Republic of the Philippines

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering

A. Course Code / Title : HRENG 313 – Highway and Railroad Engineering

B. Module Number : Module 4 – Earthworks

C. Time Frame : 1st week to 3rd week of January 2021 (3 hours per week)

D. Description : This module gives an explanation on Earthworks

E. Objectives : At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:
1. Be familiar on the different methods on computing volumes
and its correction.
2. Solve problems regarding volumes using the different
methods.

F. Contents : 4.1 Profiles and Cross Sections

1.2 Volume of Earthwork Calculations
4.2.1 Volume Computations by Cross Section
4.2.1.1 End Area Method
4.2.1.2 Prismoidal Formula/Method
1.3 Volume with Correction
4.4 Volume from Spot Levels
4.4.1 Volume of Borrow Pits using Unit Area Method
4.4.2 Volume of Borrow Pits by Parallel Section Method
4.5 Volume from Contour Lines
4.5.1 Mass Diagram

4.1 Profiles and Cross Sections

Profiles – are series of the elevation along the baseline at some specified repetitive station interval.

Profile Levelling – is the process of determining elevation of points at regular stations along a definitely located
centreline of a highway.

The profile is plotted in a cross-section paper ruled with vertical and horizontal lines.
Gradient, g – is the slope of the grade line. It is conveniently expressed in percentage and is exact up to two decimal
places; it is positive if grade line is ascending and negative if the grade line is descending.

𝐸𝑙2 − 𝐸𝑙1
𝑔= 𝑥100%
𝐷
Where:

𝐸𝑙1 – Elevation of grade line at first regular station.

𝐸𝑙2 - Elevation of grade line at last station.
D – total horizontal distance between two points.

Centerheight – is the height of cut or fill computed at center stake of a full regular station. It is equal to the difference
between the ground and gradeline elevations. It is positive if it is the height of cut and negative if it’s the height of fill.

𝐶 = 𝐻 − 𝐻′

Where:
C – center height
H – ground elevation of center stake of a full regular station.
H’ – gradeline elevation at the center stake of a regular station.

Gradepoint – is a point where the gradeline intersects the ground elevation. It is a point where the gradeline
elevation is equal to the ground elevation. The station elevation of the gradepoint is computed using the principle of
similar triangles formed by the gradeline, the profile and center heights of the adjacent regular station between which
lies the gradepoint.

GP
C1 C2
Sta. 2
Sta. 1

X 20-X

𝑋 20 − 𝑋
=
𝐶1 𝐶2
 𝑋 𝐶1
=
20 − 𝑋 𝐶2

𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐺𝑃 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 1 + 𝑋

Where:
X – horizontal distance of the gradepoint from the first station.
C1 – center height of the first regular station.
C2 - center height of the next adjacent regular station.

Sample Problem:
Given the following profile levelling notes:
Station Ground Remarks Tangent Offsets Grade Center
Elevation (m) Elevation (m) Elevation (m) height (m)
2+000 100.2 Existing roads
2+020 100.4 with straight
2+040 100.6 grade line
2+060 101.12

2+080 101.83

2+100 101.65
2+120 101.20
2+140 100.58
2+160 100.2 Existing roads
2+180 99.6 with straight
2+200 99 grade line

a. Connect the two existing roads by means of a vertical parabolic curve.

b. Compute the g1, g2 elevation and station of the vertex.
c. Solve for the gradeline elevations.
d. Determine the centerheights.
e. Compute the station and elevation of all gradepoints.

Solution:
Since stations 2+000, 2+020, and 2+180, 2+200 is of existing roads with a straight gradeline, these stations are not
included in the vertical curve. Stations 2+040 and 2+160 indicate the start and the end of the curve. Therefore, PC is
at station 2+040 and PT is at station 2+160.

Solve for the grades:

𝐸𝑙2 − 𝐸𝑙1
𝑔= 𝑥100%
𝐷

𝐸𝑙𝑃𝐶 − 𝐸𝑙𝑆𝑡𝑎.2+000
𝑔1 = 𝑥100%
𝐷
 100.6 − 100.2
𝑔1 = 𝑥100% = 𝟏%
(2 + 040) − (2 + 000)
𝐸𝑙𝑆𝑡𝑎.2+200 − 𝐸𝑙𝑃𝑇
𝑔2 = 𝑥100%
𝐷
99.0 − 100.2
𝑔2 = 𝑥100% = −𝟑%
(2 + 200) − (2 + 160)

Grades ranges from Positive to Negative therefore, it is a summit vertical curve.

PC

Sta. 2+040, Elev: 100.6m

PT
L1 L2
Sta. 2+160, Elev: 100.2m

For the elevation and station of Vertex, solve first for L1 and L2

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑔1 𝐿1 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇 + 𝑔2 𝐿2
100.6 + 0.01𝐿1 = 100.2 + 0.03𝐿2

The total length of the curve is (2+160) - (2+040)=120m

L2 = 120 – L1

100.6 + 0.01𝐿1 = 100.2 + 0.03(120 − 𝐿1 )

𝐿1 = 80𝑚

𝐿2 = 120 − 80𝑚 = 40𝑚

𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏(𝟖𝟎) = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝒎

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 = (𝟐 + 𝟎𝟒𝟎) + 𝟖𝟎 = 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎

For the Grade elevation and center heights, complete the table.

