

Invented by a Korean Engineer, Soon Weon Seo in 1997

Private Sewage Disposal
Types of Private Sewage Treatment and The system shall consist of a septic tank with
Disposal System effluent discharging into a subsurface
1. Septic tank and Disposal Field disposal field, into one or more seepage pits
2. Septic tank and Seepage Pit or into a combination of subsurface disposal
field and seepage pits.
Where permitted by the rules and
regulations of the department of
Environment and Natural Resources In order to determine the absorption
(DENR), the building sewer may be qualities of the soils for disposal fields and
connected to a private sewage disposal seepage pits, the project site shall be
system complying with the provisions of subjected to percolation tests acceptable to
the Code. the Administrative Authority.
The type of system shall be determined
on the basis of:
1. Location
2. Soil porosity
3. Ground water level

Percolation Test
Percolation test determines

the absorption capability of
the soil at the site. This Test
must be done before
designing a wastewater 100
system.
300
If the percolation rate exceeds

150
60 minutes, the soil is not
suited for a seepage pit. 50
A percolation rate over 30

minutes indicates borderline STEPS:
1. First fill the test hole with water and allow it to seep into the
suitability for soil absorption, surrounding soil.
and other methods of 2. Then refill the hole to a depth of at least 150mm while the
wastewater disposal should be bottom of the hole is still wet.
3. Measure the depth of the water and record the time it takes for
considered.
all of it to be absorbed into the soil.
4. Calculate the time required for the water level to drop 25mm.

Private Sewage Disposal System – a septic tank with the effluent
discharging into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits or of such other
facilities as may be permitted by the plumbing code.

Seepage Pit
Seepage Pit – a
loosely lined
excavation in the
ground, which
receives the discharge
of a septic tank and 45.7m from water supply wells
designed to permit 30.5m from streams

the effluent from the
septic tank to seep 3.70m from seepage pit, cesspool
through the pit
bottom and sides. 3.0 m from tress, public water main
2.4m from buildings, adjacent property
1.5m from disposal field, on-site domestic water

service line, distribution box
Each seepage pit
shall be circular in
shape and shall have 2.2 m minimum excavated diameter
an excavated
diameter of not less
than 2.20 meters. Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER
Sizing of Seepage Pit: By Percolation Test Method
The required size of a seepage pit can be

determined from a percolation test and
the estimated amount of effluent from
the facility. APPLICATION RATE FOR SEEPAGE PIT
Several smaller pits for a facility may be SOIL PERCOLATION RATE APPLICATION RATE
more feasible than one large pit. (25 MM) (LPD/SQ. METER)
However, care should be considered to 1 MINUTE 216
ensure that there is equal distribution of
the waste water to all the pits. 2 MINUTES 175
5 MINUTES 130
Sizing of the Seepage Pit
10 MINUTES 94
1. Perform the percolation test and determine the
application rate from the Table 1.0 shown. 15 MINUTES 73
2. Find the required absorption area (A) by dividing
20 MINUTES 61
the total estimated effluent (E) from the facility
by the application rate (R). 30 MINUTES 45
A=E÷R
3. Solve for the length of wall. Assume depth of 45 MINUTES 33
wall from 1.80m to 4.25m. The bottom of the 60 MINUTES 20

pit must be at least 600mm above the
groundwater table.
4. Solve for the diameter of the pit.

Sizing of Seepage Pit: By Soil Type Method
From Table B-4, 1999 NPC page 196
SIZING OF THE SEEPAGE PIT

LEACHING AREA DESIGN CRITERIA FOR FIVE TYPICAL SOILS 1. Determine the estimated sewage
flow.
TYPES OF SOIL REQUIRED AREA MAXIMUM
OF LEACHING ABSORPTION 2. Determine the required area of
(m²/L) CAPACITY IN leaching (A) for the type of soil
L/m² OF
LEACHING AREA (refer to table).
FOR A 24 HOUR 3. Solve for the circumference of the
PERIOD (L/m²)
pit. Assume depth of pit (D) from
COARSE SAND 0.005 203.7
AND GRAVEL 1.80m to 4.25m.
FINE SAND 0.006 162.9 C=A÷D
4. Solve for the diameter of the pit.
SANDY LOAM or 0.010 101.9
SANDY CLAY Ø = circumference ÷ 3.1416
CLAY WITH 0.022 44.8
CONSIDERABLE
SAND or GRAVEL
CLAY WITH 0.029 33.8
SMALL AMOUNT
OF SAND or
GRAVEL

