Transmission Line Parameters PDF

TRANSMISSION LINE
PARAMETERS
Ritesh Patel
Department of Electrical Engineering
G. H. Patel College of Engineering and
Technology – V V Nagar (Gujarat)
Email : r2patel@yahoo.com
Necessity
• Transfer bulk power for long distances

• Due to limitation of site selection for
generating stations, it is required to transfer
power.
Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET
1
POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Generation
Primary Transmission(132/220/400/765kV) AC or HVDC
Dhuvaran
Karamsad
CB
Power Plant Bus-bar Steel Tower (220/66 kV) Bus-bar

X’mer CB 220 kV
Sending end SS (11/220kV)
Primary Tra. SS /
GCET Primary Grid
Commercial/ 66 kV
Industrial Transmission
Customer
Distribution Transformer/ Secondary Transmission(66/132kV)

Pole mounted X’mer
Urban (11/0.415 kV) Primary Distribution
Customers
V V Nagar
(66/11 kV)
Secondary Distribution Secondary Tra. SS/

Distribution Secondary Grid
Underground Cable
Pole
To Other
Residential 66kV
Customer Residential Substations
Customer
POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Transmission system Generating station.
Step-up x’mer
Receiving station.
Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET Distribution system.
2
Single line diagram of Power System
Why High Voltage?
• Power delivered to a city is:
power delivered = current × voltage drop
voltage = resistance × current
• Power wasted in transmission wires is:
power wasted = resistance × current2
• So what?
– Wires waste power as heat
– Doubling current quadruples wasted power
– Better not transmit high current!!! What is left??
Better not transmit high current!!! What is left??
• HV
• For efficient power transmission:
– Use low‐resistance wires
(thick, short, copper)
– Use low current and high voltage drop
3
COMPONENTS OF POWER SYSTEM
• Generation
• Transmission
– Sending end Substation (step up trans. SS)
Sending end Substation (step up trans. SS)
– Primary Transmission
– Primary tran. Substation (Primary Grid)
– Secondary transmission
– Secondary tran. Substation)(Secondary Grid)
• Distribution
– Primary Distribution
– Secondary distri. SS (Pole Mounted X’mer)
– Secondary Distribution
Transmission Voltages: Indian Standards
• 765 kV
• 400 kV
• 220 kV
• 132 kV
• 66 kV
4
Distribution Voltages: Indian Standards
• 11 KV
• 415/240 V
TRANSMISSION TYPES
• Overhead Transmission
• Under Ground Transmission
5
COMPONENTS OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
• Step up X’mer
• Line Conductors
• Line Supports
• Line Insulators
• Cross‐arms
• Step dowm X’mer
• Protective device
• Regulator
• Miscellaneous
– Earth wires (L.A.)
– Anti
Anti‐climbing
climbing devices
devices
– Danger plate
– Phase plate
– Bird guard
– Vibration damper
Main components of overhead line
Conductors: Which carry electric power from the
sending end station to the receiving end station.
Supports:
S t Which
Whi h may be b poles
l or towers
t and
d keep
k
the conductors at a suitable level above the ground.
Insulators: Which are attached to supports and

insulate the conductors from the ground.
Cross – arms: Which provide support to the