Formulas:
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 𝑷𝑪 𝒐𝒓 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 𝑷𝑻 ± 𝒈(𝑯𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆)

For offsets use the formula of SPP. Solve for H

 𝑥1 2 𝐻 𝑥2 2 𝐻
𝑦1 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑦2 =
𝐿1 2 𝐿2 2
𝐿1 𝐿2 (𝑔1 + 𝑔2 )
𝐻=
2(𝐿1 + 𝐿2 )
80(40)(0.01 + 0.03)
𝐻= = 0.53𝑚
2(120)

𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝒐𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔

𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Station Ground Remarks Tangent Offsets Grade Center

Elevation (m) Elevation (m) Elevation (m) height (m)
2+000 100.2 Existing roads
2+020 100.4 with straight
2+040 100.6 grade line 100.6 0 100.6 0
2+060 101.12 100.8 0.03 100.77 0.35

2+080 101.83 101.0 0.13 100.87 0.96

2+100 101.65 101.2 0.30 100.9 0.75

2+120 101.20 VERTEX 101.4 0.53 100.87 0.34
2+140 100.58 100.8 0.13 100.67 -0.09
2+160 100.2 Existing roads 100.2 0 100.2 0
2+180 99.6 with straight
2+200 99 grade line

Gradepoint is defined as the point where the ground elevation is equals to the grade elevation. Upon observation, at
station (2+140) the centerheight became negative. Therefore, the gradeline intersects the ground elevation. This is
where the gradepoint is located.

0.34
GP
(2+120) (2+140)
0.09

X 20-X
20

𝑋 𝐶1
=
20 − 𝑋 𝐶2
𝑋 0.34
=
20 − 𝑋 0.09

𝑿 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟏𝒎
 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐺𝑃 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. (2 + 120) + 𝑋
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐺𝑃 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. (2 + 120) + 15.81 = (𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟏)

For the elevation GP, refer to the vertical curve

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐺𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑃𝑇 + 𝑔2 (𝐿2 − 𝑋)

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐺𝑃 = 100.2 + 0.03(40 − 15.81) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝒎

4.2 Volume of Earthwork Calculations

The excavation, removal and dumping of earth is frequent in building or civil engineering works. In the
construction of a sewer, for example, a trench of sufficient width is excavated to a given depths and gradient, the
earth being stored in some convenient place (usually the side of the trench) and then returned to the trench. After the
laying of the pipe, any material left over after re-instalment must be carted away and disposed of in basement
excavation, probably all the material dug out will be carted away, but for embankment, the earth require will have to
be brought for some other place.

In each case, however, payment will have to be made for labors, plant, etc. and this is done on the basis of
calculated volume of the material handled. It is therefore essential that the engineer or surveyor should be able to
make good estimates of volume of earthworks.

Methods of Computing Volume of Earthworks

 By cross-section
 By contours
 By spot heights

4.2.1. Volume Computations by Cross Section

Types of cross sections

1. Level Section

2. Three level section

 3. Five level section

4. Irregular section

5. Side hill level section

6. Compound section

4.2.1.1 End Area Method

𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑉𝐸 = ( )(𝐿)
2
 4.2.1.2 Prismoidal Formula/Method

𝐿
𝑉𝑃 = (𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
6

Where:
A1 – Area of the first cross section
A2 – Area of the second or adjacent cross section
L – Distance between the two cross-sections.
VE – Volume using end area method
VP – Volume using prismoidal method or formula.

4.3 Volume with Correction

 Volume with Prismoidal Correction (Applicable only up to Three level sections)

𝐿
𝑉𝐶𝑃 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1

𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶𝑃
Where:
VCP – Prismoidal correction
VC − Corrected volume
C1 − Center height of the first cross − section
C2 − Center height of the second cross − section
 D1 − horizontal length of the first cross − section
D2 − horizontal length of the second cross − section

 Volume with Curvature Correction

𝐿
𝑉𝐶𝐶 = [𝐴 (𝑒 ) + 𝐴𝑠2 (𝑒2 )]
2𝑅 𝑠1 1

𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐸 + 𝑉𝐶𝐶

𝐷1
𝑒1 =
3
𝐷2
𝑒2 =
3

Where:

VCC − Curvature correction

R − radius of curvature
As1 − Excess area for the first cross − section
As2 − Excess area for the second cross − section

Note:

“e” is negative if it is towards the center of curvature

“e” is positive if it is away the center of curvature.
Sample Problems

1. Given the cross section notes of an earthwork between 5+000 and 5+075. Assume the width of the road is equal
to 10m.

Station Left Center Right

7.1 0 8.45
5+000 1.4 1.8 2.3

8.0 0 7.75
5+075 2.0 1.2 1.5

Compute the volume between the two stations using:

a. End area method
b. Prismoidal Formula
c. Prismoidal Correction

Solution

Draw the Cross sections and solve for the area

Sta. 5+000
8.45
0 2.3
7.1 1.8
1.4

5m 5m

Area can be solved using three methods:

a. Triangle method

2
3
4 1

1 1 1 1
𝐴 = (5)(2.3) + (8.45)(1.8) + (7.1)(1.8) + (5)(1.4) = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟐
2 2 2 2
 b. Coordinate Method

−7.1
1.4

5
−5 0
0
0 0

1 𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋𝑛 𝑋1
𝐴= ( ⋯ )
2 𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑌𝑛 𝑌1
1
𝐴 = (𝑋1 𝑌2 + 𝑋2 𝑌𝑁 + 𝑋𝑁 𝑌1 − 𝑌1 𝑋2 − 𝑌2 𝑋𝑁 − 𝑌𝑁 𝑋1 )
2

1 5 8.45 0 −7.1 −5 5
𝐴= ( )
2 0 2.3 1.8 1.4 0 0
1
𝐴 = [5(2.3) + 8.45(1.8) + 0(1.4) + (−7.1)(0) + (−5)(0) − 0(8.45) − 2.3(0) − 1.8(−7.1)
2
− 1.4(−5) − 0(5)

1
𝐴 = (46.49) = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟐
2

c. Rule of Thumb

−7.1
1.4

5
−5
0
0

1
𝐴 = [𝑦1 (𝑥𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ) + 𝑦2 (𝑥𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ) + 𝑦𝑁 (𝑥𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 )]
2
1
𝐴 = [2.3(0 − 5) + 1.8(−7.1 − 8.45) + 1.4(−5 − 0)] = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟐
2

Three methods, same answer.

Sta. 5+075
−8.0
2.0

7.75
1.5
0
1.2

−5 5
0 0
5m 5m

Using Rule of Thumb

1
𝐴 = [1.5(0 − 5) + 1.2(−8 − 7.75) + 2(−5 − 0)] = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝒎𝟐
2

a. Volume using End area

𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑉𝐸 = ( )(𝐿)
2
23.25 + 18.2
𝑉𝐸 = ( ) [(5 + 075) − (5 + 000)] = 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟑𝟖𝒎𝟑
2

b. Prismoidal Formula

𝐿
𝑉𝑃 = (𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
6

Solve for Am:

Am stands for middle are. To solve Am , get the average of the notes of the two sections. Plot and solve for the area.

The average notes are as follows:

Left Center Right

7.55 0 8.1
1.7 1.5 1.9

8.1
1.9
−7.55
1.7 0
1.5

−5 5
0 5m 0
5m

1
𝐴 = [1.9(0 − 5) + 1.5(−7.55 − 8.1) + 1.7(−5 − 0)] = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝒎𝟐
2
 75
𝑉𝑃 = (23.25 + 4(20.74) + 18.2) = 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝒎𝟑
6

c. Corrected Volume
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶𝑃

𝐿
𝑉𝐶𝑃 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1
75
𝑉𝐶𝑃 = (1.8 − 1.2)[(7.1 + 8.45) − (8.0 + 7.75)] = −.75𝑚3
12

𝑉𝐶 = 1554.38 − (−0.75) = 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝒎𝟑

2. The cross section notes are given for a 10m roadway.

Station Left Center Right

7.85𝐿 0 8.45
25+100
+1.4 3.2 +2.3

9.35𝐿 0 10.7
25+150
+2.90 2.60 +3.88

Determine the corrected volume between the two stations if:

a. The road turns to the right
b. The road turns to the left
The degree of the curve is 4°

Solution
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐸 + 𝑉𝐶𝐶

𝐿
𝑉𝐶𝐶 = [𝐴 (𝑒 ) + 𝐴𝑠2 (𝑒2 )]
2𝑅 𝑠1 1
Plot and solve the area first.

Station 25+100 0
3.2
8.45
2.3

−7.85
1.4

−5 5
0 0
5m 5m
1
𝐴 = [2.3(0 − 5) + 3.2(−7.85 − 8.45) + 1.4(−5 − 0)] = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝟐
2
For the excess area, As1
e1

As1

Solve for the area neglecting the shaded part. The shaded part is the excess area.

1 1
𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = [ (5)(1.4) + (7.85)(3.2)] (𝟐) = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝟐
2 2

𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐴𝑠1 = 35.33 − 32.12 = 3.21𝑚2
Solve for e1

𝐷1
𝑒1 =
3
7.85 + 8.45 163
𝑒1 = = 𝑚
3 30

Station 25+150
10.7
3.88

−9.35 0
2.9 2.6

−5 5
0 0
5m 5m

1
𝐴 = [3.88(0 − 5) + 2.6(−9.35 − 10.7) + 2.9(−5 − 0)] = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟎𝟐𝒎𝟐
2
For the excess area, As2

e2

1 1
𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = [ (5)(2.9) + (9.35)(2.6)] (𝟐) = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟖𝟏𝒎𝟐
2 2

𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐴𝑠2 = 43.02 − 38.81 = 4.21𝑚2

𝐷2
𝑒2 =
3
9.35 + 10.7 401
𝑒2 = = 𝑚
3 60

35.33 + 43.02
𝑉𝐸 = ( ) (50) = 1958.75𝑚3
2

20(360)
𝑅=
2𝜋𝐷
20(360)
𝑅= = 286.48𝑚
2𝜋(4)

a. The road turns to the right

𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐸 + 𝑉𝐶𝐶

𝐿
𝑉𝐶𝐶 = [𝐴 (𝑒 ) + 𝐴𝑠2 (𝑒2 )]
2𝑅 𝑠1 1
50 −163 −401
𝑉𝐶𝐶 = [3.21 ( ) + 4.21 ( )] = −3.98𝑚3
2(286.48) 30 60
𝑉𝐶 = 1958.75 + (−3.98) = 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝒎𝟑
 e is towards the center of curvature,
therefore it is Negative
401
𝑒2 = −
60
163
𝑒1 = −
30

b. The road turns to the left

e is away from the center of curvature,

therefore it is Positive
401
𝑒2 =
60
163
𝑒1 =
30

𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐸 + 𝑉𝐶𝐶

𝐿
𝑉𝐶𝐶 = [𝐴 (𝑒 ) + 𝐴𝑠2 (𝑒2 )]
2𝑅 𝑠1 1
50 163 401
𝑉𝐶𝐶 = [3.21 ( ) + 4.21 ( )] = 3.98𝑚3
2(286.48) 30 60
𝑉𝐶 = 1958.75 + (3.98) = 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟕𝟑𝒎𝟑
3. Compute the corrected volume between the stations.

Station Left Center Right

−8.8 1.3 𝑦 8.2
2+500 =
16.8 0 𝑥 18.2

−11.4 2.0 6.0

2+520 19.4 0 16

The side slope of cut and fill is 1:1

Width of the road for cut: 20m
Width of the road for fill: 16m

Solution

Station 2+500
8.2
18.2
1.3
0

0
−8 8m 10m 0
x 8-x 10

Solve for the value of x using similar triangle method

−8.8 16.8 8−𝑥

16.8
=
8.8 + 1.3 1.3

𝑥 = 5.84𝑚
1
𝐴𝐹𝐼𝐿𝐿1 = (5.84)(8.8) = 25.7𝑚2
2
1 1 1
𝐴𝐶𝑈𝑇1 = (8 − 5.84)(1.3) + (18.2)(1.3) + (10)(8.2) = 54.24𝑚2
2 2 2

Station 2+520
6.0
16
2.0
0

0
8m 10m 0
−8
x 8-x 10

−11.4
19.4
 Solve for the value of x using similar triangle method

19.4 8−𝑥
=
11.4 + 2 2

𝑥 = 5.10𝑚
1
𝐴𝐹𝐼𝐿𝐿2 = (5.10)(11.4) = 29.07𝑚2
2
1 1 1
𝐴𝐶𝑈𝑇2 = (8 − 5.10)(2) + (2.0)(16) + (10)(6) = 48.9𝑚2
2 2 2

Corrected Volume for Fill

𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 − 𝑉𝐶𝑃𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙

𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙1 + 𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙2
𝑉𝐸𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑙 = ( )(𝐿)
2
25.7 + 29.07
𝑉𝐸𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑙 =( ) (20) = 547.7𝑚3
2
𝐿
𝑉𝐶𝑃𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1
20
𝑉𝐶𝑃𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = (8.8 − 11.4)(5.84 − 5.10) = −3.21𝑚3
12

𝑉𝐶𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 547.7 − (−3.21) = 𝟓𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝒎𝟑

Corrected Volume for Cut

𝑉𝐶𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉𝐶𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑡

𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑡1 + 𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑡2
𝑉𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑡 = ( )(𝐿)
2
54.24 + 48.9
𝑉𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑡 =( ) (20) = 1031.4𝑚3
2

𝐿
𝑉𝐶𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑡 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1
20
𝑉𝐶𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑡 = (1.3 − 2){[(8 − 5.84) + 18.2] − [(8 − 5.10) + 16)]} = −1.70𝑚3
12

𝑉𝐶𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 1031.4 − (−1.70) = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝒎𝟑

4.4 Volume from Spot Levels

This method of volume determination is especially useful in the determination of volumes of large open
excavations for tanks. Basements, borrow pits etc. and for ground-leveling operations such as playing fields and
buildings. It can also be applied to the determination of volumes of soil heaps.
 4.4.1 Volume of Borrow Pits using Unit Area Method

a. Truncated Triangular Prisms

ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3
𝑉 = 𝐴( )
3

b. Truncated Rectangular Prisms

ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 + ℎ4
𝑉 = 𝐴( )
4

c. Assembly of Prisms

Σℎ1 + 2Σℎ2 + 3Σℎ3 + 4Σℎ4

𝑉 = 𝐴( )
4

Where:
V – volume of excavation
A – Common area

Σh1 − sum of all heights common to one prism

Σh2 − sum of all heights common to two prism
Σh3 − sum of all heights common to three prism
Σh4 − sum of all heights common to four prism
Sample Problems
1. Given a trapezoidal lot which is to be excavated at elevation 52.5m and to be used as borrow pit. The
elevation at each grade intersection is indicated in meter. Determine the volume of excavated in cu.m using
unit area method.

Solution

Solve for the heights of each spot.

𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔 = 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

1 2 4 5
3

6
7 8 9

10
11 12 13

14 16
15

Spots Ground Elevation Excavated Elevation Heights

1 54 52.5 1.5
2 56 52.5 3.5
3 58 52.5 5.5
4 60 52.5 7.5
5 63 52.5 10.5
9 55 52.5 2.5
7 59 52.5 6.5
8 62 52.5 9.5
9 64 52.5 11.5
10 59 52.5 6.5
11 60 52.5 7.5
 12 63 52.5 10.5
13 65 52.5 12.5
14 60 52.5 7.5
15 64 52.5 11.5
16 66 52.5 13.5

1.5
3.5 5.5 7.5 10.5
1
4

2.5 6.5 9.5 11.5

2

6.5
7.5 10.5 12.5
3

7.5 11.5 13.5

The figure is irregular. Divide to five sections

Section 1 is a triangular prism
1.5
B=2 3.5

H=5

2.5

ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3
𝑉 = 𝐴( )
3
1 1.5 + 3.5 + 2.5
𝑉 = ( ) (2)(5) ( ) = 12.5𝑚3
2 3

Section 2

ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 + ℎ4
𝑉 = 𝐴( )
4

Solve for area

2.5
𝑏1 = 4 6.5
x
H=5

7.5
6.5 𝑏2
 𝑏1 + 𝑏2
𝐴=( )(ℎ)
2

Solve for b2 using similar triangle considering the first figure as reference
2 𝑥
=
5 5
𝑥 = 2𝑚 = 𝑏2

4+2
𝐴=( ) (5) = 15𝑚2
2

2.5 + 6.5 + 6.5 + 7.5

𝑉 = 15 ( ) = 86.25𝑚3
4

Section 3

6.5 B=2 7.5

H=5

7.5

ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3
𝑉 = 𝐴( )
3
1 6.5 + 7.5 + 7.5
𝑉 = ( ) (2)(5) ( ) = 35.83𝑚3
2 3

Section 4
3.5
L=4 5.5

H=5

2.5
6.5

ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 + ℎ4
𝑉 = 𝐴( )
4
3.5 + 5.5 + 2.5 + 6.5
𝑉 = 4(5) ( ) = 90𝑚3
4
Section 5
5.5
5 7.5 5 10.5

5
6.5 9.5
11.5

5
7.5
12.5
10.5
5
7.5 11.5 13.5

Σℎ1 + 2Σℎ2 + 3Σℎ3 + 4Σℎ4

𝑉 = 𝐴( )
4

Note: Area to be considered is the area of a single spot

𝐴 = 5𝑥5 = 25𝑚2

Σℎ1 = 5.5 + 10.5 + 7.5 + 13.5 = 37𝑚

Σℎ2 = 7.5 + 11.5 + 12.5 + 11.5 + 7.5 + 6.5 = 57𝑚
Σℎ3 = 0
Σℎ4 = 9.5 + 10.5 = 20𝑚

37 + 2(57) + 0 + 4(20)
𝑉 = 25 ( ) = 1443.75𝑚3
4

𝑽𝑻 = 𝚺𝑽

𝑉𝑇 = 12.5 + 86.25 + 35.83 + 90 + 1443.75 = 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝟑

2. A 90mx90m lot is to be divided into 9 square lots. It is required to excavate it to elevation 52.5m. Determine
the volume of excavation given the elevation of each corner using:
a. Unit area method
b. Parallel section method (using horizontal sections)

A=54.5m E=55.5m I=53.5m M=53.1m

B=55.5m F=54.4m J=54.0m N=54.7m
C=55.0m G=53.8m K=53.2m O=52.8m
D=54.7m H=53.7m L=53.4 P=56.0m

Solution

Solve for the heights of each spot.

𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔 = 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
 Heights Heights Heights Heights
A=54.5 – 52.5=2 E=55.5– 52.5=3.0 I=53.5– 52.5=1.0 M=53.1 – 52.5=0.6
B=55.5– 52.5=3 F=54.4– 52.5=1.9 J=54.0– 52.5=1.5 N=54.7– 52.5=2.2
C=55.0– 52.5=2.5 G=53.8– 52.5=1.3 K=53.2– 52.5=0.7 O=52.8– 52.5=0.30
D=54.7– 52.5=2.2 H=53.7– 52.5=1.2 L=53.4 – 52.5=0.9 P=56.0– 52.5=3.5

90m

30 30 30
2.0 3.0 1.0 0.6

30
3.0
1.9 1.5 2.2 90m
30

2.5
1.3 0.7 0.3
30
2.2

1.2 0.9 3.5

Σℎ1 + 2Σℎ2 + 3Σℎ3 + 4Σℎ4

𝑉 = 𝐴( )
4

Σℎ1 = 2.0 + 2.2 + 0.6 + 3.5 = 8.3𝑚

Σℎ2 = 3.0 + 2.5 + 1.2 + 0.9 + 0.3 + 2.2 + 1.0 + 3.0 = 14.1𝑚
Σℎ3 = 0
Σℎ4 = 1.9 + 1.5 + 1.3 + 0.7 = 5.4𝑚

8.3 + 2(14.1) + 0 + 4(5.4)

𝑉 = (30𝑥30) ( ) = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝒎𝟑
4

4.4.2 Volume of Borrow Pits by Parallel Section Method

For problem 2

4
Section 1

Solve for area using trapezoidal rule

ℎ1 + ℎ𝑀
𝐴 = 𝑑( + Σℎ𝑖 )
2

Where:
d=common interval
h1=first offset
hm=last offset
Σhi=summation of interval offsets

2 + 0.6
𝐴 = 30 [ + (3 + 1)] = 159𝑚2
2

Section 2

3.0

ℎ1 + ℎ𝑀
𝐴 = 𝑑( + Σℎ𝑖 )
2

3.0 + 2.2
𝐴 = 30 [ + (1.9 + 1.5)] = 180𝑚2
2
Section 3

ℎ1 + ℎ𝑀
𝐴 = 𝑑( + Σℎ𝑖 )
2

2.5 + 0.3
𝐴 = 30 [ + (1.3 + 0.7)] = 102𝑚2
2

Section 4

ℎ1 + ℎ𝑀
𝐴 = 𝑑( + Σℎ𝑖 )
2

2.2 + 2.5
𝐴 = 30 [ + (1.2 + 0.9)] = 133.5𝑚2
2
For the Volume
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑉𝐸 = ( )(𝐿)
2

Volume between section 1 and 2

159 + 180
𝑉𝐸 = ( ) (30) = 5085𝑚3
2

Volume between section 2 and 3

180 + 102
𝑉𝐸 = ( ) (30) = 4230𝑚3
2

Volume between section 3 and 4

102 + 133.5
𝑉𝐸 = ( ) (30) = 3532.5𝑚3
2

𝑽𝑻 = 𝚺𝑽

𝑉𝑇 = 5085 + 1230 + 3532.5 = 𝟗𝟖𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝒎𝟑

4.5 Volume from Contour Lines

As an alternative to the determination of volume by means of vertical cross-sections, it is possible to
calculate volumes using the horizontal areas contain by contour lines. Because of the relatively high cost of
accurately containing areas, the method is limited use, but where accurate contours are available (as for instance in
reservoir sites) there maybe conveniently used. The areas enclosed by individual contour lines are best taken off
using the plane planimeter. The methods in computing volume of contours are end-are method and prismodial
formula.

4.5.1 Mass Diagram

Calculations of optimum haul strategies and an earthwork cost is done by means of mass diagram. The mass
diagrams are a graph of cumulative volumes of earthwork versus distance in stations from the beginning of the job, in
which cut is considered to be positive and fill is negative. Use of the graph of cumulative earthwork makes it easy to
identify sections for which the volume of cut equals to that of fill.

Mass diagrams are plotted from table known as summary sheets. This table lists the cut and fills volumes for each
section in the cumulative volume of earthwork that are to be plotted as mass diagram ordinates at each station.

Definition of Terms

1. Haul – is the product of the volume of earth excavated and the distance it is transported to form an
embankment or to be disposed as waste. The unit of measurement is the meter-station in the metric system or
station-yard in the English system. Meter-station refers to a volume of one cubic meter being transported 20
meters.
 Haul is the total of the product of the separate volume of cuts and the distance they are transported to the
embankment. This must be equal to the total volume of cut multiplied by the distance between the centroids of
cutting and the embankment it forms.

2. Free-haul distance – a fixed distance within which the hauling of materials is not paid but is assumed to be
already included in the cost of excavation. This is usually 200m long.
3. Over-haul – the product of the volume in excess of the free haul mass and the length of overhaul, in which
payment is already required.
4. Length of Over-haul – the distance between the center of gravity of the mass excavations beyond the free haul
mass and the center of gravity of the resulting embankment minus the free haul distance.
5. Limit of economical-haul(LEH) – it is the distance which is it is more econmocial to haul materials than to
throw them as wastes, or beyond which it is more economical to borrow than to haul. At this limiting distance,
the cost of the haul is approximately equal to the cost of borrow.

LEH is the longest distance material should ever be hauled or longest balance line wherein it is most
economical to terminate or reverse the direction of hauls. The LEH is determined by finding the distance for
which the cost of hauling a unit volume of materials is equal to the cist borrowing it.

Consider 1 cu.m as the volume of the mass to be transported.

Cost of haul = cost of borrow

1𝑐𝑢. 𝑚 (𝐿𝐸𝐻 − 𝐹𝐻𝐷)𝐶𝐻

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 =
𝑐

Cost of Borrow = 1 cu.m (CB)

Equate:
1𝑐𝑢. 𝑚 (𝐿𝐸𝐻 − 𝐹𝐻𝐷)𝐶𝐻
= 1𝑐𝑢. 𝑚𝐶𝐵
𝑐
1𝑐𝑢. 𝑚 (𝐿𝐸𝐻 − 𝐹𝐻)𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐵 𝐶

𝑪𝑩 𝑪 𝑪𝑩
𝑳𝑬𝑯 = + 𝑭𝑯𝑫 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝑬𝑯 = + 𝑭𝑯𝑫
𝑪𝑯 𝑪𝑶𝑯

Where:
CH = unit cost of haul
CB = unit cost of borrow
C = length basis of cost of haul (usually 20m)
FHD − Free haul distance
LEH − limit of economical haul
COH − unit cost of overhaul

6. Waste – those materials excavated and thrown away which is no longer necessary to form embankments.
7. Borrow – the excavated materials obtained from borrow pits located beyond the limit of the road when the
excavation for roadway is not sufficient to form the embankments.

To calculate the over-haul

 𝑂𝐻 = 𝑉(𝑀 − 𝐹𝐻)

Where:
OH – overhaul
V – total volume involved in the overhaul (overhaul volume)
FH – free haul distance

The figure below shows the profile of the ground surface, the gradeline, the limits of free haul, LEH, waste and
borrow.

𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 = 𝑉(𝐷 − 𝐹𝐻𝐷)

(𝐷 − 𝐹𝐻𝐷) = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙

8. Shrinkage/Swelling – when material is removed from its natural state and placed compacted fill, its density
usually changes. If its density increases, so that the some mass of the materials occupies less space, it is said
to shrink. If it occupies more space, it is said to swell. As a general rule, soil will shrink and rock will swell. This
shrinkage or swell must be accounted for in order to determine whether or given amount of excavation will make
a given amount of embankment.

𝑉𝐹 = 𝑉𝐶 (1 + 𝑆)

𝑉𝐹 = 𝑉 + 𝑉′

𝑉𝐹
𝑉𝐶 =
1+𝑆

Where:
V’ – shrinkage
V – Volume excavated
VF − volume of fill
VC − volume of cut
S – shrinkage or swell, negative when its shrinkage and positive when it is swell.
Properties of Mass Diagram
1. Grade points on the profile correspond to the maximum and minimum point of the mass diagram.
2. Ascending line denote cut or excavated and descending line denoted fill or embankment.
3. The difference in length between any two vertical coordinates of the mass diagram is the volume between the
stations at which the ordinate were erected.
4. Between any two pints when the curve is intersected by a horizontal line, excavation equals embankment.
5. In the mass diagram, a loop that forms a peak indicates haul forward and a loop that forms a sag indicates haul
backward.

Sample Problem
1. The cross-sectional area at station 1+460 is 40 sq.m in fill and at station 2+060 is 60sq.m in cut. The free haul
distance is 50m, cost of borrow = P4/cu.m, cost of excavation P=350/cu.m, cost of haul P0.2/meter-station.
Balancing point is at station 1+760. Determine:
a. Station of the limits of the free haul
b. Volume of free haul
c. Station of the limits of the economical haul
d. Overhaul volume
e. Length of haul
f. Cost of haul
g. Volume of waste and borrow
h. Cost of waste and borrow

Solution:

Balancing point is at Sta. 1+760

Length of fill = (1+760) – (1+460) = 300m
Length of cut = (2+060) – (1+760) = 300m

60m2
Sta. 1+460 300m A Sta. 1+760
FH cut 300m
mFH fill B Sta. 2+060
40m2

FHD=50m

a. Station of the limits of free haul (Station A and B)

 z

x 50-x

Solve for the value of x,y, and z

Using similar triangles

At fill:
𝑥 300
=
𝑦 40
4
𝑦= 𝑥 𝑒𝑞. 1
30

At cut:

50 − 𝑥 300
=
𝑧 60
1
𝑧 = (50 − 𝑥)𝑒𝑞. 2
5

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝑯 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝑯 𝒄𝒖𝒕

1 1
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧(50 − 𝑥) 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2
2 2
1 4 1 1
𝑥( 𝑥) = [ (50 − 𝑥)](50 − 𝑥)
2 30 2 5

𝑥 = 27.53𝑚
50 − 𝑥 = 22.47𝑚
4
𝑦= (27.53) = 3.67𝑚2
30
1
𝑧 = (50 − 27.53) = 4.49𝑚2
5

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴 = (1 + 760) − 𝑥
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴 = (1 + 760) − 27.53 = (𝟏 + 𝟕𝟑𝟐. 𝟒𝟕)

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵 = (1 + 760) + (50 − 𝑥)