Private Sewage Disposal System: Disposal Field or Sanitary
Drain Field

Disposal Field
Required conditions for the proper functioning
Disposal Field – is a method of sewage of the disposal field
disposal which allows sewage to seep 1. The groundwater is well below the level of
directly into the soil. the tile field
2. The soil has satisfactory leaching
Materials for distribution lines for disposal characteristics within a few meters of the
fields are; surface, extending several meters below the
1. Clay tile with open joints tile.
3. The subsurface drains away from the field.
2. Perforated clay pipe
4. The area is adequate.
3. Perforated Bituminous Fiber Pipe 5. There is no possibility of polluting potable
4. Perforated High Density Polyethylene water supplies, particularly from shallow or
(HDPE) pipe driven wells in the vicinity.
5. Perforated ABS pipe
6. Perforated PVC pipe
Refer to Section B 6.9 for

construction specifications for
disposal fields, as shown on page
185 of 1999 NPC

ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR
(ABR): SECONDARY TREATMENT

ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR
(ABR)

What is an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)?
• Application Level:
• An Anaerobic Baffled - Household
Reactor (ABR) is an - Neighborhood
improved septic tank • Management Level:
because of the series of - Household
baffles under which the
- Shared
wastewater is forced to
flow. - Public
• The increased contact • Inputs: Blackwater and
time with the sludge Greywater
(active biomass) results • Outputs: Fecal Sludge
in improved treatment. and effluent

Concept
Examples
The ABR under construction, down pipes and perforated slabs to support filter media in the Anaerobic Filter
(AF) sections, pouring ABR’s concrete slab at Pestalozzi School, Zambia
Source: http://www.germantoilet.org/

Concept
Background and working principle

(adapted from U.S. EPA 2006, SASSE 1998)
• physical and biological (anaerobic)

treatment of wastewater
• integrated sedimentation chamber for
pre-treatment of wastewater
• alternating standing and hanging baffles
• wastewater passes through the sludge to
move to the next compartment
• solid retention time (SRT) separated from
hydraulic retention time (HRT)
• high treatment rates due to enhanced
contact of incoming wastewater with
residual sludge and high solid retention
• low sludge production
Cut-away view and longitudinal section of an ABR
Source: SANIMAS (2005), MOREL & DIENER (2006)

Design principles
ABRs start with settling chamber for larger solids and impurities (SASSE 1998)
followed by series of at least 2 , sometimes up to 5

(MOREL & DIENER 2006) up- (SASSE 1998)
flow chambers
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) is relatively short and varies from only
a few hours up to two or three days (FOXON et al. 2004; MOREL & DIENER 2006; TILLEY et al. 2008)
up-flow velocity is the most crucial parameter for dimensioning,

especially with high hydraulic loading. It should not exceed 2.0 m/h (SASSE
.
1998; MOREL & DIENER 2006)
organic load <3 kg COD/m3/day. Higher loading-rates are possible with

higher temperature and for easily degradable substrates (SASSE 1998)

Treatment efficiency
Treatment performance of ABRs is in the range of (SASSE 1998; MOREL & DIENER 2006; BORDA 2008)
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal: 65% to 90%,

• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal: 70% to 95%,
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal: up to 90% (SINGH 2008)
• Pathogen reduction: low
Superior to BOD-removal (30% to 50%) of conventional septic tank (UNEP
.
2004)