insulators.
Miscellaneous items: Such as Phase Plates, Danger
Plates, Lightning arrestors, Anti Climbing wires, etc.
6
Components of Trans. Line
Insulators
Corona Ring Cross Arm
Conductor
Earthing Wires
Cross Arms
Danger Plate
7
Guard Ring
Vibration Damper
Jumper
Insulator String
8
Vibration Damper
Bird Guard Bird Guard
Guard Ring
9
Phase Plate
Bird Guard
Single Circuit Line (Horizontal Confi.)
Spacers
10
Spacer
Spacer
11
Double Circuit Line (Vertical Confi.)
Double Circuit Line (Vertical Confi.)
12
Line Supports
Line Supports
13
TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
Resistance
series
Inductance
Capacitance
Shunt
Conductance
Introduction
• All transmission lines in a power system exhibit the
electrical properties of resistance, inductance,
capacitance and conductance.
• Inductance and capacitance are due to the effects of
magnetic and electric fields around the conductor.
• These parameters are essential for the development
of the transmission line models used in power system
analysis.
• The shunt conductance accounts for leakage currents
flowing across insulators and ionized pathways in the
air.
• The leakage currents are negligible compared to the
current flowing in the transmission lines and may be
neglected.
14
Resistance and Inductance
Capacitance
15
Resistance
• Importance : Transmission efficiency
evaluation and economic studies.
l ti d i t di
• Significant effect
– Generation of I2R loss in transmission line.
– Produces IR‐type voltage drop which affect
g g
voltage regulation.
Resistance
• The dc resistance of a solid round conductor at a
specified temperature is
ρl
Rdc =
A
Where :
ρ = conductor resistivity (Ω‐m),
l = conductor length (m) ; and
A = conductor cross‐sectional area (m2)
16
Factor affection Resistance
• Conductor resistance is affected
y
by three factors:‐
• Frequency (‘skin effect’)
• Spiraling
• Temperature
Effect of Temperature
• The conductor resistance increases as temperature
increases. This change can be considered linear over
the range of temperature normally encountered and
mayy be calculated from :
R2 = R1 ⎡⎣1 + α 1 ( t 2 − t1) ⎤⎦
Where: α0
α1 =
[1 + α 0t1]
R1 = conductor resistances at t1 in °C
R2 = conductor resistances at t2 in °C
In single phase 2 wire system :
Total resistance (loop resistance) = 2* Resistance of one cond.
In 3 phase system :
Resistance/ phase = Resistance of one cond.
17
Skin Effect
• Direct currents distribute themselves uniformly over the cross
section of the conductor and therefore use the center of the
conductor just as effectively as they use the periphery.
• Alternating currents, however, owing to inductance effects
within the conductor, crowd toward the outside of the
conductor.
•This effectively limits the cross‐sectional conductor area
available to carry alternating electron flow, increasing the
resistance of that conductor above what it would normally be
f direct
for di current
Definition : The tendency of alternating current to concentrate

near the surface of a conductor is known as skin effect.
Skin Effect
18
Skin Effect
Skin effect correction factor
are defined as
R
RO
Where
R = AC resistance ; and
Ro = DC resistance. Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET
Factor affecting Skin Effect
(i) Nature of material
(ii) Diameter of wire − increases with the diameter of wire.
(iii) Frequency − increases with the increase in frequency.
XL = 2π fL
(iv) Shape of wire − less for stranded conductor than the solid
conductor.
• Skin effect is negligible when :
• supply frequency is low (< 50 Hz) and
• conductor diameter is small (< 1cm).
19
Spiraling
• For stranded conductors, alternate layers of strands
are spiraled in opposite directions to hold the strands
together.
• Spiraling makes the strands 1 – 2% longer than the
actual conductor length.
• DC resistance of a stranded conductor is 1 – 2%
larger than the calculated value.
Flux Linkages
• Inductance of a circuit is defined as the flux linkages
p
per unit current.
• Flux linkages due to single current carrying conductor:
• Flux linkages due to Internal Flux
• Flux linkages due to External Flux
• Ampere’s Law
– m.m.f. ((ampere‐turns)
p ) around anyy closed p
path equals
q the
current enclosed by the path.
∫H x • dl = I x H x i 2π x = I x
20
Flux Linkages due to Internal flux
Flux Linkages due to External flux
21
Inductance of 1‐Phase two wire line
A single phase lines consist of a single current carrying
line with a return line which is in opposite direction. This
can be illustrated as:
Inductance of 1‐Phase two wire line
Total flux linkages with conductor A is
ψA = exp. (i) + exp (ii)
ψA (i) (ii)
22
Flux linkages of one cond. in an array
I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + .... + I n = 0
Dip=Dpi
1 i
P
3 Dij=Dji
2
j
n
The flux linkages of ith conductor per unit length due
to I1 in conductor 1 up to point p is
⎡ D1 p ⎤
ψ i1 = 2 × 10 I 1 ln ⎢ −7
Wb − T / m
⎣ D i1 ⎥⎦
Similarly ψi2 , ψi3, ψi4........ ψin
P
i
Di1
D1p
1
23
Inductance of Composite conductor lines
a a’
c b c’ b'
d d’
m n
Conductor M
Conductor M Conductor N
Conductor N
Single phase line having composite conductors
I⎛ 1 1 1 1 ⎞
ψ a = 2 ×10−7 ⎜ ln + ln + ln + . . . + ln ⎟
m ⎝ rx ' Dab Dac Dam ⎠
I⎛ 1 1 1 1 ⎞
−2 ×10−7 ⎜ ln + ln + ln + . . . + ln ⎟
n ⎝ Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' Dan ⎠
or
n Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dan
ψ a = 2 ×10 I ln −7
m rx ' Dab Dac ...Dam
ψa n Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dan
La = = 2n ×10−7 ln
I /n m rx ' Dab Dac ...Dam
ψn n Dna ' Dnb ' Dnc ' ...Dnn
Ln = = 2n ×10−7 ln
I /n m rx ' Dna Dnb ...Dnm
24
GMD
L x = 2 × 10 − 7 ln H /m
GMR x
where
h
GMD = mn ( D aa ' D ab ' ...D an )...( D na ' D nb ' ...D mn )
GMR x = m2 ( D aa D ab ...D am )...( D ma D mb ...D mm )
where
D aa = Dbb ... = D mm = rx '
Inductance of 3‐phase line
25
Inductance of 3‐phase line Symmetrical spacing
Inductance of 3‐phase line Unsymmetrical spacing
IA + IB + IC = 0
26
27
Since in a transposed line each

