SVY801:- Advanced Computational Methods

LABORATORY ASSIGNMENT – 2021/2022

[This laboratory work is not a group work but individual assignment. You are warned not to allow
anyone to copy your work]

Note: Your reports must be presented in the form of a well-researched paper in order to
attract good grade. All data analysis must be done with MATLAB software.

Attempt the following questions: Duration: 3 weeks

Problem 1

Explain Clearly the Concept of the Projection Theorem of Vectors along the following lines:

a) Basic concepts
b) matrix form
c) its use for the solution of equations
c) its use for weighted least squares
d) its use as a data-vector processor
e) its use for kernel estimation

Problem 2:

Solve this set of equations using the iterative projection theorem.

(𝑥1 − 2)2 + (2𝑥22 − 6)2 − 5 = 0

(𝑥12 − 4)2 − (𝑥2 − 10)2 − 39 = 0

Take the provisional values of 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 as: 𝑥1 = 5,

𝑜

𝑜
𝑥2 = 5

Problem 3:

A group of geomatics engineering students is carrying out an environmental study for which the
values of the function 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 are required frequently. They decided that instead of reading
the values from the table of trigonometric values, they will rather have an approximating function
which can be included in their computer program. One of them suggested to use a quadratic
function to approximate both sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥 and then the ratio will provide values for tan 𝑥.
Another student postulated that it is better to represent 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 directly by a rational function of
the second degree. You are to explore this two approaches using the projection theorem and
confirm if there are differences and relative benefits of the two methods. In other words, you
𝑎𝑜 +𝑎1 𝑥+𝑎2 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑜 +𝑎1 𝑥+𝑎2 𝑥 2
are to fit = tan 𝑥 = , and 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 = = functions for values of 0 ≤ 𝑥 <
1+𝑏1 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑏𝑜+𝑏1 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑥 2
𝜋⁄ and compare the results. You may use the values of 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 up to 10 from the table. What
2
do you notice as you choose larger values such as 15, 20, 25, 30 data points? Is there any
advantage in using a three-degree polynomial? Use the F-test at 95% confidence level to test the
hypothesis that the results from the two approaches are the same.

Problem 4
a). Write Short Notes on the following
i. Conic Section in Surveying and Mapping.
ii. The Relevance of Mathematics in Surveying

b). Rewrite this parabolic equation in standard form and plot its graph x = y2 + 10y + 13.

c). i. Graph this equation of circle: x2 + y2 + 6x − 8y + 13 = 0

ii. Graph this elliptic equation: 2x2 + 9y2 + 16x − 90y + 239 = 0.
iii. Graph: 4x2 − 9y2 + 32x − 54y − 53 = 0.

Problem 5
The observed differences in level for the points in a level net shown in the Figure below are given
in the table below: Point A is a benchmark and has a fixed height of 100.00 m. Levelling has been
undertaken on all points in order to find the heights of points 𝑋, 𝑌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍. Using the projection
theorem, determine the best estimate of the heights of points 𝑋, 𝑌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍. You are also to set up
the 95% confidence interval estimates for the established heights. The observations are
uncorrelated and the standard errors of the observed differences in heights are believed to be:
𝜎∆ℎ = 0.017 √𝐾 𝑚, where 𝐾 is the line length in km

The observed height differences were:

Line Observed height difference Approximate line

length
AX 12.483 m 5 km
AY 48.351 m 10 km
AZ 5.492 7 km
XY 35.883 m 7 km
XZ -7.093m 12 km
YZ -42.956 m 9 km

Figure 1: A levelling network

Problem 6
The projection theorem may be used as a vector-data processor to achieve a least squares solution
of a geodetic control network problem. In Figure 2 below, the coordinates of points A and C are
known and new points B, D and E are to be established. Given the following dataset, carry out a
complete data analysis of the control network given below up to the stage of the error ellipses.
All coordinates and distances are in meters and the angles are in degrees, minutes and seconds.

The known coordinates of the points are:

A 10000.000 20000.000 known
C 1734.563 2002.972 Known

Figure 2: a control network

The observed angles are:

ABE 58° 02’ 29”
EBC 89° 45’ 36”
BCD 90° 25’ 48”
DEB 79° 41’ 30”
BEA 58° 26’ 17”

The observed distances are:

AB 404.453 m
AE 379.284m
BC 370.520 m
BE 441.701 m
CD 372.551 m
DE 377.841 m

The assumed standard errors for all angles is 5” and for all distances is 0.004 m.