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16-17 Module 5
16-17 Module 5
MODULE # 5:
I. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, the students are expected to:
1. Identify different hazards, risk reduction and preparedness activities that will reduce
vulnerability and mitigate the impact of emergencies;
2. Verbalize the basic concepts and principles involving disaster risk reduction and
management through classroom discussion and presentation;and
3. Demonstrate Christian values by participating in the preparedness program of the immediate
community.
Session 2: (3 hours)
Lecture/Discussion 1 hour
N S T P
Localized DRRM
Materials needed:
Manila paper
Marker
Divide the class into 5 groups. Each group will determine at least three (3) hazards that may occur in their
community (barangay/town/city/school). Then they will determine what to do BEFORE, DURING and AFTER
the hazards take place. They may use the format below.
Each group will be given 5 minutes to present their output in front of the class.
IV. CONTENTS:
The Philippines is considered as one of the most vulnerable countries in the world. The country lies
between two of the world’s major tectonic plates: 1. Pacific and 2. Eurasian. These result to an average
of 16 perceptible earthquakes in a year and an average of 3-5 non perceptible earthquakes in a year.
More so, the country has 220 volcanoes, 22 of which are considered active and destructive and out of
these 5 are being monitored. The Philippines is also located along the typhoon belt on the North Pacific
Basin in the Pacific where 75% of the typhoons originate. There are 20 to 30 typhoons passing through
the country, 5-7 of which can be destructive (NDCC 2008). As a consequence of extreme rainfall events,
flash floods, flooding and landslides have become more prevalent since 2000. On average, 20 cyclones
cross the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) with about 8-9 making landfall each year.
The natural risks associated with those trends are aggravated by human activities particularly in the
exploitation of resources such as forests and minerals and development interventions that do not
incorporate responsible risk assessments. According to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies, the Philippines was the fourth most accident-prone country in the world. Accordingly, 31, 835
Filipinos were killed and 94,369,462 others were affected by natural disasters and calamities in a span of
20 years.
Title. This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010".
Scope. This Act provides for the development of policies and plans and the implementation of actions and
measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including good governance,
risk assessment and early warning, knowledge building and awareness raising, reducing underlying risk
factors, and preparedness for effective response and early recovery.
The concept of disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) accepts that some hazard events
may occur but tries to lessen the impact by improving the community’s ability to absorb the impact with
minimum damage or destruction. Disaster risk reduction and management is a series of actions
(programmes, projects, and/measures) and instruments expressly aimed at reducing disaster risk in
endangered regions, and mitigating extent of disasters.
Operationally, it includes risk assessment, disaster prevention and mitigation and disaster
preparedness. It is used to underscore the current trend of taking a proactive approach to hazards posed
by extreme natural phenomena.
Definition of Terms
A. Hazards. A situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property or environment
N.B. If it does not affect human beings or properties then it is just a natural phenomenon.
B. Risks. A probability or threat of a damage, injury, liability, loss, or other negative occurrence
that is cause by external or internal vulnerabilities, and that may be neutralized through preemptive
action.
C. Vulnerability. The level of susceptibility or resiliency of the people and communities against
the impact of the prevailing hazards based on the state of physical, social, and economic conditions in a
given area.
Vulnerable Groups:
Poor people
Dependent children/minors
Dependent woman
Unskilled/untrained person with disability
Disaster Equation
Hazards (H). Physical impact of disturbance
Risk (R). Likelihood of harm, loss, disaster
People or Community (Exposure). Elements affected by hazard
Vulnerability (V). Susceptibility and capacity to prepare, absorb, and recover from hazard
H x R + V = Disaster
Types/Classification of Disasters
Natural. (volcanic eruption, tsunami, typhoon)
Man-made or human induced. (fire, plane crash)
Natural—technological. (Natural phenomenon which trigger a technological disaster). Example:
Earthquake casing chemical explosion
Complex emergencies. chaos, anarchy, conflict which is difficult to define but can be best
described in terms of its attributes such as abject, poverty, population displacement, political
insecurity and state disintegrations. Ex. War, Civil Strife, Terrorism)
F. Mitigation. Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of
natural hazards, environmental degradation, and technological hazards and to ensure the ability of at-risk
communities to address vulnerabilities aimed at minimizing the impact of disasters.
G. Preparedness. Pre-disaster actions and measures being undertaken within the context of
disaster risk reduction and management and are based on sound risk analysis as well as pre-disaster
activities to avert or minimize loss of life and property such as, but not limited to, community organizing,
training, planning, equipping, stockpiling, hazard mapping, insuring of assets, and public information and
education initiatives.
H. Response. any concerted effort by two (2) or more agencies, public or private, to provide
assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster to meet the life preservation and basic
subsistence needs of those people affected and in the restoration of essential public activities and
facilities.