phase takes all three positions, the
inductance per phase can be
obtained by finding the average
value.
• If we compare the formula of inductance of an

unsymmetrically spaced transposed line with
that of symmetrically spaced line,
line we find that
inductance of each line conductor in the two
cases will be equal if
d = 3
d 1d 2 d 3
• The distance d is known as equivalent
equilateral spacing for unsymmetrically
transposed line.
28
Self GMD (Geometrical mean distance Ds)
• Self geometrical mean distance (self‐GMD) and
mutual geometrical mean distance (mutual‐GMD)
simplifies the inductance calculations, particularly
relating to multiconductor arrangements.
self‐GMD of a conductor depends upon the size and

shape of the conductor and is independent of the
spacing between the conductors.
Mutual GMD (Geometrical mean distance Dm)
• Mutual‐GMD simply represents the equivalent
geometrical spacing.
(a) The mutual‐GMD
mutual GMD between two conductors
(assuming that spacing between conductors is
large compared to the diameter of each
conductor) is equal to the distance between
their centres i.e.
Dm=spacing between conductors = d
(b) For a single circuit 3‐φ line, the mutual‐GMD
is equal to the equivalent equilateral spacing
d = 3
d 1d 2 d 3
29
3‐Phase double circuit lines.
The value of Ds is the same for all the phases as each

conductor has the same radius.
Mutual GMD depends only upon the spacing and

is substantially independent of the exact size,
shape and orientation of the conductor.
30
Inductance in terms of GMD
GMD
L x = 2 × 10 −7 ln H /m
GMR x
GMR of Bundled Conductors
• Extra high voltage transmission lines are usually

constructed with bundled conductors.
• Bundling
dli reduces
d the
h line
li reactance, which
hi h
improves the line performance and increases the
power capability of the line.
31
GMR of Bundled Conductors
GMR x = mm ( D aa D ab ...D am )...( D ma D mb ...D mm )

for the two − subconductor bundle
D sb = 4 ( Ds × d ) 2 = Ds × d
for the three − subconductor bundle
D sb = 9
( Ds × d × d ) 3 = 3
Ds × d 2
for the four − subconductor bundle
D sb = 16 ( D s × d × d × d × 21/ 2 ) 4 = 1.09 4 D s × d 3
Proximity Effect
•If the current in both conductors flow in the same

direction, they will attract each other.
32
Proximity Effect
c a a’ c’
b b’
• If current flowing in the same direction , the density

of current flowing through section aa’ (Inner edge) is
highest and is least at the section cc’(outer edge)
Proximity Effect
• The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused

by the current flowing in a neighborhood conductor
gives rise to circulating currents which cause an
apparent increase in the resistance of a conductor.
This phenomenon is called ‘proximity effect’.
•Like skin effect, proximity effect also results in non‐
uniformity of current in a conductor cross section.
For normal spacing of overhead lines, this effect is
•For
always of negligible order. However, for underground
cables, where conductors are located close to each
other, proximity effect causes an appreciable increase
in effective conductor resistance.
33
Factor affecting Proximity Effect
(i) Size of the conductor (diameter)
(ii) Distance between the conductors − decreases with increase
in the distance.
(iii) Frequency − increases with the increase in frequency.
XL = 2π fL
(iv) Permeability of the material (μr).
(v) Resistivity of the material (ρ).
For circular conductors :
d 2 f μr
Effective Resistance α
ρ
• For small conductors and at power frequencies the
effect is negligible but these effects may be quite
important for large conductors and high frequencies.
Numericals (Inductance)
Symmetrical 3‐φ line

Unsymmetrical 3‐ φ line
Double ckt line. Symmetrical spacing between phases
Double ckt line. umymmetrical spacing between phases
Double ckt line. Hexagonal arrangement
Bundled conductor lines
Single phase line
34
Capacitance
Electric potential at a point due to a charge is the work

done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to
that point.
Capacitance : The charge per unit potential
Capacitance
The electric intensity E at a
distance x from the centre of
the conductor in air is given by:
Ass x app
approaches
oac es infinity,
y, thee value
a ue o
of E app
approaches
oac es zero.
eo
Therefore, the potential difference between conductor
A and infinity distant neutral plane is given by :
35
Capacitance of 1‐Phase two wire line
The total p.d. between
conductor A and neutral
infinite plane is
“infinite”
Similarly
l l for
f Conductor
d B
Capacitance of 1‐Phase two wire line
Both these potentials are w.r.t. the same neutral
plane. Since the unlike charges attract each other, the
potential difference between the conductors is
36
Capacitance to neutral
Since potential of the mid‐point between the conductors is
zero, the potential difference between each conductor and
the ground or neutral is half the potential difference between
the conductors. Thus the capacitance to ground or
capacitance to neutral for the two‐wire line is twice the line‐
to‐line capacitance
Capacitance of 3‐phase line Symmetrical spacing
• Overall potential difference

between conductor A and
infinite neutral plane is given by
37
Capacitance of 3‐phase line Symmetrical spacing
• This equation is identical to capacitance to

neutral for two‐wire line. Derived in a similar
manner, the expressions for capacitance are the
same for conductors B and C.
Capacitance of 3‐phase line Unsymmetrical spacing
38
Capacitance of 3‐phase line Unsymmetrical spacing
• Capacitance from conductor to

neutral is
Potential Difference in a Multiconductor
configuration
• Consider n parallel long conductors with charges
q1, q2,…,qn coulombs/meter as shown below.
• Potential difference between conductor i and j
due to the presence of all charges is
q2 q3
1 n D kj
Vij =
2πε 0
∑q
k =1
k ln
Dik
q1 qn
Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET qi qj
39
Effect of bundling
2πε 0
C= F /m
GMD
ln
rb
• The effect of bundling is introduce an equivalent
radius rb. The radius rb is similar to GMR calculate
earlier for the inductance with the exception that
radius
di r off eachh subconductor
b d t is i used d instead
i t d off Ds.
Effect of bundling
• If d is the bundle spacing, we obtain for
the two-subconductor bundle
rb = r×d
• For the three-subconductor bundle
rb = 3
r×d2
• For the four-subconductor bundle
r b = 1 .09 4 r × d 3
40
Capacitance of 3‐phase Double Circuit Lines
• The per-phase equivalent capacitance

to neutral is obtained to
2πε 0
C= F /m
GMD
ln
GMRc
• GMD is the same as was found for inductance
calculation
D AB = 4 D ab D ab ' D a ' b D a ' b '
D BC = 4 Dbc Dbc ' Db ' c Db ' c '
D AC = 4 D ac D ac ' D a ' c D a ' c '
Capacitance of 3‐phase Double Circuit Lines
• The equivalent GMD per phase is then
GMD = 3 D AB D BC D AC
• The GMRC of each phase is similar to the GMRL
• This will results in the following equation
D s1 = 4 D aa D aa ' D a ' a D a ' a '
Ds 2 = 4 Dbb Dbb ' Db ' b Db ' b ' GMRC = 3 D s1 D s 2 D s 3
Ds 3 = 4 Dcc Dcc ' Dc ' c Dc ' c '
41
Effect of Earth on Capacitance of Tr. Line
• The presence of ground alters the electric field of

a line and hence the line capacitance.
• Ground can assumed to be a perfect conductor
in the form of a horizontal plane of infinite
extent.
• The effect of ground can be modeled by the
method of images.
• Although
lh h not exact, experience
i h shown
has h that
h
this method is based on realistic and practical
approximations.
• This well known method makes
use of the fact that the effect
of ground and the charges and
potentials
i l off the
h conductors
d
can be replaced by the effects
of images of conductor below
the surface of the ground.
• The electric field of two long
parallel conductors charged +q
and –q per unit is such that it
has zero potential plane
midway between the
conductors as shown in fig.
42
• Any one conductor and its image conductor are
located at equal distance, but in opposite direction
from the ground surface. Their charges and
potentials
i l are equall but
b off opposite
i sign.
i
• The electric flux above the plane is same as it is when
the ground is present instead of the image
conductors.
• we may equivalently replace the presence of ground
as a charged conductor by a fictitious conductor
having equal and opposite charge and located as far
below the surface of ground as the overhead
conductor above it. It is mirror image of the
overhead conductor.(originally suggested by Lord
Kelvin)
• Effect on Single Phase Transmission line :
43
• Effect on Three Phase Transmission line :
Ferranti Effect
• A long transmission line draws a substantial

quantity of charging current. If such a line is Open
circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving
end, the voltage at receiving end may become
greater than voltage at sending end. This is known
as Ferranti Effect
• The capacitance (and charging current) is
negligible
li ibl in
i short
h li but
line b significant
i ifi i medium
in di
line and appreciable in long line. Therefore this
phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines.
44
Vector presentation of Ferranti Effect
IC XL
IC R
Ferranti Effect
• The Ferranti Effect will be more pronounced the

longer the line and the higher the voltage applied.
The relative voltage rise is proportional to the
square of the line length.
• Due to high capacitance, the Ferranti Effect is
much more pronounced in underground cables,
even in short lengths.
• Allll electrical
l i l loads
l d are inductive
i d i in i nature and d
hence they consume lot of reactive power from
the transmission lines. Hence there is voltage drop
in the lines.
45
Ferranti Effect
•Capacitors which supply reactive power are
connected parallel to the transmission lines so as to
compensate the reactive power consumed by the
inductive loads.
•Thus reactive power consumed by inductive loads is
supplied by the capacitors thereby reducing the
consumption of reactive power from trans line.
•However when the inductive loads are switched off
the capacitors may still be there. The reactive power
supplied by the capacitors add on to the transmission
lines due to the absence of inductance.
•As a result voltage at the receiving end or consumer
end increases and is more than the voltage at the
supply end.
Numericals (capacitance)
1‐phase line
Symmetrical 3‐φ line
Unsymmetrical 3‐ φ line
Double ckt line. Symmetrical spacing between phases
Double ckt line. umymmetrical spacing between phases
Double ckt line. Hexagonal arrangement
Bundled conductor lines
46
QUESTIONS ???
47

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TRANSMISSION LINE

• Transfer bulk power for long distances

Power Plant Bus-bar Steel Tower (220/66 kV) Bus-bar

Distribution Transformer/ Secondary Transmission(66/132kV)

Secondary Distribution Secondary Tra. SS/

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET Distribution system.

 Insulators: Which are attached to supports and

 Cross – arms: Which provide support to the

Definition : The tendency of alternating current to concentrate

Since in a transposed line each

• If we compare the formula of inductance of an

self‐GMD of a conductor depends upon the size and

The value of Ds is the same for all the phases as each

Mutual GMD depends only upon the spacing and

• Extra high voltage transmission lines are usually

GMR x = mm ( D aa D ab ...D am )...( D ma D mb ...D mm )

•If the current in both conductors flow in the same

• If current flowing in the same direction , the density

• The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused

Symmetrical 3‐φ line

Electric potential at a point due to a charge is the work

• Overall potential difference

• This equation is identical to capacitance to

• Capacitance from conductor to

• The per-phase equivalent capacitance

• The equivalent GMD per phase is then

• The presence of ground alters the electric field of

• Effect on Single Phase Transmission line :

• Effect on Three Phase Transmission line :

• A long transmission line draws a substantial

• The Ferranti Effect will be more pronounced the

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Insulators: Which are attached to supports and

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