Operation and maintenance
• inoculate („seed“) ABR with active anaerobic sludge from e.g. septic
tank to speed up start-phase
• allow bacteria to multiply, by starting with 1/4 of daily flow, and then
increasing loading rates over 3 months
• long start-up time  do not use ABRs when need for treatment is
immediate
• check for water-tightness regularly and monitor scum and sludge
levels
• remove sludge every 1 to 3 years (preferably by vacuum truck or
gulper to avoid that humans get in direct contact with sludge)
• leave some active sludge in each compartment to maintain stable
treatment process
• take care of advanced treatment and/or safe disposal of sludge
Source: adapted from SASSE 1998, TILLEY et al. 2008, EAWAG/SANDEC 2008
The majority of settleable solids are removed in the
settling chamber at the beginning of the ABR.
To prevent the release of potentially harmful

Vent gases, the tank should be vented.
Inlet
Outlet;
Inflow
To point
ranges Settlement
from 2,000 Upflow Chambers Outlet of
to 20,000
Chamber Cham disposal
liters per ber
day
As sludge is accumulating, The upflow chambers provide

desludging is required additional removal and digestion of
every 2 to 3 years. organic matter: BOD may be reduced
by up to 90%, which is far superior to
that of a conventional septic tank.
Anatomy of an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

Adequacy of Technology
• This technology is easily • This technology is also
adaptable and can be appropriate for areas where
applied at the household land maybe limited since
level or for a small the tank is installed
neighborhood that are underground and requires a
using a considerable small area.
amount of water for clothes • ABRs can be installed in
washing, showering, and every type of climate
toilet flushing. although the efficiency will
• This is most appropriate if be affected in colder
water use and supply of climates.
wastewater are relatively
constant.

Health Aspects/Acceptance
• Although the removal • Effluent and sludge
of pathogens is not must be handled with
high, the ABR is care as they contain
contained so users do high levels of
not come in contact pathogenic organisms.
with any of the • To prevent the release
wastewater or disease of potentially harmful
causing pathogens. gases, the tank should
be vented.

Maintenance
• ABR will not operate at full • ABR tanks should be
capacity for several months checked to ensure that they
after installation because of are watertight and the
the long start-up time levels of the scum and
required for the anaerobic sludge should be monitored
digestion of the sludge. to ensure that the tank is
• To help the ABR to start functioning well.
working more quickly, it can • Because of the delicate
be “seeded”, that is, active ecology, care should be
sludge can be introduced so taken not to discharge harsh
that active bacteria can chemicals into the ABR.
begin working and
multiplying immediately.

Examples
Use of “straight handle” (left) and “Z-handle” (right) brushes for cleaning of down-ward pipes
Source: K.P. Pravinjith

Examples
Measuring sludge levels

Source: K.P. Pravinjith
ADVANTAGES
• Resistant to organic and • Long service life
hydraulic shock loads. • No real problems with
• No electricity required. flies or odors if used
• Greywater can be correctly
managed concurrently. • High reduction of
• Can be built and repaired organics
with locally available • Moderate capital costs,
materials moderate operating cost
depending on emptying;
can be low cost
depending on number of
users.

DISADVANTAGES
• Requires constant • Requires expert design
source of water. and construction.
• Effluent requires • Pre-treatment is
secondary treatment required to prevent
and/or appropriate clogging.
discharge.
• Low reduction of
pathogens

Design and Calculations of an
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)
• Step 1. Solve for • Step 2. Solve for
Estimated Maximum Estimated Maximum
Sewage Flow (Qdmax): Peak Flow (Qhmax):
Qdmax = (N x F) ÷ 1000 Qhmax = Qdmax ÷ T
Where: Where:
Qdmax = Maximum Daily Sewage Qhmax = Maximum Peak Flow in
Flow in m³/day cubic meter/hour
N = Design Population T = Peak Period in hours per day
F = Sewage Flow Rate in liters/day

• Step 3. Solve for Volume of
Settling Chamber (Vsc): • Dimension Parameters:
Vsc = (Qhmax x Hrt ) + a. Typical depth: 1.00 to 3.00 meters
Vscum + Vsludge b. Length to Width Ratio:
Approximately 1 : 1 to 2 : 1
Where:
c. Length to Height Ratio:
Hrt = Hydraulic Retention Time, use 2
Approximately 1.5 : 1
hours
Vscum = (N x 10 liters/person) ÷ 1000
Vsludge = (N x 20 liters/person)÷ 1000

