Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Capital Market
Maria B. - The part of financial
system concerned with
Contemporary raising capital by dealing
- After WWII until present with shares, bonds, and
other long-term
Globalization investment.
- Global economic integration of
many formerly national Glocalization
economies into one global - In Japan, this is known as
economy, mainly by free capital "dochakuka" which means global
and free trade mobility but also by localization. Think global, act
easy or uncontrolled migration. It local. It brings the idea that
is the effective erasure of national change is a slow process, and
boundaries for economic before it can have a global impact
purposes. it has to spread slowly from
individual and small communities.
Localization
- Refers to the use,focus, and
concentration of development and Indigenization vs. Homogenizing
promotion of local products, aspects of Globalization
services, and merchandise.
Indigenization
Five Main Elements of Globalization - Localizing
1. Inclusivity - Being different; the act of
2. Collaboration making something more
3. Trust native, the process by
4. Respect which indigenous ways of
5. Communication knowing, being, doing, and
relating are incorporated
into education,
Three Markets of Globalization organizational, cultural
1. Commodity Market and social structures of the
- A market where traders institution.
buy and sell commodities.
Commodities are raw Homogenizing
materials or primarily - Uniform doing
agricultural products.
2. Labor Market 1. Patterns of Acceptance
- The availability of a. Assimilation or
employment and labor in Integration
terms of supply and - The absorption of an
demand. incoming group into the
dominant society.
b. Amalgamation Waves of Globalization
- The biological merging of 1. The age of exploration
an ethnic group with the 2. Multiplication of International
native population. Relations Reinforced by
c. Cultural Pluralism Communication and
- A pattern of partial Transportation
assimilation by which the 3. Economic Globalization and
dominant society allows Technology
minorities to achieve full
participation.
2. Patterns of Rejection
a. Annihilation (get rid of a
particular culture)
- Defined as "total destruction" or
"complete obliteration" of an
object; having its root in the Latin
nihil (nothing). A literal translation
is "to make into nothing". It is a
process by which a dominant
group causes the deaths of a large
number of minority group
members.
b. Ethnocide (you kill the culture
not the person)
- The act or attempt to
Microcosm (It is an approach)
systematically destroy a people's
Definition of Microcosm
ethnicity or culture.
- A community , place, or situation
regarded as encapsulating in
c. Expulsion
miniature the characteristics of
- Forcing people out of an area of a
something much larger.
society.
- Ex. Looking at the situation of the
people to define unemployment.
d. Segregation
- https://en.oxforddictionaries.co
- The involuntary separation of
m/definition/microcosm
residential areas, services, or
other facilities on the basis of the
ethnic or racial characteristics of
the people using them.
Global Economy
Concept and Definition Globalization and Employment Issues
- Economic globalization refers to 1. Protectionist trade barriers
the increasing interdependence of - Won't work in the 21st Century.
world economies as a result of the Knowledge crossing borders in
growing scale of cross-border massive amounts [is the] new big
trade of commodities and disruptive thing.
services, the flow of international
capital and wide and rapid spread 2. Virtual Migration
of technologies. - " All you need is more computing
power, more transmitting power
Expansion and Mutual Integration of and cheaper robots - and all that
Market Frontiers is happening."
- " Time and Space compression - Technology will soon allow virtual
effect" migration, thanks to telerobotics
○ Greatly reduced the cost of and telepresence . " The
international trade and worldwide number of domestic
investment, thus making it household robots will rise to 31
possible to organize and million between 2016 and 2019,
coordinate global says the International Federation
production. of Robotics (IFR), with sales of
robots for cleaning floors, mowing
lawns, and cleaning swimming
pools forecast to grow."
3. Political Backlash
- " Cures are being sold which are
not related to the problem ." there
is a need of BALANCING ACT.
By Tim Bowler - BBC Reporter
Rerum Novarum - Pope Leo XIII (May
15, 189)
- "of the new things"
- Rights and duties of capital and
labor
- Power of industry is controlled by
Impact of Globalization a few factory owners who are
- Increase Trade becoming rich from the hard labor
○ Greater choice of goods of the working class.
- Greater Competition - The lower class suffers from poor
○ Lower prices working conditions and low
- Structural Unemployment wages, and their animosity toward
○ From shifting sectors the owning class is escalating.
- Tax Avoidance
○ Easier
7 Principles of Rerum- Novarum toward the retention of the
1. Dignity of Human Person economic status quo.
2. Salus Populi - Common good
3. Subsidiarity Mahatma Mohandas Ghandi
4. Participation - Man become great exactly in the
5. Solidarity degree in which he works for the
6. Private Property welfare of his fellow-men.
7. Universal destination of goods
Solutions for Unemployment
Quotes from Rerum Novarum - More importance should be given
- Workers are not to be treated as to professional, technical, and
slaves; justice demands that the vocational education.
dignity of human personality be - Change their attitude to life.
respected in them. - Choose independent career
- Public authority show proper - Start small business
concern for the worker so that - Self-employment is the best
from what he contributes to the solution to this problem
common good, he may receive
what will enable him, housed, Globalization in the World Economy
clothed, and secure to live his life - Global Economy
without hardship. ○ Resources, markets, and
competitions are
Quotes of Labor/ Capital worldwide in scope.
