EXTRACTION OF DYE FROM ORANGE PEEL

A Dissertation submitted in the partial fulfilments of the

requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

C.Chandana (11501010)
P.Mahesh Kumar (11501036)
R.Vishnu Mohan (11501037)
S.R.Sai Saran Reddy (11501044)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr.P.Akhila Swathanthra

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TIRUPATI-517502
April, 2019
2018-19
EXTRACTION OF DYE FROM ORANGE PEEL

A Dissertation submitted in the partial fulfilments of the

requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

C.Chandana (11501010)
P.Mahesh Kumar (11501036)
R.Vishnu Mohan (11501037)
S.R.Sai Saran Reddy (11501044)

Under the Esteemed guidance of

Dr.P.Akhila Swathanthra

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TIRUPATI-517502
April, 2019
2018-19
 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY
TIRUPATI–517502, A.P
2015-2019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project entitled “EXTRACTION OF DYE FROM

ORANGE PEEL” is being submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the
degree of “BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY” in the department of chemical
engineering, Sri Venkateswara university college of engineering, Sri
Venkateswara University, Tirupati and is a bonafide work carried out by

C.Chandana (11501010)
P.Mahesh Kumar (11501036)
R.Vishnu Mohan (11501037)
S.R.Sai Saran Reddy (11501044)

GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr.P. AKHILA SWATHANTHRA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
S.V.U COLLEGE OF ENGG.
SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY,
TIRUPATI, 517502.
B. SARATH BABU
DEPT. OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
S.V.U COLLEGE OF ENGG.
SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY,
TIRUPATI, 517502.
 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY
TIRUPATI–517502, A.P

Declaration
I declare that the dissertation entitled “EXTRACTION OF DYE FROM
ORANGE PEEL” is a bonafide work carried out by us in partial fulfillment of
requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY DEGREE with the
specialization in CHEMICAL ENGINEERING during the academic year 2015-2019.
To best of my knowledge, this work has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of
any degree.

Place :

Date :

C Chandana (11501010)
P.Mahesh Kumar (11501036)
R.Vishnu Mohan (11501037)
S.R.Sai Saran Reddy (11501044)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfactory and elation that accompany the successful

completion of any work would be incomplete without the mention
of people who have made it possible. It is our great privilege to
express our gratitude and respect to all those who have guided and
inspired us during the course of the project work.
Without the Grace of the Almighty, the presentation would not
have been possible.

We are heartily thankful to Dr.P.Akhila Swathanthra,

Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, SVUCE, Tirupati.
Whose encouragement, supervision, suggestion, support from
initial to the final level has enabled us to complete the project. The
respect gratitude for our supervisor cannot be expressed in words.

We also thank Dr.G.PRABHAKAR, Professor of Chemical

Engineering and Dr.B.SARATH BABU, Assistant Professor of
Chemical Engineering and all our faculty members and non-
teaching staff for their support in doing this project work.

C.Chandana (11501010)
P.Mahesh Kumar (11501036)
R.Vishnu Mohan (11501037)
S.R.Sai Saran Reddy (11501044)
 CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

LIST OF TABLES i-ii

LIST OF FIGURES iii-iv

ABSTRACT v

1. INTRODUCTION 1-20

1.1 Definition of Dye 1

1.2 Why do we need dyes? 2

1.3 History of dyes 3-11

1.3.1 Natural dyes 3

1.3.2 Mordants 8

1.3.3 Decline of natural dyes 9

1.3.4 Synthetic dyes 10

1.4 Types of dyes 12

1.5 Dyes from pigments 15-20

1.5.1Chlorophylls 16

1.5.2 Flavonoids 16

1.5.3 Betalains 16
 1.5.4 Carotenoids 17

2. DYE EXTRACTION METHODS 21-26

2.1 Soxhlet extraction 22

2.2 Aqueous extraction 23

2.3 Solvent extraction 24-26

2.3.1 Principles 24

2.3.2 Selection of solvent 25

2.3.3 Ethanol as a solvent 26

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 27-29

3.1 Materials used 27

3.2 Equipment used 28

3.3 Methodology 28

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 30-38

4.1 Weight and acidity analysis 30

4.2 Volume observations 33

4.3 Colorometric observation 34

5. CONCLUSION 39

6. BIBILOGRAPHY 40