Disaster Management
Disaster management refers to the efficient and effective utilization of resources and the application
of measure that will mitigate the impact of unfortunate events and facilitate return to normalcy and
redevelopment.
Hazard classification
1. Natural Hazards are natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that may constitute
a damaging event, It can be classified by origin: geographical, hydro-meteorological and biological
A. Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of
energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.The Philippines, which lies between two of the
world’s most active tectonic plates, experiences an average of five earthquakes per day, most of
which are imperceptible.
What to do BEFORE:
a. Familiarize yourself with your place. Identify relatively strong parts of the building where you can
take refuge during an earthquake.
b. Learn to use fire extinguishers.
c. Learn to use first aid kits, alarms and emergency exits.
What to do DURING:
a. If inside a structurally sound building, stay there. Protect your body from falling debris.
Duck, Cover and Hold.
b. If outside, move to an open area. Get away from power lines, post, walls, and other
structures. Stay away from building with glass panes.
c. If along the shore and you feel an earthquake strong enough to make standing difficult,
run away from the shore towards a higher ground.
d. If on a mountain or near a steep hill slope, move away from steep escarpments which
may be affected by landslides.
e. When driving a vehicle, pull to the side of the road and stop. Do not attempt to cross
bridges or overpasses which may have been damaged.
What to do AFTER:
a. If inside an old, weak structure, take the fastest and safest way out. Get out calmly in an orderly
manager. Do not rush to the exit! Use the stairs. Do not use the elevators! Check yourself and
others for inquiries.
b. Check surroundings. Clean up chemical spills, toxic flammable materials to avoid any chain of
unwanted events. Check for fire and if any, have it controlled. Check water and electrical lines for
defects. If any damage is suspected, turn the system off in the main valve or switch.
c. If you must evacuate your residence, leave a message stating where you are going. Take with you
your earthquake survival kit.
d. Help reduce the number of casualties from the earthquake. Don’t enter partially damaged building.
Strong aftershocks may cause these to collapse. Gather information and disaster prevention
instruction from battery-operated radios. Obey public safety precautions.
B. Volcanic Eruption
During a volcanic eruption, lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and various gases
are expelled from a volcanic vent. The Philippines has 21 active volcanoes.
d. Remember to help your neighbors who may require special assistance - infants, elderly people, and
people with disabilities.
C. Tsunami
Tsunamis, tidal waves generated by earthquakes, affect many of the coastal areas of the region,
including those of Japan, Indonesia and the Philippines.
Tsunami also called a tsunami wave train and at one time referred to as a tidal wave, is a series of
water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean, though
it can occur in large lakes.
D. Landslides
A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground
movement, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in
offshore, coastal and onshore environments.
Landslides, which are very common in the hills and mountainous parts of the Asia-Pacific region,
occur frequently in India, China, Nepal, Thailand and the Philippines. In addition to the influence of
topography, landslides are aggravated by human activities, such as deforestation, cultivation and
construction, which destabilize the already fragile slopes.
E. Typhoon
A tropical cyclone (or tropical storm, typhoon or hurricane, depending on strength and location) is a
type of low-pressure system which generally forms in the tropics. While some, particularly those that
make landfall in populated areas, are regarded as highly destructive, tropical cyclones are an important
part of the atmospheric circulation system, which moves heat from the equatorial region toward the
higher latitudes.
What to do BEFORE:
a. Store an adequate supply of food and clean water. Prepare foods that need not be cooked.
b. Keep flashlights, candles and battery-powered radios within easy reach.
c. Examine your house and repair its unstable parts.
d. Always keep yourself updated with the latest weather report.
e. Harvest crops that can be yielded already.
f. Secure domesticated animals in a safe place.
g. For fisher folks, place boats in a safe area.
h. Should you need to evacuate, bring clothes, a first aid kit, candles/flashlight, battery-powered radio,
food, etc.
What to do DURING:
a. Stay inside the house
b. Always keep yourself updated with the latest weather report.
c. If safe drinking water is not available, boil water for at least 20 minutes. Place it in a container with
cover.
d. Keep an eye on lighted candles or gas lamps.
e. Do not wade through floodwaters to avoid being electrocuted and contracting diseases.
f. If there is a need to move to an evacuation center, follow these reminders:
- Evacuate calmly.
- Close the windows and turn off the main power switch.
- Put important appliances and belongings in a high ground.
- Avoid the way leading to the river.
What to do AFTER:
a. If your house was destroyed, make sure that it is already safe and stable when you enter.
b. Beware of dangerous animals such as snakes that may have entered your house.
c. Watch out for live wires or outlet immersed in water.
d. Report damaged electrical cables and fallen electric posts to the authorities.
e. Do not let water accumulate in tires, cans or pots to avoid creating a favorable condition for mosquito
breeding.
F. Thunderstorms
A thunderstorm is a form of severe weather characterized by the presence of lightning and its
attendant thunder. It is often accompanied by copious rainfall, or, on occasion, snowfall.