- Labor is prior to, and independent - Globalization
of, capital. Capital is only the fruit ○ The process of growing
of labor, and could have existed if interdependence among
labor had not first existed. Labor elements of the global
is the superior of capital, and economy.
deserves much higher - Global Sourcing
consideration. ○ Firms purchase products
- Abraham Lincoln and services from around
the world for local use.
Karl Marx View
- Capital is dead labor, which, Globalization and Global Economy
vampire-like, lives only by sucking
living labor, and lives the more,
the more labor it sucks.
Claro M. Recto
- So long as our economic policies
remain dependent primarily on
foreign "aid" and investment, and
our policy-makers remain
habitual yes-men of foreign
advisors, this "aid", investments
and advice, will be directed
Market Integration - Conglomerate Integration
What is Market Integration? ○ Mixture of both Horizontal
- The process by which refers to the and Vertical Integration
○ A merger between firms that
expansion of firms by
are involved in totally
consolidating additional
unrelated business activities.
marketing functions and activities ○ These mergers typically occur
under a single management. between firms within
(Kohls and Uhl) different industries or firms
- Theme: Centralization of decision located in different
making in a single hand geographical locations .
Reasons for Market Integration 2 types of Conglomerate Integration
- Remove transaction cost 1. Pure Conglomerate
- Foster competition - mergers involve firms with
- Better signals for optimal nothing in common.
generations and consumption
decisions 2. Mixed Conglomerate
- Improve security of supply - mergers involve firms that
are looking for product
3 types of Market Integration extension and market
- Horizontal Integration / Lateral extension.
Integration
- It is a strategy in which a Product Extension
firms acquire similar firms - The strategy of placing an established
to increase its market product’s brand name on a new
product that is in the same category.
share and profits.
Small companies can deploy the
- Vertical Integration
practice in the same way the large
○ A business strategy that
firms have, in order to increase sales
allows firm to control two
of a popular product by offering
interlinked stages of value
variations. But the strategy can also
chain.
backfire if not used effectively.
○ It typically consists a
sequence of alterations that
are applied during the value
Market Extension
chain until one or more raw - The Strategy that is related on how to
materials are converted into a make a product or service sustain in
finished product. the market. Generally such kind of
○ In, other words it is when a strategies take place in the maturity
company expands its phase of the product life cycle to
operations to control more of prevent the product from entering
the manufacturing or the decline phase. These are various
distribution of its product by kinds of extension strategies being
either acquiring another adopted by the markets, like
company or build out existing repackaging, rebranding, discounting,
segments. market extension, and etc.
Examples of Vertical Migration in the Filipino Quotations on Market
Philippines Integration
- Universal Canning Inc. - “ A paradigm shift may cause us to
- San Miguel Corporation grief. Nonetheless we moved and
lift or tossed and rift.”
Examples of Horizontal Migration in the - rsroxas
Philippines
- Universal Rufina Corp. - Century - Teehankee said the Philippines
Pacific Food’s Corp had embraced industrialization,
- Ayala Group of Companies - On trade liberalization, and
Line Zalora globalization, in the hope of
winning the fight against poverty
Examples of Conglomeration in the and underdevelopment.
Philippines
- General Electric But without specifying the
- Walt Disney and American Philippine experience, Teehankee
Broadcasting Company said developing countries have
- Meralco and ABS - CBN sometimes adopted trade
liberalization measures even
Elements of Market Integration without the required capability to
compete with the more efficient
firms of developed countries.
"To some extent, this has led to
the closure of many domestic
companies and the unemployment
of personnel not prepared or
adequately re-trained for other
employment," Teehankee said.
- https://www.skyscrapercity.com/s
howthread.php?t=997959
Nelson Mandela
- “Where globalization means, as it
so often does, that the rich and
Economic Theories
powerful now have new means to
- If there are few resources,
further enrich and empower
produce more...
themselves at the cost of the poor
- If there is none, create one...
and the weaker, we have a
responsibility to protest in the
Man as Homofaber
name of universal freedom.”
- The power to create and re-
- On Education
create.
- “ Education is the most
powerful weapon which you
can use to change the
world.”- Nelson Mandela
Global Interstate and Global interactions (trade, for example)
Governance among them.
- "In a world in which all problems
are global, there is no way - The life long process of
countries can handle issues by internalizing norms and
themselves; we need global ideologies of society.
responses."
- António Guterres, UN
Secretary - General
Global Governance (Definition)
- Is the management of global
processes in the absence of global
government.
- Adil Najam
Adil Najam
- “Climate Change is not just only a
challenge, but a reality that has to State and Governance (Page 73 of the Phil.
be managed.” Constitution)
- People, government, territory,
Thomas Weiss sovereignty, and international
- “ Global governance refers to the recognition
way in which global affairs are
managed.” - A state is a community of persons,
more or less numerous,
Interstate (Definition) permanently occupying a fixed
- It is the whole system of human territory, and possessed of an
interaction. The world economy is independent government
now all the economic interactions organized for political ends to
of all the people on earth, not just which the great body of
international trade and inhabitants render habitual
investment. The modern-world obedience.
system is structured politically as
an interstate-system - a system of People, Government, Territory, and
competing and allying states. Sovereignty
1. People
- Focuses on the interaction of the - Principle of continuity
state themselves, without regard 2. Government
to their internal makeup or the - The agency or
particular individuals who lead instrumentality through
them. which the will of the state
is expressed, formulated,
- Pays attention to states relative and carried out.
power positions in the
international system and the - To steer/ empower
Elements of State and Nation Interstate and Governance
3. Territory BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China, and
- Not to big as to be difficult South Africa
to administer - BRICS Summit participants:
Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister of
- Not to small as to be India Narendra Modi, President of
unable to provide for the Brazil Dilma Rousseff, President of
needs of the population China Xi Jinping, and President of
South Africa Jacob Zuma in
- For security purposes Fortaleza, Brazil on July 15 2014
(PPIO).
4. Sovereignty (Page 128)
- Supreme power of the state to - Moscow has prioritized efforts to
enforce or command obedience. transform the BRICS into one of
1. Police power the most important elements of
2. Power of taxation the system of global governance as
3. Power of eminent domain a part of a major foreign policy
a. Internal impetus.
b. External
c. Salus Populi (the - The decision to establish a
safety of the people multilateral framework of the
should be the association of financial
supreme or highest institutions a New Development
law.) Bank and a contingent of foreign
d. Justice exchange reserves with a total
Nation resource of $200 billion.
- Indicates a relation of birth or
origin and implies a common race, Three Defining Elements of Global
usually characterized by Governance
community of language and 1. Global scale of governance
customs; a racial or ethnic problems and solution
concept. 2. Involvement of other actors
beyond the state to deal with these
- Ethno-cultural concept of a state problems
3. The idea of order as a basic
- The Nation requirement of governance.
○ The people created by a
shared belief that the Issues in Global Governance
people inside a country are Undeniable Challenges
connected to each other. a. Global Economy
- Poverty
- Customs Traditions - Inequality
- Migration
- Language way of life b. Global Environment
- Climate change
- Water 3. Right wing (being issued by the
- Energy military)
4. Left wing (being done by one
c. Global Human Development person)
- Education 5. Pathalogical
- Conflict 6. Issue Oriented
- Health 7. Separatist (wanted to be
separated)
8. Narco- Terrorism
Terrorism
- With guns you can kill terrorists, Dealing with Terrorism
with education you can kill - I learned that courage was not the
terrorism. absence of fear, but the triumph
over it. The brave man is not he
- The act who does not feel afraid, but he
○ "Terrorism has become the who conquers that fear.“ - Nelson
systematic weapon of a Mandela
war that knows no borders
or seldom has a face." - BE VIGILANT. IT IS BETTER TO
- Jacques Chirac BE SAFE THAN SORRY.
7 Potential Targets of Terrorists - REPORT SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY
1. Military Bases OR SCENARIO. BE CAUTIOUS
2. Rail and Metro System AND BE ALERT.
3. Chemical Plants
4. Liquid Natural Gas - “Don’t be discouraged by anxieties
5. Dams and troubles. Life is full of them.”
6. Bio Labs (Letter 102 - St. La Salle to an
7. Civilians unnamed Brother, date, unknown)
Hard Target
- Infrastructure The North and South Divide
- Communications Background
- Embassies - The first use of Global South in a
- Military Bases contemporary political sense
came about in 1969. Carl Oblesby
Soft Target writing the liberal Catholic journal
- Civilians Commonweal in a special issue on
- Schools the Vietnam War, argued that
- Markets centuries of US “dominance over
- Street the global south....”
- Church
- The North-South Divide is a
8 Types of Terrorism socio-economic and political
1. State Terrorism categorization of countries.
2. Religious Terrorism
- Access to one-fifth of the world's
● North income
○ United States, Canada,
Western Europe, - Third world countries during the
outermost regions of the Cold War
European Union,
developed parts of Asia - Relatively low GDP and the high
(the Four Asian Tigers: population lack of basic amenities
Japan, Macau, Brunei, and
Israel) as well as Australia, - Rely on imports from the North
New Zealand, and South and have low technological
Korea. penetration
● South
○ Africa, Latin America, and - 5% of the population is able to
developing Asia including access basic needs such as food
the middle east. and shelter.
The North - Africa, South America, and Asia
- Members of the G8 with all African and South
○ Canada American countries being from
○ France the south.
○ Germany
○ Italy The Paradox of Global Village in a
○ Japan divided word By Obijiofor Aginam
○ Russia
○ United Kingdom Global Health Leadership Officer, World
○ United States Health Organization, Geneva
Switzerland.
- Developed economies 90% of - Our global village has been
manufactures control of 80% of truncated and polarized by the
total income in the world enough underdevelopment and poverty
basic needs access to education afflicting more than eighty
one quarter of total global percent of the world’s population
population. in the global south mainly in
Africa, Asia, Latin America, and
The South the Caribbean. Thus global health
- Lacks appropriate technology, it policies must, by necessity, focus
has no political stability, the on health disparities between poor
economies are disarticulated, and and rich countries.
their foreign exchange earnings
depend on primary product On wealth and poverty
exports. - Globalizes poverty systematically
as opposed to globalizing wealth
- Three quarters of the world
populations - Globalization of wealth, via the
right to health and development
assistance from international - “ Have great respect for each
financial institutions, must person you are.” - Part 1, Chapter
respond to the socio-economic 2 in the Rules of Christian
and political conditions of Decorum and Civility.
recipient states in the developing
world.
Asian Regionalism
- Economic reconstruction from the Regionalism
bottom-up - The term 'regionalism' conveys
the sense of intentional, top-down
Poverty as a frame of mind region - building - involving
- Poverty is not an only an inter- governmental
economic problem collaboration.
- Being poor is a condition not an
option - 'Regionalization', on the other
- “ You cannot solved the problem hand, refers to the growing
with the same frame of mind that density of interaction and
created it.” - Einstein
co-operation between
neighboring countries.
On health issues
- Antibiotic vs. Probiotics - Regionalization may or may not be
- Synthetical Medicines vs. Herbal a basis for encouraging
Medicines regionalism. There has been
- Western medicine vs. Alternative growing economic, educational,
Medicine and security interaction between
Australia and numerous Asian
Mind Set countries, for instance, and yet
- Prejudice Australia has been excluded from
- Truth vs. Perspective certain vital East - Asian
- Point of View regionalist initiatives
○ If you miss the point, you
miss the view (direct)
Holon Mind 2 Approaches in Building Regions
- Gestalt - First stresses functionalist or
- Collective Consciousness practical dimensions, emphasizing
- Argument vs. Discussion the advantages that can result
- Reason for enlightenment and not from co-operation in economic,
to insult security and other areas. This
approach recognizes the range of
Quotes challenges that are transnational
- “ In the light of faith, you see in character: everything from
things quite differently.” - Letter epidemics to terrorist networks to
118 of La Salle to laywoman, date irregular movements of people.
unknown
- Second perspective on
regionalism highlights identity
issues- focusing on the way the
region ought best to be defined. - Social Constructivism
Some analysts have written of ○ "Norms as a standard of
cognitive regionalism, and pointed behavior; slow-phased
out that it is primarily concerned integration."
with socio-cultural issues, and
that regional institutions may not - Realism
just be grounded in a sense of ○ "No sense of community
regional identity but might also be but of national interest."
producers and enforces of the
shared norms by which regional - Liberalism
identity is often shaped. ○ "No engine that drives
integration in ASEAN
Notes: unlike Germany and
➔ Functionalist - Gather in a France in EU.”
particular bloc to serve a peculiar
function or an interest Levels of Integration
- 1st Level
➔ Identity Issues - Needs for a ○ Free trade area
block, an ally with an organization - 2nd Level
○ Creation of custom union
➔ Cognitive Regionalism - Specific - 3rd Level
regional institution ○ Common Market
- 4th Level
➔ ASEAN - Economic function ○ Monetary Union
- 5th Level
➔ UN - Build world peace, prevent ○ Economic Union
emergence of third world war
Take Note:
- You will be more known through Status of Asian Regionalism
an organization/ bloc, in order to - Analysts agree that the "free trade
penetrate the international, you and open indo-pacific" strategy of
must join a bloc/ organization ( to the administration of
be known by Europeans and President-Trump - which calls for
Americans, you must be keeping open the sea lines of
well-known in Asia first.) communication which are "the
lifeblood of the region" or stressed
by Alex Wang, Deputy Assistant
ASEAN Integration Theories Secretary of the Bureau of East
- Negative Capability Asian and Pacific Affairs of the US
○ " Less developed states Department of State during a
could not benefit from briefing - must take cognizance of
integration." the important role played by
Southeast Asia and ASEAN.
- ASEAN is now a strategic and - +3 ( Economic Members)
economic powerhouse on a global ○ China
scale. As the US- ASEAN Business ○ South Korea
Council highlighted the ○ Japan
10-member regional bloc - with
its 630 million population plus a - They have free trade agreement
combined GDP of 2.4 trillion - is with the bloc that is why it is
"at the center of a dynamic Asia called +3
Pacific Region." whose projected
growth rate of over five percent Notes:
could make it the fourth largest - Serve as an anti-communist bloc
economy in the world by 2050. - Communism fell and some
became friends
- "Southeast Asia is a strategic hinge - Ideology is done, now is economic
point of the Indian and Pacific building
oceans. The nations of this region - Timor Leste is in the process of
will determine whether the vast joining
Indo-Pacific is governed by the
rule of law or the use of arbitrary Evolution of China in Regionalism
power. Individually and 1. China's attitude towards
collectively, ASEAN members are regionalism evolved from "hostile"
at the crucial nexus for deciding to "active".
whether the coming decades will 2. Geographic area, where China
expand or shrink individual practiced its regionalism has been
liberty, national sovereignty, and significantly enlarged.
the freedom to navigate the global 3. China's role in Asian regionalism
economy." Crorin and Grace has been transformed.
wrote. Notes:
- Philstar.com ➔ Sleeping to awakened dragon -
modern world
East Asia Bloc ( ASEAN + 3 ) China's Foreign Policy
- ASEAN - The most significant dynamic
○ Cambodia regionalism in the region was the
○ Thailand ASEAN + 3 initiative, which was
○ Indonesia established that very year with
○ Myanmar ASEAN member states and Japan,
○ Philippines China, and South Korea.
○ Brunei Considered the most important
○ Laos outcome of the Asian financial
○ Vietnam crisis, ASEAN + 3 has become
○ Malaysia China's preferred vehicle for
○ Singapore regional diplomacy, primarily
because Beijing believes that
ASEAN + 3 holds the potential to
promote Chinese foreign policy
and strategic interests, and more discussed at ASEAN meetings as
importantly because it is "it is not the right forum".
'indigenous to East Asia'. It However, when the issue of
cannot be denied that ASEAN + 3 regional security comes up at
became the first instance of ASEAN - which is a regional
institutionalization of forum, how can tensions in the
regionalism among East Asian South China Sea possibly
Countries. ignored? This, in fact, remains the
biggest challenge and concern of
- Although the validity of ASEAN + 3 the local players. The growth of
as a regional group remains, the China's military power needs to be
future of regionalism in the larger accompanied by greater clarity of
Asia - Pacific continues to be its strategic intentions to avoid
uncertain because the region regional-frictions and promote
expects China to be more mutual co-operation and regional
forthcoming and transparent peace and collective prosperity.
especially on matters pertaining
safety and security co-operation. Notes:
- " We just joined ASEAN for
Note: China only listens when money is economic purposes"
involved, outside economic issues are not
being talked about - "ASEAN - which is a regional
forum, how can tensions in the
South China Sea possibly
China and the ASEAN + 3 ignored?"
- "Dual-track approach" for ○ Then what is proper
stability in the South China Sea forum? Cannot ignore the
that should be maintained by both tension but China is not
China and ASEAN nations. The willing to negotiate/
core of this approach states that stubborn enough to put
negotiations on the South China this aside.
Sea disputes can be performed
under a multilateral framework. - You cannot avoid
However, it also indicates that regional-frictions
China does not accept any
international judicial or arbitral - China's approach: does not
jurisdiction stipulated in the recognize international
United Nations Convention on the jurisdiction, we can't talk about it
Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) for any in ASEAN (because China is not a
dispute involving maritime member, only an economic
delimitation, territory, and partner), will only talk to the
military activities. The Chinese country that has the problem with
leadership including Vice Foreign them NOT cooperate or talk with
Minister Liu Zhenmin has the other countries because other
repeatedly stated that the South countries' concerns are different.
China Sea disputes should not be
- The ASEAN charter is obsolete, it region resulted from Japan and
must be reviewed, change the Australia's search for regional
word 'CONSENSUAL' identity (Oba 2002: 13). In other
words, both Japanese and
Australia perceived themselves as
Integrating Asia's Regional Economic being isolated from their
Co-operation: An Agenda: neighboring countries. Although
1. Integrating Production Japan and Australia are both
2. Integrating Financial Markets located in Asia, policies such as
3. Managing Macroeconomic Japan's Greater East Asia
Interdependence Co-prosperity Sphere and
4. Making Growth Inclusive and Australia's White Australian
Sustainable Policy only served to alienate the
other Asian countries (Kikuchi
1995: 123 ). At the same time,
Background of Asia - Pacific Economic neither Japan nor Australia was
Cooperation ( APEC ) regarded as close fellow nations
by the United States or Europe
- According to Mie Oba, the even though the economics of
"Asia-Pacific" concept was both countries heavily depended
originally an idea of intellectuals on the U.S and Europe in the
in Japan and Australia (Oba 2002: 1960s. Therefore, the primary aim
8). In fact, as the result of the of creating the concept of An
rapid expansion of bilateral trade Asia-Pacific region was to gain for
between Japan and Australia from Japanese and Australia
the 1950s, leading economists in recognition as members of a
both countries - such as Dr. regional group.
Saburo Okita, Dr. Kiyoshi Kojima,
Sir. John Crawford, and Dr. Peter
Drysdale - were strongly The Core of Japanese Policy Towards
motivated to create a new East Asia was composed of Three Basic
economic dialogue between the Principles, pointed out in Fukunda
nations of Asia and those of the Doctrine (1997) [ TANAKA, LIFF 2009, P.
Pacific. Since the 1960s, they had 2] :
often tried to combine the two - Peaceful cooperation with the
different regional concepts of Southeast Asia nations to build
"Asia" and "Pacific": the concept of prosperity while rejecting status
" Asia " referring primarily to of military power
Japan, South Korea, and other
countries of ASEAN. And the - Mutual trust between regional
concept of " the Pacific " referring governments
to Australia, New Zealand, and
the United States. - Equal partnership in the name of
the regional solidarity, with
- Oba argues that this attempt to special emphasis put on the
create a combined Asia-Pacific
ASEAN nations, perceived as the As a country lacking natural resources
leading organization. and with only a small domestic market,
South Korea can only sustain itself by
purchasing raw materials from abroad at
Foreign minister Aso in the late 2005, low prices, and processing them into
the role of Japan is expected to be high value-added products for sale in
multidimensional [Ministry of Foreign markets around the globe. This strategy
Affairs of Japan 2005]: has been paying great dividends for
South Korea. Over the long term, it
- A thought leader in Asia would be wise for South Korea to look
- A promoter of universal values beyond bilateral FTAs toward
- A regional economic and military broad-ranging economic integration
stabilizer encompassing the entire Asia Pacific
region. But for the time being South
Japan's vision of East Asian regionalism Korea is primarily interested in
- toward soft balancing strategy integration with East Asia.
- An equal partner for other Asian
nations Regional Balancer
- Seeks to distance Korea from a
- A hub of knowledge network of American Hegemony and to grant
Asia it a more appropriate role as a hub
in the region.
South Korea is an important strategic Politics of Identity
player in this process due to its influence - Refers to the continuing
in the spheres of trade and its contestation of national identity in
Efforts to promote multilateralism South Korea, in which groups of
different political beliefs strive to
South Korea has concluded 9 FTA'S with advance their own perceptions of
45 countries and negotiations are those major neighbors as the
underway for 8 new FTA'S for additional legitimate visions of national
13 countries. identity.
South Korea is concluding trilateral FTA Alliance Identity / Two Conflicting
with Japan and China. Identities
- The alliance identity that sees The
South Korea will become an FTA HUB United States as a friendly
engaged in free trade with economies provider and the nationalist
representing 70% of the global identity that pits Korean identity
economies. against The United States.
The enthusiasm that South Korea has Quotes:
hitherto shown toward FTA policies is - Justice must always question
rooted in limitations inherent in its own itself, just as society can exist only
economy. by means of the work it does on
itself and on its institutions. - Examples:
Michael Foucault - Ulog of the Bontoc in
Pre-Christian Era
- You need power only when you ○ Contrary to popular belief,
want to do something Harmful. the 'ulog' was not a
Otherwise, Love is Enough to get pre-Christian motel in the
everything done. - Charlie Chaplin Cordilleras. It was a way to
determine a couple's
biological compatibility,
Global Media Culture sire a child, promote
privacy and avoid
Overview incestuous relationships.
Culture -> Media -> Image or Mass
Media -> Consumer Media ○ Marriage is only for child
bearing not for love.
What is Culture?
- A complex whole … a way of life - Meaning of a Russian Kiss
- The way of defining a country ○ It is a Slavic custom for a
- An expression, devotion, and man greeting another man
psyche to grab him in a bear hug
and kiss him three times
Classified in 2 general classification: on the cheek. Some
- Material Culture Russian men even go as far
○ Can be touched as kissing each other on
- Non - Material Culture the lips.
○ Can only be observed
- In Japan it is rude not to slurp -
Cultural Relativism soup
- The idea of universal truth in
ethics is a myth. Culture creatives are the agents of
- The customs of different societies transformative change in a globalized
are all that exist. culture. It is injecting innovative and
- To say that a custom is 'correct' or creative ideas in order to cater the needs
'incorrect' would imply that we of the people. In terms of program, in
can judge that custom by some CSB, this is usually under the capstone/
independent standard of right and thesis of industrial design program. But
wrong, but no such standard being culture creatives, it's not an
exists. exclusive domain of industrial design
program. Anyone can be culture
Note: creatives. It's the implementation of ideas
➔ Each culture is unique that can be of great use for the benefits of
➔ Do not judge a culture from society.
another culture.
➔ Evaluate a culture with the same Examples of Culture creatives:
culture. - How about designing a movie
house for the blind people.
- Shoes that produce a sound about the society takes control on
its specific size. the system of media.
- Fashion designers are now - Limited Effect Theory
producing a suit that serve as an ○ It means that media have a
overall measurement for one's limited or restrained effect
body. on the viewers.
- In the 1990's there was a movie ○ They don't agree that the
entitled " The Rocketeer". It was a media has a great influence
metal jacket to be used for flying. on the viewers.
Now it's already a prototype for
others to use. - Media Culture Theory
○ It means that media
- There is already a car that can be shaped the specific way of
used for land, water, and air. A life of people
prototype is on its way for budget
and capitalist sponsor. - Sigmund Freud Theory of the
Unconscious Mind
- Cars run by tap water is already ○ According to Freud, a
developed. psychologist whose theory
falls under psycho-analysis
Culture Creatives are the instruments theory or psycho-sexual
for a globalized media culture. theory propounded the
concept of ID, EGO, and
Theories: The Influence of Media to SUPER - EGO.
Viewers ■ ID
- Bubble Effect Theory ■ The Libido
○ This theory states that the ■ EGO
hype of media would only ■ The
result to a transition or conscious
temporary effect of self
influence to viewers. ■ SUPER - EGO
■ The
- Functionalist Theory Conscious
○ It means that media serve
as a primordial function on ○ These 3 comprise the
the behavior of the personality of a person.
viewers. And within this personality
○ This functionalist theory lies the powerful influence
can be used as a marketing of the unconscious mind.
strategy
○ Now let me relate that
- Class Dominant Theory theory to media. This is
○ This indicates that the called Subliminal
dominant class structure of Programming
Globalization of Religion - The concept of in-group and
out-group
2 Approaches
- The Natural Laws Approach Forms of Truth
○ Inherent, truth, feces of - Absolute/ Universal Truth
nature, note created innate ○ Inflexible reality: fixed,
in men. invariable, unalterable
Ex. Bill of Rights facts.
- Fundamental Approach - Particular Truth
○ Particular concepts of ○ In reference to re-think, it
religion has a specific concept
Religare - Relative Truth
● To bind/commitment/"meaningful
world"/ Globalization's material
success - Proximate Truth
Globalization Engendering Religious
Tolerance - Ultimate Truth
- Overlapping but distinctive ethics
and interests interact with one
another. Truth and Justice
- Justice and Truth - Shylock's
- Golden rule teach values such as revenge
human dignity, freedom, equality, - Truth by Up Anishads
peace, and solidarity. - Truth by Stoics-tuition
Globalization Returning to Religious - Mercy and Justice
Parochialism ○ Mercy is harder than
1. Globalization disrupts tradition justice because mercy
and customs/ Religion conveys cannot be measured
security and stability.
- Legal Justice
2. Globalization breaks down ○ Law
communities/ Religion serves as - Moral Justice
protective cocoon. ○ The ethical principle of
treating people as they
3. Extensive transnational deserve, based on their
bureaucracies/ strength of choices and actions.
collective identity and ethical Notes:
commitments. ➔ Actual Truth -> what happened
➔ Legal Truth -> Believed in Court
Truth vs. Abject
- Abject - who does not adhere to
such "truth"
Love and Justice them: they buy a share of
- Homes without discipline their central functions
- Schools without prayer from highly specialized
- Courts without justice service firms.
- Hearts without love
- AG. ECO (Agglomeration
Economies )
Global Population and Mobility ○ Those specialized service
Global City firms engaged in the most
- Where globalization takes place in complex and globalized
much more pronounced ways markets are subject to
than anywhere else: as economic agglomeration economies.
exchange, migration,
communication, technological - LOCATION
development and political conflict, ○ The more headquarters
as cultures clashing and outsource their most
amalgamating and also as a violent complex, unstandardized
process. functions, particularly
those subject to uncertain
Global Migration and changing markets, the
- A situation in which people go to freer they are opt for any
live in foreign countries, especially location.
in order to find work: Most global
migration is from developing - Networks
countries to developed ones. ○ Theses specialized service
firms need to provide a
Fundamental Hypothesis by Saskia global service which has
Sassen meant a global network or
- C.F ( Corporate Function ) affiliates … and
○ The geographic dispersal strengthening of cross
of economic activities that border city- to- city
marks globalization, along transactions and networks.
with simultaneous
integration of such - Disconnected
geographically dispersed ○ The economic fortunes of
activities, is a key factor these cities become
feeding the growth and increasingly disconnected
importance of central from their boarded
corporate functions. hinterlands or even their
national economies.
- H.S Firms ( Highly Specialized )
○ These central functions The growing information of a range of
become so complex that economic activities which find their
increasingly the effective demand in these cities , yet have
headquarters of large profit rates that do not allow them to
global firms outsource compete for various resources with the
high - profit making firms at the top of Sustainable Development
the system. 01
Nature > Use > Destruction
Sassen points out that these flows are no A question of Preservation?
longer tightly bound to national 02
boundaries and system of regulation; so Consumable > Use > Gone
the dynamics of the global city are A question of Creation?
dramatically different than those of the 03
great cities of the nineteenth century. Immutable > Use > Imbalance
A question of Extinction?
Wealth
- The concentration of wealth in the 01
hands of owners, partners, and - Usage based on needs
professionals associated with the ○ Principle of Utilitarianism
high-end firms in this system. 02
Disconnection - Usage based on wants
- Growing disconnection between ○ Principle of Hedonism
the city and its region. 03
Marginalized Sector - Usage based on exploitation
- The growth of a marginalized ○ Principle of Greed
population that has a very hard
04
time earning a living in the
- Usage based on Annihilation
marketplace defined by these
○ Principle of Mentally
high-end activities.
Apathetic People
○ Eco. Engine
■ Elevates income
Protect vs. Progress
and welfare of the
Status quo vs. Profit / Employability
whole population.
Ecological Balance vs. Market /Cash
○ Freedom
Flow
■ The ability to do
Holon vs. Bipolarity
what you can do
○ Determinism
Issues on Labor
■ Or our behavior is
01
causally
● Labor Intensive / Endo Issues in
determined by
The Philippines
forces beyond our
02
control.
○ Specialist vs. Workers ● Karoshi in Japan
■ Modern global city 03
funnels global ● Slavery in Corporate World
surpluses 04
○ Nurture ● Business Product Outsourcing (
○ Nature B.P.O ) vs. Principle of
○ Technology - Effect of Protectionism
accelerating widening 05
inequalities
● Principle of Legal and Moral - 1 in 5 women and girls between
Justice the ages 15 - 49 have reported
Sustainable Development Goals experiencing physical or sexual
1. o Poverty
N violence by an intimate partner
- Social economic systems need to within a 12-month period and 49
be implemented to help alleviate countries currently have no laws
the suffering of disaster-prone protecting women from domestic
countries and provide support in violence. Progress is occurring
the face of great economic risks. regarding harmful practices such
as child marriage and FGM (
2. Zero Hunger Female Genital Mutilation), which
- Agriculture is the single largest has declined by 30% in the past
employer in the world, providing decade, but there is still much
livelihoods for 40 percent of work to be done to complete
today's global population. It is the eliminate such practices.
largest source of income and jobs
for poor rural households. 6. Clean Water and Sanitation
Globally, one in nine people in the - Water scarcity affects more than
world today (815 million) are 40 percent of the global
undernourished. 1.4 billion people population and is projected to
have no access to electricity rise. Over 17 billion people are
worldwide - most of whom live in currently living in river basins
rural areas of the developing where water use exceeds
world. recharge.
3. Good Health and Well Being - 2.4 billion people lack access to
- Achieving the target of reducing basic sanitation services , such as
premature deaths due to toilets or latrines .
incommunicable diseases by 1/3 by
the year 2030 would also require - More than 80 percent of
more efficient technologies for wastewater resulting from human
clean fuel use during cooking and activities is discharged into rivers
education on the risks of tobacco. or sea without pollution removal.
4. Quality Education - Each day, nearly 1,000 children
- Obtaining a quality education is die due to preventable water and
the foundation to creating sanitation-related diarrheal
sustainable development. In diseases.
addition to improving the quality
of life, access to inclusive - Approximately 70% of all water
education can help equip locals abstracted from rivers, lakes, and
with the tools required to develop aquifers is used for irrigation.
innovative solutions to the world's
greatest problems. - Floods and other water-related
disasters account for 70% of all
5. Gender Equality deaths related to natural disasters.
○ Transport, irrigation,
energy, and information
and communication
7. Affordable and Clean Energy technology.
- The challenge is far from being
solved and there needs to be more - Manufacturing
access to clean fuel and ○ An important driver of
technology and more progress economic development
needs to be made regarding and employment.
integrating renewable energy into
end-use applications in buildings, - Technological Progress
transport, and industry. Public ○ The foundation of efforts
and private investments in energy to achieve environmental
also need to be increased and objectives, such as
there needs to be more focus on increased resource and
regulatory frameworks and energy-efficiency. Without
innovative business models to technology and innovation,
transform the world's energy industrialization will not
systems. happen and without
industrialization,
8. Decent Work and Economic development will not
Growth happen.
- Sustainable economic growth will
require societies to create the 10. Reduce Inequalities
conditions that allow people to - There is a growing consensus that
have quality jobs that stimulate economic growth is not sufficient
the ecocity while not harming the to reduce poverty if it is not
environment. Job opportunities inclusive and if it does not involve
and decent working conditions the three dimensions of
are also required for the whole sustainable development -
working age population. There economic, social, and
needs to be increased access to environmental.
financial services that manage
incomes, accumulate assets and - To reduce inequality, policies
make productive investments. should be universal in principle,
Increased commitment to trade, paying attention to the needs of
banking and agriculture, disadvantaged of marginalized
infrastructure will also help populations.
increase productivity and reduce
unemployment levels in the 11. Sustainable Cities and
world's most impoverished Communities
regions. - Cities are hubs for ideas,
commerce, culture, science,
9. Industry, Innovation, and productivity, social development,
Infrastructure and much more.
- Investment in infrastructure
- Many challenges exist to agreement, all countries agreed to
maintaining cities in a way that work to limit global temperature
continues to create jobs and rise to well below 2 degrees
prosperity without straining land centigrade.
and resources. Common urban
challenges include congestion, 14. Life Below Water
lack of funds to provide basic - The world's oceans - their
services, a shortage of adequate temperature, chemistry, currents
housing, declining infrastructure and life - drive global systems
and rising air pollution within that make the Earth habitable for
cities. humankind. Our rainwater,
drinking water, weather, climate,
- Rapid urbanization challenges coastlines, much of our food, and
such as the safe removal and even the oxygen in the air we
management of solid waste within breathe are all ultimately provided
cities can be overcome in ways and regulated by the sea.
that allow them to continue to Throughout history, oceans and
thrive and grow while improving seas have been vital conduits for
resource use and reducing trade and transportation.
pollution and poverty.
- Careful management of this
12. Responsible Production and essential global resource is a key
Consumption feature of a sustainable future.
- Material consumption of natural However, at the current time,
resources is increasing, there is a continuous
particularly within Eastern Asia. deterioration of coastal waters
Countries also continuing to due to pollution and ocean
address challenges regarding air, acidification is having an
water, and soil pollution. adversarial effect on the
functioning of ecosystems and
13. Climate Action biodiversity. This is also
- Climate change, however, is a negatively impacting small scale
global challenge that does not fisheries.
respect national borders. It is an
issue that requires solutions that 15. Life on Land
need to be coordinated at the - Forests cover 30.7 % of the Earth's
international level to help surface and, in addition to
developing countries move toward providing food security and
a low-carbon economy. shelter, they are key to combating
climate change, protecting
- To strengthen the global response biodiversity and the homes of the
to the threat of climate change, indigenous population. By
countries adopted the Paris protecting forests, we will also be
Agreement at the COP21 in able to strengthen natural
Paris, which went into force in resources management and
November of 2016. In the increase land productivity.
partnerships built upon principles
- Efforts are being made to manage and values, a shared vision, and
forests and combat desertification. the shared goals that place people
There are two international and the planet at the center, are
agreements being implemented needed at the global, regional,
currently that promote the use of national and local level.
resources in an equitable way.
Financial investments in support - National oversight mechanisms
of biodiversity are also being such as supreme audit institutions
provided. and oversight functions by
legislatures should be
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong strengthened.
Institutions
- The threats of international
homicide, violence against
children, human trafficking and
sexual violence are important to
address to promote peaceful and
inclusive societies for sustainable
development. They pave the way
for the provision of access to
justice for all and for building
effective, accountable institutions
at all levels.
- To tackle these challenges and
build a more peaceful, inclusive
societies, there needs to be more
efficient and transparent
regulations put in place and
comprehensive realistic
government budgets. One of the
first steps towards protecting
judicial rights is the
implementation of worldwide
birth registration and the creation
of more independent national
human rights institutions around
the world.
17. Partnerships for the Goals
- A successful sustainable
development agenda requires
partnerships between
governments, the private sector
and civil society. These inclusive