The Contemporary World

Module 5: A World of Ideas

Topic 1: Global Media Culture

WHAT IS CULTURE?
- The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group.
- Learned behavior; not biologically inherited.
- Invented, discovered, or developed by a given group: Nation, Group, or Business.

Nonmaterial
Material Culture Culture Traits Culture Regions
Culture
Intangible ideas Tangible things The smallest A large portion of
created by created by distinctive items of the earth's surface
members of a members of a culture. occupied by people
society. society. sharing
recognizable and
distinctive cultural
traits.

Culture Shock Acculturation Enculturation Ethnocentrism

Disorientation due Adopting many - Process by which - Using one’s
to the inability to characteristics of people learn the culture as the
make sense out another culture dynamics of their standard of
group. surrounding culture. reference often
of one’s May involve leading to
surroundings. changes in the superiority
- Common for original cultural complex.
patterns.
foreign travel.

Xenocentrism Cultural Surface Culture Deep Culture

Relativism

Xenocentrism Understanding - Traits that are Cannot be known

is the preference for cultures relatively. apparent and without an
the cultural - Objective take on readily visible to an experience of the
practices of other Xenocentrism and external observer. culture.
cultures often Ethnocentrism. - One may be
leading to aware of surface
superiority complex. culture traits but not
aware of “deep
culture”

What is Media?
- The term media, which is the plural of medium, refers to the communication channels through
which we disseminate news, music, movies, education, promotional messages and other data.

- It includes physical and online newspapers and magazines, television, radio, billboards,
telephone, the Internet, fax and billboards.
- It describes the various ways through which we communicate in society. Because it refers to all
means of communication, everything ranging from a telephone call to the evening news on
television can be called media.

What is Media Culture?

- Media culture refers to the culture created under the influence of mass media. The concept of
media culture infers its impact on society's information consumption and intellectual guidance.

- Media culture tend to be a major factor in the formation of mainstream culture since it affects
society's opinions, values, tastes, attitudes, and informational availability.

Media’s Effect on Globalization

- The word is more connected than ever before due to a robust number of news outlets and social
media.

- The media today plays and important role in globalization - interconnectedness

- In the world of today, media has become as necessary as food and clothing. It has played a
significant role in strengthening the society. In fact, it is the media which shapes our lives.

FIVE PERIODS OF EVOLUTION OF MEDIA

1. ORAL COMMUNICATION
2. SCRIPT
3. PRINTING PRESS
4. ELECTRONIC MEDIA
5. DIGITAL MEDIA

ORAL COMMUNICATION\
- known to be the oldest and most enduring of all media.
- Humans are allowed to cooperate and communicate through language.
- Language is considered the lifeline of globalization.
- Without language, people would lose their cultural identity.
Notes : 7,117 languages spoken today

SCRIPT
- Writing is humankind’s principal technology for collecting, manipulating, storing,
retrieving, communicating, and disseminating information.

- Writing may have been invented three times in different parts of the world: in the
Near East, China, and Mesoamerica.

- Writing is humankind’s principal technology for collecting, manipulating, storing,

retrieving, communicating, and disseminating information.

- Writing may have been invented three times in different parts of the world: in the
Near East, China, and Mesoamerica.

Notes: Philippine scripts and origins ex. kurdita , baybayin, Tagbanwa, Buhid
PRINTING PRESS
- The printing press is a device that allows for the mass production of uniform printedmatter, mainly
text in the form of books, pamphlets, and newspapers. It revolutionized society in China where it
started.

Ex. Diamond Sutra from Tang dynasty China 868 AD (British museum) which is widely
seen as the earliest existing printed book.

● Johannes Gutenberg further developed the printing press in the 15th century with his
invention of the Gutenberg press.

- It transformed several social structures and started the information revolution.