Kinds of lightning
a. forked lightning
b. sheet lightning
c. ball lightning
A. Fire
For longer than recorded history, fire has been a source of comfort and catastrophe for the human
race. Fire is rapid, self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by the evolution of heat and light in
varying intensities. Fire is believed to be based on three elements being present: fuel, heat and oxidizer.
Fire disasters can occur above the ground (in tall buildings and on planes), on the ground, and below the
ground (in mines). Sometimes they occur in circumstances that are unexpected or unpredictable.
Natural: Fires which are considered as natural are basically earthquake, volcanic eruption and
lightning - generated fires.
Manmade: Fire caused by human/machine errors are considered as manmade fires, e.g. industrial
or chemical fire disasters, fires at social gatherings due to electrical short circuit fires, accidental fire and
kitchen-fires. Rural and urban residential and non-residential structural fires are also largely manmade
fires. Any confined fire could be due to many reasons like, cooking, fire confined to container, chimney or
fuel fire confined to chimney, incinerator overload or malfunction, fuel burner/boiler malfunction, and trash
fire.
Although a fire disaster need not necessarily reach catastrophic proportions, it will present some of
the characteristic aspects of a disaster because of the highly destructive action of fire and of the
considerable number of victims. The surviving casualties will have mainly serious and extensive burns
requiring immediate rescue procedures that cannot always be provided by local resources. A fire of vast
proportions can moreover cause damage to the surrounding environment by the massive production of
heat and the emanation of burn gases and fumes.
Classes of Fire
a. class A – fire caused by ordinary materials
b. class B – fire caused by combustible or flammable liquids of or gas
c. class C – fire caused by electrical energized fuels
d. class D – fire caused by combustible metals
Portable Fire Extinguisher is intended to be used against small fires; therefore, they are designed
to be used close to the burning material. It is important for the operator to learn the capabilities and
limitations of the various types of appliances.
Fire extinguishers should not be expected to take the place of automatic sprinklers and hose streams
or of especially designed extinguishing systems for controlling large fires.No fire should be attacked
with portable fire extinguisher alone. A good rule is to send someone to call for assistance.
Although extinguishers can vary in size, color and type of extinguishing agent, all devices operate
basically the same way. If the fire is small and heavy smoke is NOT present and you have an exit
available to you for evacuation purposes, grab the nearest appropriate extinguisher and the P-A-S-S
procedure.
A. HAZARD MAP
A hazard map is a map that highlights areas that are affected or vulnerable of a particular hazard. They
are typically created for natural hazards, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, flooding and tsunamis.
Hazard maps help prevent serious damage and deaths.
The functions of a hazard map are to know the phenomenon and to make it known to residents. (Su Wu,
a famous Chinese strategist, says “If you know your enemy and yourself, you will not be in danger even in
100 combats.”)
The hazard maps cannot stop a disastrous phenomenon. But the effective use of hazard maps can
decrease the magnitude of disasters.
1. Resident-educating type
This type of map has the main objective to inform the residents living within the damage forecast
area of the risk of danger. The information on areas of danger or places of safety and the basic
knowledge on disaster prevention are given to residents. Therefore, it is important that such
information is represented in an understandable form.
A. Comic Strip
Ask the students to find a pair and let them create a one-page comic strip about any of the following
hazards:
Earthquake
Volcanic Eruptions
Tsunami
Landslides
Typhoons
Thunderstorms
Materials Needed:
Sliding Folder (with transparent front)
Acetate film
Camera (for documentation)
VI. REFERENCES
1. Estañol E., et.al. National Service Training Program (Civic Welfare Training Service: A Worktext), Mutya
Publishing House, Valenzuela City. 2007
2. Labuguen F., et al. National Service Training Program (A Modular Worktext for NSTP 1) Mutya Publishing
House, Valenzuela City, 2012.
3. http://www.ndcc.gov.ph/attachments/045_RA%2010121.pdf (date retrieved: June 6, 2011)
4. http://www.rmbstrats.com/MyImages/disaster_continuum.gif (date retrieved: June 6, 2011)
5. http://www.fema.gov/hazard/volcano/vo_during.shtm (date retrieved: June 29, 2011)
6. http://www.fema.gov/hazard/tsunami/ts_before.shtm (date retrieved: June 29, 2011)
7. http://www.oninsperspective.com/?p=131 (date retrieved: June 29, 2011)
8. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN009857.pdf (date reprieved: July
14, 2012)
9. http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2010/ra_10121_2010.html (date retrieved: July 13, 2011)
10. http://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/ndrb/hazard%20mapping.html
11. http://www.gov.ph/cat_localgov/cpm.pdf
12. http://www.observatory.ph/vm/index.html (July 16, 2011)
13. http://www.rrcap.unep.org/apeo/Chp1h-nathazards.html (July 16, 2011)
14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami (July 16, 2011)
15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide (July 16, 2011)