• Step 4. Solve for Volume of • Step 5. Determine
Up-flow Chamber (Vuc): number of Up-flow
Vuc = (Qdmax x Hrt )0.042 Chambers.
Where: Qdmax = Maximum Sewage Flow
Hrt = Hydraulic Retention Time, * Use length to height
use 12 to 24 hours
ratio = 0.5 to 0.6
• Dimension Parameters:
a. Depth and width should be
equal to the settling chamber
(easier to construct).
• Length of Up-flow Chamber
(Luc):
Luc = Vuc ÷ (W x H)
• Check for Up-flow
Velocity (S): • Check for Volume per
Capita ( Vc ):
S = Qhmax ÷ ( L x W )
Vc = (Vsc + Vuc) ÷ N
Where:
Recommended Up-flow Velocity:
Vc = Volume per Capita in liters
0.50 to 1.80 meters per hour per person
Vsc = Volume of Settling Chamber
Vuc = Volume of Up-flow

Chambers
N = Design Population

ARTICULATED SEPTIC TANK: FOR
SMALL TO MEDIUM
DEVELOPMENTS

INLET PIPE
MANHOLE CLEANOUT OUTLET PIPE
PLAN
VENT PIPE
DIGESTIVE SETTLING UPFLOW
CHAMBER CHAMBER CHAMBER
OUTLET
BOX
SECTION
ARTICULATED SEPTIC TANK or THREE
Danilo V. Ravina CHAMBERED
NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER SEPTIC TANK
ARTICULATED SEPTIC TANK or THREE CHAMBERED SEPTIC TANK

REED BED Or WATER GARDEN
TREATMENT UNIT: TERTIARY
TREATMENT or GREYWATER
TREATMENT
Reed bed technology was developed in Germany in the 1960’s
by Dr. Käthe Seidel

• Reed bed treatment system activates microbial processes
that stimulate the natural breakdown of polluting compounds
in an specific waste water situation. This system utilizes
particular combinations of plants, soils, bacteria, substrates
and hydraulic flow to optimize physical, chemical and
microbial processes naturally present within the root zones of
the plants

Reed Bed Systems
• Natural Treatment System
• Low operating cost
• Land requirement

Typical Reed Bed Construction

Bayawan City Fishermen’s Village
Gawad Kalinga
700 households
183 m3 per day
2700 m2 Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER
Buri Resort, Puerto Galera

1 x HOUSEHOLD UNIT
Internal Dimensions – 4mlong x 1.5mdeep x 2mwide
SEWAGE & WASTE-WATER TREATMENT by Roots + Microbes

Outward Appearance.. Lush Garden
4m Decorative
internal capping
dry sand
gravel
1.5m
limestone
Domestic unit x 4 person (western*) household

*total - black & grey water 500litres/person/day
Septic Reinforced Concrete Structures

tank
1. Anaerobic (septic) Tank 2m x 2m x 2m
2. Garden Tank 4mlong x 1.5mdeep x 2mwide

CALCULATING THE SIZE OF • Where:
THE REED BED A = area of reed bed in
sq.meters
• In calculating the size of t = retention time, use 5
the reed bed, the to 8 days
following formula and
Q = flow rate in cubic
its variables are
meter per day
required:
n = gravel cavity rate, use
0.4 for sand & gravel
A = (t x Q) ÷ (n x z) z = height in meters, use
0.70 to 1.00

SAMPLE PROJECT CALCULATION
• A 20-bed pension house 2. Determine the following:
a. Retention time: use 8 days
requires a reed bed b. Height level: use 1.00 m
treatment system. What c. Gravel cavity rate: use 0.40
will be its possible size?
3. Substituting:
8 days x 1.2 cu.m./day

Solution: A=
1. Determine the estimated sewage 0.40 x 1.00 m
flow rate. From the NPC, use 60 liters
per bed per day (double occupancy) : A = 24 cubic meter
Q = 20 beds x 60 liters/bed/day
Q = 1,200 liters/day
or 1.2 cubic meter/day