Influences of the printing press:

- Change the nature of knowledge. It preserved and standardized knowledge.
- Encourage the challenge of political and religious authority.
- Encourage the literacy of public schools.
- Lands and culture were learned by people through travels. News around the world were
brought through inexpensive and easily obtained newspapers and magazines.
- People learned about the world. Indeed, printing press helped foster globalization.

ELECTRONIC MEDIA
- refers to the broadcast storage or storage media that take advantage of electronic
technology. - includes television, radio, internet, fax, CD-ROMs, DVD, and any other medium that
requires electricity or digital encoding information

DIGITAL MEDIA
- The computer is considered the most important media influencing globalization. Computers give
access to global and market place and transformed the cultural life.

- People adapt and adopt new practices through access of information provided by computers. They
also exchange ideas, establish relations and linkages through Skype, Google, Chat, Zoom, and other
platforms.

Topic 2: A World of Ideas: Cultures of Globalization

Overview: This module is designed and written in consideration of you and your level of
knowledge as well as your capacity to learn and apply the necessary skills needed. It is made to
train your mind appreciating the History of the Philippines. To further your ideas and imagination in
relation to the topic, this module offers various activities that are contextualized and simplified.

At the start of the module, you are to take the pre-assessment test to see how much background
information and knowledge you have about the topic. This module is self-instructional. You can
read, analyze the concepts and ideas presented and reflect on them. The activity help you assess
how you expected progress as you go through the module. Remember you are to work on this
module independently. It is that you will make the most of this module and grow academically.

After studying and scrutinizing this module, please submit your answers on the assessment in our
LMS group or time of submission.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the topic, you are able to:
A. Analyze how globalization affect religious practices and beliefs
 B. Identify the various religious responses to globalization; and
C. Appreciate the value of religion in every person s life. ‟

Pre-Assessment:
A. Write R if the sentence talks about Religion and write G if the sentence talks about
Globalism
_______1. Concerned with sacred law
_______2. Value material wealth
_______3. Abide human laws
_______4. It follows divine commandments
_______5. It assumes that there is a possibility of communication between humans and the
transcendence
_______6. It focus human action that can lead to the highest material satisfaction ‟
_______7. It always follows the trend worldwide
_______8. Material and wealth possessions are very important
_______9. It value the peace of mind and simplicity of living
_______10. Capitalistic in nature

Lesson Opening:
Religion, much more than culture, has the most difficult relationship with globalism.

The two are entirely contrasting belief systems. Religion is concerned with the sacred, while
globalism places value on material wealth.

Religious people are less concerned with wealth and all that comes along with it (higher
social status, a standard of living similar with that of the rest of the community, exposure to
“culture,” top-of-the-line education for the children).

On the other hand, globalists are less worried about whether they will end up in heaven or
hell. Their skills are more pedestrian as they aim to seal trade deals, raise the profits of private
enterprises, improve government revenue collections, protect the elites from being excessively
taxed by the state, and, naturally, enrich themselves. In this module, you will learn how
globalization affect religious organization. You will also identify whether the religious organization
benefited by the globalization or in the away way around.

Guiding Questions:
1. How can religion be associated with globalism?
2. Why does Christianity and Islam see globalization less ass an obstacle and more on
opportunity to expand their reach all over the world?
3. What are the conflicting ideas between the religious thoughts and the ideology of
globalism?
4. How do you describe the reactions of some religious movements to globalization? How it
affect your life as a Christian?

Discussion/Lesson Proper:
Religion and globalism clash over the fact that religious evangelization is in itself a form of
globalization. The globalist ideal, on the other hand, is largely focused on the realm of markets.
The religious is concerned with spreading holy ideas globally, while the globalist wishes to spread
goods and services.
Being a Christian, a Muslim, or a Buddhist places one in a higher plane than just being a
Filipino, a Spanish speaker, or an Anglo-Saxon.
These philosophical differences explain why certain groups “flee” their communities and
create impenetrable sanctuaries where they can practice their religions without the meddling and
control of state authorities.
 Communities justify their opposition to government authority on religious grounds.
Priestesses and monks led the first revolts against colonialism in Asia and Africa, warning that
these outsiders were out to destroy their people s gods and ways of life. ‟

Realities
Religions are the foundations of modern republics. The Malaysian government places
religion at the center of the political system. Its constitution explicitly states that “Islam is the
religion of the Federation,” and the rulers of each state was also the “Head of the religion of Islam.”
In Other cases, religion was the result of a shift in state policy.

Religion for and against Globalization

Two of the so called “old world religions”-Christianity and Islam-see globalization less as an
obstacle and more as an opportunity to expand their reach all over the world.
Religion seeks to take the place of these broken “traditional ties” to either help communities
cope with their new situation or organize them to oppose this major transformation of their lives. It
can provide the groups “moral codes” that answer problems ranging from people s health to social
conflict to even “personal happiness.”‟ Religion is thus not the “regressive force” that stops or
slows down globalization; it is a “pro-active force”
While religions may benefit from the processes of globalization, this does not mean that its
tensions with globalist ideology will subside. Some Muslims view “globalization” as a Trojan horse
hiding supporters of Western values like secularism, liberalism, or even communism ready to
spread these ideas in their areas to eventually displace Islam. The World Council of Churches-an
association of different Protestant congregations has criticized economic globalization s negative
effects ‟
The Catholic Church and its dynamic leader, Pope Francis, likewise condemned
globalizations “throw-away‟ culture” that is “fatally destined to suffocate hope and increase risks
and threats.”
The Lutheran World Federation 10th Assembly s 292-page declaration message included
economic and feminist‟ critiques of globalization, sharing the voices of members of the Church
who were affected by globalization.
Today, there is also a desperate need for healing from „terrorism, its causes, and fearful
reactions to it.‟ Relationships in this world continue to be ruptured due to greed, injustices, and
various forms of violence.”
What Catholics call “the preferential option for the poor” is a powerful message of
mobilization but lacks substance when it comes to working out a replacement system that can
change the poor s condition in concrete‟ ways. The terrorism of ISIS is unlikely to create a
“Caliphate” governed by justice and stability. In Iran, the unchallenged superiority of a religious
autocracy has stifled all freedom of expressions, distorted democratic rituals like elections, and
tainted the opposition."

Conclusion
For a phenomenon that “is about everything,” it is odd that globalization is seen to have very little
to do with religion. As Peter Bayer and Lori Beaman observed, “Religion, it seems, is somehow
„outside looking at‟ globalization as problem or potential.”
One reason for this perspective is the association of globalization with modernization, which is a
concept of progress that is based on science, technology, reason, and the law. With reason, one
will have “to look elsewhere than to moral discourse for fruitful thinking about economic
globalization and religion.”
Finally, one of the greatest sociologists of all time, Max Weber, also observed the correlation
between religion and capitalism as an economic system. Calvinism, a branch of Protestantism,
believed that God had already decided who would and would not be saved. Calvinists, therefore,
made it their mission to search for clues as to their fate, and in their pursuit, they redefined the
meaning of profit and its acquisition.
It was because of “moral” arguments that religious people were able to justify their political
involvement.
Post-Assessment:
Learning Activity: What Religion are you in?

Divide yourselves into groups. Each group must be assigned one religion (Buddhism, Christianity-
Catholicism, Christianity, Protestantism, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, etc.). Surf the web and
research the history of the assigned religion. Then describe the following:
a. the religion’s concept of good ‟
b. the religion’s concept of evil ‟
c. the steps needed by a person to become good and prevent himself/herself from
becoming evil
Afterwards, conduct a research on your assigned religion s relationship with politics, if any. In what
ways is it‟ engaged in politics? Why did its leaders decide to be involved in politics?

Discuss the result of your research with the other groups to determine the similarities and
differences between these religions. Finally, compare the religions relationship with politics.‟

Module 6: Global Population and Mobility

Topic 2: Global City

This section includes the development of Global cities. It also highlights the present condition of
the world that contributes to globalizations.

 The 21st century is a hub for the closer relation of a states and for a wider perspective in
technological development. As such, the world became a web where people can witness
the interconnectivity of nations.
 According to Thomas Friedman in his book the World is Flat (2005), there are three (3)
stages of Globalization.
1. The first stage is called Globalization 1.0
2. Pax Britannica / Globalization 2.0
3. Pax Americana / Globalization 3.0

What did Thomas Friedman mean by the world is flat?

➢ Friedman believes the world is flat in the sense that the competitive playing field
between industrial and emerging market countries is leveling.

❖ The first stage is called Globalization 1.0 that lasted from 1492 – 1800 and <shrank the world
from a size large to size medium=. This is known as the age of mercantilism and colonialism
in the driving forces were workforce, horsepower, wind power, and later on, steam power.

❖ The second stage is the age of Pax Britannica when Great Britain was the hegemonic
power in terms of trade and economy; it is known as Globalization 2.0. The driving force was
new institutions, particularly the emergence of global markets and multinational corporations.

❖ The third stage, which occurred during the second half of the 20th century, refers tot the age
of Pax Americana when the United States of America was hegemonic power in terms of
security, trade, and economy. This is called Globalization 3.0. After the fall of the Soviet Union
in the 1980s, the United States of America became the sole superpower in the socalled
Unipolar World.
What is Soft Power?
• Unlike in the 19th and 20th century, the present condition does not use the tactics of force as a
primary strategy in maintaining one’s influence over another state, rather it uses soft power to
retain one’s dominance over the less powerful states.
• Soft Power, according to Joseph Nye (2004) who coined the term, uses a different method to
establish cooperation-attraction. This form of power <arises from the attractiveness of a
country’s culture, political ideas, and policies, <When these policies are deemed justifiable by
other states, soft power is enhanced.
• Nye argues that it will be a mistake if a country does not use this as part of its national strategy.
He further posits that attraction has always been more effective that force; shared values such
as democracy, human rights, and individual opportunities are highly persuasive.
Admittedly, the United States of America has been employing its soft power in various ways.
What is a State?
▪ The term Country is a synonym for State.
▪ 4 elements of state:
1) People – contains a permanent population.
2) Territory – occupies a defined territory on the earth’s surface.
3) Government – rules people.
4) Sovereignty – control over its internal and foreign affairs, independent, from other
states.

Unlike other organizations, like the International Court of Justice, the ICC can prosecute
individuals and that’s probably one of the key points for which some big nations like the United
States, China and Russia aren’t part of this treaty.
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte upheld Philippine sovereignty by withdrawing from ICC.
1.46 billion – population of China and India in 2024. (Acc. to United Nation data)
118 million – population of Philippines as of 2024. 5.768 Trillion Fiscal Budget for 2024

❖ With the development of technology, corporations around the world tried to expand their
footholds outside their own countries.
❖ Gore (2013) explained that the world is changing dramatically and there are six driving forces
in the global change. One of the drivers of global change is the emergence of a deeply
interconnected global economy that increasingly operates as a whole entry.
❖ Multinational Corporations (MNCs) play a substantial role in the global economy and enjoy a
multitude of privileges such as unquestionable access to vast amounts of wealth they draw
from their income theoretical immortality to a certain extent, and the ability to pit themselves
against one another. Nation-states are the centerpieces of the global community to the extent
that MNCs threaten nation-states themselves (Gore, 2013).
❖ Therefore, from these established premises, one can infer that MNCs play a pivotal role not
only in the global economy but in the international political community as well, alongside
nation-states in terms of their capacity to sustain themselves and considerably to influence the
members of the international community. .
❖ In a sense, MNCs seem to tie together an otherwise politically separated and clouted world
under an all-encompassing banner of commerce in economy. Products and goods have the
intrinsic capability to attract a target market regardless of geographical location and political
ideology. MNCs, in a sense, have the capacity to erase and transcend the borders of the world.
❖ MNCs and irrefutable continuity of nation-states act as key actors of the global community.
With these, the world, at least figuratively, seems to be smaller and more connected.
❖ The global city serves as a hub for production, finance, and telecommunication.

Sassen (2005) outlined the different characteristics of globality that maintain its linked to
globalization.
Some of the obvious characteristics of global city are:
1. The cultural diversity of the people;
2. Existence of a center of economy;
3. Geographic dispersal of economic activities that marks globalization;
4. Global reach performance.

❖ These characteristics are observed in famous global cities such as New York, Tokyo,
Singapore, and Seoul.
❖ According to the 2018 Global Cities Index, New York ranked the highest in terms of the
general criteria i.e., business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural
experience, and political engagement. New York is followed by London, Paris, Tokyo, and
Hong Kong.
❖ It cannot be helped that a multitude of cultures interact with each other when nation-states and
multinational corporations behave in a grander scheme.
❖ The results of this constant interaction among a wide array of cultures conglomeration of
cultures in a particular geographical setting which has been labelled as a global city.
❖ Thus, global cities represent cities around the world that exemplify these characteristics of
a city better than other cities.
❖ For example, the cities of San Francisco and New York in the United State of America were
showcased as global cities that exhibit strength in innovation and strong performance in
business activity and human capital, respectively, in 2017 and 2018 by A.T. Kearney’s Global
Cities Report.
❖ As development of global condition, cultural diversity of market among countries arises and the
world as people know it is currently in the state where people are diverse, yet connected.
❖ Through the development of multinational corporations, global cities have been established.
The 21st century brought the countries together into global competition. In the coming decades,
the number of global cities will dramatically increase.

Topic 2: Global Demography

Global - relating to the whole world; worldwide.

Demography - is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. Demography

encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations in response to
birth, migration, aging, and death.

(Friedman, 2005)
- Change is inevitable because of the flattening of the world.
- One thing he learned from his experience is that the 21st -century world is becoming more
globalized and interconnected. Technological innovation, economic cooperation, and political
alliance in the international arena are some of the trends in international relations

TREND - a general development or change in a situation that affects many countries of the world
a. Technological Innovation- is a new or improved product or process whose
technological characteristics are significantly different from before.
 b. Economic Cooperation- any commercial activity, irrespective of form of ownership and
irrespective of the nature of the goods, services or rights exchanged or managed for a
consideration.
c. Political alliance in the international arena- a collaboration of parties to come together
in an attempt to form the government.

(Viotti and Kauppi, 2013)

- Globalization is the continual increase in transnational and worldwide economic, social, and
cultural interactions that surpass the boundaries of states which altogether generates political
implications becomes possible
- it is through technological innovation that this global cooperation

Tools of Demography

Count. This refers to the absolute number of a population or any demographic event
occurring in a specified area in a specified time period (for example, 1,200,500 live births occurred
in Japan in 1977).

Rate. The frequency of demographic events in a population during a specified time period
(usually a year) divided by the population "at risk" of the event occurring during that time period.
● Rates tell how common it is for a given event to occur (for example, in 1997 in Papua
New Guinea, there were 34 live births per 1,000 population). Most rates are expressed per 1,000
population.

Ratio. The relation of one population subgroup to the total population or to another
subgroup, that is, one subgroup divided by another (for example, the sex ratio in Iran in 1996 was
103 males per 100 females).

Proportion. The relation of population subgroup to the entire population, that is, a
population subgroup divided by the entire population (for example, the proportion of Malaysia's
population classified as urban was .57 or 57%).

Sources of Demographic Data

There are varied sources of demographic data;
 Population Census. Live population count
 Vital Registration Statistics System. Like birth, death marriage, and divorce
 Sample Or Special Surveys. Like surveys of households
 Demographic data gathered and processed by government agencies.

Components of Population Change

a. Fertility (Births) - Refers to the actual number of children born to a woman or group of
women.
b. Mortality (Death) - Refers to the number of deaths per 1000 of the total mid-year
population in particular place at a specified time
c. Migration - Refers to the spatial movement of person or groups of persons within a
country or specified territory, more or less for permanent residency.
Age structure - refers to the proportion of people at the different age and levels

Sex composition - refers to how the total population is composed in terms of being males or
females
Dependency ratio - Refers to the proportion of the 0-4 and the 65-over age levels per one
hundred persons aged 15-64.

A high dependency ratio implies heavy financial support for more dependencies.
Population density. Refers to the number of persons that can be equally and statistically
distributed per square kilometer in a given geographical area considering the population in the
said area.

Theories on Population Growth and Decline

Malthusian Theory (Thomas Malthus 1766-1834)
- An essay in the principle of population, theorized pessimistically that population is
uncontrollable and argued that human populations are inescapably caught in a conflict between
their "need for food" and "passion between sexes".
- Population continues to increase geometrically (2,4,8,16.....). While food supplies increase
only arithmetically (2,3,4,5.....)

Marxian Theory (Karl Marx)

- Marx believed that the problem was not primarily one of population but one of the
ownership of the means of production and the inequitable distribution of the society's wealth.

The Demographic Transition Theory

The concept of demographic theory refers to the three characteristics stages of

population:
1. First stage. Both the birth rate and the death rate are high and relatively stable.
2. Second stage. the birth rate remains high but the death rate declines as the nutrition,
health and sanitation improve.
3. Third stage. both the death and the birth rate are low and in balance again.

Importance of demography and demographic data

- Demographic data provide a basis for predicting future trends and making informed
decisions.

- It is important for the formulation, implementation and evaluation of plans, policies, and
programs for education housing, health, employment, transportation recreational needs and other
forms of social services

- Demographic data can guide policy makers in meeting the needs of various sectors of the
society, such as the young, the adult and aged, the unemployed, the poor, and the various
cultural groups.

DEMOGRAPHY STATISTICS
- A field in statistics that is concerned with births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease,
which later illustrates the changing structure of human population.

POLITICAL SCIENCE
- A statistical study to determine world population that can be used as a tool to identify
certain phenomenon in geopolitics, public administration, and others.
- The changing perspective on technology and technological advancements and the movement of
international organizations (IOs) have made the world a global civil society.
GLOBAL CITY SOCIETY
The idea of a global civil society was seen during 90’s as “a mosaic of new groups, organizations,
and movements that started to appear, which both sought to challenge or resist what was seen as
‘corporate’ globalization and create articulate models of social, economic, and political
development” (Heywood, 2011)

The role of a global civil society in global demography is its salient influence on institutional
decision-making, affecting the population at large.
The formation of a global civil society where is a result of a backlash against free-
market capitalism.

FREE MARKET CAPITALISM

It is in a global civil society where transnational non-government organizations and social
movements operate and offer an alternative to transnational corporations.

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
- About the trends and practices in world politics.
- Study of the issues and developments of the global population.
- Lays out the present condition of the world and its population.
- Tool in understanding migration and global citizenship.

Trends in Global Population

Fertility- the ability to conceive children or young.
Mortality-the state of being subject to death.
Migration-The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of
residence, etc., to settle in another

RONALD LEE (2003)

Demography is currently in transition the mortality rate declined followed by fertility, causing
population growth rates to accelerate and then to slow down again. This demography transition
leads to low fertility, long life, and an old population.

 The global demographic transition all began in 19th century when European were declining
in mortality rate (Lee, 2003)
 The ongoing transition in global demography is caused by formal migration and some
historical events, such as colonialism, inter-war reduction, and post-world war migration.
The development from pre-industrial to industrialized economy also caused this transition
from high to low mortality and fertility.
 It is debatable whether higher income results in lower population growth, or whether lower
population leads to higher income.
  Lee (2003) explains that the transition to low mortality rate was influenced by the reduction
of contagious and infectious diseases caused by advancements in medicine and improved
nutrition because of the presence of the local and international markets due to better
transportation of goods
 Factors that led to low fertility rate are the preference over child survival than number of
child births and the assumption that raising children is more costly than the consumption of
goods, as child render less economic contributions due to years spent on education.
 Global demography is a series of events in population growth, fertility, and mortality rate for
the past years, decades, and centuries. This demographic transition is an ongoing event in
history, it will end in 2100 (Lee 2003).

ECONOMIC BUBBLE
- A bubble is an economic cycle that is characterized by the rapid escalation of market value,
particularly in the price of assets.
- This fast inflation is followed by a quick decrease in value, or a contraction, that is
sometimes referred to as a "crash" or a "bubble burst."
The economic bubble in some parts of the world, wars in different states of every region, the
existence of transnational crimes, climate change, and migration are some of the trends in global
demography.
 Since globalization has something to do with the population demand of a state, it’s effect on
demography in terms of overpopulation must be noted.
 Excessive movements of people from one place to another are also a factor in
overpopulation.
 Topic 3: Global Migration
Migration – the temporary or permanent movement of people from one place to another.

● Migration impacts on population change. It is difficult to account for this population

change as much migration is illegal and not accounted for.

Types of Migrants
1. Legal migrants
2. Illegal migrants
3. Return migrants

Legal migrants - Migrants that legally enter into the country, have a valid immigrant visa and
proper documentation.

Illegal migrants - A person, who owing to illegal entry or the expiry of his or her visa, lacks legal
status in a transit or host country. The term applies to migrants who infringe a country’s admission
rules and any other person not authorized to remain in the host country.

Return migrants - People who return to their countries of origin after a period of time.

Types of Migration
1. Voluntary migration
2. Involuntary migration
3. Internal migration
4. External migration

Voluntary migration
1. Voluntary migration is migration based on one's free will and initiative.
2. Historically occurred as territorial expansion (colonizers). Now occurs for
economic(employment)/ social (to join family or communities)/ better climate.

Involuntary Migration
1. Includes refugees, asylum seekers and people forced to move due to external factors.

Refugee- are people fleeing from armed conflicts or persecution and natural disaster. Their
situation is so perilous that they cross national borders to seek safety in nearby countries and
become recognized as refugees with access to assistance from states and aid organizations.

Asylum seekers- An asylum seeker is someone who claims to be a refugee but whose claim hasn’t been
evaluated. Someone is an asylum seeker for so long as their application is pending. So not every asylum
seekers will be recognized as a refugee, but every refugee is initially an asylum seeker.

Internal Migration - Internal migration or domestic migration is human migration within a country.

Types of Internal Migration

➢ Rural to Urban ➢ Urban to Rural

➢ Inter-urban
➢ Intra-urban

External Migration - External migration occurs when a person or group of people emigrate their
own country to live in another.
Why do people migrate?
People migrate due to push and pull factors.
Push factors – are those that cause people to leave an area.
Pull factors – are those that encourage people to move to an area.

PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS

❖ Lack Of Jobs Or Jobs Opportunities ❖ Job opportunities

❖ Poor Quality Of Life
❖ Poor Levels Of Pay And Conditions
❖ Poor Health And Education Services
❖ Civil War/Persecution
❖ Isolated/ Few Transport Links, A Few
Leisure Facilities
❖ Climate hazard eg drought leading to
crop failures
❖ Perception of better quality of life
❖ Better quality of life
❖ Range of health and education
services
❖ Chance to earn more money
❖ Entertainment and facilities
❖ Less likelihood of natural hazards