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵 = (1 + 760) + (22.47) = (𝟏 + 𝟕𝟖𝟐. 𝟒𝟕)
 b. Volume of free haul
𝐴1𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 + 𝐴2𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝑉𝐹𝐻𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = ( )(𝐿)
2
3.67 + 0
𝑉𝐹𝐻𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = ( ) (27.53) = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝒎𝟑
2

𝐴1𝑐𝑢𝑡 + 𝐴2𝑐𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝐹𝐻𝑐𝑢𝑡 = ( )(𝐿)
2
0 + 4.49
𝑉𝐹𝐻𝑐𝑢𝑡 = ( ) (22.47) = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒎𝟑
2

c. Station of the limits of the economical haul

Solve for the length of economical haul

𝐶𝐵 𝐶
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 𝐹𝐻𝐷
𝐶𝐻
4(20)
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 50 = 450𝑚
0.2

d2
d1
b
C z OH cut

OH fill y D
a

x 50-x

c 450-c

LEH=450m

Solve for a,b and c

Using similar triangles

 At fill:
𝑐 300
=
𝑎 40
4
𝑎= 𝑐 𝑒𝑞. 1
30

At cut:

450 − 𝑐 300
=
𝑏 60
1
𝑏 = (50 − 𝑐)𝑒𝑞. 2
5

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑶𝑯 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑶𝑯 𝒄𝒖𝒕

1 1
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏(50 − 𝑐) 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2
2 2
1 4 1 1
𝑐( 𝑐) = [ (450 − 𝑐)](450 − 𝑐)
2 30 2 5

𝑐 = 247.73𝑚
450 − 𝑐 = 202.27𝑚
4
𝑎= (247.73) = 33.03𝑚2
30
1
𝑏 = (450 − 247.73) = 40.45𝑚2
5

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶 = (1 + 760) − 𝑐
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶 = (1 + 760) − 247.73 = (𝟏 + 𝟓𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟕)

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷 = (1 + 760) + (450 − 𝑐)

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷 = (1 + 760) + (202.27) = (𝟏 + 𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟐𝟕)

d. Overhaul volume

𝐴1𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 + 𝐴2𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝑉𝑂𝐻𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = ( ) (𝐿) − 𝑉𝐹𝐻𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙
2
33.03 + 0
𝑉𝑂𝐻𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = ( ) (247.73) − 50.52 = 𝟒𝟎𝟒𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝒎𝟑
2

𝐴1𝑐𝑢𝑡 + 𝐴2𝑐𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑂𝐻𝑐𝑢𝑡 = ( ) (𝐿) − 𝑉𝐹𝐻𝑐𝑢𝑡
2
0 + 40.45
𝑉𝑂𝐻𝑐𝑢𝑡 =( ) (202.27) − 50.45 = 𝟒𝟎𝟒𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝒎𝟑
2
e. Length of haul

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑎𝑢𝑙 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2
Use centroid formulas.

At fill:
d1
c-x=220.2

a=33.0 1 y=3.67
3
2

220.2 1 2𝑥220.2
{[3.67(220.2) ( 2 )] + [2 (220.2)(33 − 3.67) ( 3 )]}
𝑑1 =
4040.74
𝑑1 = 139.34𝑚

At cut:

d2

z=4.49 1 b=40.45

(450-c)-(50-x)=179.8m

179.8 1 2𝑥179.8
{[4.49(179.8) ( 2 )] + [2 (179.8)(40.45 − 4.49) ( 3 )]}
𝑑2 =
4040.46

𝑑2 = 113.87𝑚

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑎𝑢𝑙 = 139.34 + 113.87 = 𝟐𝟓𝟑. 𝟐𝟏𝒎

f. Cost of haul

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 (𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙)𝐶𝐻

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 =
𝑐
𝑉𝑂𝐻𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 + 𝑉𝑂𝐻𝑐𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 =
2
 4040.74 + 4040.46
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 = = 4040.6𝑚3
2

4040.6 (253.21)(0.2)
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 = = 𝑷𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟎
20

g. Volume of waste and borrow

Waste

Borrow

Volume of Borrow
40 + 𝑎
𝑉𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 = ( )(300 − 𝑐)
2
40 + 33.03
𝑉𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 = ( ) (300 − 247.73) = 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟖. 𝟔𝟒𝒎𝟑
2

Volume of Waste
60 + 𝑏
𝑉𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 = ( ) [300 − (450 − 𝑐)]
2

60 + 40.45
𝑉𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 = ( ) [300 − 202.27] = 𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟖. 𝟒𝟗𝒎𝟑
2

h. Cost of waste and borrow

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 = 𝑉𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 = 4908.49(350) = 𝑷𝟏, 𝟕𝟏𝟕, 𝟗𝟕𝟏. 𝟓

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 = 𝑉𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤)

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 = 1908.64(4) = 𝑷𝟕, 𝟔𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟔
References:
 Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 5th Edition by Mannering & Washburn
 Highway and Traffic Engineering 4th Edition by Garber & Hoel
 Elements of Roads and Highways 2nd Edition by Max B. Fajardo, Jr.