SOAK PIT
Or
DRY WELL
STORM WATER DISPOSAL

SOAK PIT

The Average Monthly Rainfall Data of Metro
Cebu:
January 109.00 mm
February 71.10 mm
March 54.60 mm
April 58.60 mm
May 120.90 mm
June 177.00 mm
July 196.70 mm
August 152.70 mm
September 186.70 mm
October 201.40 mm
November 162.30 mm
December 137.70 mm
The AverageDanilo
Annual Rainfall
V. Ravina for Metro
NAMPAP-CEBU Cebu is 1628.70 mm
CHAPTER
SIZING OF SOAK PIT: ROUGH CALCULATION
• Use the formula: • Where:

C = capacity in cubic meters
C = (A x R ) ÷ 3
A = area to be drained in
square meters
R = rainfall rate in
meter/hour, use 0.05 to
0.125 m/h

SIZING OF SOAK PIT: DETAILED CALCULATION METHODS
• Step 1. Carry out a • Where:

Percolation test on site S = storm water
• Step 2. Determine the catchment capacity in
soakage rate (Q) in the cu.m.
ground: C = runoff coefficient, use
Q = (60 x water level drop in mm) ÷ 5 min.
1 for hard surface areas
Q = __________mm/hour
• Step 3. Assess the storm I = local rain intensity, use

water catchment 125
capacity (S): A = catchment area in
S = 10 x C x I x A hectares

• Step 4. Determine the
area of bottom of hole,
use minimum diameter
of 2.40 meters.
• Step 5. *Calculate
soakage allowance into
the bottom of hole:
Soakage volume= (base area)
x (rate per hour÷ 1000)
* This is not necessary if there was a zero
result from the percolation test
• Step 6. Determine the

depth of soak pit

SAMPLE PROJECT: PROPOSED EXTENSION OF
FORMATION HOUSE FOR THE RELIGIOUS

SEPTIC TANK AND ABR
SEPTIC TANK AND ABR

WATER GARDEN TREATMENT UNIT

WATER GARDEN TREATMENT UNIT

GREASE INTERCEPTOR

GREASE INTERCEPTOR

GREASE INTERCEPTOR

SOAK PIT

End of Presentation

Module 12-Private STP PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 12-Private STP PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Private Sewage Treatment

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

POINTS OF DISPOSAL: SEEPAGE PIT

AS PROVIDED FOR IN THE

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

matter through a period

Liquid Depth: 2 cu.m. minimum

If the Septic Tank is over 6 cubic meters,

No septic tank shall be constructed or

Inlet and Outlet Pipe

Outlet Pipe and Fitting:

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Septic tank should be properly sized due to the following conditions:

Methods of Sizing the Septic Tank

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

10 1.20 0.90 1.80

Additional length of 1.00 meter should be added to the

vault for the Secondary Chamber.

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

*Use 6 DFU when computing for septic tank

Independent laboratory tests and

Plastic Purifying Septic Tank (PPST): Courtesy of KOTEC PLASTIC CORPORATION.

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Percolation test determines

If the percolation rate exceeds

A percolation rate over 30

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

designed to permit 30.5m from streams

2.4m from buildings, adjacent property

1.5m from disposal field, on-site domestic water

The required size of a seepage pit can be

wall from 1.80m to 4.25m. The bottom of the 60 MINUTES 20

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

SIZING OF THE SEEPAGE PIT

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Refer to Section B 6.9 for

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Background and working principle

• physical and biological (anaerobic)

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

followed by series of at least 2 , sometimes up to 5

up-flow velocity is the most crucial parameter for dimensioning,

organic load <3 kg COD/m3/day. Higher loading-rates are possible with

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal: 65% to 90%,

• Pathogen reduction: low

Superior to BOD-removal (30% to 50%) of conventional septic tank (UNEP

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

To prevent the release of potentially harmful

As sludge is accumulating, The upflow chambers provide

Anatomy of an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER