Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita Book 1

Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and

Commentary

Geoffrey Steadman
Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita Book 1
Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary

First Edition

© 2019 by Geoffrey D. Steadman

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The Latin text is the Oxford Classical Text edited by Robert Conway and Charles
Walters in 1914.

ISBN-13: 978-0-9991884-8-4

Published by Geoffrey Steadman

Cover Design: David Steadman

Cover Image: Ancient World Mapping Center © 2019 (awmc.unc.edu). Used with
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 Table of Contents

Pages

Preface to the Series………………………………………………………………..v-vi

How to Use this Commentary……………………………………………………….vii
Notes on Livy’s Prose…………………………………………………………….viii-x
Running Core Vocabulary……………………………………………..……….....xi-xv
Abbreviations…………………………………………………..……………..........xviii

Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita Book I

Text and Commentary ……………………………….……………….…..…...…1-165

Livy’s Preface to Ab Urbe Condita

Text and Commentary …………………………...……………………………166-170

Correlatives…………...………………………………………………………….....171
Use of the Subjunctive…………...………………………………………….……...172
Verb Synopses…………...……………………………..……………………...173-177
Alphabetized Core Vocabulary…………...…………………………………...178-182
 v

Preface to the Series

The aim of this commentary is to make Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita Book 1 as accessible as
possible to intermediate and advanced level Latin readers so that they may experience the
joy, insight, and lasting influence that comes from reading one of greatest works in classical
antiquity in Latin.
Each page of the commentary includes 12 lines of Latin text from R. Conway and C.
Walter’s 1914 Oxford Classical Text with all corresponding vocabulary and grammar notes
below the Latin on the same page. The vocabulary contains all words occurring 7 or fewer
times, arranged alphabetically in two columns. The grammatical notes are organized
according to line numbers and likewise arranged in two columns. The advantage of this
format is that it allows me to include as much information as possible on a single page and
yet insure that entries are distinct and readily accessible to readers.
To complement the vocabulary within the commentary, I have added a list of words
occurring 8 or more times at the beginning of this book and recommend that readers review
this list before they read each section. An alphabetized form of the core list can be found in
the glossary. Together, this book has been designed in such a way that, once readers have
mastered the core list, they will be able to rely solely on the Latin text and commentary and
not need to turn a page or consult dictionaries as they read.
The grammatical notes are designed to help beginning readers read the text, and so I
have passed over detailed literary and historical explanations in favor of short, concise, and
frequent entries that focus exclusively on grammar and morphology. The notes are intended
to complement, not replace, an advanced-level commentary, and so I recommend that
readers consult an advanced-level commentary after each reading from this book. Assuming
that readers complete their initial study of Latin with varying levels of ability, I draw
attention to almost all subjunctive and accusative-infinitive constructions, identify unusual
verbs forms and noun constructions, and in general explain aspects of the Latin that they
should have encountered in their elementary review of Latin grammar but perhaps forgotten.
As a rule, I prefer to offer too much assistance rather than too little.
One of the virtues of this commentary is that it eliminates time-consuming dictionary
work. While there are occasions where a dictionary is necessary for developing a nuanced
reading of the Latin, in most instances any advantage that may come from looking up a word
vi

is outweighed by the time and effort spent in the process. Many continue to defend this
practice, but I am convinced that such work has little pedagogical value for intermediate and
advanced students and that the time saved can be better spent reading Latin, memorizing
vocabulary, mastering principal parts, and reading advanced-level commentaries and
secondary literature.
As an alternative to dictionary work, I recommend that readers review the running core
vocabulary list (8 or more times) as soon as possible. Once they have mastered these words,
I encourage them to single out, drill, and memorize the words that occur 5-7 times, for
example, as they encounter them in the reading. Many of the remaining words can be learned
in the context of reading and rereading the speech. Another viable approach is for readers to
review and memorize all of the corresponding vocabulary before they begin reading a
passage. Altogether, I am confident that readers who follow this regimen will learn the
vocabulary more efficiently and develop fluency more quickly than with traditional methods.
If you would like to suggest changes or download a free .pdf copy of this commentary,
please see one of the addresses below. All criticisms are welcome, and I would be very
grateful for your help.

Geoffrey Steadman, Ph.D.

geoffreysteadman@gmail.com
http://www.geoffreysteadman.com
 vii

How to Use this Commentary

Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of reading and
direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone. One of the purposes of this book
is to help readers identify the most frequent words and encourage active acquisition of vocabulary.
1. Read through the Notes on Livy’s Prose and familiarize yourself with the overview.
Familiarity with these topics will help relieve anxiety and enhance your enjoyment as you read.

2. Develop a regimen for memorizing vocabulary before you begin reading.

A. First, master the running core vocabulary listed on the following four pages.
Although very many core words (8 or more times) come within the first few lessons of the book,
readers have already learned most of these words in earlier levels of Latin and can devote their
efforts to mastering the handful of new vocabulary that they encounter. Use digital flashcards
available on the website to quiz yourself.
These core words are not found in the corresponding lists, and so if you encounter a word in
the text that you do not know, look it up in the alphabetized core list in the glossary and commit it
to memory.

B. Develop the habit of reviewing dictionary entries before you read.

The presence of the corresponding vocab lists (7 or fewer times) gives readers and instructors
several options for review. In a classroom, instructors may select words from each lesson that
they want students to review for a prereading exercise or post-reading test (words that occur 4-7
times, for example). Instructors may also ask students to memorize the entire vocabulary for the
lesson as a homework assignment and use the next class as an opportunity to assess mastery and
sight-read the reading passage. For readers who find such an exercise impractible, I recommend
that you review the word list however briefly before you read.
Readers and instructors can create their own online flashcards from any selection of words
within minutes by copying and pasting selected vocabulary entries from the pdf into a single list
and then copying and pasting that list into an online flashcard program such as Quizlet.com.
When the app requests how you wish to divide each entry, enter the colon ‘:’ and the app will
create flashcards with the Latin definiendum on one side and English definiens on the other.

3. Read actively and make lots of educated guesses

Develop the habit of making an educated guess under your breath before you consult notes or
dictionary entries. If you answer correctly, you will reaffirm your understanding of the Latin. If
you answer incorrectly, you will become more aware of your weaknesses and therefore more
capable of correcting them in the future. If you are honest, you will learn from your mistakes.

4. Reread a passage or lesson immediately after you have completed it.

Repeated readings not only help you commit Latin to memory but also increase your ability to
read the Latin as Latin. You learned to read in your first language through repeated readings of
the same books. Latin is no different. The more comfortable you are with older passages the more
easily you will read new ones.

5. Reread the most recent passage or lesson immediately before you begin a new one.
This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary, forms, and syntax
quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you with much-needed context as
you begin the next selection in the text.
viii

A Few Notes about Livy’s Prose

A. Indirect Discourse (Oratio Obliqua)

Livy writes so frequently in indirect discourse that it is not identified throughout the commentary
except in the initial pages and on particular occasions. Instead, the notes draw attention to the first
word, the accusative subject, and the infinitive and offer a concise translation hint (that…):
Aenēam…fuisse: that…
Extended indirect discourse that includes multiple clauses and few conjunctions is not unusual.
While Livy does use the verbs ferunt, ‘they report,’ (11 times) and trādunt, ‘they pass down,’ (4
times) to introduce extended indirect discourse, these verbs are not as common as one would think.

B. Ellipsis
Livy frequently omits the form esse in perfect passive and future active infinitives and the forms
est/sunt in 3s and 3p perfect passive verbs, and so esse, along with most instances of ellipsis in the
commentary, is regularly included in the notes in parentheses:
foedus ictum (esse): that…
appellāta (est)
C. Historical Infinitives:
Unlike infinitives in indirect discourse, historical infinitives govern a nominative subject, are
present in form, and translate as finite imperfect verbs. These infinitives are found at least 24 times
in Book 1. To make this construction less jarring, consider adding the verb dicitur/dicuntur.
fremere plēbs the plebs were muttering
à the plebs (are said) to mutter
D. Subjunctive of Subordinate Verb
Subordinate clauses—including relative, conditional (i.e. sī-clauses), and quod clauses—
automatically assume the subjunctive within indirect discourse and within other subjunctive
constructions such as cum clauses, purpose clauses and result clauses. These verbs are identified in
the notes with the phrase ‘subordinate verb in…’ (at least 66 times in Book 1) and in most cases
can be translated as one does an indicative:
postquam audīverit: pf. subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
Sometimes these subjunctives are over-determined: the verb is subjunctive of a subordinate verb in
indirect discourse, for example, but would also be subjunctive in direct discourse for other reasons.
In such instances, if the subjunctive requires a modal verb in translation, it is included in the notes.
This use of the subjunctive explains why causal quod clauses in direct speech may govern either
an indicative or a subjunctive. When Livy uses the indicative, he is expressing a cause from his
own point of view as a fact. When he employs the subjunctive, he is expressing a ‘reported cause’
or ‘alleged cause’ from a character’s point of view—a cause Livy himself may not accept. In
effect, when Livy uses the subjunctive, he is treating the quod clause as if it were a subordinate
clause in indirect speech expressing the character’s own thoughts.
A quod clause with subjunctive (at least 14 times in direct discourse in Book 1) is often called
‘reported cause’ but throughout this commentary is identified as ‘alleged cause.’
Verbs in clauses of comparison (e.g. quam clauses) do not behave the same way but instead
assume the same verb form for the same reason as the verb in the overarching clause: an infinitive
in indirect discourse and a subjunctive in cum, purpose, and result clauses. And so, when readers
encounter a subjunctive in a quam clause within a larger purpose clause, for example, the reason is
not ‘subordinate verb in…’ but subjunctive of purpose.
 Livy’s Prose ix

E. Relative of Characteristic
Most relative clauses with subjunctive in Book 1 are relative clauses of characteristic This
construction generally has one of three types of antecedents:
(1) a vague demonstrative such as is, ea, id (e.g. eī quī…)
(2) nēmō, nihil, or nūllus
(3) an indefinite pronoun, vague noun, or missing antecedent (e.g. quisquam, pastōrēs, urbēs)
The purpose of a relative clause of characteristic is to clarify what sort of person or what sort of
thing the vague antecedent is, and the clause is almost always a type of consecutive (result) clause
(i.e. quī = ut eī). You may translate the present and imperfect subj. two different ways (a) as a
potential subj. with the modal verb would (e.g. those who would give…) or (2) as an indicative
(e.g. those who give). Perfect and pluperfect subj. are translated in the indicative.
plūrēs inventī (sunt) quī…nōmina darent: Many were found who would give their names (p. 29)
This construction occurs at least 41 times in direct discourse alone. By contrast, relative of result
and relative of purpose (would/might) occur only 1 and 14 times respectively. And so, subjunctives
in most relative clauses in direct speech can be translated with modal ‘would’ or as an indicative.

F. Gerundives
On at least 62 occasions, Livy uses a noun + gerundive (fut. pass. pple) pair in the genitive, dative,
or accusative that is almost always more suitable to translate as a gerund (verbal noun) + obj. to
conform to English idiom. This conversion is called a gerund-gerundive flip:
flip
condendae urbī → condendō urbem
for the city to be founded for founding the city
On only 7 other occasions, the gerundive is used predicatively with an action verb (i.e. as a
accusative predicate) expressing purpose. In those cases, the translation ‘to be Xed,’ is appropriate.
Finally, there are 11 instances of the passive periphrastic (gerundive + esse) expressing necessity
or obligation. A dative of agent, often used with the periphrastic, occurs only 3 times in Book 1.
vēra dicenda sunt true things are to be said → true things must/have to be said

G. Fore and Foret

On 12 occasions, Livy uses the archaic verb form fore as the future active infinitive of sum—
equivalent to futūrum esse. On 2 other occasions Livy employs the archaic form foret/forent
(fore + ending) as an equivalent to esset/essent.
parvum Lāvīnium…fore that Lavinium would be small

H. Syncopated Verbs
On at least 27 occasions, Livy uses syncopated, “cut off,” 3p perfect verbs, where the -ērunt
ending has been contracted to –ēre. This practice is common in poetry but found less often in
Cicero and Caesar than in Sallust and Livy. On at least 7 occasions, Livy omits a letter or two from
the middle of a verb form. In the notes, parentheses are used to reveal the unsyncopated forms.
āmīsēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf. vocā(vē)runt

I. Historical Present
Livy frequently writes in the historical present—a tense believed to add vividness and immediacy
to historical narratives. Since Livy treats the historical present as a primary tense on some
occasions and as a secondary (past) tense in other occasions. Reader will find that a historical
present may govern subjunctives in either primary or secondary sequence.
Aenēas…Lāvīnium appellat Aeneas calls (the town) Lavinium
x Livy’s Prose

J. Impersonal Passive
Intransitive passive verbs (at least 29 pf. pass., 4 plpf. pass., and 3 pres. pass.) are impersonal
because they lack a suitable acc. obj. in the active to become the subject in pass.. In translation,
it is common to make the verb active.and supply a subject from context.
ventum est it has been come → they came
migrātum est it was migrated → they migrated

H. Double Accusative
In at least 40 instances, Livy uses a double accusative, particularly with the verb appellō, ‘call (x)
(y)’ and faciō, ‘make (x) (y)’ The first accusative is the direct object; the second, a predicate. At
times, the second accusative must be supplied from context.
appellat (oppidum) Lavīnium He calls (the town) Lavinium

I. Dative of Compound Verb

On at least 73 occasions, Livy chooses not to use a preposition with accusative or ablative and
instead employs a dative of compound verb. The easiest way to translate this dative is to translate
the prefix of the verb as a preposition and make the dative noun the object of that preposition.
Duōbus…Achīvōs abstinuisse the Achaians kept (away from) the two… (1.1)
orīginī…deōs adfuisse the gods were present (at) the beginning… (9.4)

J. Double Dative
At least 31 times, Livy use a dative of purpose. On 6 occasions, he adds a dative of interest to
create a double dative construction. Since a raw translation of the dative of purpose with the verb
sum is awkward in English, translate the verb and dative together as “serves as X” and omit the
preposition ‘to/for’ in English.
Rōmānīs auxiliō est. It is for help for the Romans.
à It serves as help for the Romans.
K. Ablative of Quality and Genitive of Description
Livy uses the ablative of quality at least 7 times and genitive of description 14 times. These
constructions are often an adjective-noun pair following closely after the noun that they modify,
but Livy and Sallust often employs these constructions as a predicate after the verb sum. Translate
both with the preposition ‘of’ in English.
bovēs mīrā speciē cattle of amazing appearance
quadringentōrum annōrum opus a work of 400 years
Note that the terms ‘quality’ and ‘description’ are used interchangably in different Latin grammars.
L. Ablative of Degree of Difference
Livy uses this ablative 25 times: most often with a comparative adjective or adverb and less often
with a superlative (multō, ‘by far’) or with post and ante. It is common to translate this ablative
with the preposition “by” or, more preferably, with a relatived adverb.
nihilō minus no less (less by nothing)
paulo ante a little before (before by a little)
Multō, paulō, and aliquantō are the most common uses of this ablative in book 1.
M. Ablative Constructions without prepositions
Livy frequently omits the preposition ‘in’ for ablative place where (at least 48 times) and less often
‘cum’ in abl. of accompaniment (at least 5 times) and single-term abl. of manner and ‘ab’ in abl. of
separation. These ellipses are mentioned in the notes.
(in) animō in mind

Running Core Vocabulary (8 or more times)
The following list includes all 425 words in Book I that occur eight or more times arranged in a running
vocabulary list. The number on the left of the dictionary entry indicates the page on which the word first occurs.
The number on the end of the entry indicates how many times the word occurs in Book I. These same dictionary
entries are found in an alphabetized list in the glossary.
1 ā, ab, abs: from, away from, by (abl), 153
1 ad: to, toward; near; for; in regard to (acc) 212
1 Aenēās, -ae m.: Aeneas, 17
1 appellō (1): call (by name), name, 32
1 auctor, -is m.: author, originator, promoter, 25
1 bellum, -ī, n.: war, 98
1 capiō, -ere, cēpī, captum: take, seize, 32
1 cēterī, -ae, -a: the other, remaining, 21
1 cum: with (abl); when, since, although, 209
1 deinde: then, thereupon, 49
1 domus, -ī f.: house, home; domī, at home, 35
1 dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductus: lead, draw, 13
1 duo, duae, duo: two, 35
1 dux, ducis m/f.: leader, guide, chieftain, 22
1 ē, ex: out from, from, out of; as a result of (abl), 108
1 et: and, also, even, 280
1 gēns, gentis f.: clan, family; race, people, 22
1 iam: now, already, soon, 55
1 in: in, on (abl) , into, against (acc), 352
1 inde: from there, then, afterward, 83
1 initium, -ī n.: beginning, entrance, 8
1 inter: between, among (acc), 51
1 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 332
1 iūs, iūris n.: justice, law, right; oath; court, trial, 31
1 locus -ī m. (pl. loca): place; pl. region, 55
1 maior, maius: greater, larger; older, 14
1 mare, maris n.: sea, 8
1 multitūdō, -tūdinis f.: population, multitude, 27
1 nōmen, nōminis, n.: name, 44
1 omnis, omne: every, all, 107
1 pāx, pācis f.: peace, 36
1 pellō, -ere, pepulī, pulsum: drive, beat, 8
1 prīmus -a -um: first, foremost; early, 56
1 quaerō, -ere, -sīvī, -sītum: seek, ask, 13
1 que: and, 420
1 quī, quae, quod (quis quid): who, which, 574
1 quia: because, seeing that, 31
1 reddō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: give back, render, 8
xi
1 rēs, reī, f.: matter, situation; restitution; state, 140
1 rēx, rēgis m.: king, 148
1 satis: enough, sufficiently, 19
1 sed: but, moreover, however, 56
1 sēdes, sēdis f.: seat; abode, home, 16
1 semper: always, forever, 9
1 sum, esse, fuī, futūrum: to be, 583
1 teneō, -ēre, -uī, tentum: hold, keep, 19
1 terra, -ae f.: land, earth, ground, 18
1 Troiānī, -ōrum m.: Trojans, 11
1 veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventus: come, 38
1 vocō (1): call, name; invite, summon, 22
2 aciēs, -ēī f.: battle line, army, 19
2 agō, -ere, ēgī, āctum: drive, lead, spend, 43
2 ager, agrī m.: land, field, territory, 27
2 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 75
2 arma, -ōrum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 24
2 armō (1): arm, equip, 37
2 atque: and, 43
2 aut: or; aut...aut, either…or, 37
2 classis, -is f.: fleet, 11
2 fāma, -ae f.: report, rumor, reputation, 13
2 hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 139
2 ibi: there, in that place; then, 36
2 īnstruō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: set up, arrange, 9
2 iungō, -ere, iunxī, -iunctum: join, 11
2 Latīnus, -a, -um: Latin; King Latinus, 55
2 nihil: nothing; adv. not at all, 18
2 praeda, -ae f.: plunder (=cattle), spoils, 18
2 prīmōrēs, -um m.: first ranks, leaders, 16
2 proelium, -iī n.: battle, 10
2 proficīscor, -ī, profectum: set out, 10
2 prope: near, close; adv. nearly, 17
2 ve: or, either…or, 9
2 signum, -ī n.: sign, signal; military-standard, 10
2 trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditum: hand over, say, 18
2 tum: then, at that time, 77
2 unde: from where, whence, 13
xii Ab Urbe Condita Book I Running Vocabulary
2 urbs, urbis, f.: city, 87
2 ut (utī): as, when (ind); that, so that, 190
2 vincō, -ere, vīcī, victum: conquer, beat, 13
2 vīs, vīs, f.: force, power; pl. vīrēs, strength, 52
3 animus, -ī m.: spirit, soul, mind; passion, anger, 79
3 apud: among, in the house/presence of (acc), 18
3 audiō, -īre, -īvī, audītum: hear, listen to, 25
3 certus, -a, -um: decided, fixed; sure, reliable, 15
3 condō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: found, establish, 20
3 dō, dare, dedī, datum: give, put; grant (+ inf), 67
3 deus, -ī m.: god, 54
3 dexter, -ra, -rum: right (hand); skilful, 11
3 dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus: say, speak, tell, 36
3 exercitus, -ūs m.: army, 37
3 faciō, -ere, fēcī, factum: make, do, 120
3 fidēs, eī f.: faith, trust, confidence; pledge, 19
3 fīlia, -iae f.: daughter, 11
3 fīlius, -iī m.: son, 26
3 foedus, -eris n.: treaty, alliance, 26
3 iciō, -ere, icī, ictum: strike, hit, 11
3 Lāvīnium, -ī n.: Lavinium (town), 8
3 novus, -a, -um: new, recent, strange, 31
3 oppidum, -ī n.: town, 8
3 parō (1): prepare, make ready, 17
3 parēns, -entis m.: parent, ancestor, 17
3 patria, -ae f.: fatherland, country, 15
3 postquam: after, when; after that, 12
3 pūblicus, -a, -um: public, of the people, 34
3 quoque: also, 46
3 spēs, -eī f.: hope, expectation, 23
3 stirps, stirpis f.: offspring; roots, lineage, 15
3 uxor, uxōris f.: wife, 9
3 vel: or, either…or, 8
3 vir, virī m.: man; husband, 42
4 abeō, -īre, -iī, -itus: go away, depart, 12
4 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 27
4 certāmen, -minis n.: contest, rivalry, combat 12
4 crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētum: grow, 14
4 īdem, eadem, idem: same, 31
4 etiam: also, even, 37
4 Etrūscus, -a, -um: Etruscan, 16
4 haud: by no means, not at all, 43
4 inferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: bring in, wage, 9
4 nec: and not, neither…nor, 87
4 ops, opis f.: power, help; pl. resources, wealth, 22
4 orīgō, orīginis f.: origin, 10
4 patior, -ī, passum: suffer, endure; allow, 11
4 petō, -ere, -īvī, petītum: seek, head for; attack, 17
4 plūs, plūris: more, many, 12
4 reor, -ī, ratus: think, reckon; ratify, confirm, 26
4 sē: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 126
4 simul: at the same time (as), 14
4 sōlus, -a, -um: only, alone, sole, 19
4 sub: under, beneath (abl), 15
4 tantus, -a, -um: so great/many/much; adv. only, 42
4 terror, terrōris m.: terror, fright, 8
4 Turnus, -ī m.: Turnus, 13
4 victor, -ōris m.: conquerer, vanquisher, 8
5 ac: and, 84
5 aetās, aetātis f.: age, lifetime, generation, time, 22
5 diēs, -ēī m./f.: day, time, 27
5 flūmen, -inis n.: river, 8
5 imperium, -iī n.: power, command, 48
5 impleō, -ēre, -ēvī, implētum: fill, fill up, 8
5 Iuppiter, Iovis, Iovī, Iovem, Iove m.: Jupiter, 23
5 magis: more, rather, 28
5 maneō, -ēre, mānsī: stay, wait, wait for, 12
5 moenia, -ōrum n.: city-walls, 10
5 nōn: not, 87
5 opus, -eris n.: work, project; opus est, is a need, 24
5 per: through, over, across, 49
5 populus, -ī m.: people; population, 89
5 possum, posse, potuī: be able, can; be powerful, 60
5 quamquam: although, 9
5 quīcumque, quae-, quod-: whosoever, which- 11
5 secundus, -a, -um: favorable; following (acc.), 10
5 sinō, -ere, sīvī, situm: let, permit; lay, 9
5 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their (own), 82
5 tamen: nevertheless, however, 36
5 tōtus, -a, -um: whole, entire, 12
5 ultimus, -a, -um: farthest, last, 12
5 uterque utra- utrum-: each (of two), both, 13
6 Alba Longa, -ae f.: Alba Longa (town), 15
6 Albānus -a -um: Alban, of Alba, 59
6 enim: for, indeed, in truth, 27
6 fuga, -ae f.: flight, retreat, 16
6 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 81
6 māter, matris f.: mother, 10
 Ab Urbe Condita Book I Running Vocabulary
6 mons, montis m.: mountain, 14
6 mulier, -is f.: woman, 12
6 nāscor, nascī, nātum: be born, 21
6 prō: before; for, in proportion to, in place of, 20
6 puer, -ī, m.: boy, 12
6 rēgnum, -ī n.: kingdom, kingship, 59
6 relinquō, -ere, -uī, -lictum: leave behind, 19
6 seu (sīve): or if; whether…or, 14
6 tam: so, so much, so very, 21
6 vetus, veteris: old, experienced, ancient, 11
7 annus, -ī m.: year, 24
7 audeō, -ēre, ausum sum: dare, venture, 11
7 conveniō -īre -vēnī -ventum: come together, 11
7 creō (1): create, appoint, 19
7 fīnis, -is m./f.: end; border, territory, 15
7 fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsum: spread out, pour, 11
7 ita: so, thus, 61
7 maximus, -a, -um: greatest; adv. especially, 32
7 mors, mortis, f.: death, 16
7 moveō, -ēre, -vī, mōtum: move, set in motion, 16
7 muliebris, -e: womanly, of a woman, 10
7 nē: lest, that not, so that not, 43
7 nunc: now, 20
7 orior, orīrī, ortum: arise, spring up, 19
7 posterus, -a, -um: following, next; posterity, 13
7 priscus, -a, -um: ancient; Tarquinius Priscus, 17
7 quīdam, quaedam, quoddam: certain, some, 15
7 quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly; for one’s part, 25
7 rēgnō (1): rule, reign, 33
7 Tiberis, -is m.: Tiber, 12
8 accipiō, -ere -cēpī -ceptum: receive, 19
8 addō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: bring to, add, 21
8 adimō, -ere, -ēmī, -ēmptum: take (away), 8
8 collis, -is m.: hill, 8
8 frāter, -tris m.: brother, 17
8 honor (honos), -ōris m.: honor; offering, 11
8 legō, -ere, lēgī, lectum: choose, select; read, 16
8 manus, -ūs f.: hand; band, group, 21
8 Numitor, -ōris m.: Numitor, 8
8 pars, partis, f.: part; direction, side, 27
8 pariō, -ere, peperī, partum: bring forth, produce, 8
8 pater, patris, m.: father; senator, 87
8 post: after, behind (acc); adv. afterward, next, 18
8 Rōmānus, -a, -um: Roman, 129
xiii
8 Rōmulus, -ī m.: Romulus, 43
8 scelus, sceleris n.: wickedness, crime, 14
8 species, -ēi f.: sight, look, appearance, 11
9 aqua, -ae f.: water, 10
9 ferō, -re, tulī, lātum: carry, bear, endure, 48
9 fors, fortis: chance; forte, by chance, 18
9 homō, -inis m/f: person, people, human, 25
9 iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussum: order, bid, 34
9 mittō, -ere, mīsī, missum: send, let go, 23
9 proximus, -a, -um: nearest, next, 13
9 rēgius, -a, -um: regal, of the king/queen, 10
9 sacerdōs, -dōtis m/f: priest, priestess, 8
9 ubi: where, when, 41
9 velut (velutī): just as, as if, as, 20
10 adeō: so, to such a degree, to such an extent, 8
10 circā: about, around, 19
10 corpus, corporis, n.: body, 23
10 dīvidō, -ere, -vīsī, -vīsum: divide, 8
10 ēdūcō (1): bring up, rear, train, 8
10 hinc: from here, hence, 8
10 impetus, -ūs m.: attack, assault, 13
10 inveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum: find, 8
10 itaque: and so, 18
10 mīrāculum, -ī n.: marvel, wonder, 10
10 pāstor, -is m.: shepherd, 9
10 rapiō, -ere, -uī, raptum: snatch, kidnap, 14
11 dedō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: give up, dedicate, 9
11 fiō, fierī, factum: become, be made, 29
11 genus, -eris n.: race, class, family; birth, 10
11 īnstituō, -ere, -ī, -tum: set up, establish, 16
11 īra, īrae f.: anger; passion, 15
11 iuvenis, -is m.: youth, young man, 30
11 modus, -ī m.: way, manner; modo, only, 21
11 multus, -a, -um: much, many, 24
11 ob: on account of, because of (acc), 11
11 Palātinum, -iī n.: Palatine hill, 9
11 Remus, -ī m.: Remus, 10
11 sollemnis, -e: regular; sacrifice, sollemn rite, 13
12 aperiō, -īre, -uī, -ertum: open, disclose, 10
12 habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum: have, hold; consider, 29
12 metus, -ūs f.: dread, fear, 14
12 nam: for, 13
12 perveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum: arrive, come to, 10
12 prior, prius: before, earlier, 25
xiv Ab Urbe Condita Book I Running Vocabulary
12 quīn: why not?; that, but that, 8
12 sciō, -īre, -īvī. -ītus: know, 16
12 sīc: thus, in this way, 11
12 tempus, -poris n.: time, 21
13 arx, arcis m.: citadel, hilltop, 16
13 caedēs, -is f.: murder, killing, 15
13 concilium, -iī n.: meeting, council, 12
13 hostis, -is m./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 43
13 medius, -a, -um: middle of, 14
13 pār, paris: equal, 9
13 praesidium, -iī n.: protection, garrison, 11
13 rēgia, -ae f.: palace, royal house, 25
13 sequor, -ī, secūtum: follow, pursue; attend, 21
13 tumultus, -ūs m.: tumult, uproar, confusion, 9
13 videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsum: see; videor, seem, 61
14 augurium, -ī n.: augury, divination, 9
14 facilis, -e: easy, 9
14 malus, -a, -um: bad, wicked, evil, 14
14 parvus, -a, -um: small, little, 8
14 templum, -ī n.: temple, 21
14 vōx, vōcis, f.: voice, utterance, word, 19
15 adiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: add, throw to, 8
15 avis, avis f.: bird, 9
15 cadō, -ere, cecidī, cāsum: fall, 8
15 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 61
15 interficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: kill, 8
15 meus, -a, -um: my, mine, 12
15 mūrus, -ī m.: wall, rampart, 10
15 numerus, -ī m.: number; group, 16
15 nūntiō (1): announce, report, 12
15 sacer, -cra, -crum: sacred; sacra, sacred rites, 21
15 verbum, -ī n.: word, speech, 12
15 vertō, -ere, -tī, versum: turn, change, 16
16 absum, -esse, āfuī: be away, be absent, 8
16 āvertō, -ere, -vertī: turn aside or away, 11
16 bōs, bovis m/f: cow, ox, bull, cattle, 10
16 exciō, -īre, -ivī, -itum: rouse, draw out, 9
16 ferōx, -ōcis: fierce, savage, 19
16 quisque, quidque: each, every, whatever, 27
16 sī: if, whether, 55
16 volō, velle, voluī: will, wish, be willing, 17
17 ars, artis f.: skill, craft, art, 13
17 crēdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: believe, trust, 28
17 īnfēstus, -a, -um: hostile, insecure, 9
18 augeō, -ēre, -xī, -ctum: increase, enrich, 18
18 caelestis, -e: celestial, of the gods; the gods, 11
18 causa, -ae f.: reason; causā for the sake of, 18
18 dē: down from, about, concerning (abl), 31
18 hūmānus, -a, -um: human, humane, 14
18 inquam, inquis, inquit: say (direct speech), 29
18 eō, īre, iī, itūrum: go, 18
18 ego, meī, mihi, mē, mē: I, 34
18 mīror, -ārī, -ātum: wonder, be amazed/surprised, 8
18 tū, tuī, tibi, tē, tē: you, 33
18 tuus, -a, -um: your, yours, 14
19 dīvīnus, -a, -um: divine, 11
19 dōnec: until, 10
19 lēx, lēgis f.: law; term, condition, regulation, 13
19 nūllus, -a, -um: none, no, not any, 17
19 peregrīnus, -ī m.: foreigner, stranger, 11
19 servus, -ī, m.: slave, 9
19 ūnus, -a, -um: one, single, 34
19 virtūs, -ūtis f.: valor, manliness, virtue, 9
20 commūnis, -e: common, 9
20 fīnitimus -a -um: neighboring, bordering, 9
20 īnsignis, -e: distinguished, noted; insigne badge, 9
20 līctor, līctōris m.: lictor (bodyguard), 9
20 magnitūdo, -tūdinis f.: size, greatness, 9
20 singulī, -ae, -a: one by one, individual, 13
21 centum: hundred, 9
21 coepī, coepisse, coeptum: begin, 10
21 cōnsilium, -iī n.: plan, advice; council, 29
21 līber, lībera, līberum: free, 9
21 sine: without (abl), 19
22 cīvitās. cīvitātis f.: city-state, state, city, 35
22 īnfimus, -a, -um: lowest; bottom of, 9
22 lēgātus, -ī m.: legate, ambassador, envoy, 10
22 magnus, -a, -um: great, large; important, 31
22 quippe: certainly, of course, obviously, 8
23 dubius, -a, -um: doubtful, uncertain, unsure, 9
23 indīcō, -ere, -dīxī: inform, declare, appoint, 16
23 līberī, -ōrum n.: children, 13
23 quantus, -a, -um: how great/much, as great as, 12
23 Sabīnus, -a, -um: Sabine, 45
23 spectāculum, -ī n.: spectacle; spectator’s seat, 9
24 plēbs, plēbis, f.: plebs, masses, 17
25 fortūna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 18
25 ingenium, -ī n.: character, talent, 16
 Ab Urbe Condita Book I Running Vocabulary
25 iniūria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 10
25 minor, minus: smaller, less, 27
26 regiō, -ōnis f.: region, district, 9
26 Tatius, -ī m.: Tatius, 12
26 trēs, tria: three, 12
27 gerō, -ere, gessī, gestus: carry on, wage, 19
27 spolium, -iī n.: spoils, loot, booty, 8
28 clāmor, -is f.: shout, cry, 9
28 decus, decōris n.: distinction, honor, adornment, 7
28 igitur: therefore, then, accordingly, 10
28 Rōma, -ae f.: Rome, 51
28 victōria, -ae f.: victory, 9
29 aliēnus, -a, -um: of another, foreign, 11
29 contrā: against (acc); in response, opposite, 10
30 exemplum, -ī n.: example, 8
31 inclīnō (1): incline, lean, bend, turn, 10
31 Mettius, -ī m.: Mettius, 16
31 monumentum, -ī n.: monument, memorial, 8
31 porta, -ae f.: gate, 13
31 prīnceps, -cipis m.: leader; foremost, leading, 9
31 pugna, -ae f.: fight, 19
31 utrimque: on both sides, 10
32 equus, -ī m.: horse, 11
32 longē: far, by far, far and wide, 10
33 nōs, nostrī, nōbīs, nōs, nōbīs: we, us, 8
33 pavor, -is m.: panic, terror, 10
33 vōs, vestrī, vōbīs, vōs, vōbis: you (all), 15
34 aliquis, aliquid (adj. -quī, -qua, -quod): someone,
something, anyone, anything; adj. some, any, 14
34 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two); one…another, 18 61 Cūriātius, -ī m.: Curiatius, 9
34 cūria, ae f.: curia (district); senate house, 15
34 Quirītēs, -ium m.: Quirites (Romans), 11
34 statuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus: establish, set up; decide, 8
34 vulnus (volnus), -eris n.: wound, blow, 9
35 centuria, -ae f.: century (unit), 21
35 eques, equitis m.: horseman, equestrian, 17
36 Fīdēnātēs, -ium m.: people of Fidenae, 10
36 nūntius, -iī m.: messenger, 11
36 occupō (1): seize, occupy, 8
36 neque: and not; neither…nor, 24
37 castra, -ōrum n.: camp, 18
37 mīlle (pl. mīlia): thousand, 13
38 repetō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum: seek again or back, 15
38 Vēiēns, -entis m.: Veientii (people), 12
xv
38 vērus, -a, -um: true, real; vērō, actually, indeed, 11
39 mōs, mōris m.: custom, habit; morals, character, 13
39 pōnō, -ere, posuī, positum: put, place, 13
39 redeō, -īre, -īvī: go/come back, return, 21
39 trānseō, -īre, -iī, itus: go across or over, cross, 8
40 mīlitia, -ae f.: military service, 8
42 caput, capitis, n.: head; life, 23
43 ōrdō, -inis m.: order, rank, line, 11
44 summus, -a, -um: highest, top of; subst. sum, 16
45 bonus, -a, -um: good, kind, noble, 13
46 habitō (1): inhabit, dwell, live, 9
46 Numa, -ae m.: Numa Pompilius, 23
46 quisquam, quicquam (quidquam): anyone,
something, someone, something, 17
46 Servius, -ī m.: Servius, 21
47 acciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: rouse to, summon, 8
47 cīvis, -is m/f: citizen, 15
48 peragō, -ere, -ēgī: carry/drive through, continue, 8
49 noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 9
50 cūra, -ae f.: care, concern, worry, 9
51 ordior, -īrī, -sum: begin, undertake, 8
52 prīvātus, -a, -um: private, 8
53 cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, consultum: consult, 9
53 prōdigium, -ī n.: prodigy, omen, 13
55 adversus, -a, -um: opposite; against (acc), 16
55 Tullus, -ī m.: Tullus, 39
56 glōria, -ae f.: glory, 8
58 ingēns, ingentis: huge, immense, 11
60 imperō (1): order, command, 8
61 ferrum, -ī n.: iron; sword, 8
61 Horātius, -ī m.: Horatius, 10
64 gladius, -ī m.: sword, 11
74 fānum, -ī n.: shrine, 8
86 Ancus, -ī m.: Ancus, 15
94 Tarquinius, -ī m.: Tarquinius, 66
97 L.: Lucius, 11
105 Collātīnus, -ī m.: Collatinus (name), 7
116 cēnsus, -ūs m.: census, registration, 10
122 Diāna, -ae f.: Diana, 8
143 Gabiī, -ōrum m.: Gabii (town), 8
146 Sex.: Sextus, 8
152 Brūtus, -ī m.: Brutus, 13
156 Lucrētia, -iae f.: Lucretia, 12
xvi

Abbreviations
abs. absolute gen. genitive PPP perfect passive pple.
acc. accusative imper. imperative pple. participle
act. active impers. impersonal pass passive
adj. adjective impf. imperfect pf. perfect
adv. adverb ind. indirect plpf. pluperfect
app. appositive indic. indicative pred. predicate
comp. comparative inf. infinitive pres. present
dat. dative inter. interrogative rel. relative
dep. deponent m. masculine s, sg. singular
dir. direct n. neuter seq. sequence
disc. discourse nom. nominative subj. subject, subjunctive
f. feminine obj. object superl. superlative
fut. future p. pl. plural voc. vocative
1s, 2s, 3s 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular 1p, 2p, 3p 1st, 2nd, 3rd person plural

Citations: Livy (ca. 59 BC - AD 17) wrote Ab Urbe Condita in 142 books that covered the
period from the founding of Rome in 753 BC to the Augustan Age in AD 9, and only 35
books have survived today. The books are traditionally divided into chapters (or sections)
roughly equal in length, and Book I contains 60 chapters. When citing a passage in Book I, it
is common to include the book as a Roman or Arabic numeral and the chapter as an Arabic
numeral: I.14 or 1.14 is therefore chapter 14 in Book I.
The editors of this Oxford Classical text, Robert Conway and Charles Walters, subdivided
the 60 chapters into sections (or subsections), which are often appended as an Arabic
numeral to create a more precise citation: I.14.2 is section 2 in chapter 14 of Book I. In this
commentary, the chapter and section numbers are embedded in the Latin text and included in
the heading for easy reference. The line numbers 1-12 in right margin of the Latin text are
used just in this commentary and should not be included when citing the text.

Additional Resources
Intermediate level Commentary
Gould H.E. and Whiteley, J.L. Livy: Book 1. London, 1939.
Jaegar, M. A Livy Reader: Selections From Ab Urbe Condita: Wauconda, 2011.
Minkova, M. and Tunberg, T. Reading Livy’s Rome: Selections From Books I-VI: Wauconda, 2005.

Advanced level Commentary

Ogilvie R.M. A Commentary on Livy: Books 1-5. Oxford, 1965.

General
Chaplin, J.D. Livy’s Exemplary History. New York, 2000.
Jaeger, M. Livy’s Written Rome. Ann Arbor, 1997.
Luce T.J. Livy: The Composition of His History. Princeton, 1977.
Miles G.B. Livy: Reconstructing Early Rome. Ithaca, 1995.
Walsh P.G. Livy: His Historical Aims and Methods. Cambridge, 1961.
To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood.
- von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff
 Foundation Legends 1.1-4

1. iam prīmum omnium satis cōnstat Troiā captā in cēterōs 1

saevītum esse Troiānōs, duōbus, Aenēae Antēnōrīque, et vetustī
iūre hospitiī et quia pācis reddendaeque Helenae semper auctōrēs
fuerant, omne iūs bellī Achīvōs abstinuisse; 2. Cāsibus deinde
variīs Antēnōrem cum multitūdine Ēnētum, quī sēditiōne ex 5
Paphlagoniā pulsī et sēdēs et ducem rēge Pylaemene ad Troiam
āmissō quaerēbant, vēnisse in intimum maris Hadriatīcī sinum, 3.
Euganeīsque quī inter mare Alpēsque incolēbant pulsīs Ēnētōs
Troiānōsque eās tenuisse terrās. et in quem prīmō ēgressī sunt
locum Troia vocātur pāgōque inde Troiānō nōmen est: gēns 10
ūniversa Venetī appellātī. 4. Aenēam ab similī clāde domō
profugum sed ad maiōra rērum initia dūcentibus fātīs, prīmō in
abstineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum: hold back, 3 incolō, -ere, -uī: inhabit, dwell on, 2
Achīvī, -ōrum m.: Archaians (Greeks), 1 intimus, -a, -um: inmost, 1
Alpēs, -ium f.: Alps, 2 pāgus, -ī m.: district, 1
āmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: lose, let go, 7 Paphlagonia, -ae f.: Paphlagonia, 1
Antēnor, -is m.: Antenor, 2 profugus, -ī m.: fugitive, refugee, 4
cāsus, -ūs m.: misfortune, accident, event, 4 Pylaemenes, -is m.: Pylamenes, 1
clādes, -is f.: disaster, destruction, loss, 5 saeviō, -īre, -īvī, -itum: be savage, 2
cōnstō, -āre, -stitī: it is agreed; stand firm, 6 sēditiō, -tiōnis f.: insurrection, riot, 2
ēgredior, -ī, -gressus: go out, disembark, 5 similis, -e: similar to, like (dat), 6
Ēnētī, -um m.: Enetians (of Paphlagonia), 2 sinus, -ūs m.: bay, gulf; bosom, lap, 1
Euganeī, -ōrum, m.: Euganei (people), 1 Troia, -ae f.: Troy, 5
fātum, -ī n.: fate, ruin, death, 5 ūniversus, -a, -um: one and all, entire, whole, 4
Hadriāticus, -a, -um: Adriatic, 1 varius, -a, -um: various, alternating, 6
Helena, -ae f.: Helen, 1 Venetī, -ōrum m.: Veneti (people), 1
hospitium, ī n.: guest-friendship/hospitality, 6 vetustus, -a, -um: ancient, old, 4
1 prīmum omnium: adv. acc. + partitive gen. 5 Antēnōrem…vēnisse: that…
cōnstat: it is agreed that; impers. verb governs sēditiōne: because of…; abl. cause
all the ind. disc. (acc. + inf.) below 6 pulsī: PPP, pellō, modifying nom. pl. quī
Troiā captā: abl. abs. rēge…āmissō: abl. abs.
in cēterōs…Troiānōs: against… 8 Euganeīs…pulsīs: abl. abs., PPP pellō
2 saevītum esse: that they were savage toward…; Ēnētōs…tenuisse: that…
ind. disc.with impers. pf. pass.: make 3p active 9 eās: those; demonstrative adj. with terrās
(et) duōbus…Achīvōs abstinuisse: (and) that in quem…locum: (the city) into which…;
from…; ind. disc., Achīvōs is acc. subj.; missing antecedent is subject of vocātur and
duōbus…Antēnōrī is dat. of compound verb Troia is nom. pred.; pf. dep. ēgredior
(add preposition ab ‘from’ from the verb) ēgressī sunt: pf. dep.
et..iure…et quia…fuerant: both (because of)… 10 pāgō…est: to…; dat. of possession
and because…; abl. of cause and causal clause Troiānō: “Trojan;” nom. attracted into the dat.
vetustī…hospitiī: gen. sg. of pāgō
3 reddendaeque Helenae: of…; noun + gerundive 11 appellātī (sunt): 3s subject and 3p nom. pred.
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as Aenēam…vēnisse: (and) that…
gerund (-ing) + obj., reddō ab: i.e. as a result of…
4 fuerant: the subject is Aeneas and Antenor domō: from…; abl. separation
omne iūs bellī: every right of war; i.e. the 12 maiōra: comparative magnus with neut. initia
privilege of a victor to mistreat the defeated dūcentibus fātīs: abl. abs.
cāsibus variīs: by…; abl. cause prīmō: at first

1
1.4-7 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

Macedoniam vēnisse, inde in Siciliam quaerentem sēdēs dēlātum, 1

ab Siciliā classe ad Laurentem agrum tenuisse. 5. Troia et huic locō
nōmen est. ibi ēgressī Troiānī, ut quibus ab immēnsō prope errōre
nihil praeter arma et nāvēs superesset, cum praedam ex agrīs
agerent, Latīnus rēx Aborīginēsque quī tum ea tenēbant loca ad 5
arcendam vim advenārum armātī ex urbe atque agrīs concurrunt.
6. Duplex inde fāma est. aliī proeliō victum Latīnum pācem cum
Aenēā, deinde adfīnitātem iūnxisse trādunt: 7. Aliī, cum īnstrūctae
aciēs cōnstitissent, priusquam signa canerent prōcessisse Latīnum
inter prīmōrēs ducemque advenārum ēvocāsse ad conloquium; 10
percontātum deinde quī mortālēs essent, unde aut quō cāsū profectī
domō quidve quaerentēs in agrum Laurentīnum exīssent,
Aborīginēs, -um m.: Aborīgines, 5 exeō, -īre, -iī, -itus: go out, 6
adfīnitās, -tātis f.: relationship (by marriage), 3 immēnsus, -a, -um: immense, 2
advena, ae m.: foreigner, immigrant, 7 Laurentēs, -um m.: Laurentines (people), 3
arceō, -ēre, -uī: fend/shut off, keep away, 5 Laurentinus, -a, -um: of Laurentum, 1
canō, -ere, cecinī, cantum: sing, prophesy, 5 Macedonia, -ae f.: Macedonia, 1
cāsus, -ūs m.: misfortune, accident, event, 4 mortālis, -e: mortal, 6
concurrō, -ere, -currī: clash, gather, 2 nāvis, nāvis, f.: ship, boat, 1
conloquium, -iī n.: conversation, 1 percontor, -ārī, -ātum: inquire, 1
cōnstō, -āre, -stitī: it is agreed; stand firm, 6 praeter: except, besides, 5
dēferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: carry away, bring, 5 priusquam: before, sooner than, 7
duplex (duplicis): double, 3 prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum; proceed, 5
ēgredior, -ī, -gressus: go out, disembark, 5 Sicilia, -ae f.: Sicily, 2
error, errōris m.: wandering; uncertainty, 3 supersum, -esse, -fuī: remain, survive, be left, 5
ēvocō (1): call out, challenge, 3 Troia, -ae f.: Troy, 5

1 vēnisse: pf. inf.; Aenēam is acc. subject aliī…Aliī…: some…others…

inde…dēlātum (esse): that then (he)…; pf.
pass. inf. in the same ind. disc.
quaerentem sedēs: modifies Aenēam
2 ab…tenuisse: that (he)…; i.e. took possession
of; same ind. disc. with pf. inf.
et: also, too; adv.
huic locō: dat. of possession
3 ēgressī: dep. PPP; translate as ‘having Xed’
ut quibus…superesset: just as (those) for
whom…; a clause of comparison and quibus
begins a rel. clause of characteristic with impf.
subj.; quibus is dat. of interest
4 cum…agerent: cum-clause with impf. subj.; the
praeda are cattle and agō therefore means ‘drive’
5 ea…loca: locus in acc. pl. and nom. pl. is neut.
ad arcendam vim: for…; noun + gerundive:
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.; ad expresses purpose
7 fāma: report; i.e. story
proeliō vīctum (esse) Latīnum…iūnxisse:
that…; ind. disc. with pf. pass. and pf. act. inf.
following trādunt, ‘say, hand down by tradition’
8 Aliī (trādunt): others (say)…
cum…cōnstitissent: plpf. subj.
9 priusquam signa canerent: i.e. from blaring
horns; temporal with impf. subj. of anticipation
prōcessisse Latīnum…ēvōcā(vi)sse: that
Latinus…; ind. disc. with pf. inf. following aliī
(trādunt) above
11 quī…essent: first of a series of ind. questions,
here with impf. subj. sum
quō cāsū: by what…; quō is an inter. adj.
profectī: dep. PPP proficīscor: translate as
‘having Xed’
12 domō: abl. place from which
quidve…exīssent: or what…; ind. question with
plpf. subj. exeō

2
 Foundation Legends 1.8-11

8. postquam audīerit multitūdinem Troiānōs esse, ducem Aenēam 1

fīlium Anchīsae et Veneris, cremātā patriā domō profugōs, sēdem
condendaeque urbī locum quaerere, et nōbilitātem admīrātum
gentis virīque et animum vel bellō vel pācī parātum, dextrā datā
fidem futūrae amīcitiae sānxisse. 9. Inde foedus ictum inter ducēs, 5
inter exercitūs salūtātiōnem factam. Aenēam apud Latīnum fuisse
in hospitiō; ibi Latīnum apud Penātēs deōs domesticum pūblicō
adiūnxisse foedus fīliā Aenēae in mātrimōnium datā. 10. Ea rēs
utique Troiānīs spem adfirmat tandem stabilī certāque sēde
fīniendī errōris. oppidum condunt; 11. Aenēās ab nōmine uxōris 10
Lāvīnium appellat. brevī stirpis quoque virīlis ex novō mātrimōniō
fuit, cui Ascanium parentēs dīxēre nōmen.
adfirmō (1): affirm, strengthen, confirm, 3 mātrimōnium, -iī n.: marriage, 6
adiungō, -ere, -iunxī, -iunctum: join to, add to, 1 nōbilitās, -tātis f.: nobility, renown, 4
admiror, -ārī, -ātum: admire, 1 patrius, -a, -um: of a father, ancestral, 7
amīcitia, -ae, f.: friendship; alliance, 3 Penātēs, -ium m.: Penates, 4
Anchīses, -ae m.: Anchises, 1 profugus, -ī m.: fugitive, refugee, 4
Ascānius, -iī m.: Ascanius, 5 salūtātiō, -tiōnis f.: greeting; ceremonial visit, 1
brevis, -e: short, brief, 5 sanciō, -īre, sānxī: make sacred, sanctify, 2
cremō (1): burn; cremate, burn in burial, 1 stabilis, -e: steadfast, stable, 2
domesticus, -a, -um: of a house, 4 tandem: finally, at last, in the end, 4
error, errōris m.: wandering; uncertainty, 3 utique: in any case, anyhow, 1
finiō, -īre, -i(v)ī: to limit, end, enclose, 3 virīlis, -e: of a man, masculine, 4
hospitium, ī n.: guest-friendship/hospitality, 6

1 audī(v)erit: subj. of subordinate verb in ind.
disc.; pf. subj. (translate as pf. indicative)
multitūdinem…esse: that…
(et) ducem (esse) Aenēam…Veneris: (and)
that…
2 (et) cremātā patriā domō: abl. abs., domus is
fem. and patriā is an adj. from patrius
profugōs…quaerere: that…
3 condendae urbī: for…; dat. of purpose; noun +
gerundive: perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
et (eum) nōbilitātem admīrātum…sānxisse:
and that (he) having…; Latinus is the missing
subject of pf. inf.; nōbilitātem is obj. of dep. PPP
admirātum: dep PPP: translate ‘having Xed’
4 bellō…pācī…: for…; dat. of purpose
dextrā datā: abl. abs., i.e. in oath-taking
5 futūrae: fut. pple. sum
foedus ictum (esse): that…; pf. pass. iciō; an
extended ind. disc. governed by trādunt above
salūtātiōnem factam (esse): that…; pf. pass inf.
Aenēam…fuisse: that…;. pf. inf. sum
7 Latīnum…adiūnxisse: that…; pf. inf.
apud penātēs deōs: in the presence of...; the
two nouns refer to the same thing
pūblicō (foederī): to the public treaty; dat. of
compound
8 fīliā…datā: abl. abs.
Ea rēs: i.e. the marriage of Aeneas ot Lavinia
9 Troiānīs: for…; dat. interest
10 fīniendī errōris: of…; objective gen. with
spem; perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
ab nōmine uxōris: i.e. Lavinia
11 appellat (oppidum): governs a double acc.
(obj. and pred.)
brevī (tempore): in…; abl. time when
12 cui: dat. ind. obj.
dīxēr(unt): syncopates 3p pf.

3
2.1-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

2. bellō deinde Aborīginēs Troiānīque simul petītī. Turnus rēx 1

Rutulōrum, cui pacta Lāvīnia ante adventum Aenēae fuerat,
praelātum sibi advenam aegrē patiēns simul Aenēae Latīnōque
bellum intulerat. 2. neutra aciēs laeta ex eō certāmine abiit: victī
Rutulī: victōrēs Aborīginēs Troiānīque ducem Latīnum āmīsēre. 3. 5
inde Turnus Rutulīque diffīsī rēbus ad flōrentēs opēs Etrūscōrum
Mezentiumque rēgem eōrum cōnfugiunt, quī Caere opulentō tum
oppidō imperitāns, iam inde ab initiō minimē laetus novae orīgine
urbis et tum nimiō plūs quam satis tūtum esset accolīs rem
Troiānam crēscere ratus, haud gravātim socia arma Rutulīs iūnxit. 10
4. Aenēās adversus tantī bellī terrōrem ut animōs Aborīginum
sibi conciliāret nec sub eōdem iūre sōlum sed etiam nōmine omnēs
Aborīginēs, -um m.: Aborīgines, 5 imperitō (1): command, rule over (dat), 4
accola, -ae f.: neighbor, 3 laetus, -a, -um: happy, fortunate; abundant, rich, 6
adventus, -ūs m.: arrival, approach, 6 Lāvīnia, -ae f.: Lavinia, 2
advertō, -ere, -tī, -versum: turn to, notice, 2 Mezentius, -ī m.: Mezentius, 2
advena, ae m.: foreigner, immigrant, 7 minimus, -a, -um: very little; adv. least, 6
aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, injured; adv. poorly, 6 neuter, neutra, neutrum: neither, 2
āmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: lose, let go, 7 nimius, -a, -um: excessive, too much, 1
Caere (no gen.) n.: Caere (town), 2 opulentus, -a, -um: opulent, wealthy, 5
conciliō (1): win over, unite (dat.), 6 pacīscō, -ere, , pactum: agree upon; betroth, 2
cōnfugiō, -ere, -fūgī: flee, 2 praeferō, -ferre, -tulī -lātum: prefer; put before, 2
diffīdō, -ere, -fidī, -fīsum: distrust, have no Rutulus, -ī m.: Rutulians, 6
confidence in, 1 socius, -ī m.: ally, companion, comrade, 5
floreō, -ēre, -uī: bloom, flower, flourish, 2 tūtus, -a, -um: safe, secure, guarded, 4
gravātim: reluctantly, 1

1 bellō: in…; means
petītī (sunt): The Aborigines refer to the Latins 9 et tum…ratus: and having…; extended pple
led by Latinus.
2 cui: to whom; dat. interest
pacta…fuerat: had been (once)…; either PPP
pasciscō; or “a betrothed woman,’ a substantive
from the PPP; the use of fuerat rather than erat
in the plpf. pass. stresses the completedness of
the action: i.e. once betrothed but no more
3 praelātum (esse)…advenam: that…; pf. pass.
sibi: over…; dat. of compound verb
Aenēae Latīnōque: upon…; dat. of compound
4 intulerat: plpf. inferō
abiit: pf. abeō
victī (sunt): pf. pass. vincō
5 āmīsēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
7 Caēre: at…; locative, opulentō oppidō is in
apposition
8 minimē: least; superl. adv.
novae orīgine urbis: because of…; abl. of cause
following laetus; unhappy with the rise of Rome
phrase with dep. PPP reor: ‘having Xed’
nimiō: too; ‘by too much,’ an abl. degree of
difference with comparative plūs
quam…esset accolīs: than…; clause of
comparison with impf. subj. sum; subj. of a
subordinate clause in ind. disc.
accolīs: dat. of interest
rem Troiānum crēscere: that the Trojan
state…; ind. disc. governing nimiō plūs…accolīs
11 terrōrem: to…; obj. of adversus, PPP advertō;
adversus elsewhere in the commentary is a
common preposition: ‘against’ + acc.
ut…conciliāret…essent: so that he might…;
purpose with impf. subj.
12 nec…sōlum sed etiam: not only…but also…
iure: law
(sub eōdem) nōmine: ellipsis

4
 Foundation Legends 2.4-3.1

essent, Latīnōs utramque gentem appellāvit; 5. nec deinde 1

Aborīginēs Troiānīs studiō ac fide ergā rēgem Aenēam cessēre.
frētusque hīs animīs coalēscentium in diēs magis duōrum
populōrum Aenēās, quamquam tanta opibus Etrūria erat ut iam nōn
terrās sōlum sed mare etiam per tōtam Ītaliae longitūdinem ab 5
Alpibus ad fretum Siculum fāma nōminis suī implēsset, tamen cum
moenibus bellum prōpulsāre posset in aciem cōpiās ēdūxit. 6.
secundum inde proelium Latīnīs, Aenēae etiam ultimum operum
mortālium fuit. situs est, quemcumque eum dīcī iūs fāsque est,
super Numīcum flūmen: Iovem indigetem appellant. 10
3. nōndum mātūrus imperiō Ascanius Aenēae fīlius erat; tamen
id imperium eī ad pūberem aetātem incolume mānsit; tantisper
Aborīginēs, -um m.: Aborīgines, 5 indiges, -etis: born in the country, 1
Alpēs, -ium f.: Alps, 2 Ītalia, -ae f.: Italy, 3
Ascānius, -iī m.: Ascanius, 5 longitūdo, -inis f.: length, 1
cēdō, -ere, cessī: withdraw; yield to (dat) 3 mātūrus, -a, -um: mature; timely, early, 2
coalēscō, -ere, -ēvī: combine, coalesce, 3 mortālis, -e: mortal, 6
cōpia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 5 nōndum: not yet, 4
ēdūcō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: lead or draw out, 4 Numicus, -ī m.: Numicus river, 1
ergā: toward, for (acc), 3 prōpulsō (1): drive back, repel, 1
Etrūria, -ae f.: Etruria, 5 pūbēs, pūberis f.: men (young, of military age), 7
fās n.: right, righteousness, divine law, 6 Siculus, -a, -um: Sicilian, 1
fretus, -a, -um: relying on, depending on (dat), 1 studium, -ī n.: zeal, desire, pursuit, 5
fretum, ī n.: strait, 1 super: on top of, over, above (acc.), 7
incolumis, -e: unscathed uninjured, safe, 2 tantisper: for a while, so long, meanwhile, 3

1 appellāvit: called (x) (y); governs a double acc.
2 studiō ac fīde: because of…; abl. of cause
ergā…: following closely after studiō ac fide4
cessēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
3 hīs animīs: i.e. the feelings of studiō ac fide
in diēs: day by day, daily; duration
4 opibus: in…; abl. respect
ut…implē(vi)sset: that…; result with plpf. subj.
impleō
5 nōn solum…sed etiam: not only…but also
6 suī: of their; gen. sg. reflexive
cum moenibus..posset: when (Aeneas)…; cum
clause with impf. subj. possum; moenibus is abl.
means
7 prōpulsāre: drive back; from Aeneas’
perspective he is driving the enemy forward—
away from the city-walls to the enemy’s rear
8 secundum: favorable
Latīnīs: for…; dat. of interest
Aenēae: for…; dat. of interest
9 situs est: was buried; pf. pass. sinō
quemcumque…iūs (est) fāsque est: whatever it
is justice and right that he be called; i.e. whether
Aeneas is called a god or simply a man; iūs est
and fās est are impers. verbs
10 Iovem indigetem: Jupiter Indiges
appellant (eum): governs a double acc.
11 imperiō: dat. of purpose
eī: for…; i.e. Ascanius; dat. of interest, is, ea, id

5
3.1-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

tūtēlā muliebrī—tanta indoles in Lāvīniā erat—rēs Latīna et 1

rēgnum avītum paternumque puerō stetit. 2. haud ambīgam—quis
enim rem tam veterem prō certō adfirmet?— hicine fuerit Ascanius
an maior quam hic, Creūsā mātre Īliō incolumī nātus comesque
inde paternae fugae, quem Iūlum eundem Iūlia gēns auctōrem 5
nōminis suī nuncupat. 3. is Ascanius, ubicumque et quācumque
mātre genitus—certē nātum Aenēā cōnstat—abundante Lāvīniī
multitūdine flōrentem iam ut tum rēs erant atque opulentam urbem
mātrī seu novercae relinquit, novam ipse aliam sub Albānō monte
condidit quae ab sitū porrēctae in dorsō urbis Longa Albā 10
appellāta.
4. inter Lāvīnium et Albam Longam colōniam dēductam trīgintā

abundō (1): overflow, 2 incolumis, -e: unscathed uninjured, safe, 2

adfirmō (1): affirm, strengthen, confirm, 3
ambigō, -ere: argue; waver, be uncertain, 1
an: or (in questions), 7
Ascānius, -iī m.: Ascanius, 5
avītus, -a, -um: ancestral, of a grandfather, 5
colōnia, -ae f.: colony, 4
comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 6
cōnstō, -āre, -stitī: it is agreed; stand firm, 6
Creusa, -ae f.: Creusa, 1
dēdūcō, -ere: lead or bring forth, launch, 7
dorsum, -ī n.: back (body part); ridge 1
floreō, -ēre, -uī: bloom, flower, flourish, 2
gignō, -ere, genuī, genitum: beget, 4
Ilium, -ī n.: Ilium (city of Troy), 1
indoles, -is f.: natural ability, talent, 4
Iūlius, -a, -um: Julian, of the Julian family, 1
Iūlus, -ī m.: Julus, 1
Lāvīnia, -ae f.: Lavinia, 2
noverca, -ae f.: step-mother, 1
nuncupō (1): call, name, 3
opulentus, -a, -um: opulent, wealthy, 5
paternus, -a, -um: paternal; ancestral, 4
porrigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctum: project, hold out 1
situs, -ūs m.: site, position; situation, 3
stō, -āre, stetī: stand, 1
trīginta: thirty, 7
tūtēla, -ae f.: protection, guardianship, 4
ubicumque: wherever, whenever, 1

1 tūtēlā muliebrī: because of…; abl. cause;
the mother Lavinia rules as the child grows ups
rēs Latīna: the Latin state
2 avītum paternumque: i.e. Latinus and Aeneas
puerō: dat. of interest
ambīgam: 1s fut.
Quis…adfirmet: Who is to…; deliberative
question with pres. subj.
3 enim: for; postpositive: translate first
prō certō: for certain
hici-ne…an: whether this one…or…; hicine is
equiv. to hic-ne, and -ne…an is a double ind.
question with pf. subj. sum (translate as pf. ind.)
4 maior (natū): (someone) older; ‘greater (by
birth)’ i.e. a second son; hic refers to Ascanius
Creūsā mātre: from…; abl. of origin with nātus
Īliō incolumnī: i.e. before the falll of Troy; abl.
abs.; supply pple ‘being;’ 3rd decl. i-stem adj.
nātus comesque: in apposition to maior; dep.
PPP nāscor
5 paternae fugae: comes often governs dat./gen.
6
eundem: acc. sg. īdem
auctōrem nōminis suī: as…; in apposition to
Iūlum eundem
6 nuncupat: calls (x) (y); governs a double acc.
is: demonstrative adj.
quācumque matre: from…; abl. origin
7 (eum) nātum (esse) Aenēā: that (he)…; pf.
pass. inf.; supply the boy as subject; Aenēā is
abl. of origin
cōnstat: it is agreed; impers.
abundante…multitūdine: abl. abs.
8 ut tum rēs erant: as circumstances were at the
time; i.e. flourishing compared to other cities at
the time; a clause of comparison
9 seu: or; with dat. ind. obj.; seu = sīve
novam…aliam (urbem)
ipse: he himself
sub: at the foot of…
11 appellāta (est): Alba Longa is nom. pred.
12 dēductam: launched; ‘led forth, verb often
used with colōnia
 Romulus and Remus 3.4-9

fermē interfuēre annī. tantum tamen opēs crēverant maximē fūsīs 1

Etrūscīs ut nē morte quidem Aenēae nec deinde inter muliebrem
tūtēlam rudīmentumque prīmum puerīlis rēgnī movēre arma aut
Mezentius Etrūscīque aut ūllī aliī accolae ausī sint. 5. pāx ita
convēnerat ut Etrūscīs Latīnīsque fluvius Albula, quem nunc 5
Tiberim vocant, fīnis esset. 6. Silvius deinde rēgnat Ascanī fīlius,
cāsū quōdam in silvīs nātus; 7. is Aenēam Silvium creat; is deinde
Latīnum Silvium. ab eō colōniae aliquot dēductae, Prīscī Latīnī
appellātī. mānsit Silviīs posteā omnibus cognōmen, quī Albae
rēgnārunt. 8. Latīnō Alba ortus, Albā Atys, Atye Capys, Capye 10
Capetus, Capetō Tiberīnus, quī in trāiectū Albulae amnis
submersus celebre ad posterōs nōmen flūminī dedit. 9. Agrippa

accola, -ae f.: neighbor, 3 fermē: nearly, about, 4

Agrippa, ae m.: Agrippa, 2 fluvius, -ī m.: river, 2
Albula, -ae f.: Albula (old name for Tiber), 2 intersum, -esse, -fuī: engage in, be among (dat), 3
aliquot: several, 6 Mezentius, -ī m.: Mezentius, 2
amnis, -is m.: river, swift-moving stream, 2 posteā: after this, afterwards, 5
Ascānius, -iī m.: Ascanius, 5 puerīlis, -e: of the boy, boyish, 2
Atys, -is m.: Atys, 2 rudimentum, -ī n.: first attempt, beginning 1
Capetus, -ī m.: Capetus, 2 silva, -ae f.: wood, forest, woodland, 3
Capys, Capyis m.: Capys, 2 Silvius, -ī m.: Silvius, 5
cāsus, -ūs m.: misfortune, accident, event, 4 submergō, -ere, -mersī, -mersum: drown, sink, 1
celeber -bris -bre: frequented, celebrated, 1 Tiberīnus, -ī m.: Tiberinus, 2
cognōmen, -minis n.: nickname, 7 traiectus, -ūs m.: crossing, 1
colōnia, -ae f.: colony, 4 tūtēla, -ae f.: protection, guardianship, 4
dēdūcō, -ere: lead or bring down, launch, 7 ūllus, -a, -um: any, 7

1 interfuēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf. 7 casū quōdam: by some chance

tantum: acc. obj.
fūsīs Etrūscīs: abl. abs., PPP fundō
2 ut…ausī sint: that…; result clause with pf. subj.
semi-deponent audeō (audeō is deponent in the
pf. tenses: translate this pf. pass. subj. as pf. act.)
nē…quidem: not even…; emphasizing the
intervening word
3 puerīlis rēgnī: of the boy’s rule; i.e. the boy was
finally mature enough to rule
movēre arma: i.e. to make an attack
4 ūllī aliī: nom. pl.
5 convēnerat: had come together; i.e. had been
agreed upon
ut…esset: that…; result with impf. subj. sum
Etrūscīs Latīnīsque: for…; dat. of interest
8 dēductae (sunt): were launched
appellātī (sunt): (they)…; + nom. pred.
9 Silviīs omnibus: for…; dat. interest; the Silvii
Albae: at…; locative
10 rēgnā(v)ērunt: syncopated 3p pf.
Latīnō Alba ortus (est): from Latinus Alba
arose; i.e. was born; pf. dep. ōrior and abl.
of origin; Alba here is the name of a person
Albā Atys (ortus est)…Tiberīnus (ortus est):
parallel construction: supply the same verb from
above; Alba is the name of a person
12 ad posterōs: to posterity; ‘to those (coming)
after’
flūminī: dat. ind. obj.

7
3.9-4.2 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

inde Tiberīnī fīlius, post Agrippam Rōmulus Silvius ā patre 1

acceptō imperiō regnat. Aventīnō fulmine ipse ictus rēgnum per
manūs trādidit. is sepultus in eō colle quī nunc pars Rōmānae est
urbis, cognōmen collī fēcit. Proca deinde rēgnat. 10. is Numitōrem
atque Amūlium prōcreat; Numitōrī, quī stirpis maximus erat, 5
rēgnum vetustum Silviae gentis lēgat.
plūs tamen vīs potuit quam voluntās patris aut verēcundia aetātis:
pulsō frātre Amūlius rēgnat. 11. addit scelerī scelus: stirpem frātris
virīlem interemit, frātris fīliae Reae Silviae per speciem honōris
cum vestālem eam lēgisset perpetuā virginitāte spem partūs adimit. 10
4. sed dēbēbātur, ut opīnor, fātīs tantae orīgo urbis maximīque
secundum deōrum opēs imperiī prīncipium. 2. vī compressa
Agrippa, ae m.: Agrippa, 2 Proca, -ae m.: Proca, 1
Amūlius, -iī m.: Amulius, 3 prōcreō, (1): create, beget, 1
Aventīnus, -ī m.: Aventine (a person), 1 Rea, Reae f.: Rhea (Rhea Silva), 1
cognōmen, -minis n.: nickname, 7 sepeliō, -īre, -īvī, sepultum: to bury, 1
comprimō, -ere, -pressī: suppress, hold back, 2 Silvia, -ae f.: Silvia, 1
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, debitum: ought. owe, 3 Silvius, -ī m.: Silvius, 5
fātum, -ī n.: fate, ruin, death, 5 Silvius, -a, -um: Silvian, of Silvius, 1
fulmen, -minis n.: lightning, thunderbolt, 3 Tiberīnus, -ī m.: Tiberinus, 2
interimō, -ere, -ēmī, -emptum: take out, kill, 4 verēcundia, -ae f.: reverence, respect; modesty, 3
legō (1): bequeath, leave (in a will), appoint, 1 Vestālis, -e: Vestal, of Vesta, 2
opīnor, -ārī, opīnātum: opine, suppose, 2 vetustus, -a, -um: ancient, old, 4
partus, -ūs m.: offspring, 4 virginitās, -tātis f.: virginity, 2
perpetuus, -a, -um: perpetual, everlasting, 2 virīlis, -e: of a man, masculine, 4
prīncipium, -ī n.: beginning, 4 voluntās, -tātis f.: will, wish, permission, 6

1 Tiberīnī fīlius (regnat): in apposition to
Agrippa, the subject of regnat
ā patre acceptō imperiō: abl. abs.
2 Aventīnō: to Aventinus; dat. ind. obj.; a king,
not a hill
ipse: he himself; reflexive
ictus: PPP iciō
3 sepultus: PPP
eō: demonstative adj.
4 fēcit: gave; not an uncommon meaning for faciō
in Livy; collī is therefore dat. ind. obj.
5 Numitōrī: to…; dat. ind. obj.
maximus (natū): oldest; ‘greatest (in birth)’
6 Silviae gentis: of the clan of Silvius
7 plūs potuit: was more powerful; plūs is an inner
acc.
quam: than…; clause of comparison
8 pulsō frātre: abl. abs.
stirpem frātris: i.e. the son of Numitor
9 frātris: of the brother; i.e. of Numitor, all part
of the cum-clause which follows
fīliae Reae Silviae: dat. ind. obj.
per speciem honōris: Amulius’ true purpose is
to prevent Rhea from producing children
10 cum…lēgisset: cum clause with plpf. subj.
legō, ‘choose,’ that governs the double acc.
vestālem: as…; acc. pred.
11 sed debēbātur…prīncipium: but the origin of
so great a city and the beginning of the greatest
empire, following after the help of the gods—
was owed, as I suppose, by the fates; 3p subject
with 3s verb; secundum (‘following after’ +
acc.) is a preposition
12 vī compressa vestalis: The Vestal priestess,
having been raped,; ‘having been held down by
force,’ PPP; vī is an irreg. abl. of manner; i.e.
Rhea Silvia

8
 Romulus and Remus 4.2-6

Vestālis cum geminum partum ēdidisset, seu ita rata seu quia deus 1
auctor culpae honestior erat, Mārtem incertae stirpis patrem
nuncupat. 3. sed nec dī nec hominēs aut ipsam aut stirpem ā
crūdēlitāte rēgiā vindicant: sacerdōs vīncta in custōdiam datur,
puerōs in prōfluentem aquam mittī iubet. 5
4. forte quādam dīvīnitus super rīpās Tiberis effūsus lēnibus
stāgnīs nec adīrī usquam ad iūstī cursum poterat amnis et posse
quamvīs languidā mergī aquā īnfantēs spem ferentibus dabat. 5. ita
velut dēfūnctī rēgis imperiō in proximā alluviē ubi nunc fīcus
Rūmīnālis est—Rōmulārem vocātam ferunt— 6. puerōs expōnunt. 10
vastae tum in hīs locīs sōlitūdinēs erant.
tenet fāma cum fluitantem alveum, quō expositī erant puerī,
adeō, -īre: to go to, approach, 1 languidus, -a, -um: languid, inert, 1
alluvies, -eī f.: flood, overflow, 1 lēnis, lēne: gentle, 1
alveus, -ī m.: basket, small vessel, 1 Mārs, Mārtis m.: Mars, 6
amnis, -is m.: river, swift-flowing stream, 2 mergō, -ere, -rsī, mersum: sink, drown, 2
crūdēlitās, -tātis f.: cruelty, crudeness, 1 nuncupō (1): call, name, 3
culpa, -ae m.: blame, fault; cause, 3 partus, -ūs m.: offspring, 4
cursus, -ūs m.: course, running, haste, 6 prōfluō, -ere: flow along, 1
custōdia, -ae f.: guard, watch, 4 quamvīs: however much, although, 2
dēfungor, -ī, -functum: fulfill, finish (abl.) 2 rīpa, -ae f.: riverbank, bank, shore, 3
dīvīnitus: from the gods, providentially, 3 Rōmulāris, -e: Romularis, of Romulus, 1
ēdō, -ere, ēdidī, ēditum: bring forth, perform, 6 Rūmīnālis, -e: Ruminalis, of Rumina (goddess), 1
effūsus, -a, -um: spread out; adv. widely 7 solitūdō, solitūdinis f.: wilderness, solitude, 3
expōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum: set out, 4 stāgnum, -ī n.: pool, standing water, 1
fīcus, -ī (-ūs) f.: fig, fig-tree, 1 super: on top of, over, above (acc.), 7
fluitō (1): float, 2 usquam: anywhere, 3
geminī, -ae, -a: twin, 3 vastus, -a, -um: vast, waste, 1
honestus, -a, -um: respectable, honorable, 1 Vestālis, -e: Vestal (priestess), of Vesta, 2
incertus, -a, -um: unreliable, doubtful, 5 vinciō, -īre, vīnxī, vīnctus: bind, tie, 2
īnfāns, -fantis m. f.: infant, 3 vindicō (1): deliver, set free 2
iūstus, -a, -um: just, legitimate, 5

1 seu…seu: whether…or; equiv. to sīve actual swift-flowing stream

ita rata (est): (she)…; pf. dep. reor; Rhea Silvia posse…mergī…infantēs: that…; ind. disc. in
is the subject apposition to spem; inf. possum, mergere
deus auctor culpae: a god as agent of her fault; 8 quamvīs languidā…aquā: although…; abl.
i.e. Mars, as clarified below means or abl. abs., concessive in sense
3 nuncupat: calls (x) (y); governs a double acc. ferentibus: to (the ones)…; i.e. the soldiers who
d(e)ī brought the infant; dat. ind. obj. pres. pple
ipsam: (Rhea Silvia) herself 9 velut dēfūnctī: (the soldiers) as if having…;
aut…aut…: either…or… dep. PPP is often translated “having Xed”
5 mittī: pres. pass. inf. and here governs an abl. object
6 forte quādam: by some…; abl. of cause, fors 10Rōmulārem vocātam (esse) ferunt: they report
Tiberis: nom. subject that (the fig) was (formerly) called Romularis
lēnibus stāgnīs: into…; dat. of compound verb expōnunt: i.e. so that the children would die
7 nec…et…: both not…and exposed to the natural elements
adīrī: pass. inf. tenet fāma: a story holds that…; + ind. disc.
ad iūstī cursum…amnis: to the channel of the (in) quō: (in) which…
9
4.6-9 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

tenuis in siccō aqua dēstituisset, lupam sitientem ex montibus quī 1

circā sunt ad puerīlem vāgītum cursum flexisse; eam submissās
īnfantibus adeō mītem praebuisse mammās ut linguā lambentem
puerōs magister rēgiī pecoris invēnerit— 7. Faustulō fuisse nōmen
ferunt—ab eō ad stabula Lārentiae uxōrī ēducandōs datōs. sunt quī 5
Lārentiam volgātō corpore lupam inter pāstōrēs vocātam pūtent;
inde locum fābulae ac mīrāculō datum.
8. ita genitī itaque ēducātī, cum prīmum adolēvit aetās, nec in
stabulīs nec ad pecora sēgnēs vēnandō peragrāre saltūs. 9. hinc
rōbore corporibus animīsque sūmptō iam nōn ferās tantum 10
subsistere sed in latrōnēs praedā onustōs impetūs facere
pāstōribusque rapta dīvidere et cum hīs crēscente in diēs grege
adolescō, -ere, adolevī: to grow up, 1 pecus, pecoris n.: herd, flock, 2
cursus, -ūs m.: course, running, haste, 6 peragrō (1): to pass through, traverse, 1
dēstituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum: leave, abandon, 3 praebeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum: present, offer, 3
fabula, -ae f.: story, 3 puerīlis, -e: of the boy, boyish, 2
Faustulus, -ī m.: Faustulus (shepherd), 2 pūtō (1): to think, consider, 4
fera, -ae f.: wild beast, 1 rōbor, rōboris n.: oak; strength, 5
flectō, -ere, flexī, flectum: turn, bend, 4 saltus, -ūs m.: woodland with pasture, 1
gignō, -ere, genuī, genitum: beget, 4 sēgnis, -e: sluggish, inactive, lazy, slow, 1
grex, gregis m.: flock, herd, 3 siccum, -ī n.: dry land, 1
īnfāns, -fantis m. f.: infant, 3 sitiēns, sitientis: thirsty, 1
lambō, -ere, -ī: lick, 1 stabulum, -ī n.: cottage, hut; stable, 2
Lārentia, -ae f.: Larentia (woman), 2 submittō, -ere, -mīsī: lower, drop, let down 1
latrō, -ōnis m.: bandit, highway robber, 2 subsistō, -ere: make a stand; oppose, 1
lingua, -ae f.: tongue, language, 2 sūmō, -ere, -mpsī, -mptum: take (up), chose, 6
lupa, -ae n.: she-wolf; prostitute, 2 tenuis, -e: thin, 1
magister, -strī m.: head, keeper, teacher, 2 vāgītus, -ūs m.: wailing, crying, 1
mamma, -ae f.: breast, pap, teat, 1 vēnor, -ārī, -ātum: hunt, chase, 2
mītis, -e: mild, gentle, 5 volgō (1): make common, prostitute, publish, 3
onustus, -a, -um: loaded, burdened, 1

1 dēstituisset: cum-clause with plpf. subj.
lupam…flexisse: that…; pf. inf.
2 puerīlem: i.e. of the boys
(et) eam…praebuisse mammās: (and) that…;
pf. inf. with īnfantibus as dat. ind. obj.
submissās: English prefers two finite verbs, e.g.
lowered and offered, where Latin often prefers
a PPP and finite verb
3 ut…invēnerit: that…; result with pf. subj.
(eam) linguā lambentem puerōs: i.e. lūpam
4 magister: i.e. Faustulus
(eī) Faustulō fuisse nōmen: that (to him) was
the name ‘Faustulus;’ Faustulō is acc. attracted
into the dat. of the missing dat. of possession, eī
5 ferunt: they report; i.e. according to tradition
(puerōs) ab eō…dātōs (esse): that…; ind. disc.
following ferunt; pf. pass., add puerōs as subject
10
ēducandōs: going to be…; gerundive in the
attributive position expressing purpose/necessity
sunt quī…pūtent: there are (those) who…; rel.
clause of characeristic with pres. subj.
6 Lārentiam…vocātam (esse): ind. disc., pf.
pass. inf., lupam, here ‘prostitute,’ is acc. pred.
volgātō corpore: abl. abs., i.e. prostitution
7 locum…datum (esse): that a place…; ind. disc.
pf. pass.; Laurentia inspires the she-wolf story
fabulae ac mīrāculō: for…; dat. of purpose
8 genitī (sunt)…ēducātī (sunt)
nec…nec…sēgnēs: and lazy neither in…nor
9 vēnandō: for…; gerund (-ing), dat. of purpose
nōn tantum…sed (etiam): not only…but (also)
11 subsistere…facere: that (the boys)...
12 rapta: the things seized; neut. acc. pl.
crēscente grege iuvenum: abl. abs., gen. pl.
 Romulus and Remus 4.9-5.4

iuvenum sēria ac iocōs celebrāre. 1

5. iam tum in Palātiō monte. Lupercal hoc fuisse lūdicrum ferunt,
et ā Pallantēō, urbe Arcadicā, Pallantium, dein Palātium montem
appellātum; 2. ibi Evandrum, quī ex eō genere Arcadum multīs ante
tempestātibus tenuerit loca, sollemne allātum ex Arcadiā īnstituisse 5
ut nūdī iuvenēs Lycaeum Pana venerantēs per lūsum atque
lascīviam currerent, quem Rōmānī deinde vocārunt Inuum.
3. huic dēditīs lūdicrō cum sollemne nōtum esset īnsidiātōs ob
īram praedae āmissae latrōnēs, cum Rōmulus vī sē dēfendisset,
Remum cēpisse, captum rēgī Amūliō trādidisse, ultrō accūsantēs. 4. 10
crīminī maximē dabant in Numitōris agrōs ab iīs impetum fierī;
inde eōs collectā iuvenum manū hostīlem in modum praedās agere.
accūsō (1): to accuse, blame, reprimand, 1 iocus, -ī m.: joke, 1
adferō, -ferre, attulī, allātum: bring, propose, 6 lascīvia, -ae f.: playfulness, wantonness, 1
āmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: lose, let go, 7 latrō, -ōnis m.: bandit, highway robber, 2
Amūlius, -iī m.: Amulius, 3 lūdicrum, -ī n.: game, sport, exhibition, 4
Arcadēs, -um m.: Arcadians (Greek people), 1 Lupercal, -is n.: cave (sacred to Pan), 1
Arcadia, -ae f.: Arcadia (in Greece), 2 lūsus, -ūs m.: play, game, 1
Arcadicus, -a, -um: Arcadian (Greek), 1 Lycaeus, -a, -um: of Mt. Lycaeus, 1
celebrō (1): celebrate; practice, engage in, 3 nōscō, -ere, nōvī, nōtum: learn, know, 3
colligō, -ere, -ī, -lectum: collect, gather, 2 nūdus, -a, -um: naked, bare, 3
crīmen, crīminis n.: crime; charge, 3 Pallanteum, -ī n.: Pallanteum (Greek city), 1
currō, -ere, cucurrī: run, rush, fly, 2 Pallantius, -a, -um: Pallantine, 1 1
dēfendō, -ere, -ndī, dēfēnsum: defend, 1 Panos (acc. Pana) m.: Pan (god), 1
dein: then, next, 2 sērius, -a, -um: serious; pl. business, 1
Evander, Evandrī m.: Evander, 5 tempestās, -tātis f.: time; weather, 6
hostīlis, -e: of an enemy, hostile, 3 ultrō: voluntarily, spontaneously; in addition, 4
īnsidior, -ārī, -ātum: lay ambush, 1 veneror, -arī, -ātum: worship, venerate, 1
Inuus, -ī m.: Inuus (old name for Lupercus), 1

1 sēria: serious matters vocā(vē)runt: governs a double acc.

celebrāre: i.e. shared activities with shepherds
2 Lupercal…fuisse: that…; pf. sum
ferunt: they report; i.e. according to tradition
3 Pallantēō: a city on the Tiber which Virgil
places on the site of Rome itself; it is inhabited
by Greek Arcadians and led by King Evander
3 Pallantium (montem)…appellātum (esse):
that…; pf. pass., the name evolved over time
4 Evandrum…īnstituisse: that…; pf. inf. still
governed by ferunt
quī…tenuerit: pf. subj.of a subordinate verb in
ind. disc.; translate as pf. ind.
ex eō genere: from this race; genus
multīs ante tempestātibus: many…; tempestās
here means ‘occasion’ or ‘time,’ not ‘storm’
an abl. of degree of difference with adv. ante
6 ut…currerent: (namely) that…; ind. command
with impf. subj. in apposition to sollemne
11
8 (iuvenibus) huic dēditīs lūdicrō: (the young
men) have given (themselves) over to…; abl. abs.
and dat. ind. obj.
cum…: since…; causal, plpf. pass. subj. nōscō
īnsidiātōs…latrōnēs…cēpisse (et)...trādidisse:
that the bandits…; pf. inf. capiō and trādō
governed by ferunt above; dep. PPP: translate
as ‘having Xed’
9 cum: although…; concessive with plpf. subj.
10 (et) captum: (and)…the captured one; dir. obj.
ultrō: in addition; i.e. over and above expected
11 crīminī…dabant: imputed as a crime; idiom
ab iīs: ab eīs; i.e. by Romulus and Remus
impetum fierī: (namely) that…; ind. disc., fiō
12 eōs…agere: that they were driving…
collēctā manū: abl. abs.; manus, ‘group’
hostīlem in modum: in…
5.4-7 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

5.sīc Numitōrī ad supplicium Remus dēditur. 1

iam inde ab initiō Faustulō spēs fuerat rēgiam stirpem apud sē
ēducārī; nam et expositōs iussū rēgis īnfantēs sciēbat et tempus
quō ipse eōs sustulisset ad id ipsum congruere; sed rem
immātūram nisi aut per occāsiōnem aut per necessitātem aperīrī 5
nōluerat. 6. necessitās prior vēnit: ita metū subāctus Rōmulō rem
aperit. forte et Numitōrī cum in custōdiā Remum habēret
audīssetque geminōs esse frātrēs, comparandō et aetātem eōrum et
ipsam minimē servīlem indolem, tetigerat animum memoria
nepōtum; scīscitandōque eōdem pervēnit ut haud procul esset quīn 10
Remum agnōsceret.
ita undique rēgī dolus nectitur. 7. Rōmulus nōn cum globō
agnōscō, -ere, agnōvī: recognize, 1 necessitās, -tātis f.: necessity, 4
comparō (1): prepare, collect, 5 nectō, -ere, nexī, nexus: join, connect, weave, 1
congruō, -ere: agree, match, 2 nepōs, nepōtis m.: grandson, decendent, 7
custōdia, -ae f.: guard, watch, 4 nisi: if not, unless, 7
dolus, -ī m.: trick, deceit, 7 nōlō, nōlle, nōluī: not wish, be unwilling, 1
expōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum: set out, 4 occāsiō, -iōnis f.: chance, opportunity, 4
Faustulus, -ī m.: Faustulus (shepherd), 2 procul: from afar, from a distance, 4
geminī, -ae, -a: twin, 3 sciscitor, -ārī, -ātum: examine, inquire, 4
globus, -ī n.: crowd, throng, group; ball, sphere, 3 servīlis, -e: slavish, servile, of a slave, 2
immātūrus, -a, -um: untimely, premature, 2 subigō, -ere, -ēgī: drive (under), subdue, 3
indoles, -is f.: natural ability, talent, 4 supplicium, -iī n.: punishment, 7
īnfāns, -fantis m. f.: infant, 3 tangō, -ere, tetigī, tactum: touch, 2
iussus, -ūs m.: order, 4 tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātum: lift up; raze, 5
memoria, -ae f.: memory, 3 undique: from everywhere, from all sides, 4
minimus, -a, -um: very little; adv. least, 6

1 ad: for cum…habēret audī(vi)sset…: Numitor is the

Faustulō: dat. of possession
2 rēgiam..ēducārī: (namely) that…; ind. disc. in
apposition to spēs
3 et…et…: both…and…
expositōs (esse)…īnfantēs: that…; pf. pass. inf.
tempus..congruere: that…
4 quō…sustulisset: in which…; relative with plpf.
subj. tollō and abl. time when; subj. of
subordinate verb in ind. disc.
ipse: he himself; i.e. Faustulus, intensive
rem…aperīrī: that…; pass. inf. aperiō, ‘reveal’
nisi: except
5 aut…aut…: either…or…
forte: abl. fors
et: also, too; adv.
7 Numitōrī: a dat. of interest or, more likely, dat.
of possession (Numitor’s) far removed from its
objects: animum and memoria below
understood subject; impf. and plpf. subj.
8 comparandō…indolem: abl. of means, gerund
(-ing) with lengthy obj.
et…et…: both…and…
eōrum: i.e. the boy in front of him and
Numitor’s lost grandson
9 minimē: least; superl. adv.
animum: his attention
10 scīscitantō: abl. of means, gerund (-ing)
eōdem: to the same (conclusion); ‘to the same
place,’ eō is an adv. (cf. quō, ‘to where’)
ut…esset: so that…; result, impf. subj. sum
quīn…: that…; ‘but that…’ quīn often begins a
substantive clause with subj. following negative
expressions of doubt or omission
12 dolus nectitur: deception is woven together…;
with dat. of interest

12
 Romulus and Remus 5.7-6.2

iuvenum—nec enim erat ad vim apertam pār—sed aliīs aliō itinere 1

iussīs certō tempore ad rēgiam venīre pāstōribus ad rēgem
impetum facit; et ā domō Numitōris aliā comparātā manū adiuvat
Remus. ita rēgem obtruncat.
6. Numitor inter prīmum tumultum, hostēs invāsisse urbem atque 5
adortōs rēgiam dictitāns, cum pūbem Albānam in arcem praesidiō
armīsque obtinendam āvocāsset, postquam iuvenēs perpetrātā
caede pergere ad sē grātulantēs vīdit, extemplō advocātō conciliō
scelera in sē frātris, orīginem nepōtum, ut genitī, ut ēducātī, ut
cognitī essent, caedem deinceps tyrannī sēque eius auctōrem 10
ostendit. 2. iuvenēs per mediam contiōnem agmine ingressī cum
avum rēgem salūtāssent, secūta ex omnī multitūdine cōnsentiēns
adiuvō, -āre, -iūvī, adiūtum: help, assist, 6 grātulor, -ārī, gratulātus: congratulate, 3
adorior, -īrī, adortus: rise up, attack, 3 ingredior -gredī -gressum: step in, enter, 4
advocō (1): to summon, call to, 6 invādō, -ere, -vāsī: rush upon, attack, 4
agmen, agminis n.: column (of troops), army, 5 iter, itineris n.: way, route, path; journey, 5
āvocō (1): to call away, 1 nepōs, nepōtis m.: grandson, decendent, 7
avus, avī m.: grandfather, 3 obtineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum: hold, obtain, 1
cognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: recognize, know, 4 obtruncō (1): cut down, kill, 2
comparō (1): prepare, collect, 1 ostendō, -ere, ostendī: to show, 5
cōnsentiō, -īre, -sī: agree, 3 pergō, -ere -rēxī -rectum: proceed, continue, 7
contio, contiōnis f.: assembly, meeting, 6 perpetrō (1): finish, execute, 2
deinceps: one after another, successively, 4 pūbēs, pūberis f.: men (young, of military age), 7
dictitō (1): say repeatedly, 3 salūtō (1): to greet, 2
extemplō: immediately, straightaway, 5 tyrannus, -ī m.: tyrant, 1
gignō, -ere, genuī, genitum: beget, 4

1 nec enim: for…not 8 ad sē: i.e. the boys approached Numitor

ad vim apertam: in regard to…; Romulus’
forces were not as strong as King Amulius’ and
therefore he could not fight Amulius openly
aliīs…iussīs…pāstōribus: abl. abs.; aliīs aliō is
a concise way to express ‘some shepherds on
one route..., other shepherds on another route…’
2 certō tempore: at…; abl. time when
3 aliā…manū: abl. abs., manus,‘group’
hostēs invāsisse…adortōs (esse) rēgiam:
that…; pf. act. and pf. dep. inf.
6 cum…āvocā(vi)sset: Numitor is still subject;
plpf. subj.
in arcem…obtinendam: for…; noun +
gerundive: perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
praesidiō armīsque: abl. means
7 iuvenēs…pergere: that…; governed by vīdit
perpetrātā caede: abl. abs.; i.e. Amulius’ death
grātulantēs: pres. pple expressing purpose
advocātō conciliō: abl. abs.
9 scelera…(et) orīginem, (et) caedem, sēque: all
dir. objects of ostendit; supply conjunctions
in sē: against…; i.e Numitor, reflexive
ut genitī (essent), ut ēducātī (essent), ut
cognitī essent: how…how…how…; three ind.
questions with plpf. pass. subj. in apposition to
orīginem
10 eius auctōrem: as its author; predicative acc.
agmine: with…; i.e. a retinue; abl. manner
ingressī: dep. PPP, translate as‘having Xed’
11 cum…salūtā(vi)ssent
12 rēgem: as king; predicative
secūta: dep. PPP, translate as‘having Xed’
ex omnī multitūdine: i.e. from the entire
assembly

13
6.2-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

vōx ratum nōmen imperiumque rēgī efficit. 1

3. ita Numitōrī Albānā rē permissā Rōmulum Remumque cupīdō
cēpit in iīs locīs ubi expositī ubīque ēducātī erant urbis condendae.
et supererat multitūdō Albānōrum Latīnōrumque; ad id pāstōrēs
quoque accesserant, quī omnēs facile spem facerent parvam 5
Albam, parvum Lāvīnium prae eā urbe quae conderētur fore. 4.
intervenit deinde hīs cōgitātiōnibus avītum malum, rēgnī cupīdō,
atque inde foedum certāmen coortum ā satis mītī prīncipiō.
quoniam geminī essent nec aetātis verēcundia discrīmen facere
posset, ut dī quōrum tūtēlae ea loca essent auguriīs legerent quī 10
nōmen novae urbī daret, quī conditam imperiō regeret, Palātium
Rōmulus, Remus Aventīnum ad inaugurandum templa capiunt.
accēdō, -ere, -cessī: come to, approach, is added, 7 inaugurō (1): take auspices, decide by augury, 5
Aventīnum, ī n. (us, -ī m.): Aventine hill, 4 interveniō -īre -vēnī: come between, interrupt, 5
avītus, -a, -um: ancestral, of a grandfather, 5 mītis, -e: mild, gentle, 5
cōgitātiō, -tiōnis f.: thought, reflection, 2 permittō -ere -mīsī -missum: entrust to (dat), 3
coorior, -orīrī, -ortus sum: arise, 2 prae: in front of, before (acc); compared to (abl), 6
cupīdō, cupīdinis f.: desire, longing, 7 prīncipium, -ī n.: beginning, 4
discrīmen, -nis n.: difference, distinction, 7 quoniam: since (now), seeing that, 5
efficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus: make, bring about, 2 superō (1): overcome, surpass, be above, 2
expōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum: set out, 4 tūtēla, -ae f.: protection, guardianship, 4
foedus, -a, -um: ugly, foul, filthy, 4 ubīque: everywhere, in every instance, 1
geminī, -ae, -a: twin, 3 verēcundia, -ae f.: reverence, respect; modesty, 3

1 vōx: i.e. a unanimous cry or shout; Numitor’s
kingship is confirmed by voice vote
ratum: ratified; PPP reor
rēgī: dat. of interest
efficit: makes (x) (y); governs a double acc. (obj.
and pred.)
2 Numitōrī: dat. ind. obj. with permissā
Albānā rē permissā: the Alban state…; abl.
abs.
3 iīs: eīs, demonstrative adj.
expositī (erant): plpf. pass.
3 ubīque: et ubī…
urbis condendae: of…; noun + gerundive:
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.; objective gen. of cupīdō
4 ad id: for this; expressing purpose
5 quī…facerent: who conceived…; rel. clause of
characteristic with impf. subj.
facile: adv.
parvam (fore) Albam et parvum Lavinium…
fore: that Alba (would be)…would be…; ind.
disc. with fut. inf. sum (equiv. to futurum esse)
6 prae: compared to…;
quae conderētur: which…; relative with impf.
pass. subj., subordinate verb in ind. disc.
14
7 hīs cōgitātiōnibus: between…; dat. of
compound verb
avītum malum: an ancestral curse
rēgnī cupīdō: nom. in apposition to malum
8 coortum: dep. PPP, translate as ‘having Xed’
quoniam geminī essent…possent: since they…;
impf. subj. of alleged cause (cause from the
characters’ rather than narrator’s perspective)
9 aetātis verecundia: respect for age; the twins
could not tell who was born first
10 ut d(e)ī…legerent: so that…might…; purpose
with impf. subj. legō, ‘choose’
quōrum tūtēlae ea loca essent: in whose
protection those places were; impf. subj. sum,
subordinate verb in a purpose clause
quī…daret (et) quī…regeret: ind. questions
governed by legerent
11 Palātium Rōmulus (capit et): add verb
12 ad inaugurandum templa: for…; gerund
(-ing) + dir. obj.; templa can, as here, refer to
‘open spaces’ for observing auspices rather than
a building for worship
 Romulus and Remus 7.1-3

7. priōrī Remō augurium vēnisse fertur, sex volturēs; iamque 1

nuntiātō auguriō cum duplex numerus Rōmulō sē ostendisset,
utrumque rēgem sua multitūdō cōnsalūtāverat: tempore illī
praeceptō, at hī numerō avium rēgnum trahēbant. 2. inde cum
altercātiōne congressī certāmine īrārum ad caedem vertuntur; ibi in 5
turbā ictus Remus cecidit. volgātior fāma est lūdibriō frātris
Rēmum novōs trānsiluisse mūrōs; inde ab īrātō Rōmulō, cum
verbīs quoque increpitāns adiēcisset, ‘sīc deinde, quīcumque alius
trānsiliet moenia mea,’ interfectum. 3. ita sōlus potītus imperiō
Rōmulus; condita urbs conditōris nōmine appellāta. 10
Palātium prīmum, in quō ipse erat ēducātus, mūniit. sacra dīs
aliīs Albānō rītū, Graecō Herculī, ut ab Evandrō īnstitūta erant,
altercātiō, -tiōnis f.: dispute, argument, 1 ostendō, -ere, ostendī: to show, 5
at: but, yet; at least, 6 potior, -īrī, potītum: take possession of (abl), 2
conditor, -tōris m.: founder, 5 praecipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: order; take in
congredior, -ī, congressum: gather; contend, 2 advance or in anticipation, 5
consalutō (1): greet (unanimously), 1 rītus, -ūs m.: rite, ceremony, 6
duplex (duplicis): double, 3 sex: six, 4
Evander, Evandrī m.: Evander, 5 trahō, -ere, trāxī, tractum: draw, drag, 6
Graecus, -a, -um: Greek, 1 trānsiliō, -īre, -uī: jump across or over, 2
Hercules, -is m.: Hercules, 7 turba, -ae f.: crowd, throng; tumult, 4
increpitō (1): chide, rebuke, speak angrily, 1 volgātus, -a, -um: well-known, ordinary, 1
īrātus, -a, -um: angry, angered, 2 voltur, -is, m.: vulture, 1
lūdibrium, -ī n.: mockery, just, sport, 3
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: fortify, build, 6

1 priōrī: comparative prīmus

Remō: dat. of interest or direction
fertur: is reported
2 nuntiātō auguriō: abl. abs.
cum…ostendisset: plpf. subj.
duplex numerus: i.e. twelve
Rōmulō: dat. ind. obj.
3 utrumque: each; acc. uterque
rēgem: as…; acc. pred.
sua: his own; an unusual nom. reflexive
possessive adj. with multitūdō; i.e. the followers
of each brother
3 tempore illī praeceptō (regnum trahēbant):
those (lay claim to the kingship) because of time
attained in advance; i.e. ‘drew the kingship to
their side;’tempore praeceptō is abl. of cause
4 numerō: because of…; abl. of cause with gen.
pl. avis
5 congressī: having clashed; dep. PPP
certāmine īrārum: because of…; or ‘through...’
abl. of cause
6 ictus: PPP iciō
cecidit: pf. cadō; i.e. died
15
fāma: report, story
lūdibriō frātris: as…; dat. of purpose and
objective gen. (frātris is the obj. of the derision)
7 Rēmum…trānsiluisse: that…; pf. inf.
inde (Rēmum) ab īrātō Rōmulō…interfectum
(esse): that…; pf. pass. inf. and abl. of agent
cum…adiēcisset: plpf. subj.; verbīs is abl. of
means
8 sīc deinde: i.e. let him perish
9 trānsiliet: 3s fut.
potītus (est): pf. dep + abl. obj.
10 appellāta (est): main verb
11 ipse: he himself; i.e. Romulus, intensive
sacra…facit: he makes sacrifices; or ‘performs
sacred rites,’ a common substantive in Livy
d(e)īs aliīs: dat. pl. of interest
12 Albānō rītū: by…; abl. of manner
Graecō (rītū) Herculī (sacra facit): (but) by…;
heavy ellipsis; abl. of manner and dat. interest
ut…īnstitūta erant: just as…; ut introduces a
clause of comparison following Graecō (rītū);
Arcadian Evander ruled Pallanteum
7.3-6 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

facit. 4. Herculem in ea loca Gēryonē interemptō bovēs mīrā speciē 1

abēgisse memorant, ac prope Tiberim fluvium, quā prae sē
armentum agēns nandō trāiēcerat, locō herbidō ut quiēte et pābulō
laetō reficeret bovēs et ipsum fessum viā prōcubuisse. 5. ibi cum
eum cibō vīnōque gravātum sopor oppressisset, pāstor accola eius 5
locī, nōmine Cācus, ferōx vīribus, captus pulchritūdine boum cum
āvertēre eam praedam vellet, quia sī agendō armentum in
speluncam compulisset, ipsa vestīgia quaerentem dominum eō
dēductūra erant, āversōs bovēs eximium quemque pulchritūdine
caudīs in speluncam trāxit. 10
6. Herculēs ad prīmam aurōram somnō excitus cum gregem
perlūstrāsset oculīs et partem abesse numerō sēnsisset, pergit ad
abigō, -ere, abēgī: drive away, 1 mīrus, -a, -um: amazing, surprising, 7
accola, -ae f.: neighbor, 3 nō (1): swim, 1
armentum, -ī n.: herd, 3 oculus, -ī, m.: eye, 6
aurōra, -ae f.: dawn, 1 opprimō, -ere, -pressī: overwhelm; suppress, 6
Cācus, -ī m.: Cacus, 2 pābulum, -ī n.: food, fodder, pasture, 1
cauda, -ae f.: tail, 1 pergō, -ere -rēxī -rectum: proceed, continue, 7
cibus, -ī m.: food, 1 perlūstrō (1): survey; traverse, 1
compellō, -ere, -pulī: drive back or together, 2 prae: in front of, before (acc); compared to (abl), 6
dēdūcō, -ere: lead or bring down, launch, 7 prōcumbō, -ere, -cubuī: lie down, fall postrate, 1
dominus, -ī m.: master, 4 pulchritūdo, -inis f.: beauty, 3
eximius, -a, -um: excellent, outstanding, 2 quiēs, quiētis f.: rest, repose, sleep, 4
fessus, -a, -um: wearied, exhausted, 5 reficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: refresh, repair, 3
fluvius, -ī m.: river, 2 sēntiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsum: feel, perceive, 7
Gēryon, -onis m.: Geryon, 1 somnus, -ī m.: sleep, 4
gravō (1): weigh down, oppress, aggrieve, 3 sopor, -is m.: heavy sleep, 1
grex, gregis m.: flock, herd, 3 spelunca, -ae f.: cave, 6
herbidus, -a, -um: grassy, 1 trahō, -ere, trāxī, tractum: draw, drag, 6
Hercules, -is m.: Hercules, 7 trāiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectum: cross, pierce, 1
interimō, -ere, -ēmī, -emptum: take out, kill, 4 vestīgium, -ī n.: footstep, tracks; trace, 3
laetus, -a, -um: happy, fortunate; abundant, rich, 6 via, -ae, f.: way, road, 7
memorō (1): to recall, mention, 5 vīnum, -ī n.: wine, 2

1 Herculem…abēgisse: that…; pf. abigō eius locī: gen. sg. demonstrate

Gēryonē interemptō: abl. abl.; in the 10th labor
Hercules killed this three-bodied monster
mīrā spēciē: of…; abl. of quality
2 memorant: they recall; i.e. people in general
quā…trāiēcerat: where…; relative adv.
3 nandō: by…; abl. means, gerund (-ing)
(in) locō herbidō
ut…reficeret bovēs: so that…might…; purpose
with impf. subj.; bovēs is acc. obj.
4 ipsum…prōcubuisse: that he himself…; ind.
disc. with pf. inf. governed by memorant above
viā: from the journey; ‘from the road,’ abl. cause
cum…oppressisset: cum clause with plpf. subj.
5 accola: neighboring; lit. ‘neighbor’
16
6 nōmine: by…; abl. of respect
vīribus: in…; abl. of respect, pl. vīs
boum: gen. pl. bōs
cum…vellet: impf. subj. volō, the praeda are
cattle
7 agendō…: abl. means, gerund (-ing)
sī…compluisset,…dēductūra erant: if he
had…would…; a mixed condition (sī plpf. subj.,
periphrastic fut.); a periphastic fut.(fut. pple +
sum) ‘were going to X’ is equiv. to ‘would X’
8 eō: there, to there; adv. (cf. quō, ‘to where’)
9 eximium quemque: each one…; in apposition
to pl. bovēs; pulchritūdine is abl. respect: ‘in…’
12 numerō: from the group; gen. separation
 Romulus 7.6-8

proximam speluncam, sī forte eō vestīgia ferrent. quae ubi omnia 1

forās versa vīdit nec in partem aliam ferre, cōnfūsus atque incertus
animī ex locō īnfēstō agere porrō armentum occēpit. 7. inde cum
actae bovēs quaedam ad dēsīderium, ut fit, relictārum mūgīssent,
reddita inclūsārum ex speluncā boum vōx Herculem convertit. 5
quem cum vādentem ad speluncam Cācus vī prohibēre cōnātus
esset, ictus clāvā fidem pāstōrum nēquīquam invōcāns morte
occubuit.
8. Evander tum ea, profugus ex Peloponnēsō, auctōritāte magis
quam imperiō regēbat loca, venerābilis vir mīrāculō litterārum, reī 10
novae inter rudēs artium hominēs, venerābilior dīvīnitāte crēdita
Carmentae mātris, quam fātiloquam ante Sibyllae in Ītaliam
armentum, -ī n.: herd, 3 Ītalia, -ae f.: Italy, 3
auctōritās, -tātis f.: authority, 2 littera, -ae f.: letter (of the alphabet), 1
Cācus, -ī m.: Cacus, 2 mūgiō, -īre, -īvī: moo, bellow, 1
Carmenta, -ae, f.: goddess of prophecy, 1 nēquīquam: to no purpose, in vain, 3
clāva, -ae f.: club, staff, 1 occipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -captum: begin, 2
cōnfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsum: confuse, disturb, 3 occumbō, -ere, uī: fall, fall prostrate, 1
cōnor, -ārī, cōnātum: try, attempt, 3 Peloponnēsus, ī m.: Peloponnesus, 1
convertō, -ere, -ī, -rsus: turn (around), 4 porrō: forward; again, in turn; furthermore, 4
dēsīderium, -iī n.: longing; grief (for a loss), 5 profugus, -ī m.: fugitive, refugee, 4
dīvīnitās, -tātis f.: divinity, 2 prohibeō, -ēre, -hibuī: hold back, hinder, 6
Evander, Evandrī m.: Evander, 5 regō, regere, rēxī, rectum: rule, be king, 3
fātiloquus, -a, -um: prophetic, 1 rudis, -e: uncultivated, inexperienced in (gen), 3
forās: out of doors, 2 Sibylla, -ae f.: Sibyl, 1
Hercules, -is m.: Hercules, 7 spelunca, -ae f.: cave, 6
incertus, -a, -um: unreliable, doubtful, 5 vādō, -ere, -sī, -sum: go, proceed, 1
inclūdō, -ere, -ūsī, -ūsum: close in/shut in, 3 venerābilis, -e: venerable, 4
invōcō (1): invoke, call on, 4 vestīgium, -ī n.: footstep, tracks; trace, 3

1 forte: abl. fors cum…cōnātus esset: plpf. dep. subj.

eō: there, to there; adv. (cf. quō, ‘to where’)
ubi…vīdit: when…
2 forās: outward; i.e. away from the cave
partem: direction
incertus animī: uncertain at heart; gen. animī
is common among poets but does not conform to
common uses of the gen. (perhaps a locative?)
3 cum…mūgī(vi)ssent: plpf. subj.
4 actae: (while)…; PPP, the cattle are fem. pl.
ad dēsīderium: at…; i.e. in consequence of…
ut fit: as…; clause of comparison
relictārum (boum): of (those)…; i.e. bovēs
substantive from the PPP relinquō; objective
gen. of dēsīderium
5 boum: gen. pl. bōs
6 quem: this one; i.e. Hercules, a connective
relative; Latin uses a relative in transitions
where English prefers a demonstrative
17
vī: by…, with…; irreg. abl. of manner, vīs
7 ictus: PPP iciō; i.e, Cacus
fidem: protection; ‘assurance’ or ‘good faith’
morte occubuit: died; ‘fell in death’
9 ea…loca: that region; ‘those places’
10 mīrāculō litterārum: in…; abl. of respect
following venerābilis; famed for inventing the
Roman alphabet
reī novae: gen. in apposition to litterārum
inter…hominēs: gen. in apposition to litterārum
11 dīvīnitāte: than…; abl. of comparison
12 Carmentae mātris: Evander’s mother;
modifying dīvīnitāte
quam: whom…; Carmenta māter is the
antecedent
fātiloquam: as…
ante…adventum
7.8-12 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

adventum mīrātae eae gentēs fuerant. 9. is tum Evander concursū 1

pāstōrum trepidantium circā advenam manifēstae reum caedis
excitus postquam facinus facinorisque causam audīvit, habitum
fōrmamque virī aliquantum ampliōrem augustiōremque hūmānā
intuēns rogitat quī vir esset. 10. ubi nōmen patremque ac patriam 5
accēpit, ‘Iove nāte, Herculēs, salvē,’ inquit; ‘tē mihi māter,
vēridica interpres deum, auctūrum caelestium numerum cecinit,
tibique āram hīc dicātum īrī quam opulentissima ōlim in terrīs gēns
maximam vocet tuōque rītū cōlat.’ 11. dextrā Herculēs datā
accipere sē ōmen implētūrumque fāta ārā conditā ac dicātā ait. 12. 10
ibi tum prīmum bove eximiā captā dē grege sacrum Herculī,
adhibitīs ad ministerium dapemque Potītiīs ac Pīnāriīs, quae tum
adhibeō, -ēre, -buī: apply, admit, 4 grex, gregis m.: flock, herd, 3
adventus, -ūs m.: arrival, approach, 6 habitus, -ūs m.: state, disposition; possession, 5
advena, ae m.: foreigner, immigrant, 7 Hercules, -is m.: Hercules, 7
aiō: say, affirm, 6 interpres, interpretis m/f.: messenger, 2
aliquantum, -ī n.: some, considerable, 5 intueor, -tuērī, -tuitus sum: look upon, 5
amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 3 manifēstus, -a, -um: clear, evident, flagrant, 4
āra, ārae f.: altar, 6 ministerium, -ī n.: service, office, 4
augustus, -a, -um: august, majestic, 4 ōlim: once; one day, 2
canō, -ere, cecinī, cantum: sing, prophesy, 5 ōmen, ōminis n.: omen, 3
colō, -ere, coluī, cultum: cultivate; worship, 3 opulentus, -a, -um: opulent, wealthy, 5
concursus, -ūs m.: gathering; collision, charge, 5 Pīnāriī, -ōrum m.: Pinarii, 2
daps, dapis f.: feast, 2 Potītiī, -ōrum m.: Potitii, 4
dicō (1): dedicate, 4 reus, -ī m.: defendant, 1
Evander, Evandrī m.: Evander, 5 rītus, -ūs m.: rite, ceremony, 6
eximius, -a, -um: excellent, outstanding, 2 rogitō (1): to ask, ask for, 3
facinus, -noris n.: bad deed, crime, 6 salveō, -ēre: be well; imper. hello, 2
fātum, -ī n.: fate, ruin, death, 5 trepidō (1): to tremble, be agitated, 4
fōrma, -ae, f.: shape, form, beauty, 3 vēridicus, -a, -um: truthful, 1

1 mīrātae…fuerant: equiv. to plpf. dep. mīror;
fuerat stresses the completedness of the action
eae gentēs: demonstative adj.
is Evander: demonstrative adj.
2 circā: about…, concerning…
manifēstae reum caedis: as a…; reum is in
apposition to advenam;
3 excitus: PPP exciō
4 virī: i.e. of Heracles
hūmānā (fōrmā): than…; abl. of comparison
5 quī vir esset: ind. question, impf. subj.
6 Iove: from…; abl. origin Iūppiter, which
declines Iūppiter, Iovis, Iovī, Iovem, and Iove
nāte: son; ‘the one having been born,’ voc. dir.
address from PPP of nāscor
tē…auctūrum (esse): that…; fut. inf. augeō,
caelestium numerum is dir. obj.
mihi: dat. of possession (translate as possessive)
18
7 cecinit: pf., i.e. prophesy was often in meter
8 tibi: for…; dat. of interest
āram…dicātum īrī: that an altar was going to
be dedicated; or ‘would be dedicated,’ fut. pass.
inf. (acc. supine + pass. inf. eō, īre) is always
impersonal (-um), but the acc., here āram, is
used in English as the subject; following cecinit
quam…vocet…colat: which…; pres. subj. of a
subordinate verb (relative clause) in ind. disc.;
the altar is called the ‘Ara Maxima’
9 dextrā…datā: abl. abs., i.e. in oath-taking
10 accipere sē ōmen: that…; ind. disc. i.e. affirms
(sē) implētūrum (esse) fāta: and that…;
reflexive sē remains acc. subject
ārā…dicātā: abl. abs.
11 bove…captā dē grege: abl. abs.
sacrum Herculī…factum (est): a sacrifice…
12 adhibitīs…Potītiīs ac Pīnāriīs: abl. abs.
 Romulus 7.12-8.2

familiae maximē inclitae ea loca incolēbant, factum. 13. forte ita 1

ēvēnit ut Potītiī ad tempus praestō essent iīsque exta appōnerentur,
Pīnāriī extīs adēsīs ad cēteram venīrent dapem. inde īnstitūtum
mānsit dōnec Pīnārium genus fuit, nē extīs eōrum sollemnium
vēscerentur. 14. Potītiī ab Evandrō ēdoctī antistitēs sacrī eius per 5
multās aetātēs fuērunt, dōnec trāditō servīs pūblicīs sollemnī
familiae ministeriō genus omne Potītiōrum interiit. 15. haec tum
sacra Rōmulus ūna ex omnibus peregrīna suscēpit, iam tum
immortālitātis virtūte partae ad quam eum sua fāta dūcēbant fautor.
8. rēbus dīvīnīs rītē perpetrātīs vocātāque ad concilium 10
multitūdine quae coalēscere in populī ūnīus corpus nūllā rē
praeterquam lēgibus poterat, iūra dedit; 2. quae ita sāncta generī
adedō, -ere, -ēdī, -esus: eat up, 1 incolō, -ere, -uī: inhabit, dwell on, 2
antistes, antistis m.: priest, 4 intereō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: die, perish, 1
appōnō, -ere, -suī, -positum: place, set, 1 ministerium, -ī n.: service, office, 4
coalēscō, -ere, -ēvī: combine, coalesce, 3 perpetrō (1): finish, execute, 2
daps, dapis f.: feast, 2 Pīnāriī, -ōrum m.: Pinarii, 2
ēdoceō, -ēre, -ui: teach thoroughly, 2 Pīnārius, -a, -um: of the Pinarii (family), 1
Evander, Evandrī m.: Evander, 5 Potītiī, -ōrum m.: Potitii, 4
ēveniō, -īre: turn out, happen, 4 praestō: at hand, ready, 2
extum, -ī n.: entrails, innards, 3 praeterquam: besides, beyond; except, 4
familia, -ae f.: family, household, 3 rītē: duly, fitly, 3
fātum, -ī n.: fate, ruin, death, 5 sānctus, -a, -um: sacred, holy, 4
fautor, -ōris m.: supporter, patron, 3 suscipiō, -ere, cēpī, ceptum: undertake, take up, 7
immortālitās, -tātis f.: immortality, 2 vēscor, vēscī: to feed on, eat (abl.), 1
inclitus, -a, -um: famed, well known, 5

1 quae…familiae: which families…; relative adj.
ea…loca: that region; ‘those places’
forte: abl. fors
2 ēvēnit: it…; impersonal
ut…essent…appōnerentur: that…; noun result
clause with impf. subj.: translate as indicative
ad: at…
iīs: before…; eīs, dat. of compound verb
3 extīs adēsīs: abl. abs.
ad cēteram dapem: for the rest of the feast
4 mānsit: it remained; impers.; īnstitūtum is a
PPP and nom. pred.
nē…vēscerentur: that (they)…not…; ind.
command; the Pinarii are the subject
eōrum sollemnium: gen. pl. sollemnis refers to
the rites or sacrifices
sacrī eius: i.e the sacrifice; eius is demonstrative
6 trāditō…sollemnī ministeriō: abl. abs.,
sollemnī is an i-stem abl. with ministeriō
8 ūna: alone; modifies neut. haec sacra
iam tum…fautor: already then a supporter of
immortality gained by valor, to which his own
fates were leading him; in apposition to
Romulus; virtūte is abl. cause; partae is PPP
pariō; Romulus will later be deified
10 rēbus…perpetrātīs: abl. abs.
vocātā…multitūdine: abl. abs.
11 quae…poterat: multitūdine is antecedent
11 populī ūnīus: of…; ūnīus is gen. sg. ūnus
nūllā rē: by no means, in no way; abl. of means
12 iūra: rules of law; i.e. law in general, which
can be written or unwritten
quae…fore: that these…; ind. disc. with fut. inf.
sum (equiv. to futurum esse); quae is a
connective relative and refers to the laws; sāncta
is neut. pl. pred.; all governed by ratus (est)
generī…agrestī: to…; dat. of reference (point of
view) or interest; genus refers to ‘race’ or
‘group’

19
8.2-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

hominum agrestī fore ratus, sī sē ipse venerābilem īnsignibus 1

imperiī fēcisset, cum cēterō habitū sē augustiōrem, tum maximē
līctōribus duodecim sūmptīs fēcit. 3. aliī ab numerō avium quae
auguriō rēgnum portenderant eum secūtum numerum putant: mē
haud paenitet eōrum sententiae esse quibus et appāritōrēs hoc 5
genus ab Etrūscīs fīnitimīs, unde sella curūlis, unde toga praetexta
sūmpta est, <et> numerum quoque ipsum ductum placet, et ita
habuisse Etrūscōs quod ex duodecim populīs commūniter creātō
rēge singulōs singulī populī līctōrēs dederint.
4. crēscēbat interim urbs mūnītiōnibus alia atque alia appetendō 10
loca, cum in spem magis futūrae multitūdinis quam ad id quod tum
hominum erat mūnīrent. 5. deinde nē vāna urbis magnitūdo esset,
agrestis, -e: of the fields, rural; farmer, ruralfolk, 4 placet, -uit: it is pleasing, it is resolved, 5
appāritor, -ōris f.: attendant (free-born), guard, 3 portendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum: foretell, 7
appetō, -ere, -īvī, -petītus: seek, aim for, 1 praetextus, -a, -um: bordered, 1
augustus, -a, -um: august, majestic, 4 pūtō (1): to think, consider, 4
curūlis, -e: curule, 2 sella, -ae f.: chair, 2
duodecim: twelve, 6 sententia, -ae f.: opinion, thought, feeling, 4
habitus, -ūs m.: state, disposition; possession, 5 sūmō, -ere, -mpsī, -mptum: take (up), chose, 6
interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 5 toga, -ae f.: toga, 1
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: fortify, build, 6 vānus, -a, -um: in vain, useless, worthless, false, 7
mūnītio, -iōnis f.: fortification, entrenchment, 3 venerābilis, -e: venerable, 4
paenitet, -ēre, -uit: it makes (acc) feel regret, 4

1 ratus (est): dep. pf.
sī…fēcisset: if…; plpf. subj. facio; subj. of a
subordinate verb in ind. disc.; (originally, fut.
more vivid); with a double acc. (obj. and pred.)
ipse: he himself
īnsignibus: with emblems; means
2 cum cēterō habitū: with a different disposition;
i.e. his outward behavior
sē augustiōrem…fēcit: the verb governs a
double acc. (obj. and pred.)
3 līctōribus sūmptīs: abl. abs.
4 auguriō: abl. means
eum secūtum (esse) numerum: that he…; pf.
dep. inf. sequor; Romulus is subject
mē…paenitet: I…regret the opinion.; ‘it makes
me regret of the opinion,’ impers. verb with acc.
of the person feeling and gen. of the obj. of the
feeling; i.e. I find the opinion reasonable
5 eōrum…quibus…placet: of those for whom…;
relative with dat. of interest governed by placet
esse…et appāritōrēs hoc genus…fīnitimīs:
both that attendants of this type are…; ind. disc.
‘ governed by placet; hoc genus is adverbial acc.
i.e. these customs come from the Etruscans
5 unde sella curūlis (sūmpta est): a chair used by
officials
7 <et> numerum…ductum (esse): and that…;
2nd ind. disc. with pf. pass. inf governed by
placet; diamond brackets indicate an addition
made by the modern editor
ita habuisse Etrūscōs: and that the Etruscans
considered thus; the explanation is that there are
12 lictors because there are 12 Etruscan cities
8 quod…dederint: because…; 3p pf. subj. dō,
subj. of alleged cause;
creātō rēge: abl. abs.
singulōs…līctōrēs: individual…; acc. dir. obj.
10 mūnītiōnibus: in…; abl. respect or means
alia atque alia…loca: pl. loca often means a sg.
‘region’
appetendō: abl. means, gerund (-ing)
11 cum…magis…mūnīrent: since…; causal
in spem…futūrae multitūdinis: fut. pple. sum
quam: than…; clause of comparison after magis
ad id quod (numerus) hominum…erat: for
that which…; ad expressing purpose
12 nē…esset: so that…might not…; neg. purpose
clause

20
 Romulus 8.5-9.1

adiciendae multitūdinis causā vetere cōnsiliō condentium urbēs, 1

quī obscūram atque humilem conciendō ad sē multitūdinem nātam
ē terrā sibi prōlem ēmentiēbantur; locum quī nunc saeptus
ēscendentibus inter duōs lūcōs est asȳlum aperit. 6. eō ex fīnitimīs
populīs turba omnis sine discrīmine, līber an servus esset, avida 5
novārum rērum perfūgit, idque prīmum ad coeptam magnitūdinem
rōboris fuit.
7. cum iam vīrium haud paenitēret, cōnsilium deinde vīribus
parat. centum creat senātōrēs, sīve quia is numerus satis erat, sīve
quia sōlī centum erant quī creārī patrēs possent. patrēs certē ab 10
honōre patriciīque prōgeniēs eōrum appellātī.
9. iam rēs Rōmāna adeō erat valida ut cuilibet fīnitimārum
an: or (in questions), 7 patricius, -a, -um: patrician, 1
Asȳlum, -ī n.: Asylum; refuge, sanctuary 2 perfugiō, -ere, -fūgī: flee, take refuge, 1
avidus, -a, -um: eager, greedy, desirous for 1 prōgenies, -eī f.: offspring, descendent, 3
concieō, -ēre, -īī: rouse, provoke stir up, 3 prōles, -is f.: offspring, 3
discrīmen, -nis n.: difference, distinction, 7 quilibet, quae-, quod-: anyone you please, 2
ēmentior, -īrī, ēmentitum: lie, pretend, 1 rōbor, rōboris n.: oak; strength, 5
ēscendō, -ere, -dī: ascend, 2 saepiō –īre, saepsī, saeptum: to hedge, fence in, 2
humilis, -e: lowly, humble, 3 senātor, -ōris m.: senator, 1
lūcus, -ī m.: grove, 7 sīve (seu): or if, whether if, 2
obscūrus, -a, -um: dim, obscure, indistinct, 3 turba, -ae f.: crowd, throng; tumult, 4
paenitet, -ēre, -uit: it makes (acc) feel regret, 4 validus, -a, -um: strong, powerful, 5

1 adiciendae…causā: for the sake of…; causā + question in apposition to discrīmine

preceding gen. is a common preposition; noun +
gerundive: perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translation as gerund (-ing) + obj.
condentium urbēs: of (those)…; gen. pl. pres.
pple and obj.; antecedent of the quī that follows
2 obscūram...conciendō...multitūdinem: for...;
dat. of purpose rather than abl. of means or
cause, gerund (-ing) and obj.
nātam (esse)…prōlem: that…; ind. disc.; sibi is
dat. of interest or dat. of possession; i.e. the idea
that one’s ancestors are prōles, ‘offspring,’ that
sprang from the earth
3 locum: i.e. the Asylum, the ridge between the
two peaks of the Capitoline hill
quī…saeptus…est: pres. pf. pass. in English
4 ēscendentibus: for (those)…; dat. of interest;
supply collem, ‘hill,’ as obj.
asȳlum: as a sanctuary; predicative; the name
of the place, Asylum, and its later as a sanctuary
gives rise to our use of the word today
eō: there, to there; adv. (cf. quō, ‘to where’)
5 līber an servus esset: (whether) he…; ind.
6 novārum rērum: for new circumstances; else
‘of political changes’ or ‘of revolution’
idque prīmum…fuit: and this was the first step
toward…
8 cum..paenitēret: since he regretted+ gen.; ‘it
made (him) regret of,’ causal cum clause with
impersonal verb with acc. of person feeling and
gen. of the obj. of the feeling
vīrium: gen. pl. vīs; i.e. of the multitude
vīribus: for…; dat. ind. obj.; vīs
9 sīve…sīve…: whether…or
10 patrēs: here synonymous with senātōrēs
patrēs certē ab honōre (appellātī sunt): they…
patrēs is nom. pred.
ab: as a result of
11 patriciī prōgeniēs eōrum appellātī (sunt):
prōgeniēs is subject and patriciī is nom. pred.
12 Rēs Rōmāna: the Roman state
adeō: adv. (cf. adhūc; ad, ‘to’ + eō ‘to there,’
often means ‘so far,’ ‘so,’ or ‘to such an extent’
ut…esset: that…; result with impf. subj. sum
cuilibet: dat. of special adjective, here pār

21
9.1-5 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

cīvitātum bellō pār esset; sed pēnūriā mulierum hominis aetātem 1

dūrātūra magnitūdo erat, quippe quibus nec domī spēs prōlis nec
cum fīnitimīs cōnūbia essent. 2. tum ex cōnsiliō patrum Rōmulus
lēgātōs circā vīcīnās gentēs mīsit quī societātem cōnūbiumque
novō populō peterent: 3. urbēs quoque, ut cētera, ex īnfimō nāscī; 5
dein, quās sua virtūs ac dī iuvent, magnās opēs sibi magnumque
nōmen facere; 4. satis scīre, orīginī Rōmānae et deōs adfuisse et
nōn dēfutūram virtūtem; proinde nē gravārentur hominēs cum
hominibus sanguinem ac genus miscēre.
5. nusquam benignē lēgātiō audīta est: adeō simul spernēbant, 10
simul tantam in mediō crēscentem mōlem sibi ac posterīs suīs
metuēbant. ac plērīsque rogitantibus dīmissī ecquod fēminīs
adsum, -esse, -fuī: be present, assist, 6 misceō, -ēre, -uī, mīxtum: mix, mingle, 5
benignus, -a, -um: kind, kindly, 7 mōlēs, -is f.: mass; burden, magnitude; labor, 3
cōnūbium, -ī n.: marriage, right of marriage, 5 nusquam: nowhere, 2
dein: then, next, 2 pēnūria, -ae f.: need, want, 1
dēsum, -esse, -fuī: be lacking, fail (dat), 6 plērusque, plēra-, plērum-: very many, most, 3
dīmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus: dismiss, 2 proinde: then, therefore, consequently, 3
dūrō (1): endure, last, 1 prōles, -is f.: offspring, 3
ecquī, -qua, -quod: any, is there any?, 1 rogitō (1): to ask, ask for, 3
fēmina, -ae f.: woman, 2 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 7
gravō (1): weigh down, oppress, aggrieve, 3 societās, -tātis f.: alliance, association, 7
iuvō (1): help, assist, aid; iuvat, it is pleasing, 3 spernō, -ere, sprēvī: spurn, reject, 3
lēgātio, -ōnis f.: envoy, ambassador, legate, 2 vīcīnus, -a, -um: neighboring, 6
metuō, -ere, -uī: to fear, dread, 1

1 bellō: in…; abl. respect
pēnūriā: because of…; abl. cause
aetātem: for (one) lifetime…; acc. of duration
2 dūrātūra erat: periphrastic fut. (fut. pple +
impf. sum)
quibus…essent: (for those) for whom; i.e. ‘for
whomever,’ a relative clause of characteristic
with impf. subj. sum; dat. of interest
domī: at…; locative
4 quī…peterent: who would…; a relative clause
of purpose (quī = ut eī)
5 novō populō: with…; abl. of association or dat.
of interest
urbēs…nāscī: that…; a series of ind. disc.
explaining what the envoys said; pres. dep. inf.
nāscor
ut cētera: just as…; clause of comparison
6 dein (urbēs) quās…iuvent: then (the cities)
which…; a relative clause of characteristic with
pres. subj., the missing antecedent is acc. subj.
of facere in ind. disc.
sibi: dat. interest
7 satis (esse) scīre: that (it is) …; i.e. there is
sufficient evidence
orīginī…deōs adfuisse: that…; pf. adsum in
ind. disc.governed by scīre; dat. of compound
verb
8 nōn dēfutūram (esse) virtūtem: that…; ind.
disc. with fut. inf.
nē gravārentur…: that the people not be
reluctant + inf.; ‘be weighed down,’ negative
ind. command
10 simul…simul…: both…and at the same time
in mediō: in their midst
sibi ac posterīs suīs: for…; dat. of interest
12 plērīsque rogitantibus: abl. abs. the plērīsque
refer to the cities approached by the envoys
dīmissī: (those)…; PPP, i.e. the rejected Roman
envoys; subject of aperuissent in ind. question
ecquod...asȳlum aperuissent: had…any
asylum…; ind. question with plpf. subj.
governed by rogitantibus; ecquod is an
interrogative adj.

22
 Romulus 9.5-9.9

quoque asȳlum aperuissent; id enim dēmum compār cōnūbium 1

fore. 6. aegrē id Rōmāna pūbēs passa et haud dubiē ad vim spectāre
rēs coepit.
cui tempus locumque aptum ut daret, Rōmulus aegritūdinem
animī dissimulāns lūdōs ex industriā parat Neptūnō equestrī 5
sollemnēs; Cōnsuālia vocat. 7. indicī deinde fīnitimīs spectāculum
iubet; quantōque apparātū tum sciēbant aut poterant, concelebrant
ut rem clāram exspectātamque facerent. 8. multī mortālēs
convēnēre, studiō etiam videndae novae urbis, maximē proximī
quīque, Caenīnēnsēs, Crustuminī, Antemnātēs; 9. iam Sabīnōrum 10
omnis multitūdō cum līberīs ac coniugibus vēnit. invītātī
hospitāliter per domōs cum situm moeniaque et frequentem tēctīs
aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, injured; adv. poorly, 6 dissimulō (1): conceal, feign, dissemble, 1
aegritūdo, -inis f.: injury, sickness, affliction, 1 equester, -stris, -stre: equestrian, 2
Antemnātēs, -ium m.: Amtemnates, inhabitants of exspectō (1): look out for, wait for, await, 4
Amtemnae, 4 frequēns, frequentis: crowded, busy, 6
apparātus, -ūs m.: equipment, provision, 1 hospitāliter: hospitably, 1
aptus, -a, -um: fitting, suitable for (dat.), 6 industria, -ae f.: diligence, exertion, 3
Asȳlum, -ī n.: Asylum; refuge, 2 invītō (1): to invite, summon, 2
Caenīnēnsēs, -ium m.: Caeninenses (people), 3 lūdus, -ī m.: game, play, sport; school, 5
clārus, -a, -um: clear, distinguished, famous, 6 mortālis, -e: mortal, 6
compār (gen. compāris): equal, peer, 1 Neptūnus, -ī m.: Neptune, 1
concelebrō (1): celebrate, 1 pūbēs, pūberis f.: men (young, of military age), 7
coniūnx -ūgis m/f: husband, wife, spouse, 6 situs, -ūs m.: site, position; situation, 3
Cōnsuālia, -ōrum n.: Consualia (festival), 1 spectō (1): to watch, look at, 6
cōnūbium, -ī n.: marriage, right of marriage, 5 studium, -ī n.: zeal, desire, pursuit, 5
Crustuminī, -ōrum m.: Crustumini (people), 5 tēctum, -ī n.: roof; dwelling, home, shelter, 6
dēmum: at length, finally, 2

1 id…fore: (they say) that it…; fore is fut. inf.
sum (equiv. to futūrum esse); the speech of the
neighboring cities to the envoys has shifted from
ind. question to ind. disc.
compār cōnūbium: i.e. a marriage between
peers
2 aegrē: poorly
passa (est): pf. dep. patior; id is acc. obj.
spectāre: to look to; i.e. be inclined to a
certain direction of action
3 rēs: the situation; nom.
4 cui…ut daret: so that he might…; purpose
clause with unusual order
cui: for this; i.e. for the violence; a connective
relative and dat of special adj.
aegritūdinem: i.e. resentment
animī: gen. sg.: found among poets but does not
conform to common usage (perhaps a locative?)
5 Neptūnō equestrī: dat. ind. obj.; horses are
sacred to Neptune
23
6 (ludōs) vocat: he calls (the games)…; governs a
double acc.
indicī…spectāculum: that…be declared; ind.
disc.
7 quantōque apparātū…poterant: with as much
provisions as…; a relative clause
ut…facerent: so that…might…; purpose with
impf. subj.; the verb governs a double accusative
8 exspectātam: (eagerly) expected
9 convēnēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
studiō: with…; abl. of cause
videndae novae urbis: for…; noun + gerundive;
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
a gerund (ing) + obj.; objective gen. with studiō
proximī quīque (convenērunt): add verb
11 invitātī: (those)…; PPP, subject of the cum
clause below
12 cum…vīdisset
tēctīs: abl. means with frequentem
9.9-13 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

urbem vīdissent, mīrantur tam brevī rem Rōmānam crēvisse. 10. ubi 1
spectāculī tempus vēnit dēditaeque eō mentēs cum oculīs erant,
tum ex compositō orta vīs signōque datō iuventūs Rōmāna ad
rapiendās virginēs discurrit. 11. magna pars forte in quem quaeque
inciderat raptae: quāsdam fōrmā excellentēs, prīmōribus patrum 5
dēstinātās, ex plēbe hominēs quibus datum negōtium erat domōs
dēferēbant. 12. ūnam longē ante aliās speciē ac pulchritūdine
īnsignem ā globō Thalassī cuiusdam raptam ferunt multīsque
scīscitantibus cuinam eam ferrent, identidem nē quis violāret
Thalassiō ferrī clāmitātum; inde nūptiālem hanc vōcem factam. 13. 10
turbātō per metum lūdicrō maestī parentēs virginum profugiunt,
incūsantēs violātī hospitiī foedus deumque invocantēs cuius ad
brevis, -e: short, brief, 5 lūdicrum, -ī n.: game, sport, exhibition, 4
clāmitō (1): call out (repeatedly), 2 maestus, -a, -um: grief-stricken, gloomy, 4
compositum, -ī n.: agreement, compact, 4 mēns, mentis f.: mind, intent, purpose, 4
dēferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: carry away, bring, 5 negōtium, iī n.: task, business, 4
dēstinō (1): to intend, design, 2 nūptiālis, -e: of marriage, 1
discurrō, -ere, -currī: run about, 1 oculus, -ī, m.: eye, 6
excellō, -ere, -uī: excel, 1 profugiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: flee, escape, 2
fōrma, -ae, f.: beauty, shape, form, 3 pulchritūdo, -inis f.: beauty, 3
globus, -ī n.: crowd, throng, group; ball, sphere, 3 quīnam, quae-, quid-: just who/what?, 2
hospitium, ī n.: guest-friendship/hospitality, 6 sciscitor, -ārī, -ātum: examine, inquire, 4
identidem: repeatedly, 2 Thalassius, -ī m.: Thalassius, 2
incidō, -ere, -cīdī: fall into/upon; happen, 5 turbō (1): throw in confusion, disturb, 5
incūsō (1): to accuse, complain of, 1 violō (1): to do violence to, violate, 5
invōcō (1): invoke, call on, 4 virgō, virginis f.: maiden, virgin, 6
iuventūs, -tūtis f.: youth, 5

1 tam brevī (tempore): in…; abl. time when 7 ūnam (virginem)

rem Rōmānam crēvisse: that the Roman state...
pf. inf. crēscō
2 dēditae…erant: plpf. pass. dedō
eō: dat. ind. obj. demonstrative; i.e. the spectacle
ex compositō: by agreement
orta (est) vīs: pf. dep. orior, vīs is fem. sg.
3 signō datō: abl. abs.; perhaps a gesture from
Romulus
ad rapiendās virginēs: for…; noun + gerundive
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.
4 magna pars: i.e. of the virginēs
forte: abl. fors
quaeque: each one
5 raptae (sunt)
quāsdam: some
fōrmā: in…; abl. respect
prīmōribus: for…; dat. of interest
6 quibus…datum erat: to whom…; relative
domōs: to…; acc. place to which
24
ante: i.e. excelled, stood out
speciē ac pulchritūdine: in…; abl. of respect
8 ā globō Thalassī cuiusdam: by…; abl. agent;
i.e. acting on behalf of a man named Thalassius
ferunt: carry off
multīsque scīscitantibus: abl. abs.
9 cuinam…ferrent: ind. quest. with impf. subj.
nē quis…violāret: lest anyone…; ‘so that…not’
neg. purpose clause; quis is indefinite
10 (eam) Thalassiō ferrī: that she was being
carried to Thalassius; following clāmitātum
clāmitātum (est): they…; ‘it was shouted
repeatedly’ impers. pf. pass.: translate in the
active in English
nūptiālem…factam (esse): that…; 2nd ind. disc.
governed by clāmitātum est; ‘Thalassio’ was
commonly shouted at weddings in Livy’s time
11 turbātō…lūdicrō: abl. abs.
12 violātī hospitiī foedus: the pact of…; example
of hypallage: read ‘violātum hospitiī foedus’
 Romulus 9.13-16

sollemne lūdōsque per fās ac fidem dēceptī vēnissent. 14. nec raptīs 1
aut spēs dē sē melior aut indignātiō est minor.
sed ipse Rōmulus circumībat docēbatque patrum id superbiā
factum quī cōnūbium fīnitimīs negāssent; illās tamen in
mātrimōniō, in societāte fortūnārum omnium cīvitātisque et quō 5
nihil cārius hūmānō generī sit līberum fore; 15. mollīrent modo īrās
et, quibus fors corpora dedisset, darent animōs; saepe ex iniūriā
postmodum grātiam ortam; eōque meliōribus ūsūrās virīs quod
adnīsūrus prō sē quisque sit ut, cum suam vicem functus officiō sit,
parentium etiam patriaeque expleat dēsīderium. 16. accēdēbant 10
blanditiae virōrum, factum pūrgantium cupiditāte atque amōre,
quae maximē ad muliebre ingenium efficācēs precēs sunt.
accēdō, -ere, -cessī: come to, approach, is added, 7 indignātiō, -tiōnis f.: indignity, outrage, 2
adnītor, -ī adnīxum/sum: strive, make an effort, 1 lūdus, -ī m.: game, play, sport; school, 5
amor, -ōris m.: love, desire, passion, 5 mātrimōnium, -iī n.: marriage, 6
blanditia, -ae f.: flattery, 1 melior, melius: better, 5
cārus, -a, -um: dear, precious, costly, 2 molliō, -īre, -īvī: soften, calm, mollify, 1
circumeō, -īre, -iī: go around, canvass, 2 negō (1): to deny, say that…not, 5
cōnūbium, -ī n.: marriage, right of marriage, 5 officium, -iī, n.: duty, service, 3
cupiditās, -tātis f.: desire, ambition, 6 postmodum: afterwards, shortly, 1
dēcipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: deceive, 1 precēs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 7
dēsīderium, -iī n.: longing; grief (for a loss), 5 pūrgō (1): excuse, apology; clear away, cleanse, 3
doceō, -ēre, -uī, -ctus: teach, tell, 3 saepe: often, 2
efficax (efficacis): effective, efficacious, 2 societās, -tātis f.: alliance, partnership, 7
expleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētum: fulfull, fill out, 4 superbia, -ae f.: arrogance, pride, 6
fās n.: right, righteousness, divine law, 6 ūtor, ūtī, usum: use, enjoy (abl.), 3
fungor, -ī, functum: perform (abl.), 3 vicis, -is f.: turn, exchange; office; -em, in turn, 6
grātia, -ae f.: gratitude, favor, influence, thanks, 6

1 per fās ac fidem: on the pretext of…; per + acc.
can express the alleged reason for an action
nec…aut…aut…: nor…either…or…
raptīs: to (those)…; PPP rapiō, i.e. the virginēs
3 patrum id…factum (esse): that it…; ind. disc.
with pf. pass. inf.
superbiā: because of…; abl. cause
4 quī…negā(vi)sset: who…; plpf. subj.; subj. of a
subordinate verb in ind. disc.
illās…fore: that those…; fut. inf. sum
5 fortūnārum, cīvitātiseque, et…līber(ōr)um:
all gen. pl. modifying societāte; līberī, ‘children’
quō…sit: than which…; relative with pres. subj.
sum of a subordinate verb in ind. disc.; abl. of
comparison; the antecedent is līber(ōr)um
cārius: neut. comparative, nom. pred.
6 hūmānō generī: to…; dat. of reference
(ut) mollīrent: (that) they should…; ind.
command without ut; a jussive in dir. speech
7 quibus…dedisset: (to those) to whom…; plpf.
25
subj.; subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
(ut) darent: (that) they should; see above
animōs: hearts; ‘minds’; Romulus wants the
women to submit willingly
saepe…grātiam ortam (esse): that…; pf. orior
8 eō…quod: because of this…(namely) because…
meliōribus ūsūrās (esse) virīs: that (they)…;
ind. disc. with fut. inf. ūtor + abl. obj.
adnīsūrus sit: is going…; periphrastic fut. subj.
9 prō sē quisque: each (husband) for his part
‘each according to his own ability’
ut…expleat: that he…; result
suam vicem: in his turn; adverbial acc.
functus sit: pf. dep. fungor + abl.
10 parentium…dēsīderium: (the women’s)
longing for…; objective gen.
accēdēbant: i.e. come after Romulus’ speech
11 factum: the deed; i.e. the kidnapping; acc. obj.
pūrgantium: pres. pple modifying virōrum
12 ad…: for a woman’s heart
10.1-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

10. iam admodum mītigātī animī raptīs erant; at raptārum 1

parentēs tum maximē sordidā veste lacrimīsque et querellīs
cīvitātēs concitābant. nec domī tantum indignātiōnēs continēbant
sed congregābantur undique ad T. Tatium rēgem Sabīnōrum, et
lēgātiōnēs eō quod maximum Tatī nōmen in iīs regiōnibus erat 5
conveniēbant. 2. Caenīnēnsēs Crustuminīque et Antemnātēs erant
ad quōs eius iniūriae pars pertinēbat. lentē agere hīs Tatius
Sabīnīque vīsī sunt: ipsī inter sē trēs populī commūniter bellum
parant. 3. nē Crustuminī quidem atque Antemnātēs prō ārdōre
īrāque Caenīnēnsium satis sē impigrē movent; ita per sē ipsum 10
nōmen Caenīnum in agrum Rōmānum impetum facit. 4. sed effūsē
vastantibus fit obvius cum exercitū Rōmulus levīque certāmine
admodum: to the limit, in full measure, 1 lacrima, -ae f.: tear, 5
Antemnātēs, -ium m.: Amtemnates, inhabitants of lēgātiō, -ōnis f.: embassy, envoy, 2
Amtemnae, 4 lentus, -a, -um: slow, 1
ārdor, ardōris m.: ardor, passion, 2 levis, -e: light, 1
at: but, yet; at least, 6 mītigō (1): soften, 2
Caenīnēnsēs, -ium m.: Caeninenses (people), 3 obvius, -a, -um: in the way of (dat), 5
Caeninus, -a, -um: of Caenina (town), 1 pertineō, -ēre, -tinuī: pertain to; reach, 5
concitō (1): stir up, incite, impel, 4 querella, -ae f.: complaint, 3
congregō (1): gather together, assemble, 1 sordidus, -a, -um: dirty, 3
contineō, -ēre, -uī, -tum: hold together, confine, 4 T.: Titus, 3
Crustuminī, -ōrum m.: Crustumini (people), 5 undique: from everywhere, from all sides, 4
effūsus, -a, -um: spread out; adv. widely 7 vastō (1): lay waste, 1
impiger, -gra, -grum: active, energetic, quick, 2 vestis, -is f.: clothing, 4
indignātiō, -tiōnis f.: indignity, outrage, 2

1 raptīs: (the ones)…; dat. of possession, PPP
raptārum: of (the ones)…; PPP rapiō
2 nec…tantum…sed: not only…but (also)
domī: at…; locative
5 eō: there, to there; adv. (cf. quō, ‘to where’)
quod: because
iīs: eīs, demonstrative
6 eius iniūriae: of this…; gen. demonstrative adj.
7 agere: to act
eīs: to…; dat. of reference (their viewpoint)
8 vīsī sunt: seemed
ipsī…trēs populī: the neighbors acted without
the Sabines because they thought the Sabines
were not reacting fast enough
9 nē…quidem: not even…; usually emphasizing
the word inbetween, but here both subjects; both
move too slowly for the Caeninenses
prō: in proportion to…, for…
10 satis: adv.
per sē: by themselves
11 nōmen Caenīnum: people of Caenina; i.e. all
who carry the name of Caenina
in: against…; agrum here means ‘land’ or
‘territory’ instead of simply ‘field’
effūsē: widely; ‘spead out’
12 vastantibus: to (those)…; i.e. the Caeninenses,
dat. of interest
fit obvius: comes in their way
levī certāmine: in…; abl. of means

26
 Romulus 10.4-6

docet vānam sine vīribus īram esse. exercitum fundit fugatque, 1

fūsum persequitur: rēgem in proeliō obtruncat et spoliat: 5. duce
hostium occīsō urbem prīmō impetū capit.
inde exercitū victōre reductō, ipse cum factīs vir magnificus tum
factōrum ostentātor haud minor, spolia ducis hostium caesī 5
suspēnsa fabricātō ad id aptē ferculō gerēns in Capitōlium
ēscendit; ibique ea cum ad quercum pāstōribus sacram dēposuisset,
simul cum dōnō dēsignāvit templō Iovis fīnēs cognōmenque
addidit deō: 6. ‘Iūppiter Ferētrī’ inquit, ‘haec tibi victor Rōmulus
rēx rēgia arma ferō, templumque hīs regiōnibus quās modo animō 10
mētātus sum dēdicō, sēdem opīmīs spoliīs quae rēgibus ducibusque
hostium caesīs mē auctōrem sequentēs posterī ferent.’
aptus, -a, -um: fitting, suitable for (dat.), 6 fugō (1): to put to flight, 1
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesum: kill, slaughter, 5 magnificus, -a, -um: magnificent, splendid, 1
Capitōlium, -ī n.: Capitolium, 4 mētor, -ārī, -ātum: mark, lay out, 1
cognōmen, -minis n.: nickname, 7 obtruncō (1): cut down, kill, 2
dēdicō (1): to dedicate, consecrate, 2 occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsus: kill, strike down, 5
dēpōnō, -ere, -posuī: put down, put aside, 2 opīmus, -a, -um: honorable, splended, rich 2
dēsignō (1): to mark out, designate, 2 ostentātor, -ōris m.: braggart, vaunter, 1
doceō, -ēre, -uī, -ctus: teach, tell, 3 persequor, -ī, -secūtus: follow, pursue, 3
dōnum, -ī n.: gift, 7 quercus, -ūs f.: oak, 1
ēscendō, -ere, -dī: ascend, 2 redūcō, -ere, -xī, -ctus: lead/bring back, 2
fabricor, -ārī, -ātus sum: make, fashion, 1 spoliō (1): to despoil, plunder, 2
ferculum, -ī n.: frame, 1 suspendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: hang up, 5
Ferētrius, -ī m.: Feretrius (of trophies), 2 vānus, -a, -um: in vain, useless, worthless, false, 7

1 vānam…īram esse: that… 7 ea: i.e. spolia; demonstrative, obj. of dēposuisset

vīribus: abl. pl., vīs
2 (exercitum) fūsum: PPP fundō; supply the noun
duce…occīsō: abl. abs.
3 prīmō impetū: in…; abl. time when
4 exercitū victōre…reductō: the victorious
army…; abl. abl.
ipse: he himself; i.e. Romulus, intensive
cum...tum…: both…and…
factīs: in deeds; abl. respect; substantive
5 factōrum: of deeds
spolia…suspēnsa: i.e. the armor removed from
the king several lines earlier
ducis…caesī: PPP caedō
6 facbricātō…ferculō: on a…; abl. means or
place where, governed by suspēnsa
ad id: for this (purpose)
gerens: carrying; spolia is obj.; Livy notes that
Romulus carried it himself
cum…dēposuisset: plpf. subj.
pāstōribus: dat. of reference (in the eyes of…)
8 cum dōnō: with his offering
templō Iovis: for…; dat. of purpose and gen.
Iūppiter
9 Iūppiter Ferētrī: voc. dir. address
10 hīs regiōnibus: i.e. place marked-off for the
temple; dat. ind. obj.
quās…mētātus sum: which…; pf. dep. mētor
(in) animō
11 sēdem: in apposition to templum
opīmīs spoliīs: for…; dat. interest; Opima spolia
is thereafter the term for the arms and armor
taken off a vanguished general on the battlefield
quae…ferent: which…; fut., i.e. to same place
rēgibus ducibusque…caesīs: abl. abs., caedō
12 auctōrem: as…; acc. pred.
posterī: those hereafter; i.e. future generations

27
10.7-11.2 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

7. haec templī est orīgō quod prīmum omnium Rōmae sacrātum est. 1
ita deinde dīs vīsum nec inritam conditōris templī vōcem esse quā
lātūrōs eō spolia posterōs nuncupāvit nec multitūdine compotum
eius dōnī volgārī laudem. bīna posteā, inter tot annōs, tot bella,
opīma parta sunt spolia: adeō rāra eius fortūna decoris fuit. 5
11. dum ea ibi Rōmānī gerunt, Antemnātium exercitus per
occāsiōnem ac sōlitūdinem hostīliter in fīnēs Rōmānōs
incursiōnem facit. raptim et ad hōs Rōmāna legiō ducta palātōs in
agrīs oppressit. 2. fūsī igitur prīmō impetū et clāmōre hostēs,
oppidum captum; duplicīque victōriā ovantem Rōmulum Hersilia 10
coniūnx precibus raptārum fatīgāta ōrat ut parentibus eārum det
veniam et in cīvitātem accipiat: ita rem coalēscere concordiā posse.
Antemnātēs, -ium m.: Amtemnates, inhabitants of legiō, legiōnis f.: legion, 7
Amtemnae, 4 nuncupō (1): call, name, 3
bīnī, -ae, -a: two each, two by two, 4 occāsio, -iōnis f.: chance, opportunity, 4
coalēscō, -ere, -ēvī: combine, coalesce, 3 opīmus, -a, -um: rich, 2
compos (compotis): partaking of, possessing, 2 opprimō, -ere, -pressī: overwhelm; suppress, 6
concordia, -ae f.: concord, harmony, 2 ōrō (1): plead, pray (for), entreat, 5
conditor, -tōris m.: founder, 5 ovō (1): exult in, rejoice in, 3
coniūnx -ūgis m/f: husband, wife, spouse, 6 palor, -ārī, -ātum: scatter, wander, 1
dōnum, -ī n.: gift, 7 posteā: after this, afterwards, 5
dum: while, as long as, until, 6 precēs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 7
duplex (duplicis): double, 3 raptim: suddenly, quickly, 2
fatīgō (1): to tire out, weary, exhaust, 1 rārus, -a, -um: rare; scattered, far apart, 2
Hersilia, -ae f.: Hersilia, 1 sacrō (1): make sacred, consecrate, dedicate, 4
hostīlis, -e: of an enemy, hostile, 3 solitūdō, solitūdinis f.: wilderness, solitude, 3
incursiō, -iōnis f.: incursion, 2 tot: so many, 5
inritus, -a, -um: ineffective, in vain, 1 venia, -ae f.: mercy, indulgence, favor, 3
laus, laudis f.: praise, adulation, 2 volgō (1): make common, prostitute, publish, 3

1 haec: this is… adeō: adv.

Rōmae: at…; locative
2 dīs vīsum (est)…laudem: it seemed (good) to
the gods neither that the voice of the founder of
the temple was ineffective, by which (voice) he
declared that those hereafter will bring spoils
there, nor that the praise of that gift was made
common by a multitude of partakers; i.e. the
dedication of the Opimia Spolia became a
tradition but a rare one in Roman history
nec…nec…: neither…nor…
inritam…esse: that…;
quā…nuncupāvit: by which,…
3 latūrōs (esse)…posterōs: that…; fut. inf. ferō
eō: there, to there; adv. (cf. quō, ‘to where’)
multitūdine…volgārī laudem: that…; pass. inf.
5 parta sunt: were gained; ‘were produced,’ pf.
pass. pariō
eius…decoris: of this…; gen. demonstrative
6 ea: these things; obj.
8 ad hōs: against…
ducta: drawn up
palātōs: (those)…; i.e. the enemy, dep. PPP
palor and obj. of oppressit
9 fūsī (sunt): pf. pass. fundō, ‘spread,’ but here
‘rout’ or ‘turn away’
10 oppidum captum (est): i.e. Amtemnae
duplicī victōriā: because of…; abl. cause with
i-stem 3rd decl. abl.
11 raptārum: of (those)…; PPP rapiō, i.e. the
virginēs, who are now Roman wives
ut…det…accipiat: that…; ind. command
12 ita rem…posse: (and) that the state…; ind.
disc. following ind. command

28
 Romulus 11.2-7

3.facile impetrātum. 1
inde contrā Crustuminōs profectus bellum īnferentēs. ibi minus
etiam quod aliēnīs clādibus ceciderant animī certāminis fuit. 4.
utrōque colōniae missae: plūrēs inventī quī propter ūbertātem
terrae in Crustuminum nōmina darent. et Rōmam inde frequenter 5
migrātum est, ā parentibus maximē ac propinquīs raptārum.
5. novissimum ab Sabīnīs bellum ortum multōque id maximum
fuit; nihil enim per īram aut cupiditātem actum est, nec ostendērunt
bellum prius quam intulērunt. 6. cōnsiliō etiam additus dolus. Sp.
Tarpēius Rōmānae praeerat arcī. huius fīliam virginem aurō 10
corrumpit Tatius ut armātōs in arcem accipiat; aquam forte ea tum
sacrīs extrā moenia petītum ierat. 7. acceptī obrutam armīs
aurum, -ī n.: gold, 2 migrō (1): to travel, migrate, 3
clādes, -is f.: disaster, destruction, loss, 5 obruō, -ere, -ī, -tum: overwhelm, 1
colōnia, -ae f.: colony, 4 ostendō, -ere, ostendī: to show, 5
corrumpō, -ēre, -rūpī: break down, ruin, 3 praesum, -esse, -fuī: be over, preside (dat.), 2
Crustumerium, -ī n.: Crustuminum (town), 1 propinquus, -a, -um: near, neighboring; kin, 3
Crustuminī, -ōrum m.: Crustumini (people), 5 propter: on account of, because of (acc), 1
cupiditās, -tātis f.: desire, ambition, 6 Sp.: Spurius, 3
dolus, -ī m.: trick, deceit, 7 Tarpēius, -a, -um: Tarpeian, 2
extrā: outside; beyond, outside of (acc.), 3 ūbertās, -tātis f.: productiveness, 1
frequēns, frequentis: crowded, busy, 6 virgō, virginis f.: maiden, virgin, 6
impetrō (1): obtain, accomplish, 2

1 facile impetrātum (est): it was…; impers. pf.
pass., Romulus did as Hersilia requested
facile: adv.
2 profectus (est): pf. dep. proficīscor
ibi (bellum) minus etiam…fuit: there (the war)
was even smaller; neut. comparative as pred.
3 quod…certāminis fuit: because the spirit for
combat had fallen off because of the losses of
the others; i.e. the earlier battle; abl. cause
4 utrōque (locō): to…; dat. of direction
missae (sunt)
plūrēs: more; i.e. Romans volunteering as
colonists
inventī (sunt)
quī…nōmina darent: who…; relative clause of
characteristic with impf. subj.: nōmina dare is a
common idiom for ‘enroll’ or ‘enlist’
5 Rōmam: acc. place to which
6 migrātum est: they…; ‘it was migrated,’
impers. pf. pass. which is better translated
actively in English; the Crustumini are the
subject
6 propinquīs: kinsmen; ‘those near’
raptārum: of (those)…; PPP rapiō, i.e. the
virginēs, who are now Roman wives
29
7 novissimum…bellum: last; ‘most recent,’ the
most recent in any series or list is the last one
ortum (est): pf. pass. orior
multō: by far; ‘by much,’ abl. of degree of
difference
8 ostendērunt: reveal, show off
9 prius quam: before; ‘earlier than’ with a clause
of comparison
intulērunt: pf. inferō
additus (est)
10 Rōmānae…arcī: dat. of compound verb; the
arx is the walled-in hilltop on the Capitoline
huius: gen. demonstrative hic; i.e. of Tarpeius
aurō: abl. means
11 armātōs (virōs): i.e. the enemy Sabines
forte: abl. fors
ea: i.e. Tarpeia, the daughter; nom. sg.
12 sacrīs: for…; dat. of purpose
petītium: to…; acc. supine (PPP + um) often
expresses purpose: translate as an inf.
ierat: plpf. eō
(Sabinī) acceptī: PPP, nom. pl.
(eam) obrutam armīs: (her)…; PPP, add eam
11.7-12.1 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

necāvēre, seu ut vī capta potius arx vidērētur seu prōdendī exemplī 1

causā nē quid usquam fīdum prōditōrī esset. 8. additur fābula, quod
volgō Sabīnī aureās armillās magnī ponderis brāchiō laevō
gemmātōsque magnā speciē ānulōs habuerint, pepigisse eam quod
in sinistrīs manibus habērent; eō scūta illī prō aureīs dōnīs 5
congesta. 9. sunt quī eam ex pactō trādendī quod in sinistrīs
manibus esset dērectō arma petīsse dīcant et fraude vīsam agere
suā ipsam peremptam mercēde.
12. tenuēre tamen arcem Sabīnī; atque inde posterō diē, cum
Rōmānus exercitus īnstrūctus quod inter Palātīnum 10
Capitōlīnumque collem campī est complēsset, nōn prius
dēscendērunt in aequum quam īrā et cupiditāte reciperandae arcis
aequus, -a, -um: equal, fair, level, even, 3 gemmātus, -a, -um: jewelled, 1
ānulus, -ī m.: ring, 1 laevus, -a, -um: left, unfavorable, 6
armilla, -ae f.: bracelet, 1 mercēs, mercēdis f.: pay, wages; bribe, 2
aureus, -a, -um: gold, golden, 3 necō (1): to kill, slay, put to death, 2
bracchium, -ī n.: arm, 1 pactum, -ī n.: pact, agreement, 4
campus, -ī m.: field, 4 pangō, -ere, pepigī: bargain, bargain for, 1
Capitōlium, -ī n.: Capitolium, 4 perīmō, -ere, -ēmī, -emptum: take out, kill, 1
compleō, -ēre, ēvī, -plētum: fill full or up, 1 pondus, -eris n.: weight; pondō, in pounds, 2
congerō, -ere, -gessī, -gestum: heap up together, 2 potius: rather, more, preferably, 5
cupiditās, -tātis f.: desire, ambition, 6 prōditor, -is m.: traitor, 1
dērectus, -a, -um: straight, direct, 1 prōdō, ere, -didī: publish, bring forth; betray, 2
dēscendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: descend, 6 recipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: take (back), 4
dicō (1): dedicate, 4 scūtum, -ī n.: shield, 2
dōnum, -ī n.: gift, 7 sinister, -tra, -trum: left; fem. left hand, 4
fabula, -ae f.: story, 3 usquam: anywhere, 3
fīdus, -a, -um: faithful, trustworthy, loyal, 1 vulgus (volgus), -ī n.: mass, masses, crowd, 7
fraus, fraudis f.: fraud, deception; harm, hurt, 5

1 necāvēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf. relative, subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc.

seu…seu…: whether…or…; seu = sīve
ut…vidērētur: so that…might seem; purpose
vī : by…, with…; irreg. abl. of manner vīs
prōdendī...causā: for the sake of…; causā +gen.
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj; prōdō, ‘produce’
2 nē quid…esset: so that not…; neg. purpose with
impf. subj. sum; indefinite aliquid, ‘anything,’
loses the preflix ali- before sī, nisi, num or nē
additur fābula: Livy offers an additional story
quod…habuerint: (namely) that, because…; pf.
subj. of a subordinate clause in ind. disc. in
apposition to fābula
3 volgō: in general; ‘in a mass,’ an abl. adv,
magnī ponderis: gen. of description
(in) brāchiō laevō
4 magnā speciē: of…; abl. of quality with ānulōs
pepigisse eam: she had…; pf. inf. pangō
quod…habērent: (that) which…; ‘what…’ a
30
5 eō: because of this; abl. of cause
illī: for…; dat. of interest, i.e. Tarpeia
prō: in place of…
6 congesta (sunt): i.e. crushing her beneath
sunt quī…dicant: there are (those) who…
relative clause of characteristic, pres. subj. dīcō
eam…petī(vi)sse: that she…; pf. inf.
trādendī: gen. sg. gerund (ing)
6 quod…esset: (that) which…; see note for l. 4
7 dērectō: directly; abl. as adv.
fraude…ipsam: that (she) herself, having been
seen to act by deceit…; i.e on behalf of Romulus
8 perēmptam (esse) mecēde: pf. pass., abl. cause
9 tenuēr(unt): syncopated 3p
posterō diē: abl. time when
10 quod...campī est: what of a field is…; partitive
12 in aequum: onto level ground
reciperandae arcis: flip: gerund (-ing) + obj.
 Romulus 12.1-6

stimulante animōs in adversum Rōmānī subiēre. 2. prīncipēs 1

utrimque pugnam ciēbant ab Sabīnīs Mettius Curtius ab Rōmānīs
Hostius Hostīlius. hīc rem Rōmānam inīquō locō ad prīma signa
animō atque audāciā sustinēbat. 3. ut Hostius cecidit, cōnfestim
Rōmāna inclīnātur aciēs fūsaque est. ad veterem portam Palātī 5
Rōmulus et ipse turbā fugientium āctus, 4. arma ad caelum tollēns,
‘Iuppiter, tuīs’ inquit ‘iussus avibus hīc in Palātiō prīma urbī
fundāmenta iēcī. arcem iam scelerē emptam Sabīnī habent; inde
hūc armātī superātā mediā valle tendunt; 5. at tū, pater deum
hominumque, hinc saltem arcē hostēs; 6. dēme terrōrem Rōmānīs 10
fugamque foedam siste. hīc ego tibi templum Statorī Iovī, quod
monumentum sit posterīs tuā praesentī ope servātam urbem esse,
arceō, -ēre, -uī: fend/shut off, keep away, 5 iaciō, -ere, iēcī, iactum: throw, cast, 3
at: but, yet; at least, 6 iniquus, -a, -um: unequal, unfair, 1
audācia, -ae f.: boldness, audacity, 6 praesēns, -sentis: present, being present, 7
caelum, -ī n.: sky, 7 saltem: at least, 1
cieō, -ēre: rouse, 1 servō (1): save, preserve, protect, 4
cōnfestim: at once, immediately, 4 sistō, -ere, stitī, statum: stand, stop, 2
Curtius, -ī m.: Curtius, 1 Stator, -ōris m.: the Stayer (of Jupiter), 2
dēmō, -ere: take away, 1 stimulō (1): provoke, incite, rouse, excite, 6
emō, -ere, ēmī, emptum: buy, 2 subeō, -īre, -iī: go up, approach, 3
foedus, -a, -um: ugly, foul, filthy, 4 superō (1): overcome, surpass, be above, 2
fugiō, -ere, fūgī: to flee, hurry away, 3 sustineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum: hold up, keep, 4
fundāmentum, -ī n.: foundation, base, 6 tendō, -ere, tendī, tentum: strive, stretch, 1
Hostīlius, -ī m.: Hostilius, 2 tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātum: lift up; raze, 5
Hostius, -iī m.: Hostius, 2 turba, -ae f.: crowd, throng; tumult, 4
hūc: to this place, hither, 2 vallis, -is f.: valley, vale, 2

1 īrā…stimulante animōs: abl. abs., pres. pple (ego) iussus: (I)…; PPP modifies 1s subject
in adversum: facing; ‘onto the opposite side’ urbī: for…
subiēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf. subeō 8 iēcī: 1s pf. iaciō
2 ab: from the side of… scelere: abl. cause; i.e. throught Tarpeia
3 rem Rōmānam: the Roman state; i.e. the ēmptam: PPP ēmō;
Roman army 9 hūc: i.e. to the Palatine hill
(in) inīquō locō: on…; locus ‘ground’ armātī: i.e. the Sabīnī
ad prīma signa: at the first standards; i.e. they superātā…valle: abl. abs.
did not give ground beyond where the standards de(ōr)um: gen. pl.
of the first ranks were placed in initial fighting 10 arcē: imper. arceō
4 animō atque audāciā: because of…; abl. cause Rōmānīs: from…; abl. separation
sustinēbat: assume Hostius as subject 11 siste: imper.
ut…: as…, when…; temporal Stātorī Iovī: to Jupiter Stator; lit. “Jupiter the
cecidit: pf. cadō Stayer,’ dat. ind. obj.
5 inclīnātur: i.e. in flight quod…sit posterīs: which would…; relative
fūsa est: pf. pass. fundō, ‘spread,’ but here clause of purpose; dat. of interest
‘rout’ or ‘turn away’ 12 tuā…urbem esse: that…; pf. pass. servō in
6 et: also; adv. apposition to monumentum
7 Iuppiter: voc. dir. address praesentī: i-stem 3rd decl. abl. modifying ope
tuīs avibus: i.e. the twelve on the Palatine

31
12.6-9 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

voveō.’ 7. haec precātus, velutī sēnsisset audītās precēs, ‘hinc’ 1

inquit, ‘Rōmānī, Iuppiter optimus maximus resistere atque iterāre
pugnam iubet.’ restitēre Rōmānī tamquam caelestī vōce iussī: ipse
ad prīmōrēs Rōmulus prōvolat.
8. Mettius Curtius ab Sabīnīs prīnceps ab arce dēcucurrerat et 5
effūsōs ēgerat Rōmānōs tōtō quantum forō spatium est. nec procul
iam ā portā Palātī erat, clāmitāns: ‘vīcimus perfidōs hospitēs,
imbellēs hostēs; iam sciunt longē aliud esse virginēs rapere, aliud
pugnāre cum virīs.’ 9. in eum haec glōriantem cum globō
ferōcissimōrum iuvenum Rōmulus impetum facit. ex equō tum 10
forte Mettius pugnābat; eō pellī facilius fuit. pulsum Rōmānī
persequuntur; et alia Rōmāna aciēs, audāciā rēgis accēnsa, fundit
accendō, -ere, -cendī, -cēnsum: kindle, set afire, 4 perfidus, -a, -um: treacherous, 1
audācia, -ae f.: boldness, audacity, 6 persequor, -ī, -secūtus: follow, pursue, 3
clāmitō (1): call out (repeatedly), 2 precēs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 7
Curtius, -ī m.: Curtius, 1 precor, -ārī, -ātum: pray, 3
dēcurrō, -ere, -cucurrī: to run its course, 1 procul: from afar, from a distance, 4
effūsus, -a, -um: spread out; adv. widely 7 prōvolō (1): rush, fly forward, 1
forum, -ī n.: forum, 7 pugnō (1): to fight, 5
globus, -ī n.: crowd, throng, group; ball, sphere, 3 resistō, -ere, -stitī: stand still, stop; oppose, 4
glōrior, -ārī, -ātus: to glory, boast, 2 sēntiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsum: feel, perceive, 7
hospes, -pitis m.: stranger; host, guest-friend, 4 spatium, -iī n.: period, span,; distance, space, 7
imbellis, -e: cowardly, unwarlike, 1 tamquam: as if, as much as, so to speak, 3
iterō (1): renew, repeat, 2 virgō, virginis f.: maiden, virgin, 6
optimus, -a, -um: best, noblest, finest, 1 voveō, -ēre, vōvī, vōtum: vow, swear, 5

1 haec: neut. pl. obj.
prectātus dep. PPP, translate as ‘having Xed’
velutī sēnsisset: just as if…; conditional clause
of comparison with plpf. subj.
audītās (esse) precēs: that…; ind. disc. pf. pass.
3 restitēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
6 ēgerat: plpf. agō
effūsōs: i.e. in different directions in a rout;
predicative following Rōmānōs
tōtō quantum…est.: as far as…; quantum
spatium (in) tōtō forō est; relative clause
7 vīcimus: 1p pf. vincō
hospitēs: i.e. the Romans
8 longē aliud esse…aliud (est): that it is by far
one thing…, it is another thing…; ind. disc.
9 in eum: against…; i.e. against Mettius
10 ex equō: on horseback
forte: abl. fors
11 eō: because of this; abl. cause
pellī: pass. inf. pellō, i.e. put to flight
facilius fuit: it…; impersonal; neut. comparative
pulsum: (the one)…; PPP pellō, i.e. Mettius
12 alia: the rest of…, the remaining…
accēnsa: PPP modifying aciēs
fundit: i.e. drove in a rout, put to flight

32
 Romulus 12.9-13.3

Sabīnōs. 10. Mettius in palūdem sēsē strepitū sequentium trepidante 1

equō coniēcit; āverteratque ea res etiam Sabīnōs tantī perīculō virī.
et ille quidem adnuentibus ac vocantibus suīs favōre multōrum
additō animō ēvādit: Rōmānī Sabīnīque in mediā convalle duōrum
montium redintegrant proelium; sed rēs Rōmāna erat superior. 5
13. tum Sabīnae mulierēs, quārum ex iniūriā bellum ortum erat,
crīnibus passīs scissāque veste, victō malīs muliebrī pavōre, ausae
sē inter tēla volantia īnferre, ex trānsversō impetū factō dirimere
īnfēstās aciēs, 2. dirimere īrās, hinc patrēs, hinc virōs ōrantēs, nē
sanguine sē nefandō socerī generīque respergerent, nē parricīdiō 10
maculārent partūs suōs, nepōtum illī, hī līberum prōgeniem. 3. ‘sī
adfīnitātis inter vōs, sī cōnūbiī piget, in nōs vertite īrās; nōs causa
adfīnitās, -tātis f.: relationship (by marriage), 3 partus, -ūs m.: offspring, 4
adnuō, -ere, -uī: nod (in assent), 1 perīculum, -ī n.: risk, danger, peril, 7
coniciō, -ere, -iēcī: throw together, hurl, 2 piget: it makes (acc) loathe/feel disgust at (gen), 1
cōnūbium, -ī n.: marriage, right of marriage, 5 prōgenies, -eī f.: offspring, descendent, 3
convallis, -is f: lowland, vale, 2 redintegrō (1): renew, restore, 1
crīnis, -is m.: hair, 2 respergō, -ere, -spersī: splatter, sprinkle over, 2
dirimō, -ere -ēmī, -emptum: interrupt, break off 4 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 7
ēvādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsum: go, escape, 1 scindō, -ere, -dī, scissum: cut, split, 1
favor, favōris m.: support, favor, 1 socer, socerī m.: father-in-law, 3
gener, generī m.: son-in-law, 5 strepitus, -ūs m.: blaring, din, noise, 1
maculō (1): stain, spot, 1 superior, -ius: higher, upper, 6
nefandus, -a, -um: unspeakable, impious, 2 tēlum, -ī n.: projectile, arrow, spear, 5
nepōs, nepōtis m.: grandson, decendent, 7 trānsversus, -a, -um: crosswise, from the side, 2
ōrō (1): plead, pray (for), entreat, 5 trepidō (1): to tremble, be agitated, 4
palūs, palūdis f.: swamp, marsh, 3 vestis, -is f.: clothing, 4
pandō, -ere, pandī, passum: spread, dishevel, 1 volō (1): to fly, 1
parricīdium, -iī n.: parricide, treason, 4

1 strepitū: because of…; abl. cause
sequentium: i.e. Romans; gen. pl. pres. pple
trepidante equō: abl. abs.
2 ea rēs: this situation
etiam: even
perīculō: because of…; abl. cause
3 ille: i.e. Mettius
adnuentibus…suīs (virīs): his own…; abl. abs.
favōre…additō animō: abl. abs.
4 animō: to his spirit; dat. ind. obj. in the abl. abs.
5 rēs Rōmāna: the Roman state
6 Sabīnae mulierēs: i.e. the kidnapped women:
Sabines, but now married to the Romans
quārum…: objective gen. with iniūriā
ortum erat: plpf. dep. orior
7 crīnibus passīs: abl. abs.
scissā veste: abl. abs.
vīctō..,mulierbrī pavōre: abl. abs.
malīs: by their troubles; abl. cause
33
ausae (sunt): pf. dep. audeō; governs three infs.
8 (et) ex trānsversō: (and) from the side…; they
walk in from the side between the two armies
impetū factō: abl. abs.
9 (et) dirimere īrās: governed by ausae (sunt)
hinc…hinc: on this side…on that side
virōs: their husbands
10 ōrantēs: nom. pl. modifying mulierēs above
nē…respergerent: that…not…; negative ind.
command with impf. subj.
socerī generīque: nom. subj.
10 (et) nē…maculārent: that…not…; neg. ind.
command
parricīdiō: by parricide; here the killing of any
family member, not just a father
11 illī, hī: Sabines and Romans respectively
12 (piget) adfinitātis: the relationship between
you (disgusts you); impers.: translate as active
in nōs: against us; vertite is pl. imper. vertō
13.3-7 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

bellī, nōs volnerum ac caedium virīs ac parentibus sumus; melius 1

perībimus quam sine alterīs vestrum viduae aut orbae vīvēmus.’
4. movet rēs cum multitūdinem tum ducēs; silentium et repentīna
fit quiēs; inde ad foedus faciendum ducēs prōdeunt. nec pācem
modo sed cīvitātem ūnam ex duābus faciunt. rēgnum cōnsociant: 5
imperium omne cōnferunt Rōmam. 5. ita geminātā urbe ut Sabīnīs
tamen aliquid darētur Quirītēs ā Curibus appellātī. monumentum
eius pugnae, ubi prīmum ex profundā ēmersus palūde equus
Curtium in vadō statuit, Curtium lacum appellārunt.
6. ex bellō tam trīstī laeta repente pāx cāriōrēs Sabīnās virīs ac 10
parentibus et ante omnēs Rōmulō ipsī fēcit. itaque cum populum in
cūriās trīgintā dīvideret, nōmina eārum cūriīs imposuit. 7. id nōn
cārus, -a, -um: dear, precious, costly, 2 pereō, -īre, -iī: perish, 1
cōnferō, -ferre: bring together, collect, 4 prōdeō, -īre, -iī: to go forth, advance, 3
cōnsociō (1): share, make common, 4 profundus, -a, -um: deep, profound, 1
Curēs, ium m.: Cures (Sabine town), 3 quiēs, quiētis f.: rest, repose, sleep, 4
Curtius, -ī m.: Curtius, 1 repente: suddenly, 5
ēmergō, -ere, -sī: extricate, 1 repentīnus, -a, -um: sudden, unexpected, 2
geminō (1): double, 4 silentium, -iī n.: silence, 5
impōnō, -ere, -posuī: put upon, impose, 3 trīginta: thirty, 7
lacus, -ūs m.: lake, 1 trīstis, -e: sad, sullen, 4
laetus, -a, -um: happy, fortunate; abundant, rich, 6 vadum, ī n.: shallow; ford, 1
melior, melius: better, 5 vester, vestra, vestrum: your, yours, 4
orba, -ae f.: orphan, 1 vidua, -ae f.: widow; unmarried woman, 2
palūs, palūdis f.: swamp, marsh, 3 vīvō, -ere, vīxī, vīctum: live, 4

1 bellī (sumus): add verb
(causa) volnerum ac caedium: gen. pl. vulnus,
caedes
virīs ac parentībus: for…; dat. of interest; vir
in this context means ‘husband’
melius…quam: it is better that we die than…;
‘better we will die than’ English idiom demands
that we modify the syntax; comparative adv. and
clause of comparison
2 perībimus: fut. pereō
alterīs: both
vestrum: partitive gen. pl. of vōs
viduae aut orbae: as…; nom. pl.
vīvēmus: fut.
3 cum…tum…: both…and
fit: 3p subject
4 ad foedus faciendum: for…; gerundive + noun;
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.; ad here expresses purpose
nec…modo…sed: not only…but (also)
6 Rōmam: to…; acc. place to which; the Sabines
moved to Rome
geminātā urbe: abl. abs.
ut…darētur: that…; result with impf. subj
7 appellātī (sunt): they…; Quirītēs is nom. pred.;
the name is derived from the town
8 eius pugnae: gen. sg. demonstrative adj.
9 Curtium: Mettius Curtius
statuit: set, made stand; pres. statuō
appellā(vē)runt: governs a double acc.
10 ex bellō…tristī: i-stem 3rd decl. abl.
fēcit: made (x) (y); governs a double acc.
vīrīs ac parentibus…Romulō: to…; dat.
reference
11 ante omnēs: i.e. above all
ipsī: dat. sg. Intensive modifying Romulō
12 cūriās: districts; often translated as ‘curiae’ in
English
eārum: i.e. of the kidnapped women
cūriīs: on the districts; dat. of compound

34
 Romulus 13.7-14.3

trāditur, cum haud dubiē aliquantō numerus māior hōc mulierum 1

fuerit, aetāte an dignitātibus suīs virōrumve an sorte lectae sint,
quae nōmina cūriīs darent.
8. eōdem tempore et centuriae trēs equitum cōnscrīptae sunt.
Ramnensēs ab Rōmulō, ab T. Tatiō Titiēnsēs appellātī: Lucerum 5
nōminis et orīginis causa incerta est. inde nōn modo commūne sed
concors etiam rēgnum duōbus rēgibus fuit.
14. post aliquot annōs propinquī rēgis Tatī lēgātōs Laurentium
pulsant; cumque Laurentēs iūre gentium agerent, apud Tatium
grātia suōrum et precēs plūs poterant. 2. igitur illōrum poenam in sē 10
vertit; nam Lāvīniī cum ad sollemne sacrificium eō vēnisset
concursū factō interficitur. 3. eam rem minus aegrē quam dignum
aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, injured; adv. poorly, 6 Laurentēs, -um m.: Laurentines (people), 3
aliquantum, -ī n.: some, considerable, 5 Lucerēs, -um m.: Luceres (Etruscan clan), 2
aliquot: several, 6 poena, -ae, f.: punishment, 6
an: or (in questions), 7 precēs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 7
concors, concordis: united in feeling, 1 propinquus, -a, -um: near, neighboring; kin, 3
concursus, -ūs m.: gathering; collision, charge, 5 pulsō (1): to strike against, knock, 1
cōnscrībō, -ere, -psī, -ptum: register, enroll, 3 Ramnēs (Ramnensēs), -um, m.: Ramnes (Latin
cōnscrīptus, -a, -um: conscripted, enrolled, 3 clan), 2
dignitās, -tātis f.: worth, merit, 3 sacrificium, ī n.: sacrifice, 7
dignus, -a, -um: worthy, deserving of (abl.), 5 sors, sortis f.: lot, lottery; oracle, prophecy, 4
grātia, -ae f.: gratitude, favor, influence, thanks, 6 T.: Titus, 3
incertus, -a, -um: unreliable, doubtful, 5 Titiēnsēs, -um m.: Titienses (Sabine clan), 2

1 trāditur: it is handed down; i.e. in the tradition
cum…fuerit: since…; causal, pf. subj. sum
aliquantō: somewhat; ‘by some,’ abl. degree of
difference
numerus…mulierum: partitive gen.
hōc: than…; abl. of comparison; i.e. than the
number of cūriae
2 aetāte an...an…lēctae sint: whether…were
chosen…or…or…; ind. question with pf. pass.
subj. legō and abl. of means
vīrōrumve: or (that) of their husbands
quae nōmina…darent: (the women) who …;
relative, subj. of subordinate verb in ind.
question; the missing antecedent is subject of
lēctae sint;
4 eōdem tempore: at…; abl. time when, īdem
equitum: gen. pl. eques
5 ab: from…; i.e. derived from
appellātī (sunt): (they)…; Ramnefram
sēs, Titiēnsēs,
are nom. pred.
Lucerum: of Luceres; Luceres is the third group
6 Nōn modo…sed…etiam: not only…but also
7 duōbus rēgibus: dat. of possession or interest
8 propinquī: kinsmen
9 iūre gentium agerent: pleaded (the matter)
under the law of nations; i.e. that the offenders
be handed over; agere can mean ‘to plead a
case’ or ‘ to litigate;’ abl. of manner;
apud Tatium: before Tatius
10 grātia: influence; or ‘favor’
suōrum (propinquōrum): of his own (kinsmen)
plūs poterant: had more power; inner acc.;
Tatius sided with kinsmen over the Laurentians
in sē: onto himself
11 Lāvīnii: at Lavinium; locative
cum…vēnisset: Tatius is subject; plpf. subj.
eō: there, to there; adv. (cf. quō, ‘to where’)
12 concursū factō: abl. abs.
eam rem: demonstrative adj.
minus: comparative adv. modifying aegrē
aegrē: poorly
quam dignum est: clause of comparison

35
14.3-6 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

erat tulisse Rōmulum ferunt, seu ob īnfīdam societātem rēgnī seu 1

quia haud iniūriā caesum crēdēbat. itaque bellō quidem abstinuit;
ut tamen expiārentur lēgātōrum iniūriae rēgisque caedēs, foedus
inter Rōmam Lāvīniumque urbēs renovātum est.
4. et cum hīs quidem īnspērāta pāx erat: aliud multō propius 5
atque in ipsīs prope portīs bellum ortum. Fīdēnātēs nimis vīcīnās
prope sē convalēscere opēs ratī, priusquam tantum rōboris esset
quantum futūrum appārēbat, occupant bellum facere. iuventūte
armātā immissā vastātur agrī quod inter urbem ac Fīdēnās est; 5.
inde ad laevam versī quia dextrā Tiberis arcēbat, cum magnā 10
trepidātiōne agrestium populantur, tumultusque repēns ex agrīs in
urbem inlātus prō nūntiō fuit. 6. excitus Rōmulus—neque enim
abstineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum: hold back, 3 laevus, -a, -um: left, unfavorable, 6
agrestis, -e: of the fields, rural; farmer, ruralfolk, 4 nimis: too much, too, 1
appāreō, -ēre, -uī: appear, be apparent, 4 populor, -ārī, -ātum: lay waste, 1
arceō, -ēre, -uī: fend/shut off, keep away, 5 priusquam: before, sooner than, 7
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesum: kill, slaughter, 5 renovō (1): renew, make new, 4
convalēscō, -ere, -uī: grow strong, 1 repēns, repentis: sudden; adv. suddenly, 1
expiō (1): expiate, atone, make amends for, 2 rōbor, rōboris n.: oak; strength, 5
Fīdēnae, -ārum, f.: Fidenae, 4 societās, -tātis f.: alliance, partnership, 7
immittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: to send in, 1 trepidātiō, -tiōnis f.: alarm, trepidation, 2
īnfīdus, -a, -um: unfaithful, disloyal, 2 vastō (1): lay waste, 1
īnspērātus, -a, -um: unexpected, unhoped for, 2 vīcīnus, -a, -um: neighboring, 6
iuventūs, -tūtis f.: youth, 5

1 tulisse Rōmulum: that Romulus…; ind. disc.
with pf. inf. ferō
ferunt: they report; i.e. according to tradition
seu…seu..: whether…or…; seu = sīve
2 iniūriā: unjustly; abl. as adv.
(eum) caesum (esse): that (he)…; ind. disc. with
pf. pass.; supply an acc. subject
bellō: from…; abl. of separation
3 ut…caedēs: so that…might…; purpose clause
with impf. subj.
4 inter…urbēs: between the cities…
5 cum hīs: with…; i.e. the Laurentines
īnspērāta pax erat: i.e. unexpected but indeed
perserved
aliud…bellum: nom. subject
multō: much; ‘by much,’ abl. of degree of
difference
propius: comparative adv.
6 prope: almost
ortum (est): pf. dep. orior
Fīdēnātēs: the people of Fidenae
vīcīnās…convalēscere opēs: that…; governed
by ratī; nimis modifies prope mē
7 ratī: PPP dep. reor: translate ‘having Xed’
priusquam…esset: before there was…;
temporal clause, impf. subj. of anticipation
tantum…quantum (rōboris): as much…as…;
correlatives (demonstrative and relative) with
partitive gen. rōboris modifying both
futūrum (esse): that…; fut. inf. sum; the relative
adj. quantum is the acc. subject
8 occupant: seize (the opportunity) + inf.; i.e. to
do something first
iuventūte…immissā: abl. abs.
9 agrī: (some) of the land; partitive
10 versī: PPP, vertō
dextrā: gen. separation
arcēbat (eōs): i.e. the Fīdēnātēs
12 inlātus fuit: pf. pass. inferō
prō nuntiō: as news; ‘as a message,’ the people
flooding in the city was itself the message
12 nequm enim: for…not

36
 Romulus 14.6-9

dīlātiōnem patī tam vīcīnum bellum poterat—exercitum ēdūcit, 1

castra ā Fīdēnīs mīlle passuum locat. 7. ibi modicō praesidiō
relictō, ēgressus omnibus cōpiīs partem mīlitum locīs circā dēnsa
obsita virgulta obscūrīs subsīdere in īnsidiīs iussit: cum parte
maiōre atque omnī equitātū profectus, id quod quaerēbat, 5
tumultuōsō et minācī genere pugnae adequitandō ipsīs prope portīs
hostem excīvit. fugae quoque, quae simulanda erat, eadem
equestris pugna causam minus mīrābilem dedit. 8. et cum, velut
inter pugnae fugaeque cōnsilium trepidante equitātū, pedes quoque
referret gradum, plēnīs repente portīs effūsī hostēs impulsā 10
Rōmānā aciē studiō īnstandī sequendīque trahuntur ad locum
īnsidiārum. 9. inde subitō exortī Rōmānī trānsversam invādunt
adequitō (1): to ride (a horse), 1 mīrābilis, -e: amazing, wonderous, 2
cōpia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 5 modicus, -a, -um: moderate, small, 1
dēdūcō, -ere: lead or bring down, launch, 7 obscūrus, -a, -um: dim, obscure, indistinct, 3
dēnsus, -a, -um: thick, 2 obserō, -ere, -vī, obsitum: plant/grow over, 1
dīlātiō, -tiōnis f.: delay, 1 passus, -ūs: pace, 3
effūsus, -a, -um: spread out; adv. widely 7 pedes, peditis m.: foot soldier; infantry, 5
ēgredior, -ī, -gressus: go out, disembark, 5 plēnus, -a, -um: full, 3
equester, -stris, -stre: equestrian, 2 referō, -ferre, -tulī: report, relate, 5
equitātus, -ūs m.: cavalry, 3 repente: suddenly, 5
exorior, -orīrī, -ortus: rise, spring out, 1 simulō (1): feign, pretend, make like, 7
Fīdēnae, -ārum, f.: Fidenae, 4 studium, -ī n.: zeal, desire, pursuit, 5
gradus, -ūs m.: step, pace; stairs, 5 subitō: immediately, straightaway, 4
impellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsum: drive on, impel, 1 subsīdō, -ere, -sēdī: crouch/sit down, 1
īnsidiae, -ārum f.: ambush, 3 trahō, -ere, trāxī, tractum: draw, drag, 6
īnstō, -āre, -stitī: press (on), engage, 6 trānsversus, -a, -um: crosswise, from the side, 2
invādō, -ere, -vāsī: rush upon, attack, 4 trepidō (1): tremble, be agitated, 4
locō (1): to put, place, 3 tumultuōsus, -a, -um: tumultuous, 2
mīlēs, mīlitis m.: soldier, 7 vīcīnus, -a, -um: neighboring, 6
minax, minācis: threatening, 1 virgultum, -ī n.: bush, 1

1 patī: dep. inf. patior the clause below

vīcīnum bellum: nom.
2 (et) castra:
mīlle passuum: a mile; ‘a thousand of paces,’
acc. of extent
modicō…relictō: abl. abs.; i.e. group of men
3 ēgressus: dep. PPP
(cum) omnibus copiīs: abl. accompaniment
with ēgressus; copiae here means ‘troops,’
Romulus plans to draw out the enemy with a
feigned retreat and then attack with an ambush
(in) locīs…obscurīs
4 obsita: PPP obserō
5 omnī: i-stem 3rd decl. abl.
profectus: dep. PPP, proficīscor: translate as
‘having Xed’
id (est) quod: this (is) what…; id is explained by
37
6 tumultuōsō…genere pugnae: with…; means
adequitandō…portīs: by…; abl. means, gerund
(-ing) in apposition to the previous abl. of means
ipsīs prope portīs: near + abl.
7 fugae…dedit: for the flight also, which was to
be pretended, the same equestrian battle gave a
less surpising reason; retreat by calvary was a
common tactic and so not as suprising
velut…cōnsilium: just as…; governed by the
following abl. abs.
8 tepidante equitātū: abl. abs.
10 referret gradum: i.e. retreated;
plēnīs…portīs: from…; with PPP effūsī
11 īnstandī sequendīque: gen. sg. gerunds (-ing)
12 exortī: dep. PPP: translate ‘having Xed’
trānsversarm: predicate adj. with fem. aciem
14.9-15.1 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

hostium aciem; addunt pavōrem mōta ē castrīs signa eōrum quī in 1

praesidiō relictī fuerant. ita multiplicī terrōre perculsī Fīdēnātēs
prius paene, quam Rōmulus quīque <āvehī> cum eō vīsī erant
circumagerent frēnīs equōs, terga vertunt; 10. multōque effūsius,
quippe vērā fugā, quī simulantēs paulō ante secūtī erant oppidum 5
repetēbant. 11. nōn tamen ēripuēre sē hostī: haerēns in tergō
Rōmānus, priusquam forēs portārum obicerentur, velut agmine ūnō
inrumpit.
15. bellī Fīdēnātis contāgiōne inrītātī Vēientium animī et
cōnsanguinitāte—nam Fīdēnātēs quoque Etrūscī fuērunt—et quod 10
ipsa propinquitās locī, sī Rōmāna arma omnibus īnfēstā fīnitimīs
essent, stimulābat. in fīnēs Rōmānōs excucurrērunt populābundī
agmen, agminis n.: column (of troops), army, 5 inrumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptum: burst in, 2
āvehō, -ere: convey, carry off, 1 multiplex, -icis: varied, in various ways, 1
circumagō, -ēre: drive/wheel around, revolve, 2 obiciō, -ere, obiēcī, obiectum: throw in front, 3
cōnsanguinitās, -tātis f.: blood relationship, 1 paene: almost, nearly, 3
contāgio, -giōnis f.: contact; contagion, 1 paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 6
effūsus, -a, -um: spread out; adv. widely 7 percellō, -ere, -culī, perculsum: strike, 4
ēripiō, -ere, -uī, -ptus: snatch, rescue, 2 populabundus, -a, -um: laying waste, ravaging, 1
excurrō, -ere, -cucurrī: run, sally out, 1 priusquam: before, sooner than, 7
Fīdēnas, Fīdēnātis: of Fidenae, 1 propinquitās, -tātis f.: proximity, nearness, 1
foris, -is f.: door, entrance, 2 simulō (1): feign, pretend, make like, 7
frēnum, -ī n. (pl. masc.): bit, rein, 2 stimulō (1): provoke, incite, rouse, excite, 6
haereō, -ēre, haesī: stick, hesitate, 3 tergum, -ī n.: back; hide, 6
inrītō (1): provoke, 2

1 mōta…signa: the standards…; neut. pl. subject
eōrum: of those; i.e. the standards indicate that
the soldiers left by Romulus at the garrison are
now advanced on the enemy
3 prius paene: paene modifies prius
quam…circumagerent…equōs: than…could;
clause of comparison; just as priusquam, quam
here governs a subj. of anticipation: when an act
is anticipated but not an actual fact
quīque<āvehī>: …vīsī sunt: and (those) who…
i.e. soldiders; diamond brackets indicate a
suggested addition by the modern editor
frēnīs: with…; means; the horsemen pulled back
on the bit in the horse’s mouth to stop the horse
and make it wheel around from retreat to attack
4 terga vertunt: i.e. retreat
multō: much; ‘by much’ abl. degree of
difference
effūsius: comparative adv.; i.e. the Fidenates
5 vērā fugā: in…; abl. of manner
quī…secūtī erant: (those) who…; i.e. Fidenates
the missing antecedent is subject of repetēbant
simulantēs paulo ante: (the ones)…; i.e the
38
Romans who pretended to flee; acc. dir. obj.
paulō: a little; ‘by a little,’ abl. of degree of
difference
6 ēripuēr(unt) sē: syncopated pf.; this is the
common idiom for rescuing oneself
hostī: from…; dat. of compound verb
in tergō: in the rear; a military term
7 priusquam…obicerentur: temporal clause with
impf. subj. of anticipated action; obicere, ‘throw
in front’ here means ‘throw shut’ or ‘close’
velut agmine ūnō: as if…; i.e. the various parts
of the Roman army come together
9 Vēientium: of the Veientes; Veii is a town north
of Rome on a tributary of the Tiber)
animī: spirits; i.e. feelings or passions; nom. pl.
et cōnsanguinitāte…: both because of…; abl.
of cause
10 et quod…(eōs) stimulābat: and because…
sī…essent: if…were; protasis of a pres. contrary
to fact condition (sī impf. subj., impf. subj.) with
suppressed apodosis (i.e. ‘the proximity would
be unsafe’)
omnibus fīnitimīs: to…; dat. of special adj.
 Romulus 15.1-5

magis quam iūstī mōre bellī. 2. itaque nōn castrīs positīs, nōn 1
exspectātō hostium exercitū, raptam ex agrīs praedam portantēs
Veiōs rediēre. Rōmānus contrā postquam hostem in agrīs nōn
invēnit, dīmicātiōnī ultimae īnstrūctus intentusque Tiberim trānsit.
3. quem postquam castra pōnere et ad urbem accessūrum Vēientēs 5
audīvēre, obviam ēgressī ut potius aciē dēcernerent quam inclūsī
dē tēctīs moenibusque dīmicārent. 4. ibi vīribus nūllā arte adiūtīs,
tantum veterānī rōbore exercitūs rēx Rōmānus vīcit; persecūtusque
fūsōs ad moenia hostēs, urbe validā mūrīs ac sitū ipsō mūnītā
abstinuit, agrōs rediēns vastat, ulcīscendī magis quam praedae 10
studiō; 5. eāque clāde haud minus quam adversā pugnā subāctī
Vēientēs pācem petītum ōrātōrēs Rōmam mittunt. agrī parte
abstineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum: hold back, 3 ōrātor, -ōris, m.: speaker, orator, 2
accēdō, -ere, -cessī: come to, approach, is added, 7 persequor, -ī, -secūtus: follow, pursue, 3
adiuvō, -āre, -iūvī, adiūtum: help, assist, 6 portō (1): to carry, 3
clādes, -is f.: disaster, destruction, loss, 5 potius: rather, more, preferably, 5
dēcernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētum: decide, decree, 6 rōbor, rōboris n.: oak; strength, 5
dīmicātiō, -tiōnis f.: combat, fight, 5 situs, -ūs m.: site, position; situation, 3
dīmicō (1): to fight, struggle, contend, 5 studium, -ī n.: zeal, desire, pursuit, 5
ēgredior, -ī, -gressus: go out, disembark, 5 subigō, -ere, -ēgī: drive under, subdue, 3
exspectō (1): look out for, wait for, await, 4 tēctum, -ī n.: roof; dwelling, home, shelter, 6
inclūdō, -ere, -ūsī, -ūsum: close in/shut in, 3 ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultus sum: avenge, 1
intentus, -a, -um: intent, focused, eager, 4 validus, -a, -um: strong, powerful, 5
iūstus, -a, -um: just, legitimate, 5 vastō (1): lay waste, 1
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: fortify, build, 6 Veiī, -ōrum m.: Veii (town), 1
obviam: in the way, opposite, 3 veterānus, -a, -um: veteran, old, 1

1 mōre: abl. manner, mōs quam…dīmicārent: clause of comparison but

castrīs postiīs: abl. abs.; castr pōnere, ‘to pitch a
camp,’ is a common idiom
2 exspectātō…exercitū: abl. abs.
raptam: PPP rapiō
praedam: mostly, as often, cattle
3 Veiōs: place to which; the town’s name is pl.
rediēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
Rōmānus (exercitus)
contrā: in response; adv.
4 dīmicātiōnī ultimae: for…; dat. of purpose
Tiberim: i-stem acc.
5 Quem…pōnere…accessūrum (esse): that this
(army)…; fut. inf.; quem is connective relative
(translate as a demonstrative) and acc. subject
postquam…audīvē(runt): syncopated 3p pf.
6 ēgressī (sunt): pf. dep.
ut…dēcernerent: so that…might; purpose with
impf. subj.
aciē: in…; abl. means
impf. subj. in the same purpose clause
7 dē: about…
vīribus…adiūtīs: abl. abs., pl. vīs
8 tantum: only; adv.
rōbore: by…; means and gen. veterānī exercitūs
vīcit: pf. vincō
persecūtus: PPP dep.: translate as ‘having Xed’
9 ad: near
urbe validā…mūnitā: from…; abl. separation
ulcīscendī: gen. gerund (-ing); objective gen.
along with praedae modifying studiō
11 studiō: with…; abl. of manner
eā clāde…pugnā: by this…; means
12 petītium: to…; acc. supine (PPP + um) often
expresses purpose: translate as an inf.
Rōmam: acc. place to which
agrī parte: from…; abl. separation and partitive
gen.

39
15.5-16.1 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

multātīs in centum annōs indūtiae datae. 1

6. haec fermē Rōmulō rēgnante domī mīlitiaeque gesta, quōrum
nihil absonum fideī dīvīnae orīginis dīvīnitātisque post mortem
crēditae fuit, nōn animus in rēgnō avītō reciperandō, nōn
condendae urbis cōnsilium, nōn bellō ac pāce firmandae. 7. ab illō 5
enim profectō vīribus datīs tantum valuit ut in quadrāgintā deinde
annōs tūtam pācem habēret. 8. multitūdinī tamen grātior fuit quam
patribus, longē ante aliōs acceptissimus mīlitum animīs;
trecentōsque armātōs ad custōdiam corporis quōs Celerēs
appellāvit nōn in bellō sōlum sed etiam in pāce habuit. 10
16. hīs immortālibus ēditīs operibus cum ad exercitum
recēnsendum contiōnem in campō ad Caprae palūdem habēret,
absonus, -a, -um: incompatible with (dat) 1 immortālis, -e: immortal, 2
avītus, -a, -um: ancestral, of a grandfather, 5 indūtiae, -ārum f.: a truce, 3
campus, -ī m.: field, 4 mīlēs, mīlitis m.: soldier, 7
Capra, -ae f.: Capra, 1 multō (1): deprive from (abl); punish, 2
Celerēs, -um m.: Celeres, ‘the Swift’ (guards), 2 palūs, palūdis f.: swamp, marsh, 3
contio, contiōnis f.: assembly, meeting, 6 profectō: assuredly, indeed, certainly, 4
cūstōdia, -ae f.: guard, watch, 4 quadrāgintā: forty, 7
dīvīnitās, -tātis f.: divinity, 2 recēnseō, -ēre, -uī: number, review, 1
ēdō, -ere, ēdidī, ēditum: bring forth, perform, 6 reciperō (1): recover, restore, recuperate, 2
fermē: nearly, about, 4 trecentī, -ae, -a: three-hundred, 1
firmō (1): strengthen, support, 4 tūtus, -a, -um: safe, secure, guarded, 4
grātus, -a, -um: pleasing, grateful, 6 valeō, -ēre, uī: be strong, be effective, prevail, 4

1 multātīs: to (those)…; dat. ind. obj. of PPP, i.e.
the Veientes
in: in the course of…; acc. duration
data (sunt)
2 haec: i.e. achievements under Romulus; neut. pl.
Rōmulō rēgnante: while…; abl. abs.
domī mīlitaeque: at home and abroad; locatives
and a common idiom; lit. ‘in military service’
gesta (sunt): pf. pass. gerō
quōrum nihil…fuit: none of which…; i.e. haec
3 fīdeī…crēditae: with the belief of…; dat. of
special adj. and gen.; i.e. Romulus’ divinity
4 nōn animus…nōn…nōn…: supply from above
absonum fuit, ‘was compatible’ to each item in
this series
animus: spirit; i.e. purpose or intent
in…reciperandō: noun + gerundive: perform a
gerund-gerundive flip and translate as gerund
(-ing) + obj.
5 condendae urbis: for…; gen. see above
nōn bellō ac pāce (cōnsilium urbis)
firmandae: ellipsis
bellō ac pāce: abl. means
urbis firmandae: perform a gerund-gerundive
40
flip and translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
6 ab illō…vīribus datīs: abl. abs.; illō refers to
Romulus
profectō: adv.
tantum valuit: (Rome) was so strong; tantum is
an inner acc. (cf. plūs potuit, plūrimum potuit)
ut…habēret: that…; result with impf. subj.
in…annōs: in the course of…; acc. duration
7 multitūdinī, patribus…animīs: to…; dat. of
reference; the patrēs are here senātōrēs
fuit: he was; assume Romulus as subject
8 ante aliōs: i.e. compared to others
mīlitum animīs: to the hearts…; dat. of
reference
9 trecentōs armātōs (virōs)
ad: for…
10 appellāvit: called (x) (y); governs double acc.
nōn sōlum…sed etiam: not only…but also
11 hīs immortālibus ēditīs operibus: abl. abs.
cum…habēret: when (Romulus)…;
ad recēnsendum contiōnem: for…; gerundive
+ noun: perform a gerund- gerundive flip:
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
12 ad: near
 Romulus 16.1-4

subitō coorta tempestās cum magnō fragōre tonitribusque tam 1

dēnsō rēgem operuit nimbō ut cōnspectum eius contiōnī abstulerit;
nec deinde in terrīs Rōmulus fuit. 2. Rōmāna pūbes sēdātō tandem
pavōre postquam ex tam turbidō diē serēna et tranquilla lūx rediit,
ubi vacuam sēdem rēgiam vīdit, etsī satis crēdēbat patribus quī 5
proximī steterant sublīmem raptum procellā, tamen velut orbitātis
metū icta maestum aliquamdiū silentium obtinuit. 3. deinde ā
paucīs initiō factō, deum deō nātum, rēgem parentemque urbis
Rōmānae salvēre ūniversī Rōmulum iubent; pācem precibus
exposcunt, utī volēns propitius suam semper sospitet prōgeniem. 4. 10
fuisse crēdō tum quoque aliquōs quī discerptum rēgem patrum
manibus tacitī arguerent; mānāvit enim haec quoque sed
aliquamdiū: for some long time, 2 procella, -ae f.: gale; storm, 1
arguō, -ere, arguī: accuse, allege, 2 prōgenies, -eī f.: offspring, descendent, 3
auferō, -ferre, abstulī, -lātus: carry away, 3 propitius, -a, -um: favorable, 1
cōnspectus, -ūs m.: sight, view, 7 pūbēs, pūberis f.: men (young, of military age), 7
contio, contiōnis f.: assembly, meeting, 6 salveō, -ēre: be well; imper. hello, 2
coörior, -orīrī, -ortus sum: to arise, 2 sēdō (1): settle, calm, 2
dēnsus, -a, -um: thick, 2 serēnus, -a, -um: bright, 1
discerpō, -ere, -psī, -ptum: tear in pieces, , 1 silentium, -iī n.: silence, 5
etsī: even if, although, though, 5 sospitō (1): save, protect, 1
exposcō, -ere, -poposcī: pray for, demand, 3 stō, stāre, stetī, statum: stand, 6
fragor, -is m.: crash, din, 2 subitō: immediately, straightaway, 4
lūx, lūcis m.: light, 6 sublīmis, -e: on high, aloft, 3
maestus, -a, -um: grief-stricken, gloomy, 4 tacitus, -a, -um: silent, still, 7
mānō (1): spread, get abroad; flow, be wet, 2 tandem: finally, at last, in the end, 4
nimbus, -ī m.: thundercloud, rainstorm, 1 tempestās, -tātis f.: time; weather, 6
obtineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum: hold, obtain, 1 tonitrus, -ūs m.: thunder, 1
operiō, -īre, -uī: cover, 1 tranquillus, -a, -um: calm, tranquil, 1
orbitās, -tātis f.: bereavement, orphanhood, 2 turbidus, -a, -um: gloomy, stormy, turbid, 1
paucī, -ae, -a: few, 1 ūniversus, -a, -um: entire, whole, 4
precēs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 7 vacuus, -a, -um: empty, fear, vacant, 3

1 coorta (est): pf. pass. coorior
cum…operuit: pf. indicative for definite time
magnō fragōre tonitribusque: with the great
crash of thunder; hendiadys (two items denote
a single object)
tam dēnsō…nimbō: abl. mean
2 ut…abstulerit: that…; result, pf. subj. auferō
contiōnī: from…; dat. of compound verb
3 sēdātō…pavōre: abl. abs.
Romāna pūbes: Roman soldiers; pūbes is 3s
but denotes all the men of military age
5 ubi: when…
etsī: although…; ‘even if,’ concessive
satis: sufficiently, readily
crēdēbat: governs a dat. ind. obj.
6 steterant: plpf. stō
41
(eum) sublīmem raptum (esse) procellā: that
(he)…; pf. pass. inf. rapiō following crēdēbat
velut orbitātis metū icta: as if having…; PPP
iciō, abl. means; icta agrees with pūbes
7 initiō factō: abl. abs.
8 deō: from…; abl. of origin
natum: PPP nāscor
salvēre: to hail (x) (y); with double acc., obj.
(Romulum) and pred. (deum, rēgem, parentem)
9 ūniversī: they one and all; i..e pūbes
10 utī…sospitet: that (Romulus)…; ind. command
with pres. subj.; utī = ut
11 fuisse…aliquōs: that there had…; ind. disc.
quī...arguerent: who…; cl. of characteristic
discerptum (esse) rēgem: that…
12 tacitī: translate nom. predicative adj. as adv.
16.4-8 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

perobscūra fāma; illam alteram admīrātiō virī et pavor praesēns 1

nōbilitāvit.
5. et cōnsiliō etiam ūnīus hominis addita reī dīcitur fidēs. namque
Proculus Iūlius, sollicitā cīvitāte dēsīderiō rēgis et īnfēnsā patribus,
gravis, ut trāditur, quamvīs magnae reī auctor in contiōnem prōdit. 5
6. “Rōmulus,” inquit, “Quirītēs, parēns urbis huius, prīmā hodiernā
lūce caelō repente dēlāpsus sē mihi obvium dedit. cum perfūsus
horrōre venerābundusque adstitissem petēns precibus ut contrā
intuērī fās esset, 7. ‘abī, nūntiā,’ inquit ‘Rōmānīs, caelestēs ita velle
ut mea Rōma caput orbis terrārum sit; proinde rem mīlitārem 10
cōlant sciantque et ita posterīs trādant nūllās opēs hūmānās armīs
Rōmānīs resistere posse.’”8. “haec,” inquit “locūtus sublīmis abiit.”
admīrātiō, -tiōnis f.: admiration, 2 namque: for, for indeed, 1
adstō, -stāre, -stitī: stand at or near, 1 nōbilitō (1): ennoble, 1
caelum, -ī n.: sky, 7 obvius, -a, -um: in the way of (dat), 5
colō, -ere, coluī, cultum: cultivate; worship, 3 orbis, -is m.: sphere, circle; + terrārum, world, 3
contiō, contiōnis f.: assembly, meeting, 6 perfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -sum: pour over, wash, 2
dēlābor, -ī, dēlāpsus sum: glide, slip down, 1 perobscūrus, -a, -um: very obscure, 1
dēsīderium, -iī n.: longing; grief (for a loss), 5 praesēns, -sentis: present, being present, 7
fās n.: right, righteousness, divine law, 6 precēs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 7
gravis, -e: heavy, serious, important, 2 Proculus, -ī m.: Proculus, 1
hodiernus, -a, -um: of today, today, 1 prōdeō, -īre, -iī: go forward, advance, 3
horror, horrōris m.: horror, awe, 2 proinde: then, therefore, consequently, 3
īnfēnsus, -a, -um: hostile, 2 quamvīs: however much, although, 2
intueor, -tuērī, -tuitus sum: look upon, 5 repente: suddenly, 5
Iūlius, -ī m.: Julius, 2 resistō, -ere, -stitī: stand still, stop; oppose, 4
loquor, -ī, locūtum: speak, say, 1 sollicitus, -a, -um: troubled, anxious, 2
lūx, lūcis m.: light, 6 sublīmis, -e: on high, aloft, uplifted, 3
mīlitāris, -e: military, of a soldier, 2 venerābundus, -a, -um: full of awe, 1

1 illam alteram (fāmam): i.e. that Romulus
disappeared into the sky
3 cōnsiliō…ūnīus hominis: by the plan…; i.e. of
Proculus Iūlius noted below; cōnsilium is
here an ‘purposeful plan,’‘strategy’ or ‘device’
addita (esse) reī dīcitur fidēs: confidence for
the account is said to have been added; reī is
objective gen.
4 sollicitā cīvitāte… īnfēnsā patribus: the city…;
abl. abs. with two predicates.; add pple ‘being’
5 gravis: weighty; i.e. influential
ut trāditur: as it is handed down
quamvīs magnae reī auctor: a promoter of
however important a matter; nom. apposition
prodit: 3s pres. prodeō
6 Quirītēs: voc. dir. address, i.e. the people
parēns urbis huius: in apposition to Rōmulus;
huius is gen. sg. demonstrative
prīmā hodiernā lūce: at…; abl. time when
42
7 caelō: from…; abl. place from which
dēlapsus: dep. PPP: translate ‘having Xed’
cum…adstitissem: plpf. subj.
8 precibus: abl. means
ut…fās esset: that it be…; ind. command with
impers. fās est in impf. subj.
contrā: face to face
9 abī, nūntiā: imperatives, abeō
caelestēs…velle: that…; ind. disc. with irreg.
inf. volō
10 ut…sit: that…; noun result clause with pres.
subj. sum
rem mīlitārem: military affairs; i.e. art of war
11 cōlant sciantque…trādant: let…and let…and
let…; 3p jussive pres.subj.
nūllās opēs…posse: that…; ind. disc. with inf.
possum; opēs can here mean ‘power’
12 sublīmis: on high
 Interregnum 16.8-17.4

mīrum quantum illī virō nūntiantī haec fideī fuerit, quamque 1

dēsīderium Rōmulī apud plēbem exercitumque factā fide
immortālitātis lēnītum sit.
17. patrum interim animōs certāmen rēgnī ac cupīdō versābat;
necdum †ā singulīs, quia nēmō magnō opere ēminēbat in novō 5
populō, pervēnerat: factiōnibus inter ōrdinēs certābātur†. 2. oriundī
ab Sabīnīs, nē quia post Tatī mortem ab suā parte nōn erat
rēgnātum, in societāte aequā possessiōnem imperiī āmitterent, suī
corporis creārī rēgem volēbant: Rōmānī veterēs peregrīnum rēgem
aspernābantur. 3. in variīs voluntātibus rēgnārī tamen omnēs 10
volēbant, lībertātis dulcēdine nōndum expertā. 4. timor deinde
patrēs incessit nē cīvitātem sine imperiō, exercitum sine duce,
aequus, -a, -um: equal, fair, level, even, 3 leniō, -īre, -ivī, -ītum: make lenient, make mild, 1
āmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: lose, let go, 7 lībertās, -tātis f.: freedom, liberty, 3
aspernor, -ārī, aspernātum: spurn, reject, 3 mīrus, -a, -um: amazing, surprising, 7
certō (1): to contend, strive, compete, 6 necdum: nor yet, 2
cupīdō, cupīdinis f.: desire, longing, 7 nēmō, nūllīus, nēminī, nēminem, nūllō/ā: no
dēsīderium, -iī n.: longing; grief (for a loss), 5 one, 2
dulcēdō, -inis f.: sweetness, 2 oriundus, -a, -um: descended, born, 6
ēmineō, -ēre, -uī: be prominent, 1 possessiō, -iōnis f.: possession, 1
experior, -ī, expertum: try, attempt, test, 3 societās, -tātis f.: alliance, partnership, 7
factiō, factiōnis f.: faction, party, 4 timor, -oris m.: fear, dread, anxiety, 1
immortālitās, -tātis f.: immortality, 2 varius, -a, -um: various, alternating, 6
incēdō, -ere, cessī: go, come into, enter, 5 versō (1): turn over, agitate, 2
interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 5 voluntās, -tātis f.: will, wish, permission, 6

1 mīrum (est): (it is)…; impers. translation.

quantum…fideī: how much confidence…; ind.
question with pf. subj. sum; fideī is partitive
gen.
illī virō: dat. of possession
haec: neut. pl.
quamque…lēnītum sit: and how…; ind.
question with pf. pass. subj.; quam is an
interrogative adv.
2 apud: among…
factā fide immortālitātis: abl. abs.
4 versābat: 3s with 3p subject
†ā singulīs… certābātur†.: A obelus (†)
indicates that the clause is plainly corrupt but the
editor cannot see how to emend it. Omit in
6 oriundī: (those)…; nom. pl.
7 nē…āmitterent: so that...might not…; neg.
purpose clause
parte: side; i.e. by Sabines
erat rēgnātum: it had…; impers. plpf.;
i.e. Rome had not been ruled
8 suī corporis: of their own body (politic); i.e.
from the Sabines; gen. of description with rēgem
9 creārī: pass. inf.
10 in variīs voluntātibus: in various inclinations;
i.e. with various points of view
11 lībertātis dulcēdine…expertā: abl. abs.
12 nē…adorīrētur: lest…; ‘that…’ fearing clause
with impf. dep. subj.

43
17.4-7 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

multārum circā cīvitātium inrītātīs animīs, vīs aliqua externa 1

adorīrētur. et esse igitur aliquod caput placēbat, et nēmō alterī
concēdere in animum indūcēbat.
5. ita rem inter sē centum patrēs, decem decuriīs factīs
singulīsque in singulās decuriās creātīs quī summae rērum 5
praeessent cōnsociant. 6. decem imperitābant: ūnus cum īnsignibus
imperiī et līctōribus erat: quīnque diērum spatiō fīniēbātur
imperium ac per omnēs in orbem ībat, annuumque intervāllum
rēgnī fuit. id ab rē quod nunc quoque tenet nōmen interrēgnum
appellātum. 10
7. fremere deinde plēbs multiplicātam servitūtem, centum prō
ūnō dominōs factōs; nec ultrā nisi rēgem et ab ipsīs creātum
adorior, -īrī, adortus: rise up, attack, 3 interrēgnum, -ī n.: interim king, 3
annuus, -a, -um: lasting a year, annual, 1 intervāllum, -ī n.: interval, distance, 2
concēdō, -ere; yield, concede, give way to (dat), 1 multiplicō (1): multipy, repeat, increase, 1
cōnsociō (1): share, make common, 4 nēmō, nūllīus, nēminī, nēminem, nūllō/ā: no
decem: ten, 3 one, 2
decuria, -ae f.: division (of tens), 2 nisi: if not, unless, 7
dominus, -ī m.: master, 4 orbis, -is m.: sphere, circle; + terrārum, world, 3
externus, -a, -um: external, foreign, 3 placet, -uit: it is pleasing, it is resolved, 5
finiō, -īre, -i(v)ī: to limit, end, enclose, 3 praesum, -esse, -fuī: be over, preside (dat.), 2
fremō, -ere, -uī, -itum: mutter; growl, roar, 1 quīnque: five, 6
imperitō (1): command, rule over (dat), 4 servitūs, servitūtis, f.: servitude, 1
indūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum: lead in, bring to, 3 spatium, -iī n.: period, span,; distance, space, 7
inrītō (1): provoke, 2 ultrā: besides, further, more, in addition, 1

1 multārum…inrītātīs animīs: abl. abs. ab rē: from (this) situation; i.e. the tradition is
2 esse…caput: that…; ind. disc.; i.e. leader derived from this first occasion
placēbat: it…; impers. quod…tenet: relative clause; an interrex was
nēmō: i.e. neither the Roman nor Sabine side appointed as recently as 52 BC
alterī: dat. ind. obj. of concēdere nōmen interrēgnum: the name “interregnum”
3 in animum indūcēbat: brought (his) mind to; + 10 appellātum (est): pf. pass.
inf; i.e. made up his mind or resolve 11 fremere plēbs: the plebs began to mutter; a
4 rem...centum patrēs...cōnsociant: main clause; historical inf. with nom. subject: translate as
rem here means ‘government’ or ‘state’ finite 3p impf.—here, inchoative impf.
decem…factīs: abl. abs. multiplicātam (esse) servitūtum: that…; pf.
5 singulīs…creātīs: abl. abs., creō, ‘appoint’ pass. inf.
in singulās decuriās: over… (et) centum…factōs (esse): (and) that…; pf.
summae rērum: over…; dat. of compound verb pass. inf.
quī…praeeesent: who would…; relative clause 12 nisi rēgem: except…; acc. obj.
of purpose (quī=ut eī) with impf. subj. praesum et ab īpsīs creātum: and, (in addition, a king)
7 quīnque…spatiō: in…; abl. time within …; PPP creō, ‘appoint;’ the two demands are (1)
8 per omnēs: i.e. every senator had a turn that there be a king, and (2) that this king be
in orbem: i.e. in rotation elected by the plebs
9 id (intervallum): this interval; nom. subj.

44
 Interregnum 17.7-11

vidēbantur passūrī. 8. cum sēnsissent ea movērī patrēs, offerendum 1

ultrō ratī quod āmissūrī erant, ita grātiam ineunt summā potestāte
populō permissā ut nōn plūs darent iūris quam dētinērent. 9.
dēcrēvērunt enim ut cum populus rēgem iussisset, id sīc ratum
esset sī patrēs auctōrēs fierent. hodiē quoque in lēgibus 5
magistrātibusque rogandīs ūsūrpātur īdem iūs, vī adēmptā:
priusquam populus suffrāgium ineat, in incertum comitiōrum
ēventum patrēs auctōrēs fīunt.
10. tum interrēx contiōne advocātā, ‘quod bonum, faustum
fēlīxque sit’ inquit, ‘Quirītēs, rēgem creātē: ita patribus vīsum est. 10
patrēs deinde, sī dignum quī secundus ab Rōmulō numerētur
creārītis, auctōrēs fīent.’ 11. adeō id grātum plēbī fuit ut, nē victī
advocō (1): to summon, call to, 6 ineō, -īre, -īī, -itum: go into, enter, initiate, 7
āmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: lose, let go, 7 interrēx, -rēgis m.: interim king, 2
comitium, -ī n.: assembly; elections, 6 magistratus, -ūs m.: magistrate, officer, 2
contio, contiōnis f.: assembly, meeting, 6 numerō (1): count, 1
dēcernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētum: decide, decree, 6 offerō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: offer, present, 3
dētineō, -ēre, -uī: retain, hold back, keep, 1 permittō -ere -mīsī -missum: entrust to (dat), 3
dignus, -a, -um: worthy, deserving of (abl.), 5 potestās, -tātis f.: power; rule, 3
ēventus, -ūs m.: outcome, result, 4 priusquam: before, sooner than, 7
faustus, -a, -um: prosperous, blessed, 2 rogō (1): to ask, ask for, 7
fēlīx, fēlīcis: fortunate, happy, lucky, 2 sēntiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsum: feel, perceive, 7
grātia, -ae f.: gratitude, favor, influence, thanks, 6 suffrāgium, -ī n.: vote, right of voting, 4
grātus, -a, -um: pleasing, grateful, 6 ultrō: voluntarily, spontaneously, 4
hodiē: today, 4 ūsūrpō (1): seize upon, use, 1
incertus, -a, -um: unreliable, doubtful, 5

1 vidēbantur: they seemed voice vote

passūrī (esse): fut. inf. patior
cum sēnsissent…patrēs: plpf. subj.
ea movērī: that these…; pass. inf.; ea is neut.
pl. demonstrative and acc. subject
offerendum (esse)…: that…had to be…; ind.
disc.; passive periphrastic (gerundive + inf. sum)
quod āmissūrī erant: (that) which…; missing
antecedent is acc. subj. in the ind. disc; āmissūrī
erant is a periphrastic fut. (fut. pple + sum)
2 ratī: PPP dep. reor: translate ‘having Xed;’
ita grātiam ineunt: in this way they entered
(their) good graces; ‘obtained favor,’ an idiom
summā…permissā: abl. abs.
3 populō: to…; dat. ind. obj. of permissā;
here populus is synonymous with plēbs
ut…darent…dētinērent: that…; result with
impf. subj.
iūris: partitive gen. with acc. plūs
4 ut…id sīc ratum esset: that it…; ind. command
with plpf. pass. reor, ‘ratify’
cum…iussisset: plpf. subj. iubeō; i.e. elect by
45
5 sī…fierent: if…; impf. subj. fiō; i.e. authorized
candidates; explained below
in…rogandīs: noun + gerundive; perform a
gerund-gerundive flip and translate as a gerund
(ing) + obj.; i.e. proposing matters before the
assembly
6 vī adēmptā: abl. abs.
7 priusquam…ineat: temporal clause with pres.
subj. ineō of anticipated action
in incertum…ēventum: against…
9 contiōne advocātā: abl. abs.
Quod bonum…sit: May this be…; optative
subj. (subj. of wish); quod is a connective
relative: express in English as a demonstrative
10 creāte: imper., creō, ‘appoint’
vīsum est: it seemed (good); with dat. reference
quī...numerētur: (someone) who is counted…
the missing antecedent is acc. obj.
12 auctōrēs fient: fut. fiō, i.e. will authorize
plēbī: to…; dat. of reference
victī: PPP vincō
17.11-18.3 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

beneficiō vidērentur, id modo scīscerent iubērentque ut senātus 1

dēcerneret quī Rōmae rēgnāret.
18. inclita iūstitia religiōque eā tempestāte Numae Pompilī erat.
Curibus Sabīnīs habitābat, cōnsultissimus vir, ut in illā quisquam
esse aetāte poterat, omnis dīvīnī atque hūmānī iūris. 2. auctōrem 5
doctrīnae eius, quia nōn exstat alius, falsō Samium Pȳthagoram
ēdunt, quem Serviō Tulliō rēgnante Rōmae centum amplius post
annōs in ultimā Ītaliae ōrā circā Metapontum Hēraclēamque et
Crotōnā iuvenum aemulantium studia coetūs habuisse cōnstat. 3. ex
quibus locīs, etsī eiusdem aetātis fuisset, quae fāma in Sabīnōs? aut 10
quō linguae commerciō quemquam ad cupiditātem discendī
excīvisset? quōve praesidiō ūnus per tot gentēs dissonās sermōne
aemulor, -ārī, -ātum: rival, aspire to, 1 Hēraclēa, -ae m.: Heraclea (Italian town), 1
amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 3 inclitus, -a, -um: famed, well known, 5
beneficium, -ī n.: good deed, favor, generosity, 5 Ītalia, -ae f.: Italy, 3
coetus, -ūs m.: gathering, meeting, 2 iūstitia, -ae f.: justice, fairness, 1
commercium, -ī n.: communication, exchange, 1 lingua, -ae f.: tongue, language, 2
cōnstō, -āre, -stitī: it is agreed; stand firm, 6 Metapontum, -ī n.: Metapontum (town), 1
cōnsultus, -a, -um: skilled, learned, prudent, 1 ōra, -ae f.: shore, coast, 1
Croto, -ōnis m. (-a acc.): Croton (Italian town), 1 Pompilius, -iī m.: Pompilius, 4
cupiditās, -tātis f.: desire, ambition, 6 Pȳthagoras, -ae m.: Pythagoras, 1
Curēs, ium m.: Cures (Sabine town), 3 religio, -iōnis f.: religious scruple/observance, 7
dēcernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētum: decide, decree, 6 Samius, -a, -um: of Samos (a Greek island), 1
discō, -ere, didicī: learn, come to know, 3 sciscō, -ere, -vī, scītum: assent to, resolve, 1
dissonus, -a, -um: dissonant, discordant, 1 senātus, -ūs f.: senate, 5
doctrīna, -ae f.: instruction, teaching, 1 sermō, sermōnis m.: conversation, talk, 3
ēdō, -ere, ēdidī, ēditum: bring forth, perform, 6 studium, -ī n.: zeal, desire, pursuit, 5
etsī: even if, although, though, 5 tempestās, -tātis f.: time; weather, 6
exstō (1): exist, 2 tot: so many, 5
fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsum: deceive, cheat, 6 Tullius, -ī m.: Tullius, 6

1 Nē…vidērentur (esse): so that…not seem (to
be); negative purpose with impf. subj
modo: just, merely
2 ut…dēcerneret: ind. command with impf. subj.
with both verbs but logically with scīscerent
quī…rēgnāret: (the one) who…
Rōmae: at…; locative
eā tempestāte: at…; abl. time when; tempestās
means ‘time’ here and eā is demonstrative
3 inclita…erat: was well known; with 3p subject
nom. pred. inclita is placed first for emphasis
Numae Pompilī: dat. of possession
4 Curibus: at…; locative
Sabīnīs: adj. modifying Curibus; a single town
Ut…poterat: as anyone...; clause of comparison
5 omnis dīvīnī…iūris: gen. with cōnsultissimus;
auctōrem…Pȳthagoram ēdunt: as teacher…;
doctrīnae eius: of his instruction; Numa’s
46
6 quia…., falsō: falsely, because…; abl. as adv.
7 Quem…habuisse cōnstat: whom…; relative
clause, the pronoun is acc. subject of habuisse;
Livy explains that Pythogoras was alive much
later and could not have been Numa’s teacher
Serviō…rēgnante: abl. abs.
centum…annōs: after (than) 100 years
afterward; post + acc.
8 iuvenum aemulantium…: gen. pl. modifying
coetūs, which is acc. pl. dir. obj.
cōnstat: it is agreed
10 etsi…fuisset, quae fama (fuisset): even if
(Pythathoras) had…, (would have been); past
contrary to fact (sī plpf. subj., plpf. subj.)
quō…commerciō: by what exchange…
would have…?; contrary to fact with plpf. subj.
11 discendī: gen. gerund (-ing)
12 quōve praesidiō: or under what protection…?
 Numa Pompiliius 18.3-6

mōribusque pervēnisset? 4. suōpte igitur ingeniō temperātum 1

animum virtūtibus fuisse opīnor magis īnstrūctumque nōn tam
peregrīnīs artibus quam disciplīnā tetricā ac trīstī veterum
Sabīnōrum, quō genere nūllum quondam incorruptius fuit.
5. audītō nōmine Numae patrēs Rōmānī, quamquam inclīnārī 5
opēs ad Sabīnōs rēge inde sūmptō vidēbantur, tamen neque sē
quisquam nec factiōnis suae alium nec dēnique patrum aut cīvium
quemquam praeferre illī virō ausī, ad ūnum omnēs Numae
Pompiliō rēgnum dēferendum dēcernunt. 6. accītus, sīcut Rōmulus
augurātō urbe condendā rēgnum adeptus est, dē sē quoque deōs 10
cōnsulī iussit. inde ab augure, cui deinde honōris ergō pūblicum id
perpetuumque sacerdōtium fuit, dēductus in arcem, in lapide ad
adipīscor, -ī, adeptus: obtain, overtake, 3 lapis, -idis m.: stone, 4
augur, -is m.: augur, 4 opīnor, -ārī, opīnātum: opine, suppose, 2
auguror, -ārī, -ātum: take auspices, 1 perpetuus, -a, -um: perpetual, everlasting, 2
dēcernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētum: decide, decree, 6 Pompilius, -iī m.: Pompilius, 4
dēdūcō, -ere: lead or bring down, launch, 7 praeferō, -ferre, -tulī -lātum: prefer; put before, 2
dēferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: carry away, bring, 5 quondam: formerly, at one time, 6
dēnique: lastly, finally, 1 sīcut: just as, so as, 2
disciplīna, -ae f.: training, instruction, 4 sūmō, -ere, -mpsī, -mptum: take (up), chose, 6
ergō: therefore; for the sake of + gen., 7 temperō (1): regulate, refrain from, keep from, 3
factiō, factiōnis f.: faction, party, 4 tetricus, -a, um: severe, forbidding, 1
incorruptus, -a, -um: uncorrupted, reliable, 2 trīstis, -e: sad, sullen, 4

1 sermōne mōribusque: in…; abl. of respect
pervēnisset: would have…; contrary to fact plpf.
subj.
suōpte…ingeniō: by his very own…; enclitic
–pte makes suō emphatic; abl. cause
temperātum…fuisse: that…; pf. inf. sum;
virtūtibus is abl. mean
2 magis: modifies opīnor
īnstructumque: still predicate of fuisse
tam…quam: so much…as…; clause of
comparison with abl. of means
4 quō genere nūllum (genus): than which race…;
relative adj. and abl. of comparison
incorruptius: neut. comparative adj.
5 audītō nōmine Numae: abl. abs.
6 opēs: power; nom. subj.
rēge…sūmptō: abl. abs.
vidēbantur: seemed
neque…nec…nec…: neither…nor…nor…
7 quisquam…praeferre…ausī (sunt): anyone ‘
dared to prefer (acc) to (dat); ‘place (acc) before
(dat); dep. pf. audeō; no one nominated anyone
once Numa was suggested
factiōnis suae: of…; i.e Sabine or Roman
8 illī virō: i.e. Numa; dat. of compound verb
praeferre
ad ūnum omnēs: all to the man; unanimously
rēgnum dēferendum (esse): that…must be…;
passive periphrastic (gerundive + esse)
9 accītus: i.e. Numa
augurātō: auspicies having…; abl. abs. with a
single term
urbe condendā: at…; abl. time when or
manner; gerundive + noun; perform a gerund-
gerundive flip: translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.;
10 dē sē…deōs cōnsulī: that…; pass. inf. cōnsulō
11 cui…fuit: for whom...; relative, dat. of interest
ergō: for the sake of + preceding gen.; here as a
preposition

47
18.6-10 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

merīdiem versus cōnsēdit. 7. augur ad laevam eius capite vēlātō 1

sēdem cēpit, dextrā manū baculum sine nōdō aduncum tenēns,
quem lituum appellārunt. inde ubi prōspectū in urbem agrumque
captō deōs precātus regiōnēs ab oriente ad occāsum dētermināvit,
dextrās ad merīdiem partēs, laevās ad septentriōnem esse dīxit; 8. 5
signum contrā quō longissimē cōnspectum oculī ferēbant animō
fīnīvit; tum lituō in laevam manum trānslātō, dextrā in caput
Numae impositā, ita precātus est: 9. “Iuppiter pater, sī est fās hunc
Numam Pompilium cuius ego caput teneō rēgem Rōmae esse, ut tū
signa nōbīs certa adclārāssis inter eōs fīnēs quōs fēcī.” 10. tum 10
perēgit verbīs auspicia quae mittī vellet. quibus missīs dēclārātus
rēx Numa dē templō dēscendit.
adclārō (1): clarify, make manifest, 1 laevus, -a, -um: left, unfavorable, 6
aduncus, -a, -um: crooked, curved, 1 lituus, -a, -um: augur’s staff, 2
augur, -is m.: augur, 4 merīdīēs, -ēī m.: midday, noon; south, 2
auspicium, -ī n.: auspice, augury, bird-signs, 3 nōdus, -ī m.: knot, 1
baculum, -ī n.: staff, 4 occāsus, -ūs m.: setting; west, 1
cōnsīdō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessus: sit down, 4 oculus, -ī, m.: eye, 6
cōnspectus, -ūs m.: sight, view, 7 Pompilius, -iī m.: Pompilius, 4
dēclārō (1): to declare, make clear, 1 precor, -ārī, -ātum: pray, 3
dēscendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: descend, 6 prōspectus, -ūs m.: view, survey, sight, 1
dēterminō (1): confine in limits, 1 septentriōnēs, -um m.: north (seven stars), 1
fās n.: right, righteousness, divine law, 6 trānsferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: carry across, 2
finiō, -īre, -i(v)ī: to limit, end, enclose, 3 vēlō (1): to veil, shroud, 3
impōnō, -ere, -posuī: put upon, impose, 3

1 meridiem: south (the direction of the sun at 7 lituō…trānslātō: abl. abs.

noon)
ad laevam eius: at…; gen. eius refers to Numa
capite vēlātō: abl. abs.
3 appellā(vē)runt: governs a double acc.
prōspectū…captō: abl. abs.
4 precātus: dep. PPP: translate ‘having Xed’
ab oriente (sole) ad occāsum (solem): from
east to west; ‘from the rising sun to the fallen
sun,’ directions formed from the pres. pple and
PPP, the word sol, ‘sun,’ is understood
5 dextrās…dīxit: he said that the parts to the
south (are)‘right’ and (the parts) to the north
(are)‘left’; i.e. called relgions to the south ‘right’
and called regions to the north ‘left’
6 signum contrā…(in) animō fīnīvit: he fixed a
landmark opposite
quō…ferēbant: to where…; relative adv.
longissimē: superl. adv. longē, ‘far’
dextrā…impositā: abl. abs.
8 precātus est: dep. pf.
est fās: it is…; impersonal
hunc…esse: that…; ind. disc.
9 Rōmae: locative
ut…adclārāssis: would that you…; optative
subj. (subj. of wish) introduced by ut (=utinam);
adclārāssis is an archaic 2s pf. subj. equiv. to
adclārāveris
10 signa: i.e. birds or phenomena in the sky
fīnēs: i.e. the borders which the augur defined
using the landmark as a point of reference
11 perēgit: related, detailed; ‘did completely’
quae…vellet: which…; relative clause of
characteristic with impf. subj. volō
quibus missīs: i.e. once the gods responded to
the request; abl. abs., connective relative:
translate as a demonstrative in English

48
 Numa Pompiliius 19.1-4

19. quī rēgnō ita potītus urbem novam conditam vī et armīs, iūre 1
eam lēgibusque ac mōribus dē integrō condere parat. 2. quibus cum
inter bella adsuēscere vidēret nōn posse—quippe efferārī mīlitiā
animōs—, mītigandum ferōcem populum armōrum dēsuētūdine
ratus, Iānum ad īnfimum Argīlētum indicem pācis bellīque fēcit, 5
apertus ut in armīs esse cīvitātem, 3. clausus pācātōs circā omnēs
populōs significāret.—bis deinde post Numae rēgnum clausus fuit,
semel T. Mānliō cōnsule post Pūnicum prīmum perfectum bellum,
iterum, quod nostrae aetātī dī dedērunt ut vidērēmus, post bellum
Actiācum ab imperātōre Caesare Augustō pāce terrā marīque 10
partā.—
4. clausō eō cum omnium circā fīnitimōrum societāte ac

Actiācus, -a, -um: of Actium, 1
adsuēscō, -ere, -ēvī: grow accustomed, 1
Argīlētum, -ī n.: Argiletum (NE of forum), 1
Augustus, -ī m.: Augustus, 1
bis: twice, 1
Caesar, -aris m.: Caesar, 1
claudō, -ere, -dī, -sum: to close, enclose, 5
consul, -is m.: consul, 3
dēsuētūdo, -dinis f.: disuse, 1
efferō (1): make wild or savage, 1
Iānus, -ī m.: Janus, 2
imperātor, -ōris m.: commander, 1
index, indicis m./f.: sign, proof; informer, 1
integer, -gra, -grum: whole, intact, unharmed, 3
iterum: again, a second time, 3
Mānlius, -ī m.: Manlius, 1
mītigō (1): soften, 2
pācō (1): to placify, subdue, 1
perficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: accomplish, bring
about, 7
potior, -īrī, potītum: take possession of (abl), 2
Pūnicus, -a, -um: Punic, Carthiginian, 1
semel: once, 1
significō (1): show, point out, indicate, 2
societās, -tātis f.: alliance, partnership, 7
T.: Titus, 3

1 quī: this one; connective relative
potītus: dep. PPP: translate as ‘having Xed’ +
abl. obj.
vī et armīs…iūre legibusque ac mōribus:
abl. means, the contrast is between Romulus’
method of founding Rome and Numa’s
vī et armīs: by force of arms; hendiadys (two
terms denote the same object)
2 eam: it; i.e. urbem
dē integrō: anew, afresh; ‘from untouched’
quibus: to these things; connective relative and
dat. of compound verb adsuēscere
aduēscere…nōn posse: that (the people)…; or
‘that it was not possible to…’ ind. disc., posse
is impersonal or an acc. subject must be added
quippe efferārī…animōs: that…
mītigandum (esse)…dēsuētūdine: that…must
be…; passive periphrastic (gerundive + esse)…
5 ratus: PPP dep. reor: translate ‘having Xed’
Iānum: i.e. the arch of Janus
ad: at…
fēcit: governs a double acc. (obj. and pred.)
6 ut (Iānus) apertus in armīs esse cīvitātem
(significārent): so that Janus (when)…; result
clause with impf. subj.; PPP aperiō belongs in
the ut-clause following Iānus
in armīs esse cīvitātem: that…
(Iānus) clausus pācātōs (esse)…populōs
significārent: Janus (when)…; parallel to clause
above
pācātōs (esse)…populōs: that…; pf. pass. inf.
7 clausus fuit: supply Iānus as subject
8 T. Māniliō cōnsule: abl. abs., supply pple
‘being;’ 235 BC
9 quod…: which; dī = deī
nostrae aetātī: to our generation, to our age
d(e)ī
ut vidērēmus: so that…; purpose
pāce…partā: abl. abs., PPP pariō
12 clausō eō: abl. abs.; demonstrative eō refers to
Iānus
omnium circā fīnitimōrum: circā is simply an
adv.

49
19.4-6 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

foederibus iūnxisset animōs, positīs externōrum perīculōrum cūrīs, 1

nē luxuriārent ōtiō animī quōs metus hostium disciplīnaque
mīlitāris continuerat, omnium prīmum, rem ad multitūdinem
imperītam et illīs saeculīs rudem efficācissimam, deōrum metum
iniciendum ratus est. 5. quī cum dēscendēre ad animōs sine aliquō 5
commentō mīrāculī nōn posset, simulat sibi cum deā Ēgeria
congressūs nocturnōs esse; eius sē monitū quae acceptissima dīs
essent sacra īnstituere, sacerdōtēs suōs cuique deōrum praeficere.
6. atque omnium prīmum ad cursūs lūnae in duodecim mēnsēs
dīscrībit annum; quem quia trīcēnōs diēs singulīs mēnsibus lūna 10
nōn explet dēsuntque sex diēs solidō annō quī sōlstitiālī
circumagitur orbe, intercalāriīs mēnsibus interpōnendīs ita
circumagō, -ēre: drive/wheel around, revolve, 2 interpōnō, -ere, -suī; include, introduce, 1
commentum, -ī n.: invention, embellishment, 1 lūna, -ae n.: moon, 2
congressus, -ūs m.: meeting, 2 luxuriō (1): be self-indulgent, 1
contineō, -ēre, -uī, -tum: hold in/back, contain, 4 mēnsis, -is m.: month, 3
cursus, -ūs m.: course, running, haste, 6 mīlitāris, -e: military, of a soldier, 2
dea, -ae f.: goddess, divinity, deity, 4 monitus, -ūs m.: warning, admonition, 2
dēscendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: descend, 6 nocturnus, -a, -um: nocturnal, 2
dēsum, -esse, -fuī: be lacking, fail (dat), 6 orbis, -is m.: sphere, circle; + terrārum, world, 3
disciplīna, -ae f.: training, instruction, 4 ōtium, -iī n.: leisure, peace, 5
discrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī: distribute, divide, 2 perīculum, -ī n.: risk, danger, peril, 7
duodecim: twelve, 6 praeficiō, -ere, -fēcī: put in charge over, 1
efficax (efficacis): effective, efficacious, 2 rudis, -e: uncultivated, inexperienced in (gen), 3
Ēgeria, -ae f.: Egeria (a goddess), 2 saeculum, -ī n.: generation, age, time; century, 2
expleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētum: fulfull, fill out, 4 sex: six, 4
externus, -a, -um: external, foreign, 3 simulō (1): feign, pretend, make like, 7
imperītus, -a, -um: unexperienced, 1 solidus, -a, -um: dense; a solid (coin), 1
iniciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw upon, 6 sōlstitiālis, -e: solstitial, of the solstice, 1
intercalārius, -a, -um: intercalary, 1 trīcēnī, -ae, -a: thirty each, 1

1 iūnxisset: plpf. subj. iungō, cum clause
positīs cūrīs: abl. abs., pōnō, ‘put aside’
2 nē luxuriārent ōtiō animī: so that…might not…
neg. purpose clause; animī is nom.
quōs…continuerat: 3s with 3p subject
3 omnium prīmum: adv. acc. + partitive gen.
rem…efficācissimam: in apposition to metum
iniciendum below
ad multitūdinem…rudem: for…
4 illīs saeculīs: in those times; time when
deōrum metum iniciendum (esse): that…must
be…; passive periphrastic (gerundive + sum)
5 ratus est: pf. dep. reor
quī cum…posset: Since this one…; connective
relative (translate as demonstrative); causal cum
clause with impf. subj. possum
ad animōs: into their hearts, into their spirits
6 sibi…esse: that he had…; ‘to him there were…’
50
ind. disc. and dat. possession
7 (et) sē…īnstituere: and that he…
eius…monitū: i.e. Egeria’s. gen. sg., abl. cause
quae…essent: which…; sacra is the antecedent;
subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
dīs: deīs, dat. of reference
8 (et sē) sacerdōtēs…praeficere: and that (he)…
cuique deōrum: over…; dat. of compound
9 omnium prīmum: adv. acc. + partitive gen.
ad: according to…
10 singulīs mēnsibus: in…; abl. time when
11 solidō annō: from…; dat. compound verb
sōlstitiālī orbe: abl. means, i-stem 3rd decl. abl.
12 intercalāriīs mēnsibus interpōnendīs: by…;
abl. means, noun + gerundive: peform a gerund-
gerundive flip and translate as gerund (-ing) +
obj.
 Numa Pompiliius 19.6-20.3

dispēnsāvit, ut vīcēsimō annō ad mētam eandem sōlis unde ōrsī 1

essent, plēnīs omnium annōrum spatiīs diēs congruerent. 7. īdem
nefāstōs diēs fāstōsque fēcit quia aliquandō nihil cum populō agī
ūtile futūrum erat.
20. tum sacerdōtibus creandīs animum adiēcit, quamquam ipse 5
plūrima sacra obībat, ea maximē quae nunc ad Diālem Flāminem
pertinent. 2. sed quia in cīvitāte bellicōsā plūrēs Rōmulī quam
Numae similēs rēgēs putābat fore itūrōsque ipsōs ad bella, nē sacra
rēgiae vicis dēsererentur flāminem Iovī adsiduum sacerdōtem
creāvit īnsignīque eum veste et curūlī rēgiā sellā adōrnāvit. huic 10
duōs flāminēs adiēcit, Mārtī ūnum, 3. alterum Quirīnō, virginēsque
Vestae lēgit, Albā oriundum sacerdōtium et gentī conditōris haud
adornō (1): distinguish, adorn, decorate, 1 oriundus, -a, -um: descended, born, 6
adsiduus, -a, -um: permanent, constant, 3 pertineō, -ēre, -tinuī: pertain to; reach, 5
aliquandō: sometimes, at some time, 1 plēnus, -a, -um: full, completed, 3
bellicōsus, -a, -um: warlike, 2 plūrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 4
conditor, -tōris m.: founder, 5 pūtō (1): to think, consider, 4
congruō, -ere: agree, match, 2 Quirīnus, -ī m.: Quirinus (Romulus), 2
curūlis, -e: curule, 2 sella, -ae f.: chair, 2
dēserō, -ere, -uī, -sertum: to desert, 3 similis, -e: similar to, like (dat), 6
Diālis, -e: of Jupiter, 1 sōl, sōlis m.: sun, 1
dispēnsō (1): distribute, 1 spatium, -iī n.: period, span,; distance, space, 7
fāstus, -a, -um: righteous days, fasti, 1 ūtilis, -e: useful, effective, 1
flāmen, flāminis, m.: priest, flamen, 5 Vesta, -ae f.: Vesta, 1
Mārs, Mārtis m.: Mars, 6 vestis, -is f.: clothing, 4
mēta, -ae f.: goal, turning point, 1 vīcēsimus, -a, -um: twentieth, 1
nefāstus, -a, -um: unrighteous, unholy, 1 vicis, -is f.: turn, exchange; office; -em, in turn, 6
obeō, -īre, -iī, -itum: engage in; enter; die, 4 virgō, virginis f.: maiden, virgin, 6

1 ut…diēs congruerent: that the dates match…; ipse: he himself

result with impf. subj.
vīcēsimō annō: abl. time when
ad mētam eandem: i.e. the solstices
unde (diēs) ōrsī essent: from where (the days)
had begun; relative with plpf. dep. subj. ordior
plēnīs…spatiīs: abl. abs., supply pple ‘being’
i.e. the months would been exactly completed
over the 20 year period
2 īdem: he also; ‘the same man’ adj. as adv.
nefātōs fāstōsqu: nefasti and fasti; acc. pred.
fēcit governs a double acc.
3 quia…futūrum erat: because…it..; impers.
periphrastic fut. (fut. pple sum + sum);
nihil…agī: that…; logical subj. of futūrum erat;
pass. inf. agō; i.e. no business before assembly
5 sacerdōtibus creandīs: to…; dat. purpose, noun
+ gerundive: peform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
animum: (his) attention
51
6 obībat: engaged in; ‘met with’
ea: neut. pl. demonstrative, i.e. sacra
quae…pertinent
7 plūrēs Rōmulī (similēs) quam Numae similēs
rēgēs…fore: that there would be more…; fut.
inf. sum (equiv. to futurōs esse); Rōmulī and
Numae are dat. of special adj.
8 (rēgēs) itūrōs (esse) ad bella: and that…; with
fut. inf. eō, īre
nē…dēserentur: so that …not; neg. purpose
9 rēgiae vīcis: of the office of king; gen. sg.
Iōvī: for Jupiter; dat. of interest
adsiduum sacerdōtem: as…
10 īnsignī…veste…sellā: abl. means
huic: to…; dat. of compound verb
11 Martī, Quirīnō: dat. of interest
12 lēgit: appointed; ‘chose’
Albā: from…; abl. of origin
20.3-6 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

aliēnum. hīs ut adsiduae templī antistitēs essent stīpendium dē 1

pūblicō statuit; virginitāte aliīsque caerimōniīs venerābilēs ac
sānctās fēcit.
4. Saliōs item duodecim Mārtī Grādīvō lēgit, tunicaeque pictae
īnsigne dedit et super tunicam aēneum pectorī tegumen; 5
caelestiaque arma, quae ancīlia appellantur, ferre ac per urbem īre
canentēs carmina cum tripudiīs sollemnīque saltātū iussit.
5. pontificem deinde Numam Marcium Mārcī fīlium ex patribus
lēgit eīque sacra omnia exscrīpta exsignātaque attribuit, quibus
hostiīs, quibus diēbus, ad quae templa sacra fierent, atque unde in 10
eōs sūmptūs pecūnia ērogārētur. 6. cētera quoque omnia pūblica
prīvātaque sacra pontificis scītīs subiēcit, ut esset quō cōnsultum
adsiduus, -a, -um: permanent, constant, 3 pectus, pectoris n.: chest, breast; heart, 6
aēneus, -a, -um: of bronze, of copper, 1 pecūnia, -ae f.: money, 6
ancile, -is n.: shield (figure-8, sacred to Mars), 1 pingō, -ere, pīnxī, pictum: paint; embroider, 1
antistes, antistis m/f.: priest/priestess, 4 pontifex, -ficis m.: priest, pontifex, 5
attribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum: assign, 2 Saliī, -ōrum m.: Salii, Salian priests, 2
caerimōnia, -ae f.: ceremony, rite, 3 saltātus, -ūs m.: leaping, 1
canō, -ere, cecinī, cantum: sing, prophesy, 5 sānctus, -a, -um: sacred, holy, 4
carmen, carminis n.: song, prediction, 6 scītum, -ī n.: decree, 1
duodecim: twelve, 6 stīpendium, -iī n.: contribution, military service, 2
ērogō (1): pay, pay out from the treasury, 1 subiciō, -ere, -iēcī: place under, bring up, 2
exscrībō, -ere, -psī, -ptum: copy out, 1 sūmptus, -ūs m.: expense, expenditure, cost, 1
exsignō (1): write, mark in detail, 1 super: on top of, over, above (acc.), 7
Grādīvus, -ī m.: (surname of Mars), 1 tegumen, -entis n.: breastplace, covering, 1
hostia, -ae f.: animal sacrifice, victim, 1 tripudium, -ī n.: (triple time) dance, 1
item: also, likewise, in like manner, 3 tunica, -ae f.: tunic, 2
Mārcius, -ī n.: Marcius, Ancus Marcius, 4 venerābilis, -e: venerable, 4
Mārs, Mārtis m.: Mars, 6 virginitās, -tātis f.: virginity, 2

1 aliēnum: foreign to, unsuited to + dat. eī: dat. sg. is

hīs: for…; dat. of interest
ut…essent: so that…might…; purpose with
impf. subj.
3 fēcit (antistitēs): governs a double acc. (obj.
and pred.) supply antistitēs, ‘priestesses,’ as obj.
Mārtī Grādīvō: for…; dat. of interest
4 lēgit: appointed; ‘chose’
tunicae pictae: of the…; gen.; PPP pictae here,
as often, means ‘embroidered’
5 pectorī: for…; dat. of interest
(eōs) caelestia arma…ferre…īre: that (they)…;
inf. ferō, eō, īre; governed by iussit
7 iussit: pf. iubeō
8 pontificem: as pontifex
Numam Marcium: Numa Marcius; a person
distinct from Numa Pompilius
Mārcī fīlium: in apposition to Numam Marcium
9 lēgit: (King Numa) appointed
quibus hostiīs…sacra fierent: with what
sacrificial victims…; a series of three indirect
questions with ellipsis of the verb; impf. subj.
fiō; all in apposition to sacra omnia; quibus is an
interrogative adj.
10 quibus diēbus: on…; abl. time when
unde…ērogārētur: the 4th ind. question in
apposition with impf. pass. subj.
in eōs sūmptūs: for…; i.e. sacrifices, etc.
12 pontificis scītīs: under (the authority of)…;
dat. of compound verb; pontificis is subjective
gen.: these are decrees created by the pontifex
ut esset: so that there might be; purpose
quō…venīrent: (someone) to whom…would…;
relative of characteristic; dat. of direction
cōnsultum: to…; acc. supine (PPP + um)
often expresses purpose: translate as an inf.
52
 Numa Pompiliius 20.6-21.1

plēbēs venīret, nē quid dīvīnī iūris neglegendō patriōs rītūs 1

peregrīnōsque adscīscendō turbārētur; 7. nec caelestēs modo
caerimōniās, sed iūsta quoque fūnebria plācandōsque mānēs ut
īdem pontifex ēdocēret, quaeque prōdigia fulminibus aliōve quō
vīsū missa susciperentur atque cūrārentur. ad ea ēlicienda ex 5
mentibus dīvīnīs Iovī Ēliciō āram in Aventīnō dicāvit deumque
cōnsuluit auguriīs, quae suscipienda essent.
21. ad haec cōnsultanda prōcūrandāque multitūdine omnī ā vī et
armīs conversā, et animī aliquid agendō occupātī erant, et deōrum
adsidua īnsidēns cūra, cum interesse rēbus hūmānīs caeleste nūmen 10
vidērētur, eā piētāte omnium pectora imbuerat ut fidēs ac iūs
iūrandum †proximō† lēgum ac poenārum metū cīvitātem regerent.
adscīscō, -ere, -īvī: adopt; attach, 1 iūstus, -a, -um: just, legitimate, 5
adsiduus, -a, -um: permanent, constant, 3 mānes, -ium f.: manes, spirits of the dead, 2
āra, ārae f.: altar, 6 mēns, mentis f.: mind, intent, purpose, 4
Aventīnum, ī n. (us, -ī m.): Aventine hill, 4 neglegō, ere, -lēxī, neglēctum: to neglect, 2
caerimōnia, -ae f.: ceremony, rite, 3 nūmen, -inis n.: divine power, approval, 3
cōnsultō (1): to deliberate, consult, 2 patrius, -a, -um: of a father, ancestral, 7
convertō, -ere, -ī, -rsus: turn (around), 4 pectus, pectoris n.: chest, breast; heart, 6
cūrō (1): care for, take care of, attend to, 3 piētās, -tātis f.: piety, devotion, 1
dicō (1): dedicate, 4 plācō (1): to placate, soothe, 1
ēdoceō, -ēre, -ui: teach thoroughly, 2 poena, -ae, f.: punishment, 6
ēliciō, -ere, -cuī: draw out, elicit, 1 pontifex, -ficis m.: priest, pontifex, 5
Ēlicius, -ī m.: Elicius, (epithet of Jupiter), 2 prōcūrō (1): care for, attend to, 1
fulmen, -minis n.: lightning, thunderbolt, 3 regō, regere, rēxī, rectum: rule, be king, 3
fūnebris, -e: of funerals, 1 rītus, -ūs m.: rite, ceremony, 6
imbuō, -uere, -uī, -būtum: tinge, stain, soak, 1 suscipiō, -ere, cēpī, ceptum: undertake, take up, 7
īnsidēō, -ēre, -sēdī: be fixed, occupy, settle, sit, 1 turbō (1): throw in confusion, disturb, 5
intersum, -esse, -fuī: engage in, be among (dat), 3 vīsus, -ūs m.: appearance, sight; vision, 1
iūrō (1): swear (an oath), 6

1 nē…turbārētur: so that…not…; neg. purpose peform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as

quid: anything; indefinite aliquid loses the
preflix ali- before sī, nisi, num or nē; nom. subj.
of turbāretur; dīvinī iūris is partitive gen.
neglegendō: by…; means, gerund (-ing)
2 peregrīnōs (rītūs)
adscīscendō: by…; means, gerund (-ing)
nec modo…sed: and not only…but (also)…
fūnebria: funeral rites
3 plācandōs: going to be pleased; gerundive
ut…ēdocēret…cūrārentur: so that...might…;
purpose; the preceding acc. are objs.
4 quaeque…missa (essent): and what prodigies
(had been) sent by lightning or by what other
spectacle…; relative clauses with relative adjs.;
subject of the final two verbs in the purpose
clause
5 ad eā ēlicienda: for…; noun + gerundive:
53
gerund (-ing) + obj.; ad expresses purpose
6 Iovī Ēliciō: for…; dat. interest
7 quae suscipienda essent: which…had to be…;
ind. question impf. subj. in passive periphastic
(gerundive + esse)
8 ad haec cōnsultanda prōcūrandāque: for…;
peform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.; ad expresses purpose
multitūdine omnī…conversā: abl. abs.
9 ā vī et armīs: from the force of arms; hendiadys
aliquid agendō: by…; means, gerund (-ing)
10 īnsidēns cūra (erat): add linking verb; pres.
pple insidēns suggests the concern is a habit
cum…vidērētur: since…seemed; causal
11 eā pietāte: with such devotion
ut…regerent: that…; result
12 iūs iūrandum: swearing an oath; gerundive
21.2-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

2. et cum ipsī sē hominēs in rēgis velut ūnicī exemplī mōrēs 1

fōrmārent, tum fīnitimī etiam populī, quī anteā castra nōn urbem
positam in mediō ad sollicitandam omnium pācem crēdiderant, in
eam verēcundiam adductī sunt, ut cīvitātem tōtam in cultum
versam deōrum violārī dūcerent nefās. 5
3. lūcus erat quem medium ex opācō specū fōns perennī rigābat
aquā. quō quia sē persaepe Numa sine arbitrīs velut ad congressum
deae īnferēbat, Camēnīs eum lūcum sacrāvit, quod eārum ibi
concilia cum coniuge suā Ēgeriā essent. 4. et [sōlī] Fideī sollemne
īnstituit. ad id sacrārium flāminēs bīgīs currū arcuātō vehī iussit 10
manūque ad digitōs usque involūtā rem dīvīnam facere,
significantēs fidem tūtandam sēdemque eius etiam in dexterīs
addūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum: lead to, 2 lūcus, -ī m.: grove, 7
anteā: before, earlier, previously, 3 nefās: unrighteous; not right, 1
arbiter, arbitrī m.: witness, 2 opācus, -a, -um: shady; dark, 1
arcuātus, -a, -um: covered, arched, 1 perennis, -e: perpetual, perennial, 1
bīgae, -ārum f., pl: two-horse carriage, 1 persaepe: very often, 1
Camēna, -ae f.: Camena (Muse), 1 rigō (1): to water, make wet, 1
congressus, -ūs m.: meeting, 2 sacrārium, -ī n.: sanctuary, 1
coniūnx -ūgis m/f: husband, wife, spouse, 6 sacrō (1): make sacred, consecrate, dedicate, 4
cultus, -ūs m.: worship; cultivation, upbringing, 5 significō (1): show, point out, indicate, 2
currus, -ūs m.: chariot, carriage, cart, 3 sollicitō (1): to agitate, stir, worry, 3
dea, -ae f.: goddess, divinity, deity, 4 specus, -ūs m./f.: cave, 2
digitus, -ī m.: finger, 1 tūtor, -ārī, -ātum: secure, make safe, 2
Ēgeria, -ae f.: Egeria (a goddess), 2 ūnicus, -a, -um: unique, singular, only, 2
flāmen, flāminis, m.: priest, 5 usque: up to, until; all the way, 4
fōns, fontis m.: origin, fount, source, 3 vehō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: convey, carry, 1
fōrmō (1): shape, form, 2 verēcundia, -ae f.: reverence, respect; modesty, 3
involvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtus: wrap, 1 violō (1): to do violence to, violate, 5

1 cum…fōrmārent, tum: when…, at that time;
cum clause with impf. subj.
in regis…mōrēs: into (the character)…; mōs is
‘custom’ in sg. but ‘morals’ or ‘character’ in pl.
velut ūnicī exemplī: as a unique exemplar
2 castra nōn urbem postiam (esse)…pācem:
that a military camp, not a city, had been..; pf.
pass. inf.; i.e. previously Rome had behaved as
if it were a castra and not an urbs
3 in mediō: in their midst
ad sollicitandam: for…; noun + gerundive:
peform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.; ad expresses purpose
4 eam: such; ‘this sort,’ demonstrative
ut…dūceret: that they considered…; result
violārī...nefās (esse): that (it was) not right
that…; ind. disc.; nefās est is a common impers.;
cīvitiātem…violārī is the logical subject
6 erat: there was
54
7 quō: to there; ‘to where,’ connective relative
8 deae: i.e. with Egeria
Camēnīs: to the Camenae; i.e. Muses
eum lūcum: demonstrative adj.
quod…essent: because there were…; impf.
subj. of alleged cause (character’s point of view)
9 [sōlī]: editor recommends that text be omitted
Fideī: for Faith; a goddess; dat. interest
10 flāminēs…vehī: that…; pass. inf.
currū arcuātō: in apposition to bīgīs
11 manū…involūtā: abl. abs.. i.e. with cloth
ad digitōs…ūsque: up to…; usually ‘usque ad’
rem dīvīnam: i..e the sacrifice
12 fīdem tūtandum (esse): that…must be…;
sēdem eius…sacrātam esse: that her seat…; i.e.
her dwelling as if in a temple; pf. pass. inf.
etiam: even
in dexterīs: in right hands; i.e. in pledges
 Tullus Hostilius 21.4-22.2

sacrātam esse. 5. multa alia sacrificia locaque sacrīs faciendīs quae 1

Argēōs pontificēs vocant dēdicāvit. omnium tamen maximum eius
operum fuit tūtēla per omne rēgnī tempus haud minor pācis quam
rēgnī.
6. ita duo deinceps rēgēs, alius aliā viā, ille bellō, hic pāce, 5
cīvitātem auxērunt. Rōmulus septem et trīgintā rēgnāvit annōs,
Numa trēs et quadrāgintā. cum valida tum temperāta et bellī et
pācis artibus erat cīvitās.
22. Numae morte ad interrēgnum rēs rediit. inde Tullum
Hostīlium, nepōtem Hostīlī, cuius in īnfimā arce clāra pugna 10
adversus Sabīnōs fuerat, rēgem populus iussit; patrēs auctōrēs
factī. 2. hic nōn sōlum proximō rēgī dissimilis sed ferōcior etiam
Argēī, -ōrum m.: Argei (place, name unclear), 1 quadrāgintā: forty, 7
clārus, -a, -um: clear, distinguished, bright, 6 sacrificium, ī n.: sacrifice, 7
dēdicō (1): to dedicate, consecrate, 2 sacrō (1): make sacred, consecrate, dedicate, 4
deinceps: one after another, successively, 4 septem: seven, 1
dissimiis, -e: unlike, different, dissimilar, 1 temperō (1): regulate, refrain from, keep from, 3
Hostīlius, -ī m.: Hostilius, 2 trīginta: thirty, 7
interrēgnum, -ī n.: interim king, 3 tūtēla, -ae f.: protection, guardianship, 4
nepōs, nepōtis m.: grandson, decendent, 7 validus, -a, -um: strong, powerful, 5
pontifex, -ficis m.: priest, pontifex, 5 via, -ae, f.: way, road, 7

1 sacrīs faciendīs: for…; dat. of purpose; noun + acc. of duration

gerundive: perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
2 Argēōs: Argei; name of shrines and rites
vocat: call (x) (y); double acc.; pontificēs is
nom. subj.;
eius: i.e. Numa’s
3 tūtela…pācis...quam rēgnī: both are objective
gen. modifying tūtēla
5 alius aliā viā: one by one way, another by
another way
6 auxērunt: pf. augeō
septem et trīgintā…annōs: for..; acc. of
duration
7 trēs et quadrāgintā (annōs regnāvit): for…;
cum…tum…: both…and…; lit. ‘while…at the
same time…’
et…et…: both..and…
9 rēs: state, government
Tullum…(esse) rēgem: that…
cuius…pugna…fuerat: whose…; clāra is nom.
pred.
īnfimā: the bottom of
11 adversus: against + acc.; preposition; first
occurance of this core word in Book 1
iussit: pf. iubeō
12 factī (sunt): i.e. authorized the vote
nōn sōlum…sed: not only…but (also)
proximō regī: dat. of special adj.

55
22.2-5 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

quam Rōmulus fuit. cum aetās vīrēsque tum avīta quoque glōria 1
animum stimulābat. senēscere igitur cīvitātem ōtiō ratus undique
māteriam excitandī bellī quaerēbat.
3. forte ēvēnit ut agrestēs Rōmānī ex Albānō agrō, Albānī ex
Rōmānō praedās in vicem agerent. 4. imperitābat tum Gāius 5
Cluilius Albae. utrimque lēgātī ferē sub idem tempus ad rēs
repetendās missī. Tullus praecēperat suīs nē quid prius quam
mandāta agerent; satis sciēbat negātūrum Albānum; ita piē bellum
indīcī posse. 5. ab Albānīs socordius rēs ācta; exceptī hospitiō ab
Tullō blandē ac benignē, cōmiter rēgis convīvium celebrant. 10
tantisper Rōmānī et rēs repetīverant priōrēs et negantī Albānō
bellum in trīcēsimum diem indīxerant. haec renūntiant Tullō.
agrestis, -e: of the fields, rural; farmer, ruralfolk, 4 mandātum, -ī n.: command, order, 2
avītus, -a, -um: ancestral, of a grandfather, 5 māteria, -ae f.: opportunity, source, stuff, 4
benignus, -a, -um: kind, kindly, 7 negō (1): to deny, say that…not, 5
blandus, -a, -um: smooth, flattering, 1 ōtium, -iī n.: leisure, peace, 5
celebrō (1): celebrate; practice, engage in, 3 pius, -a, -um: dutiful, pious, 3
Cluilius, -ī m.: Cluilius, 3 praecipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: take before;
cōmiter: courteously, friendly, 2 order, 5
convīvium, -ī n.: banquet, feast, 3 renūntiō, (1): bring back word, report, 1
ēveniō, -īre: turn out, happen, 4 senēscō, -ere, -uī: to grow old, 1
excipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: receive, welcome, 6 socors, socordis: careless, lax, senseless, 1
excitō (1): excite, rouse, incite, 5 stimulō (1): provoke, incite, rouse, excite, 6
ferē: almost, nearly; in general, 5 tantisper: for a while, so long, meanwhile, 3
Gaius, Gaiī m.: Gaius 1 trīcēsimus, -a, -um: thirtieth, 1
hospitium, ī n.: guest-friendship/hospitality, 6 undique: from everywhere, from all sides, 4
imperitō (1): command, rule over (dat), 4 vicis, -is f.: turn, exchange; office; -em, in turn, 6

1 quam: clause of comparison 7 missī (sunt)

cum…tum…: both…and…; i.e of the new king
vīrēs: pl. vīs
2 senēscere…ōtiō: that…; abl. of cause
ratus: dep PPP reor: translate as ‘having Xed’
3 excitandī bellī: of…; noun + gerundive: perform
a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as gerund
(-ing) + obj.
4 forte: abl. fors
ēvēnit: it…; impersonal
ut…agerent: that…; noun result clause with
impf. subj.
agrō: land
(et) Albānī (agrestēs) ex Rōmānō (agrō)
5 praedās…agerent: as often, driving cattle
Albae: at…; locative
6 sub: near…
ad rēs repetendās: for seeking restitution; noun
+ gerundive: perform a gerund-gerundive flip
and translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.; rēs
repetere, ‘to seek resitution’ is a common idiom
56
suīs (lēgātīs): dat. ind. obj
nē quid…agerent: that…not…anything; neg.
ind. command; indefinite aliquid loses the
preflix ali- before sī, nisi, num or nē; impf. subj.
agō, ‘do’
8 mandāta: i.e. the things already ordered by him
negātūrum (esse) Albānum: that the Alban
(embassy) ...; fut. inf.
(et) ita piē…posse: (and) that…
piē: adv. pius
9 socordius: comparative adv.
ācta (est)
exceptī: having been welcomed; i.e. the Albānī
hospitiō: abl. of manner
11 et…et…: both…and…
rēs repetīverant: had sought restitution; idiom
negantī Albānō: upon the Alban (embassy)
refusing; dat. of compound object
12 in: after…; i.e. beginning on the thirtieth day
haec: neut. acc. pl.
 Tullus Hostilius 22.5-23.1

6. tum lēgātīs Tullus dīcendī potestātem quid petentēs vēnerint 1

facit. illī omnium ignārī prīmum pūrgandō terunt tempus: sē
invītōs quicquam quod minus placeat Tullō dictūrōs, sed imperiō
subigī; rēs repetītum sē vēnisse; nī reddantur bellum indīcere
iussōs. 7. ad haec Tullus ‘nūntiātē’ inquit, ‘rēgī vestrō rēgem 5
Rōmānum deōs facere testēs, uter prius populus rēs repetentēs
lēgātōs aspernātus dīmīserit, ut in eum omnēs expetant huiusce
clādēs bellī.’
23. haec nūntiant domum Albānī. et bellum utrimque summā ope
parābātur, cīvīlī simillimum bellō, prope inter parentēs nātōsque, 10
Troiānam utramque prōlem, cum Lāvīnium ab Troiā, ab Lāvīniō
Alba, ab Albānōrum stirpe rēgum oriundī Rōmānī essent.
aspernor, -ārī, aspernātum: spurn, reject, 3 potestās, -tātis f.: power; rule, 3
cīvīlis, -e: civil, of a citizen, 2 prōles, -is f.: offspring, 3
clādes, -is f.: disaster, destruction, loss, 5 pūrgō (1): excuse, apology; clear away, cleanse, 3
dīmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus: dismiss, 2 similis, -e: similar to, like (dat), 6
expetō, -ere, -iī, -ītum: seek after, demand, 2 subigō, -ere, -ēgī: drive, drive under, subdue, 3
ignārus, -a, -um: ignorant, 4 terō, -ere, trīvī: wear down; waste, spend, 4
invītus, -a, -um: unwilling, 2 testis, -is m/f: witness, 4
nī (nisī): if not, unless, 5 Troia, -ae f.: Troy, 5
oriundus, -a, -um: descended, born, 6 uter, utra, utrum: which (of two), 7
placet, -uit: it is pleasing, it is resolved, 5 vester, vestra, vestrum: your, yours, 4

1 dīcendī: gen. gerund (-ing) with potestātem 5 ad haec: in response to…

potestātem facit: gives an opportunity, gives
permission; idiom
quid…vēnerint: what…; ind. question with pf.
subj.
2 illī: i.e. the Albānī lēgātī
prīmum: adverbial acc.
pūrgandō: by…; means gerund (ing)
sē…dictūrōs (esse): that…; ind. disc. with fut.
inf. in apposition to pūrgandō
3 invītōs: predicative: translate as an adverb
quicquam: anything
quod…placeat Tullō: relative clause of
characteristic with pres. subj.
sed imperiō subigī: that (they)…; pres. pass. inf.
4 (et) rēs…sē vēnisse: that…
rēs repetītum: to…; acc. supine (PPP + um)
often expresses purpose: translate as an inf.; rēs
repetere, ‘to seek restitution,’ is an idiom for
taking back what was taken by an enemy
nī (rēs) reddantur: if (restitution)…; pres. subj.
of subordinate verb (conditional) in ind. disc.
(sē) bellum indīcere iussōs (esse): that…
rēgī vestrō: dat. ind. obj.
rēgem…facere: that…; inf. governs a double
acc. (obj. and pred.)
6 uter…populus…dīmīserit: which…; ind.
question with pf. subj.
rēs repetentēs: idiom, see above
7 aspernātus: dep. PPP: lēgātōs is obj.
ut…expetant: that they…; ind. command; 3p
but subject is 3s uter populus above
in eum: upon this one; i.e. the guilty side
omnēs…clādēs: acc. obj.
huiusce…bellī: gen. sg. hic; the demonstrative
enclitic -ce/-c is common: ‘this here’ (cf. hunc)
9 domum: acc. place to which
summā ope: abl. manner
10 cīvīlī…bellō: dat. of special adj.
simillimum: irreg. superlative adj.
prope: almost
nātōs: sons; ‘those born,’ dep. PPP nascor
11 cum…oriundī essent: since…were descended;
causal cum clause with heavy ellipsis
12 Albānōrum…rēgum: gen. modifies ab stirpe

57
23.2-5 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

2.ēventus tamen bellī minus miserābilem dīmicātiōnem fēcit, quod 1

nec aciē certātum est et tēctīs modo dīrutīs alterīus urbis duo
populī in ūnum cōnfūsī sunt. 3. Albānī priōrēs ingentī exercitū in
agrum Rōmānum impetum fēcēre. castra ab urbe haud plūs
quīnque mīlia passuum locant, fossā circumdant; Fossa Cluilia ab 5
nōmine ducis per aliquot saecula appellāta est, dōnec cum rē
nōmen quoque vetustāte abolēvit. 4. in hīs castrīs Cluilius Albānus
rēx moritur; dictātōrem Albānī Mettium Fufetium creant.
interim Tullus ferōx, praecipuē morte rēgis, magnumque deōrum
nūmen ab ipsō capite orsum in omne nōmen Albānum expetītūrum 10
poenās ob bellum impium dictitāns, nocte praeteritīs hostium
castrīs, īnfēstō exercitū in agrum Albānum pergit. 5. ea rēs ab
abolēscō, -ere, -ēvī: vanish, 1 interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 5
aliquot: several, 6 locō (1): to put, place, 3
certō (1): to contend, strive, compete, 6 miserābilis, -e: miserable, pitiable, 4
circumdō, -are, -dedī: surround, put around, 4 morior, morī, mortuus sum: die, 3
Cluilius, -a, -um: of Cluilius, Cluilian, 1 nox, noctis, f.: night, 5
Cluilius, -ī m.: Cluilius, 3 nūmen, -inis n.: divine power, approval, 3
cōnfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsum: confuse, disturb, 3 passus, -ūs: pace, 3
dictātor, -oris m.: dictator, chief magistrate, 3 pergō, -ere -rēxī -rectum: proceed, continue, 7
dictitō (1): say repeatedly, 3 poena, -ae, f.: punishment, 6
dīmicātiō, -tiōnis f.: combat, fight, 5 praecipuē; especially, 5
dīruō, -ere, -ī, -utum: tear down, destroy, 4 praetereō, -īre, -īvī, -itum: pass, go pass, 3
ēventus, -ūs m.: outcome, result, 4 quīnque: five, 6
expetō, -ere, -iī, -ītum: seek after, demand, 2 saeculum, -ī n.: generation, age, time; century, 2
fossa, -ae f.: ditch, trench, 5 tēctum, -ī n.: roof; dwelling, home, shelter, 6
Fufētius, -ī m.: Fufetius, 2 vetustās, -tātis f.: antiquity; past, old age, 2
impius, -a, -um: unholy, impious, 3

1 fēcit: governs a double acc. (obj. and pred.) 8 dictātōrem: as…

quod: because
2 aciē: on…; abl. place where or means; the battle
is decided by a duel between two sets of triplets
tēctīs…dīrutīs alterīus urbis: abl. abs.
alterīus: gen. sg. alter, as often among pronouns
3 in ūnum (populum)
priōrēs: i.e. were the first to do so
(cum) īngentī exercitū: abl. accompaniment
4 fēcēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
mīlia passuum: miles; ‘thousands of paces,’
acc. of extent
5 Fossa Cluilia : Cluilian Trench; a proper name
6 cum rē: with the thing itself; i.e. ditch
7 vetustāte: because of …; abl. of cause
morte: abl. of cause
magnumque…expetītūrum (esse) poenās: that
a great power…; fut. inf. governed by pple
dicitāns
ab ipsō capite orsum: dep. PPP ordior; capite
refers to Cluilius as ‘head’ of the Albans
10 nōmen Albānum: the Alban people; i.e. all
who carry the Alban name
11 nocte: abl. time when
praeteritīs…castrīs: abl. abs.
12 (cum) īngentī exercitū: abl. accompaniment
in: against…
ea rēs: this situation

58
 Tullus Hostilius 23.5-7

statīvīs excīvit Mettium. dūcit quam proximē ad hostem potest; 1

inde lēgātum praemissum nūntiāre Tullō iubet priusquam dīmicent
opus esse conloquiō; sī sēcum congressus sit, satis scīre ea sē
allātūrum quae nihilō minus ad rem Rōmānam quam ad Albānam
pertineant. 6. haud aspernātus Tullus, tamen sī vāna adferantur in 5
aciem ēdūcit. exeunt contrā et Albānī.
postquam īnstrūctī utrimque stābant, cum paucīs procerum in
medium ducēs prōcēdunt. 7. ibi īnfit Albānus: ‘iniūriās et nōn
redditās rēs ex foedere quae repetītae sint, et ego rēgem nostrum
Cluilium causam huiusce esse bellī audīsse videor, nec tē dubitō, 10
Tulle, eadem prae tē ferre; sed sī vēra potius quam dictū speciōsa
dīcenda sunt, cupīdō imperiī duōs cognātōs vīcīnōsque populōs ad
adferō, -ferre, attulī, allātum: bring, propose, 6 pertineō, -ēre, -tinuī: pertain to; reach, 5
aspernor, -ārī, aspernātum: spurn, reject, 3 potius: rather, more, preferably, 5
Cluilius, -ī m.: Cluilius, 3 prae: in front of, before (acc); compared to (abl), 6
cognātus, -ī m.: kinsman, relative, 2 praemittō, -ere: send in advance, 2
congredior, -ī, congressum: gather; contend, 2 priusquam: before, sooner than, 7
conloquium, -iī n.: conversation, 1 prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum; proceed, 5
cupīdō, cupīdinis f.: desire, longing, 7 procerēs, -um m.: leaders, chieftains, 3
dīmicō (1): to fight, struggle, contend, 5 speciōsus, -a, -um: attractive, appealling, 2
dubitō (1): to hestitate, doubt, 3 statīva, -ōrum n: outpost, stopping-place, camp, 2
ēdūcō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: lead or draw out, 4 stō, stāre, stetī, statum: stand, 6
exeō, -īre, -iī, -itus: go out, 6 vānus, -a, -um: in vain, useless, worthless, false, 7
īnfit: begins (to speak), 2 vīcīnus, -a, -um: neighboring, 6
paucī, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 7

1 quam proximē…potest: as closely as is 8 iniūriās…redditās rēs…repetītae sint: the

possible…; clause of comparison
2 lēgātum…nūntiāre Tullō: that…
3 opus esse conloquiō: that…; opus est, ‘there is a
need of’ is an idiom that governs an abl. of
separation
3 sī…congressus sit: pf. dep. subj. congredior
(sē) satis scīre: that he knows (well) enough; i.e.
Mettius is confident that…
4 ea sē allātūrum (esse): that he… fut. inf. afferō
ea is a neut. pl. demonstrative explained below
quae…pertineat: which,…; ea is antecedent;
pres. subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
nihilō minus: no less; ‘by nothing,’ abl. of
degree of difference with comparative adv.
ad Albānam (rem): add ‘state’ or ‘government’
5 asperntātus: dep. PPP: translate ‘having Xed’
sī vāna adferantur: if fruitless things were
brought up
6 ēdūcit (Rōmānōs): add obj.
contrā: in response; adv.
8 Albānus: an Alban
injustices and restitution not given back, which
was sought according to the treaty; all of this is
acc. subject of esse below but placed at the
beginning of the sentence for emphasis: he notes
(1) damage from the original conflict and (2)
failure to receive reparations later; the nature of
the foedus is unclear and not mentioned by Livy
9 ego…audī(vi)sse videor: I seem + pf. inf.
rēgem nostrum Cluilium (dicentem): obj. of
audī(vi)sse; supply a pple of speaking
10 causam…esse bellī: that…was…; iniūriās…rēs
above is the acc. subject
tē…eādem prae tē ferre: that…; prae sē ferre,
‘carry before oneself,’ is an idiom for ‘show,’
‘display,’ or ‘give as a pretext’
11 Tulle: voc. dir. address
vēra: true things; neut. pl. substantive
dictū: in,…; abl. of respect; supine (PPP + ū);
translate as gerund (ing) or as an inf.
12 dīcenda sunt: must be…; passive periphrastic
(gerundive + sum)

59
23.7-10 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

arma stimulat. 8. neque, rēctē an perperam, interpretor. fuerit ista 1

eius dēlīberātiō quī bellum suscēpit: mē Albānī gerendō bellō
ducem creāvēre. illud tē, Tulle, monitum velim: Etrūsca rēs quanta
circā nōs tēque maximē sit, quō propior es Volscīs. hōc magis scīs.
multum illī terrā, plūrimum marī pollent. 9. memor estō, iam cum 5
signum pugnae dabis, hās duās aciēs spectāculō fore ut fessōs
cōnfectōsque simul victōrem ac victum adgrediantur. itaque sī nōs
dī amant, quoniam nōn contentī lībertāte certā in dubiam imperiī
servitiīque āleam īmus, ineāmus aliquam viam quā utrī utrīs
imperent sine magnā clāde, sine multō sanguine utriusque populī 10
dēcernī possit.’ 10. haud displicet rēs Tullō quamquam cum indole
animī tum spē victōriae ferōcior erat. quaerentibus utrimque ratiō
adgredior, -ī, -gressum: go to, attack, address, 4 memor, -is: mindful, remembering (gen.), 7
ālea, -ae f.: hazard, risk; die (one of 2 dice), 1 moneō, -ēre, -uī, -itum: warn, advise, 2
amō (1): love, like, 1 perperam: wrongly, 2
an: or (in questions), 7 plūrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 4
clādes, -is f.: disaster, destruction, loss, 5 polleō, -ēre, -uī: be powerful, 2
cōnficiō, -ere: to finish (off), accomplish, 5 quoniam: since (now), seeing that, 5
contineō, -ēre, -uī, -tum: hold in/back, contain, 4 ratiō, -ōnis f.: plan, method, system, calculation, 2
dēcernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētum: decide, decree, 6 rēctus, -a, -um: correct, straight; honest, 5
dēlīberātiō, -tiōnis f.: deliberation, 1 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 7
displiceō, -ere, -uī: displease, dissatisfy, 1 servitium, -ī n.: slavery, servitude, 4
fessus, -a, -um: wearied, exhausted, 5 stimulō (1): provoke, goad, rouse, excite, 6
indoles, -is f.: natural ability, talent, 4 suscipiō, -ere, cēpī, ceptum: undertake, take up, 7
ineō, -īre, -īī, -itum: go into, enter, initiate, 7 uter, utra, utrum: which (of two), 7
interpretor, -ārī: translate, interpret; decide, 2 via, -ae, f.: way, road, 7
iste, ista, istud: that/those (of yours), 2 Volscī, -ōrum m.: Volscians, Volsci, 3
lībertās, -tātis f.: freedom, liberty, 3

1 rēctē an perperam (stimulet): whether (he
provokes)…or…; ind. question
fuerit: fut. pf. sum; often translated as fut. with
the sense of completion not expressed in
English; ista is subject, dēlīberātio is nom. pred.
2 eius: gen. demonstrative; i.e. of Cluilius
gerendō bellō: for…; dat. of purpose; noun +
gerundive: perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
3 creāvēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf. + double acc.
illud…monitum (esse): that you be advised
of this; i.e. the following; illud is an inner acc.:
‘this (advice)’ with pf. pass. inf. in ind. disc.
velim: I should wish; potential subj., used to
express a cautious or modest assertion
Etrūsca rēs quanta…sit: (namely) how
great the Etruscan state…; ind. question
4 quō proprior…hōc magis: the nearer…the
more…; ‘by how much nearer…by this much
more,’ correlatives (relative and demonstrative)
60
as abl. of degree of difference with comparatives
5 multum…plūrimum: quite (powerful)…very
much (powerful); both inner acc. with pollent
terrā…marī: on…; abl. respect; i-stem abl.
estō: fut. imper. sum (translate as pres. imper.)
iam cum: just as soon as…; ‘now when’
6 hās…spectāculō fore: that…will serve as a
show; dat. of purpose and fut. inf. sum (equiv. to
futūrās esse) are often translated ‘serve as…’ in
English; i.e. the Etruscans will watch the battle
ut…adgrediantur: so that…might…; purpose
8 Quoniam…īmus: seeing that…; 1p eō, īre
9 ineāmus: Let… 1p hortatory subj. ineō, inīre
quā…possit: by which...it may be able; relative
of purpose with impers. 3s subj.
utrī utrīs…: which state rules which; ind. quest.
10 utriusque populī: gen. sg. uterque, ‘each’
12 cum…tum: both by…and by…; abl. of cause
quaerentibus: (both sides)…; one-term abl. abs.
 Tullus Hostilius 23.7-24.3

inītur cui et Fortūna ipsa praebuit māteriam. 1

24. forte in duōbus tum exercitibus erant trigeminī frātrēs, nec
aetāte nec vīribus disparēs. Horātiōs Cūriātiōsque fuisse satis
cōnstat, nec fermē rēs antīqua alia est nōbilior; tamen in rē tam
clārā nōminum error manet, utrīus populī Horātiī, utrīus Curiātiī 5
fuerint. auctōrēs utrōque trahunt; plūrēs tamen inveniō quī
Rōmānōs Horātiōs vocent; hōs ut sequar inclīnat animus.
2. cum trigeminīs agunt rēgēs ut prō suā quisque patriā dīmicent
ferrō; ibi imperium fore unde victōria fuerit. nihil recūsātur;
tempus et locus convēnit. 3. priusquam dīmicārent foedus ictum 10
inter Rōmānōs et Albānōs est hīs lēgibus ut cuiusque populī cīvēs
eō certāmine vīcissent, is alterī populō cum bonā pāce imperitāret.
antīquus, -a, -um: ancient; better, important, 5 māteria, -ae f.: opportunity, source, stuff, 4
clārus, -a, -um: clear, distinguished, bright, 6 nōbilis, -e: noble, 2
cōnstō, -āre, -stitī: it is agreed; stand firm, 6 praebeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum: present, offer, 3
dīmicō (1): to fight, struggle, contend, 5 priusquam: before, sooner than, 7
dispār (gen. dispāris): unequal, unlike, 2 recūsō (1): to refuse, object to, reject, 1
error, errōris m.: wandering; uncertainty, 3 trahō, -ere, trāxī, tractum: draw, drag, 6
fermē: nearly, about, 4 trigeminus, -a, -um: triplet, 4
imperitō (1): command, rule over (dat), 4 uter, utra, utrum: which (of two), 7
ineō, -īre, -īī, -itum: go into, enter, initiate, 7

1 inītur: pass. ineō
cui: for which…; dat. of purpose
et: also
2 forte: abl. fors
3 nec…nec…: neither in…nor in…; abl. respect
abl. pl. vis
Horātiōs…fuisse: that…; ind. disc., pf. inf. sum
The Horatiī brothers are traditionally Roman,
and the Curiatii brothers are traditionally Alban.
4 cōnstat: it is agreed; impers.
rēs antīqua: ancient account
in rē: in an account…
5 utrīus populī Horātiī (fuerint), (et) utrīus
(populī) Curiatiī fuerint: of which people…;
ind. questions with pf. subj. sum; gen. sg. uter
6 auctōrēs utrōque trahunt: authors draw from
both (points of view); ‘from both sides’
quī…vocent: relative of characteristic; pres.
subj.
7 ut sequar hōs: that I follow these; i.e opinion of
the plūrēs; result clause with 1s pres. subj.
8 cum: with
agunt…ut…dīmicent: act so that…; i.e. bring it
about that…; noun result clause with pres. subj.
prō suā…patriā: on behalf of…
9 ferrō: abl. means; ‘a sword’ via metonomy
ibi imperium fore: that…; ind. disc. with fut.
inf. sum (equiv. to futurum esse) governed by
agunt
ibi…unde…: there from where…; i..e on that
side; relative with pf. subj. sum of subordinate
verb in ind. disc.
10 convēnit: were agreed; 3s with 3p verb
ictum est: pf. pass. iciō
hīs lēgibus: with these terms
11 ut…imperitāret: that…; ind. command with
impf. subj.
cuiusque…vīcissent: the citizens of whichever
people had…; gen. quique here perhaps equiv. to
quīcumque, ‘whosoever’ relative clause with
plpf. subj. (subj. of subordinate verb in ind.
command); ‘is (populus)’ is the antecendent
12 eō: by this…; demonstrative
is (populus): this (people); i.e. the victors
alterī populō: dat. ind. obj.

61
24.3-6 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

foedera alia aliīs lēgibus, cēterum eōdem modō omnia fīunt. 4. 1

tum ita factum accēpimus, nec ūllius vetustior foederis memoria
est. fētiālis rēgem Tullum ita rogāvit: ‘iubēsne mē, rēx, cum patre
patrātō populī Albānī foedus ferīre?’ iubente rēge, ‘sagmina’ inquit
‘tē, rēx, poscō.’ rēx ait: ‘pūra tollitō.’ 5. fētiālis ex arce grāminis 5
herbam pūram attulit. posteā rēgem ita rogāvit: ‘rēx, facisne mē tū
rēgium nūntium populī Rōmānī Quirītium, vāsa comitēsque
meōs?’ rēx respondit: ‘quod sine fraude meā populīque Rōmānī
Quirītium fīat, faciō.’ 6. fētiālis erat M. Valērius; is patrem patrātum
Sp. Fūsium fēcit, verbēnā caput capillōsque tangēns. pater patrātus 10
ad iūs iūrandum patrandum, id est, sanciendum fit foedus;
multīsque id verbīs, quae longō effāta carmine nōn operae est
adferō, -ferre, attulī, allātum: bring, propose, 6 opera, -ae f.: effort, exertion; workman, 4
aiō: say, affirm, 6 patrō (1): bring to pass, execute, accomplish, 7
capillus, -ī m.: hair, 2 poscō, -ere, poposcī: ask, demand, 1
s posteā: after this, afterwards, 5
cēterum: but, in other respects; besides, 7 pūrus, -a, -um: clean, pure; free, 4
comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 6 respondeō, -ēre, -dī, -nsus: answer, 3
effātum, -ī n.: expression, utterance, rogō (1): to ask, ask for, 7
feriō, -īre: strike, 4 sagmen, sagminis n.: tuft of sacred herbs, 1
fētiālis, -e: fetialis (type of priest), 5 sanciō, -īre, sānxī: make sacred, sanctify, 2
fraus, fraudis f.: fraud, deception; harm, hurt, 5 Sp.: Spurius, 3
Fūsius, -ī m.: Fusius, 1 tangō, -ere, tetigī, tactum: to touch, 2
grāmen, -inis n.: grass, 2 tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātum: lift up; raze, 5
herba, -ae f.: plant, grass, 1 ūllus, -a, -um: any, 7
iūrō (1): to swear (an oath), 6 Valērius, -ī m.: Valerius, 3
longus, -a, -um: long, 3 vāsum, -ī n.: apparatus, tools, equipment, 1
M.: Marcus, 1 verbēna, -ae f.: tuft of herbs (=sagmina), 1
memoria, -ae f.: memory, 3 vetustus, -a, -um: ancient, old, 4

1 foedera alia aliīs lēgbus: different treaties (are
made) with different terms; ‘some treaties are
made with some terms; others, with other terms’
eōdem modō: in…; abl. of manner
2 ita factum (esse): that it…; ind. disc.; impers.
pf. pass.; i.e how treaties are made in general
ūllius…foederis: of…; gen. sg. ūllus
4 foedus ferīre: to strike a treaty; idiom
cum patre patrātō: with the Pater Patratus; i.e.
the chief fetial priest who ratified the treaty
iubente rēge: abl. abs.
sagmina: the details are unclear but the tufts
come from the Capitoline hill, perhaps as a
symbol of home soil
5 pūra (sagmina): pure; perhaps without
religious pollution
tollitō: fut. imperative tollō
6 attulit: pf. adferō
facis-ne: 2s governing a double acc.
62
7 Quiritium: of the Quirites; gen. pl.
vāsa…comitēs: (along with)…; parallel to mē
8 (id) quod…fiat: (that) which…is done; relative
clause of characteristic with pres. subj.
meā populīque: both possessives, adj. and gen.
9 patrem patrātum: Pater Patratus; see above
tangēns: by…; causal pres. pple modifying ‘is’
9 pater patrātus (est): Pater Patratus (is)…
ad iūs iūrandum patrandum: for…; noun +
gerundive patrō: peform a gerund-gerundive flip
and translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.; ad
expresses purpose; the use of patrō is likely
added to explain the function of Pater Patratus
iūs iūrandum: swearing an oath; gerundive
id est: that is (to say); in clarification
11 sanciendum: worthy to be sanctified,
sanctifiable; gerundive
12 quae…referre: which expressions with lengthy
meter it is not (worthy) of the effort to report
 Tullus Hostilius 24.6-25.1

referre, peragit. 7. lēgibus deinde recitātis, ‘audī’ inquit, ‘Iuppiter; 1

audī, pater patrāte populī Albānī; audī tū, populus Albānus. ut illa
palam prīma postrēma ex illīs tabulīs cērāve recitāta sunt sine dolō
malō, utique ea hīc hodiē rēctissimē intellecta sunt, illīs lēgibus
populus Rōmānus prior nōn dēficiet. 8. sī prior defēxit pūblicō 5
cōnsiliō dolō mālō, tum tū ille Diespiter populum Rōmānum sīc
ferītō ut ego hunc porcum hīc hodiē feriam; tantōque magis feritō
quantō magis potes pollēsque.’ 9. id ubi dīxit porcum saxō silice
percussit. sua item carmina Albānī suumque iūs iūrandum per
suum dictātōrem suōsque sacerdōtēs perēgērunt. 10
25. foedere ictō trigeminī, sīcut convēnerat, arma capiunt. cum
suī utrōsque adhortārentur, deōs patriōs, patriam ac parentēs,
adhortor, -ārī, -ātum: encourage, urge, 2 patrō (1): bring to pass, execute, accomplish, 7
carmen, carminis n.: song, prediction, 6 percutiō, -ere, -cussī: beat, strike, 1
cēra, ae f.: wax, 1 polleō, -ēre, -uī: be powerful, 2
dēficiō, -ere, -fēxī, -fectum: fail; defect, revolt, 3 porcus, -ī m.: pig, swine, 2
dictātor, -oris m.: dictator, chief magistrate, 3 postrēmus, -a, -um: last, 2
Diespiter: Diespiter (sky god), 1 recitō (1): recite, read aloud, 2
dolus, -ī m.: trick, deceit, 7 rēctus, -a, -um: correct, straight; honest, 5
feriō, -īre: strike, 4 referō, -ferre, -tulī: report, relate, 5
hodiē: today, 4 saxum, -ī n.: rock, 3
intellegō, -ere, -xī, -lectum: realize, understand, 1 sīcut: just as, so as, 2
item: also, likewise, in like manner, 3 silex, silicis m.: flint, 1
iūrō (1): to swear (an oath), 6 tabula, -ae f.: tablet; board, 1
palam: openly, publicly, 5 trigeminus, -a, -um: triplet, 4
patrius, -a, -um: of a father, ancestral, 7 utique: in any case, anyhow, 2

1 lēgibus…recitātīs: the terms…; abl. abs.
2 pater patrāte: Pater Patratus; voc. dir. address
ut…recitāta sunt: as…; temporal clause
illa…prīma postrēma: those (terms) from
beginning to end…; ‘those first (and) last,’ illa
refers to lēgibus above
3 cērā-ve: aut (ex) cērā
utīque…intellēcta sunt: and as…; et utī,
temporal clause
ea: these (terms)
4 illīs lēgibus: (from) those terms; abl. separation
or dat. with compound with dēficiō
dēficiet: fut.
6 pūblicō cōnsiliō: from…; abl. separation
dolō mālō: because of…; abl. cause
6 ille Diespiter: the great Diespiter; i.e. Jupiter;
ille suggests someone well-known or renowned:
‘the Diespiter’ (cf. Alexander the Great)
7 ferītō: fut. imper., feriō, ‘strike down’
ut…feriam: just as…; clause of comparison
with fut.
tantō magis…quantō magis: the more…the
more…; ‘by so much more…but how much
more…’ correlatives (demonstrative, relative)
as abl. of degree of difference with comparatives
ferītō: fut. imperative, feriō
8 id: this; obj. of dīxit
9 sua item…Albānī…perēgērunt: The Albans
likewise carried out…
iūs iūrandum: swearing an oath; gerundive
11 foedere ictō: abl. abs., PPP iciō
convēnerat: it…; impers. construction
cum…adhortārentur: impf. dep. subj.
12 suī: their own people; nom. subj.
utrōsque: acc. uterque, obj. of adhortārentur
deōs patriōs…intuērī: and (reminding) that…;
ind. disc with dep. inf. intueor; governed by
adhortārentur and clarifying the encouragment

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25.1-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

quidquid cīvium domī, quidquid in exercitū sit, illōrum tunc arma, 1

illōrum intuērī manūs, ferōcēs et suōpte ingeniō et plēnī
adhortantium vōcibus in medium inter duās aciēs prōcēdunt. 2.
cōnsēderant utrimque prō castrīs duo exercitūs, perīculī magis
praesentis quam cūrae expertēs; quippe imperium agēbātur in tam 5
paucōrum virtūte atque fortūnā positum. itaque ergō ērēctī
suspēnsīque in minimē grātum spectāculum animō incenduntur.
3. datur signum īnfēstīsque armīs velut aciēs ternī iuvenēs
magnōrum exercituum animōs gerentēs concurrunt. nec hīs nec
illīs perīculum suum, pūblicum imperium servitiumque obversātur 10
animō futūraque ea deinde patriae fortūna quam ipsī fēcissent. 4. ut
prīmō statim concursū increpuēre arma micantēsque fulsēre gladiī,
adhortor, -ārī, -ātum: encourage, urge, 2 minimus, -a, -um: very little; adv. least, 6
concurrō, -ere, -currī: clash, gather, 2 obversō (1): turn over, present, 1
concursus, -ūs m.: gathering; collision, charge, 5 paucī, -ae, -a: few, 1
cōnsīdō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessus: to sit down, 4 perīculum, -ī n.: risk, danger, peril, 7
ergō: therefore; for the sake of + gen., 7 plēnus, -a, -um: full, 3
ērigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rectum: raise up; rouse, 4 praesēns, -sentis: present, being present, 7
expers, expertis: free from, without (gen), 3 prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum; proceed, 5
fulgeō, -ēre, fulsī: shine, glitter, 1 quisquis, quidquid: whoever, whatever, 4
grātus, -a, -um: pleasing, grateful, 6 servitium, -ī n.: slavery, servitude, 4
incendō, -ere, -ī, -ēnsus: kindle, enflame, burn, 3 statim: immediately, on the spot, at once, 1
increpō, -āre, -uī: rattle, clang; rebuke, chide, 5 suspendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: hang up, 5
intueor, -tuērī, -tuitus sum: look upon, 5 ternī, -ae, -a: three each, 1
micō (1): flash, 1 tunc: then, at that time, 3

1 quidquid…domī (sit): whatever…; i.e. the
citizens who…; relative with pres. subj. of
subordinate verb in ind. disc.; the missing
antecedent is one of the acc. subjects of intuērī:
cīvium: partitive gen.
domī: at…; locative
(et) quidquid (civium) in exercitū sit: and
whatever…; i.e. the citizens who…; see above
illōrum…arma (et)…manūs: acc. obj. of
intuērī; illōrum refers to the triplets
2 ferōcēs et…et plēnī: both fierce…and filled…;
i.e. the triplets; nom. pl. within the main clause
suōpte ingeniō: by their very own…; enclitic
–pte makes suō emphatic; abl. cause
3 adhortantium: of (those)…; gen. pres. pple with
vocibus; the triplets’ ears are filled and inspired
4 prō: in front of
magis…quam expertēs (erant): (they were)
more…; expers = ex pars, ‘without a share of’
5 imperium agēbātur: power was staked; i.e.
power was at stake; an idiom
6 paucōrum: i.e. of the triplets
positum: i.e. depending up
64
ērēctī suspēnsīque: (The triplets)…; i.e. alert
and in suspense; nom. pl. PPP
7 minimē: least; superl. adv.
(in) animō
8 īnfēstīs armīs: with...; abl. manner: menacingly
velut aciēs: just as…; clause of comparison
9 magnōrum exercituum animōs gerentēs:
bearing...; or ‘carrying,’ pres. pple
nec…nec…: neither for…nor for…; dat. of
interest with perīculum, i.e. Horatii and Curiatii
10 (sed) pūblicum…: (but)…of the people
obversātur: are turned over; with 3p subject
11 (in) animō
futūraque ea…fortūna: and that fortune…; yet
another subject of obversātur; fut. pple sum
quam ipsī fēcissent: which…would…; plpf.
subj. of a subordinate verb in ind. disc. in
secondary seq. (in the triplets’ minds); a fut. pf.
in direct speech
12 prīmō…concursū: at…; abl. time when
increpuēr(unt), fulsēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
perhaps the sound of pīla thrown against shields
 Tullus Hostilius 25.4-8

horror ingēns spectantēs perstringit et neutrō inclīnātā spē torpēbat 1

vōx spīritusque. 5. cōnsertīs deinde manibus cum iam nōn mōtus
tantum corporum agitātiōque anceps tēlōrum armōrumque sed
volnera quoque et sanguis spectāculō essent, duo Rōmānī super
alium alius, volnerātīs tribus Albānīs, exspīrantēs corruērunt. 6. ad 5
quōrum cāsum cum conclāmāsset gaudiō Albānus exercitus,
Rōmānās legiōnēs iam spēs tōta, nōndum tamen cūra dēseruerat,
exanimēs vice ūnīus quem trēs Cūriātiī circumsteterant. 7. forte is
integer fuit, ut ūniversīs sōlus nēquāquam pār, sīc adversus
singulōs ferōx. ergō ut sēgregāret pugnam eōrum capessit fugam, 10
ita ratus secūtūrōs ut quemque volnere adfectum corpus sineret. 8.
iam aliquantum spatiī ex eō locō ubi pugnātum est aufūgerat, cum
adficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: affect, afflict, 2 integer, -gra, -grum: whole, intact, unharmed, 3
agitātiō, -tiōnis f.: quick movement, 1 legio, legiōnis f.: legion, 7
aliquantum, -ī n.: some, considerable, 5 nēquāquam: by no means, 3
anceps, ancipitis: double headed, on both sides, 2 neuter, neutra, neutrum: neither, 2
aufugiō, -ere, fūgī: to flee, hurry away, 3 perstringō, -ere, -xī: graze, touch slighly, 1
capessō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum: seize, take up, 1 pugnō (1): to fight, 5
cāsus, -ūs m.: misfortune, accident, event, 4 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 7
circumsistō, -ere, -stetī: surround, 3 sēgregō (1): separate, 1
conclāmō (1): cry out together, shout, 2 spatium, -iī n.: period, span,; distance, space, 7
cōnserō, -ere, -uī, -tum: join, engage, 1 spectō (1): to watch, look at, 6
corruō, -ere, -ī: fall in a heap or lifeless, 2 spīritus, -ūs m.: breath; spirit, 2
dēserō, -ere, -uī, -sertum: to desert, 3 super: on top of, over, above (acc.), 7
ergō: therefore; for the sake of + gen., 7 tēlum, -ī n.: projectile, arrow, spear, 5
exanimis, -e: out of their mind, horror-stricken, 1 torpeō, -ēre.: be paralyzed, be numb, 2
exspīrō (1): breathe out, exspire, 1 ūniversus, -a, -um: one and all, entire, whole, 4
gaudium, -iī n.: joy, gladness, 4 vicis, -is f.: turn, exchange; office; -em, in turn, 6
horror, horrōris m.: horror, awe, 2 vulnerō (volnerō) (1): wound, injure, 1

1 spectantēs: (those)…; pres. pple, 8 exanimēs: in apposition to Rōmānās legiōnes

neutrō: to neither (side); dat. of compound verb
inclīnātā spē: abl. abs.
2 cōnsertīs manibus: i.e. hand-to-hand combat,
abl. abs.
cum…spectāculō essent: when… served as a
show; dat. of purpose and impf. subj. sum; dat.
of purpose is often translated ‘serve as…’ in
English
nōn…tantum…sed quoque: not only…but also
3 telōrum: weapons; here swords, not projectiles
4 super alium alius: one on top of the other; in
apposition to duo Rōmānī
5 volnerātīs…Albānīs: abl. abs., PPP volnerō
exspīrantēs: i.e. their last breath
6 ad quōrum cāsum: at whose fall
gaudiō: with…; abl. cause
7 Rōmānās legiōnēs: obj. of dēseruerat
cūra: their worry
65
vice: because of the turn (of fortune); abl. cause
ūnīus: gen. sg. ūnus; the lone Roman
forte: abl. fors
is: i.e. the lone Roman
9 (et) ut…(fuit), sīc (fuit)…: (and) just as he
was…so he was…; correlatives
ūniversīs: dat. of special adj.; i.e. Curiatii
adversus: against + acc.; preposition
10 ut sēgregāret…eōrum: so that…might…;
purpose
11 ratus: dep PPP, reor: translate as ‘having Xed’
(eōs) secūtūrōs (esse): that they…; fut. inf.
ut…sineret: as the body allowed…; clause
of comparison with impf. subj. of subordinate
verb in ind. disc.
aliquantum spatiī: some distance; acc. extent
12 pugnātum est: they fought; impers. pf. pass.;
translate in active in English
25.8-12 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

respiciēns videt magnīs intervāllīs sequentēs, ūnum haud procul ab 1

sēsē abesse. 9. in eum magnō impetū rediit; et dum Albānus
exercitus inclāmat Cūriātiīs utī opem ferant frātrī, iam Horātius
caesō hoste victor secundam pugnam petēbat.
tunc clāmōre quālis ex īnspērātō faventium solet Rōmānī 5
adiuvant mīlitem suum; 10. et ille dēfungī proeliō festīnat. prius
itaque quam alter— nec procul aberat—cōnsequī posset, et alterum
Cūriātium cōnficit; 11. iamque aequātō Mārte singulī supererant,
sed nec spē nec vīribus parēs. alterum intāctum ferrō corpus et
gemināta victōria ferōcem in certāmen tertium dabat: alter fessum 10
volnere, fessum cursū trahēns corpus vīctusque frātrum ante sē
strāge victōrī obicitur hostī. nec illud proelium fuit. 12. Rōmānus
adiuvō, -āre, -iūvī, adiūtum: help, assist, 6 intāctus, -a, -um: untouched, 1
aequō (1): make equal, 2 intervāllum, -ī n.: interval, distance, 2
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesum: kill, slaughter, 5 Mārs, Mārtis m.: Mars, 6
cōnficiō, -ere: to finish (off), accomplish, 5 mīlēs, mīlitis m.: soldier, 7
cōnsequor, -ī, secūtus: follow, go after, 2 obiciō, -ere, obiēcī, obiectum: throw in front, 3
cursus, -ūs m.: course, running, haste, 6 procul: from afar, from a distance, 4
dēfungor, -ī, -functum: fulfill, finish, 2 quālis, -e: of what sort? what?, 5
dum: while, as long as, until, 6 respiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectum: look to, 1
faveō, -ēre, fāvī: favor, support (dat.), 2 soleō, -ēre, solitum: be accustomed, 3
fessus, -a, -um: wearied, exhausted, 5 strāges, -is f.: laying low, killing, 1
festīnō (1): hasten, hurry, 2 supersum, -esse, -fuī: remain, survive, be left, 5
geminō (1): double, 4 tertius, -a, -um: third, 4
inclāmō (1): to shout, cry out, 1 trahō, -ere, trāxī, tractum: draw, drag, 6
īnspērātus, -a, -um: unexpected, unhoped for, 2 tunc: then, at that time, 3

1 magnīs intervāllīs: at…; i.e. from one another;
abl. manner
ūnum…abesse: that…; inf. absum; sēsē is
an emphatic form for reflexive sē
2 in eum: against…
Cūriātiīs: dat. ind. obj.; the two trailing behind
utī…ferant: that they…; ind. command with
pres. subj.; utī = ut
4 caesō hoste: abl. abs.
victor: as…
5 clamōre: by…; abl. cause
quālis (clāmor)…solet (esse): which is
accustomed (to exist) of those applauding as a
result of (something) unexpected
6 dēfungī: dep. inf. + abl.
prius…quam…posset: and so before…;
temporal clause with subj. of anticipated action
7 alter…alterum: one…the other; i.e. of the two
remaining Curiātiī
8 aequatō Mārte: abl. abs.; Mārte via metonomy
means ‘fight’ or ‘ combat’
9 nec…nec…: neither in…nor in…; abl. of
respect; abl. pl. vīs
alterum…alter…: one…the other
ferrō: abl. means; ‘a sword’ via metonomy
10 gemināta victōria: nom. subj.
dabat (eum): made (him); governs a double acc.
11 volnere, cursū: because of…; abl. cause
vīctus: PPP vincō
frātrum…strāge: abl. cause with vīctus
victōrī…hostī: before…; dat. of compound verb
i.e. the lone Roman; victōrī is here ‘victorious’
12 illud: that; i..e what followed; i.e. the victory
was so lopsided that it was not true combat

66
 Tullus Hostilius 25.12-26.2

exsultāns ‘duōs’ inquit, ‘frātrum mānibus dedī; tertium causae bellī 1

huiusce, ut Rōmānus Albānō imperet, dabō.’ male sustinentī arma
gladium superne iugulō dēfīgit, iacentem spoliat.
13. Rōmānī ovantēs ac grātulantēs Horātium accipiunt, eō maiōre
cum gaudiō, quō prope metum rēs fuerat. ad sepultūram inde 5
suōrum nēquāquam paribus animīs vertuntur, quippe imperiō alterī
auctī, alterī diciōnis aliēnae factī. 14. sepulcra exstant quō quisque
locō cecidit, duo Rōmāna ūnō locō propius Albam, tria Albāna
Rōmam versus sed distantia locīs ut et pugnātum est.
26. priusquam inde dīgrederentur, rogantī Mettiō ex foedere ictō 10
quid imperāret, imperat Tullus utī iuventūtem in armīs habeat:
ūsūrum sē eōrum operā sī bellum cum Vēientibus foret. 2. Ita
dēfīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus: fix, pierce, 3 opera, -ae f.: effort, exertion; workman, 4
dicio, diciōnis f.: sway, authority, jurisdiction, 2 ovō (1): exult in, rejoice in, 3
dīgredior, -ī, -ssum: depart, withdraw, 1 priusquam: before, sooner than, 7
distō (1): stand apart, be separate, 2 pugnō (1): to fight, 5
exstō (1): exist, 2 rogō (1): to ask, ask for, 7
exsultō (1): exult, rejoice; leap, 1 sepulcrum, -ī n.: tomb, grave, 3
gaudium, -iī n.: joy, gladness, 4 sepultūra, -ae f.: burial, 2
grātulor, -ārī, gratulātus: congratulate, 3 spoliō (1): to despoil, plunder, 2
iaceō, -ēre, -uī: lie down, lie dead, 3 superne: from above, 2
iugulum, -ī n.: throat, 1 sustineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum: hold up, 4
iuventūs, -tūtis f.: youth, 5 tertius, -a, -um: third, 4
mānes, -ium f.: manes, spirits of the dead, 2 ūtor, ūtī, usum: use, enjoy (abl.), 3
nēquāquam: by no means, 3

1 frātrum mānibus: to the manes of my brothers;
dat. ind. obj. mānes; i.e. as if in sacrifice
dedī: pf. dō
causae bellī huiusce: to…; dat. ind. obj.
2 ut…imperet: so that…may; purpose, pres. subj
male sustinentī arma: the (one)…; pres. pple,
either dat. of interest or possession with iugulō
3 superne: i.e. over the top of his shield
(in) iugulō
(et) iacentem: (the one)…; pres. pple iaceō; i.e.
the final Curiātiī
eō maiōre…quō prope: with greater…the
near(er); ‘by this much greater…by how much
near(er)…’ abl. degree of difference and
correlatives (demonstrative and relative)
5 rēs: the situation; i.e. their joy was increased in
proportion to the fear they had felt earlier
6 suōrum: of their own; i.e. dead Horātiī, Curiātiī
vertuntur: they are turned; i.e. turn attention to
paribus animīs: with equal feelings
alterī…(et) alterī: the one…(and) the other…;
i.e. the the Rōmānī and the Albānī; nom. pl.
7 auctī (sunt): pf. pass.. augeō
67
diciōnis aliēnae: subject to foreign authority;
lit. ‘of foreign sway;’ gen. predicate following
factī (sunt), pf. pass. faciō
(in) quō…locō: on…; relative, abl. place where
8 cecidit: pf. cadō
duo Rōmāna (sepulchra extant)
(in) ūnō locō
propius: nearer + acc.
tria Albāna (sepulchra extant)
9 versus: toward + acc.; PPP vertō as preposition
distantia: being apart; neut. pl. pres. pple
(in) locīs:
ut et: just as also…; clause of comparison
pugnātum est: they…; impers. pf. pass.;
translate in active in English
10 rogantī Mettiō: to Mettius…; dat. ind. obj. and
pres. pple with imperat
ictō: PPP iciō
11 quid imperāret: ind. question
utī…habeat: that…; ind. command
12 ūsūrum (esse) sē: that he…; fut. inf. ūtor
foret: there would be; equiv. to fuisset; fut. pf.
made plpf. subj. in ind. disc. secondary seq.
26.2-5 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

exercitūs inde domōs abductī. prīnceps Horātius ībat, trigemina 1

spolia prae sē gerēns; cui soror virgō, quae dēspōnsa ūnī ex
Cūriātiīs fuerat, obvia ante portam Capēnam fuit, cognitōque super
umerōs frātris palūdāmentō spōnsī quod ipsa cōnfēcerat, solvit
crīnēs et flēbiliter nōmine spōnsum mortuum appellat. 3. movet 5
ferōcī iuvenī animum complōrātiō sorōris in victōriā suā tantōque
gaudiō pūblicō. strictō itaque gladiō simul verbīs increpāns
trānsfīgit puellam. 4. ‘abī hinc cum immātūrō amōre ad spōnsum,’
inquit, ‘oblīta frātrum mortuōrum vīvīque, oblīta patriae. sīc eat
quaecumque Rōmāna lūgēbit hostem.’ 10
5. atrōx vīsum id facinus patribus plēbīque, sed recēns meritum
factō obstābat. tamen raptus in iūs ad rēgem. rēx nē ipse tam trīstis
abdūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductum: lead away, 2 obstō, -āre: stand in the way, oppose (dat), 1
amor, -ōris m.: love, desire, passion, 5 obvius, -a, -um: in the way of (dat), 5
atrōx, atrōcis: savage, cruel, atrocious, 7 palūdāmentum, -ī n.: cloak, 1
Capēnus, -a, -um: Capenian gate, 1 prae: in front of, before (acc); compared to (abl), 6
cognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: recognize, know, 4 puella, -ae f.: girl, 1
complorātiō, -tiōnis f.: wailing, lamentation, 2 recēns, -ntis: fresh, recent, 2
cōnficiō, -ere: to finish (off), accomplish, 5 solvō, -ere, -vī, solūtum: loosen; pay, 4
crīnis, -is m.: hair, 2 soror, sorōris f.: sister, 6
dēspondō, -ere, -spondī: to betroth, 2 spōnsus, -ī m.: betrothed man, fiancé, 3
facinus, -noris n.: bad deed, crime, 6 stringō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: draw, unsheathe, 2
flēbiliter: tearfully, 1 super: on top of, over, above (acc.), 7
gaudium, -iī n.: joy, gladness, 4 trānsfīgō, -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxum: pierce, stab, 1
immātūrus, -a, -um: untimely, premature, 2 trigeminus, -a, -um: triplet, 4
increpō, -āre, -uī: rattle, clang; rebuke, chide, 5 trīstis, -e: sad, sullen, 4
lūgeō, -ēre, -xī, -ctum: mourn, grieve, 2 umerus, -ī m.: shoulder, 1
meritum, -ī n.: service, 1 virgō, virginis f.: maiden, virgin, 6
mortuus, -a, -um: dead, 4 vīvus, -a, -um: living, alive, 4
oblīvīscor, -ī, oblītus sum: forget (gen.), 4

1 domōs: acc. place to which; i.e. Rome and Alba
abductī (sunt)
2 gerēns: carrying
cui: this one’s; connective relative and dat. of
possession
dēspōnsa…fuerat: had been (once)…; plpf.
pass., the use of fuerat instead of erat stresses
the completedness of the action
ūnī: to one; dat. sg. ūnus
3 cognitō…palūdāmentō spōnsī: abl. abs.
4 ipsa: she herself; intensive
6 ferōcī iuvenī: dat. of possession
7 strictō gladiō: abl. abs.
8 abī: imper. abeō
9 oblīta: dep. PPP: translate as ‘having Xed;’
verbs of remembering and forgetting often
govern a gen. obj.
vīvīque (frātris): gen. sg.
eat: Let…; jussive pres. subj. eō, īre
10 quaecumque…lūgēbit: whichsoever…; the
missing antecedent is subject of eat
11 vīsum (est)
id: this demonstative adj.
patribus plēbīque: to…; dat. of reference
12 factō: deed, action, what was done; substantive
of PPP and dat. of compound verb obstō
in iūs: into a court of justice
nē…esset: so that…not…; neg. purpose clause
with impf. subj. sum
rēx…ipse: subject of the purpose clause

68
 Tullus Hostilius 26.5-8

ingrātīque ad volgus iūdiciī ac secundum iūdicium suppliciī auctor 1

esset, conciliō populī advocātō ‘duumvirōs’ inquit, ‘quī Horātiō
perduelliōnem iūdicent, secundum lēgem faciō.’
lēx horrendī carminis erat: 6. ‘duumvirī perduelliōnem iūdicent;
sī ā duumvirīs prōvocārit, prōvocātiōne certātō; sī vincent, caput 5
obnūbitō; īnfēlīcī arborī reste suspenditō; verberātō vel intrā
pōmērium vel extrā pōmērium.’ 7. hāc lēge duumvirī creātī, quī sē
absolvēre nōn rēbantur eā lēge nē innoxium quidem posse, cum
condemnāssent, tum alter ex iīs ‘Pūblī Horātī, tibi perduelliōnem
iūdicō’ inquit. ‘ī, līctor, colligā manūs.’ 8. accesserat līctor 10
iniciēbatque laqueum. tum Horātius auctōre Tullō, clēmente lēgis
interprete, ‘prōvocō’ inquit. itaque prōvocātiōne certātum ad
absolvō, -ere, -solvī: absolve, free, acquit, 3 interpres, interpretis m/f.: messenger, 2
accēdō, -ere, -cessī: come to, approach, is added, 7 intrā: within, among (acc), 3
advocō (1): to summon, call to, 6 iūdicium, -ī n.: decision, judgment; trial, 3
arbor, -is f.: tree, 2 iūdicō (1): judge, decide, assess, 4
carmen, carminis n.: song, prediction, 6 laqueus, -ī m.: noose, 1
certō (1): to contend, strive, compete, 6 obnūbō, -ere, -psī, -ptum: veil, 2
clēmēns, -entis: mild, gentle, kind, 1 perduellio, -iōnis f.: high treason, 7
colligō (1): to bind together, tie together, 2 pōmērium, -ī n.: pomerium, 7
condemnō (1): to condemn, convict, 1 prōvocātiō, -tiōnis f.: appeal, a challenge, 2
duumvirī, -ōrum m.: duumvir, board of two, 4 prōvocō (1): appeal, challenge, call forth, 2
extrā: outside; beyond, outside of (acc.), 3 Pūblius, Pūblī m.: Publius, 1
horreō, -ēre, -uī: shudder, bristle; avoid, 1 restis, is f.: rope, 1
īnfēlīx, -fēlīcis: unhappy, unfortunate, 3 supplicium, -iī n.: punishment, 7
ingrātus, -a, -um: ungrateful; unpleasant, 1 suspendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: hang up, 5
iniciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw upon, 6 verberō (1): whip, flog, beat, 2
innoxius, -a, -um: harmless, innocent, 1 volgus, -ī n.: mass, masses, crowd, 7

1 tam trīstis…suppliciī: gen. modifying auctor
ingrātī: unpleasant, disagreeable
2 secundum: following after + acc.
conciliō…advocātō: abl. abs.
duumvirōs: duumvirī; title of the officeholders
quī…iūdicent: who are to…; relative clause of
purpose with pres. subj.
Horātiō: dat. of interest
3 secundum: following after + acc.
horrendī carminis: in (the following) horrible
metrical formula; gen. predicate; the law is in
meter, but the contents of the law are horrible
4 iūdicent: let…; or ‘should…’ jussive pres. subj.
5 Sī…prōvocā(ve)erit: if he appeals…; fut. pf.:
often translated as future in English; in a
conditional, translate as present with fut. sense
ā duumvirīs: from…; abl. separation
prōvocātiōne certātō: let him…; 3s fut. imper.
certāre ‘bring to trial;’ or ‘contest;’ prōvocātiōne
is abl. of cause
69
sī vincent: fut. vincō, ‘convict,’ translate as
present with fut. sense
(līctor) caput obnūbitō…suspenditō…
veberātō: let (a lictor)…; ‘let one…’ 3s fut.
imperatives; supply a lictor as the likely subject
6 īnfēlīcī arborī: in…; arborī is an old locative;
the adj. is i-stem 3rd decl. abl.
vel…vel…: either…or…
7 hāc lēge: abl. means
creātī: PPP creō
sē absolvēre…nē innoxium quidem posse: that
they…; ind. disc.; nē…quidem, ‘(not) even’
8 rēbantur: impf. dep. reor
eā lege: abl. means
(et) cum (Horātium) condemnā(vi)ssent: and
after…; cum clause with plpf. subj.
ī, collīgā: sg. imper. eō, īre and colligō
11 auctore Tullō: abl. abs., supply ‘being’ as pple
12 prōvocātiōne: abl. cause
certātum…est: it was…; impers. pf. pass.
26.8-11 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

populum est. 1
9. mōtī hominēs sunt in eō iūdiciō maximē P. Horātiō patre
prōclāmante sē fīliam iūre caesam iūdicāre; nī ita esset, patriō iūre
in fīlium animadversūrum fuisse. ōrābat deinde nē sē quem paulō
ante cum ēgregiā stirpe cōnspexissent orbum līberīs facerent. 10. 5
inter haec senex iuvenem amplexus, spolia Cūriātiōrum fīxa eō
locō quī nunc Pīla Horātia appellātur ostentāns, ‘huncīne’ aiēbat,
‘quem modo decorātum ovantemque victōriā incēdentem vīdistis,
Quirītēs, eum sub furcā vīnctum inter verbera et cruciātūs vidēre
potestis? quod vix Albānōrum oculī tam dēfōrme spectāculum 10
ferre possent. 11. ī, līctor, colligā manūs, quae paulō ante armātae
imperium populō Rōmānō peperērunt. ī, caput obnūbe līberātōris
aiō: say, affirm, 6 nī (nisī): if not, unless, 5
amplexor, -ārī, amplexus: embrace, 1 obnūbō, -ere, -psī, -ptum: veil, 2
animadvertō, -ere, -tī: notice, turn attention to, 2 oculus, -ī, m.: eye, 6
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesum: kill, slaughter, 5 orbus, -a, -um: deprived of, bereft of (abl.), 2
colligō (1): to bind together, tie together, 2 ōrō (1): plead, pray (for), entreat, 5
cōnspiciō, -ere, -spexī: catch sight of, see, 2 ostentō (1): show (frequentive), 1
cruciātus, -ūs m.: torture, 1 ovō (1): exult in, rejoice in, 3
decorō (1): adorn, decorate, 1 P.: Publius, 2
dēfōrmis, -e: hideous, 1 patrius, -a, -um: of a father, ancestral, 7
ēgregius, -a, -um: excellent, outstanding, 4 paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 6
fīgō, -ere, fīxī, fīxum: fix, fasten; pierce, 2 pilum, -ī n.: pilum, javelin, 2
furca, -ae f.: prop, fork-shaped prop, fork, 2 prōclāmō (1): to proclaim; cry out, 1
Horātius, -a, -um,: Horatian, of Horatius, 2 senex, senis m.: old man; adj. old, 5
incēdō, -ere, cessī: go, come into, enter, 5 verber, -eris n.: lash, blow, 1
iūdicium, -ī n.: decision, judgment; trial, 3 vinciō, -īre, vīnxī, vīnctus: bind, tie, 2
iūdicō (1): judge, decide, assess, 4 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 5
līberātor, -is m.: liberator, 3

2 mōtī sunt: i.e. moved emotionally
P. Hortātiō…prōclāmante: abl. abs.
3 sē…iūdicāre: that…
fīliam…caesam (esse): that…; pf. pass. inf.
iūre: justly; abl. as adv.
nī ita esset, (sē)…animadversūrum fuisse: if it
were so, he would have…; mixed contrary to
fact (sī impf. subj., plpf. subj.) in ind. disc. in
secondary seq.; plpf. subj. animadvertissem in
direct speech is replaced with this periphrastic
fut. inf. (fut. pple + sum) in secondary seq.
patriō iūre: by…; abl. of cause; i.e. the power
of the paterfamilias to execute his own children;
iure is here an abl. and not an adv.
in fīlium: upon…
4 nē…facerent: that…not make…; negative ind.
command; verb governs a double acc.
quem…cōnspexissent: whom they…; plpf.
subj.; subj. of subordinate verb in ind. command
70
paulō: a little; ‘by a little,’ degree of difference
5 līberīs: abl. pl. līberī; separation with orbum
6 amplexus: dep. PPP: translate ‘having Xed’
(in) eō locō
7 Pīla Horātia: Horatian Spears; a monument;
pīla is either (1) neut. pl. for ‘javelins’ or
‘spears’ or (2) fem. sg. for ‘pillar’
huncī-ne: this here man; hunc-ne, the father is
likely pointing at his son; this acc. obj. is
repeated by eum in the next line
8 quem…incēdentem vīdistis: whom you all saw
proceeding…; videō often governs acc. + pple
9 eum: him; repeating the object hunc above
sub furcā: frame on which the arms were bound
11 ī, colligā: imper. eō, īre and colligō
paulō: a little; ‘by a little,’ degree of difference
12 peperērunt: brought forth; pf. pariō
 Tullus Hostilius 26.11-14

urbis huius; arbore īnfēlīcī suspende; verberā vel intrā pōmērium, 1

modo inter illa pila et spolia hostium, vel extrā pōmērium, modo
inter sepulcra Cūriātiōrum; quō enim dūcere hunc iuvenem potestis
ubi nōn sua decora eum ā tantā foeditāte suppliciī vindicent?’
12. nōn tulit populus nec patris lacrimās nec ipsīus parem in omnī 5
perīculō animum, absolvēruntque admīrātiōne magis virtūtis quam
iūre causae. itaque ut caedēs manifēsta aliquō tamen piāculō
luerētur, imperātum patrī ut fīlium expiāret pecūniā pūblicā. 13. is
quibusdam piāculāribus sacrificiīs factīs quae deinde gentī
Horātiae trādita sunt, trānsmissō per viam tigillō, capite adopertō 10
velut sub iugum mīsit iuvenem. id hodiē quoque pūblicē semper
refectum manet; Sorōrium Tigillum vocant. 14. Horātiae sepulcrum,
absolvō, -ere, -solvī: absolve, free, acquit, 3 perīculum, -ī n.: risk, danger, peril, 7
admīrātiō, -tiōnis f.: admiration, 2 piāculāris, -e: purificatory, 1
adopertō, -īre, -uī, -ertum: cover up, 1 piāculum, -ī n.: atonement, 1
arbor, -is f.: tree, 2 pilum, -ī n.: pilum, javelin, 2
expiō (1): expiate, atone, make amends for, 2 pōmērium, -ī n.: pomerium, 7
extrā: outside; beyond, outside of (acc.), 3 reficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: refresh, repair, 3
foeditās, -tātis f.: foulness, ugliness, 2 sacrificium, ī n.: sacrifice, 7
hodiē: today, 4 sepulcrum, -ī n.: tomb, grave, 3
Horātia, -ae m.: Horatia, 1 sororius, -a, -um: a sister’s, of a sister, 1
Horātius, -a, -um,: Horatian, of Horatius, 2 supplicium, -iī n.: punishment, 7
īnfēlīx, -fēlīcis: unhappy, unfortunate, 3 suspendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: hang up, 5
intrā: within, among (acc), 3 tigillum, -ī n.: little beam, 2
iugum, -ī n.: yoke, harness (for oxen); ridge, 2 trānsmittō, -ere, -mīsī: send across, 1
lacrima, -ae f.: tear, 5 verberō (1): whip, flog, beat, 2
luō, -ere, luī: atone for, expiate, 1 via, -ae, f.: way, road, 7
manifēstus, -a, -um: clear, evident, flagrant, 4 vindicō (1): deliver, set free 2
pecūnia, -ae f.: money, 6

1 (in) arbore īnfēlīcī: i-stem 3rd decl. abl.
verberā (eum): imperative
vel…vel…: either…or…
2 modo…modo…: just…just…
3 quō: To where…?
ubi…vindicent: where…would…; relative
clause of characteristic with pres. subj.
5 tulit: pf. ferō, ‘endure’
nōn… nec…nec…: not…either…or…
ipsīus: of Horatius himself; gen. sg.
parem…animum: the level head; i.e. calm
6 admīrātiōne: by…; abl. of cause
6 iūre: by…; abl. of cause
7 causae: of the case; ‘of the cause’
ut…luerētur: so that…; purpose with impf.
pass. subj.
aliquō piāculō: with…; abl. means
8 imperātum (est): they…; ‘it was ordered,’
impers. pf. pass., translate as active in English
pecūniā pūblicā: abl. means
9 quidbusdam…factīs: abl. abs.
gentī Horātiae: to the Horatian clan
10 trānsmissō…tigillō: abl. abs.
per viam: over a street
capite adopertō: abl. adv.
11 velut…iuvenem: as if…; conditional clause of
comparison
id…manet: i.e. the same tigillum exists in
Livy’s time
pūblicē: i.e. at public expense
12 Sorōrium Tigillum: the proper name for the
monument
vocant (id): they call (it); governs a double acc.

71
26.14-27.4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

quō locō corruerat icta, cōnstrūctum est saxō quadrātō. 1

27. nec diū pāx Albāna mānsit. invidia volgī quod tribus
mīlitibus fortūna pūblica commissa fuerit, vānum ingenium
dictātōris corrūpit, et quoniam rēcta cōnsilia haud bene ēvēnerant,
prāvīs reconciliāre populārium animōs coepit. 2. igitur ut prius in 5
bellō pācem, sīc in pāce bellum quaerēns, quia suae cīvitātī
animōrum plūs quam vīrium cernēbat esse, ad bellum palam atque
ex ēdictō gerundum aliōs concitat populōs, suīs per speciem
societātis prōditiōnem reservat. 3. Fīdēnātēs, colōnia Rōmāna,
Veientibus sociīs cōnsiliī adsūmptīs, pactō trānsitiōnis Albānōrum 10
ad bellum atque arma incitantur.
4. cum Fīdēnae apertē dēscīssent, Tullus Mettiō exercitūque eius

adsūmō, -ere, -sumpī: assume, take up oneself, 2
bene: well, 3
cernō, -ere, -ēvī, crētus: discern, decide, 1
colōnia, -ae f.: colony, 4
committō, -ere, -mīsī: commit, entrust (dat), 2
concitō (1): stir up, incite, impel, 4
cōnstruō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: construct, build, 1
corrumpō, -ēre, -rūpī: break down, ruin, 3
corruō, -ere, -ī: fall in a heap or lifeless, 2
dēsciscō, -ere, -ivī, -tum: revolt, 1
dictātor, -oris m.: dictator, chief magistrate, 3
diū: a long time, long, 4
ēdictum, -ī n.: proclamation, edict, 3
ēveniō, -īre: turn out, happen, 4
Fīdēnae, -ārum, f.: Fidenae, 4
incitō (1): urge on, incite, 3
invidia, -ae f.: hatred, envy, lack of popularity, 5
mīlēs, mīlitis m.: soldier, 7
pactum, -ī n.: pact, agreement, 4
palam: openly, publicly, 5
populāris, -is m.: countryman, 2
prāvus, -a, -um: wrong, crooked, wrong, 4
prōditiō, -tiōnis f.: betrayal; treason, 2
quadrātum, -ī n.: square, 1
quoniam: since (now), seeing that, 5
reconciliō (1): win back, recover, 2
rēctus, -a, -um: correct, straight; honest, 5
reservō (1): save up, reserve, preserve 1
saxum, -ī n.: rock, 3
societās, -tātis f.: alliance, partnership, 7
socius, -ī m.: ally, companion, comrade, 5
trānsitiō, -iōnis f.: crossing sides, desertion, 1
vānus, -a, -um: in vain, useless, worthless, false, 7
vulgus (volgus), -ī n.: mass, masses, crowd, 7

1 (in) quō locō possession

icta: PPP iciō
saxō quadrātō: with…; abl. of material
2 volgī: of the people; subjective gen.: the
people’s hatred toward the outcome of the duel
quod… commissa fuerit: because…had
been…; plpf pass. subj. (fuerit = esset) subj. of
alleged cause (the characters’ point of view)
tribus mīlitibus: dat. ind. obj.
3 vānum ingenium: the weak character
4 rēcta: i.e. honest
5 prāvīs (cōnsiliīs): abl. means; i.e. dishonest,
prāvus is here, as often, the opposite of rēctus
5 ut…pācem (quaerēns) sīc…bellum quaerēns:
just as…so; correlatives, clause of comparison
6 suae cīvitātī…esse: that his city had…; dat. of
7 animōrum: of spirit; i.e. courage, a common
translation of the plural
vīrium: gen. pl. vīs
ad bellum…gerundum: for…; noun +
gerundive; perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.; gerō, ‘wage’
8 suīs (populīs): for…; dat. of interest
10 Veientibus…adsūmptīs: abl. abs.; i.e. the
Fidēnātēs and Veiēntēs joined forces
sociīs: as allies of…
pactō trānsitiōnis Albānōrum: by the
Albans’ agreement of crossing sides; abl. cause,
the Albans secrets agreed to betray Rome
12 cum…dēscī(vi)ssent: plpf. subj.
Mettiō…accītō: abl. abs.

72
 Tullus Hostilius 27.4-7

ab Albā accītō contrā hostēs dūcit. ubi Anienem trānsiit, ad 1

cōnfluentēs conlocat castra. inter eum locum et Fīdēnās Vēientium
exercitus Tiberim trānsierat. 5. hī et in aciē prope flūmen tenuēre
dextrum cornū; in sinistrō Fīdēnātēs propius montēs cōnsistunt.
Tullus adversus Vēientem hostem dērigit suōs, Albānōs contrā 5
legiōnem Fīdēnātium conlocat. Albānō nōn plūs animī erat quam
fideī. nec manēre ergō nec trānsīre apertē ausus sēnsim ad montēs
succēdit; 6. inde ubi satis subīsse sēsē ratus est, ērigit tōtam aciem,
fluctuānsque animō ut tereret tempus ōrdinēs explicat. cōnsilium
erat quā fortūna rem daret, eā inclīnāre vīrēs. 7. mīrāculō prīmō 10
esse Rōmānīs quī proximī steterant ut nūdārī latera sua sociōrum
dīgressū sēnsērunt; inde eques citātō equō nūntiat rēgī abīre
Aniō, Aniēnis f.: Anio river, 3 fluctuō (1): wave, move to and fro, 1
citō (1): summon, hasten; ~full gallop, 3 latus, -eris n.: side, flank, 2
cōnfluēns, -entis m.: confluence (of rivers), 1 legio, legiōnis f.: legion, 7
conlocō (1): place together, 2 nūdō (1): to bare, strip, 1
cōnsistō, -ere, -stitī: stand still, stop, 2 sēnsim: slowly, gradually, 2
cornū, -ūs n.: horn; wing (of a battle), 4 sēntiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsum: feel, perceive, 7
dērigō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: arrange, draw up, 1 sinister, -tra, -trum: left; fem. left hand, 4
dīgressus, -ūs m.: departure, withdrawal, 1 socius, -ī m.: ally, companion, comrade, 5
ergō: therefore; for the sake of + gen., 7 stō, stāre, stetī, statum: stand, 6
ērigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rectum: raise up, lift, 4 subeō, -īre, -iī: go up, approach, 3
explicō (1): to untangle, unfold; explain, 2 succēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cesum: come up, succeed, 2
Fīdēnae, -ārum, f.: Fidenae, 4 terō, -ere, trīvī: wear down; waste, spend, 4

1 ad cōnfluentēs: i.e. Tiberim and Anienem
2 eum: this; demonstrative
Fīdēnās: Fidenae; the city is plural
Vēientium: of the Veientes
3 hī: these; the Veientes
tenuēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
4 dextrum cornū: acc. obj.; 4th decl. neut.
in sinistrō (cornū)
propius: nearer + acc.
5 adversus: against + acc.
6 Fīdēnātium: gen. pl.
Albānō…erat: The Alban (leader) had…; dat.
of possession; i.e. Mettius
animī: of spirit; i.e. of courage
7 ausus: dep. PPP audeō; translate ‘having Xed’
trānsīre: i.e. to desert the Romans
8 satis subīsse sēsē: that he…; ind. disc. with pf.
subeō; i.e. to the mountains; sēsē is an emphatic
form of reflexive sē
ratus est: dep. pf. reor
ērigit: elevates; i.e. to a higher elevation
9 (in) animō: abl. place where
ut tereret tempus: so that…; purpose
10 quā…daret, eā: where…there; correlative
advs. (relative and demonstrative); subj. of
subordinate verb in ind. disc.
rem: an opportunity; i.e. a situation, advantage
eā inclīnāre vīrēs: that…
mīrāculō prīmō esse Rōmānīs: at first it served
as a miracle to the Romans…; historical inf.:
translate as impf; with a double dat. (purpose
and interest)
11 ut…sēnsērunt: as…; temporal clause
nūdārī…dīgressū: that…
12 eques: a horseman
citātō equō: PPP; an idiom
abīre Albānōs: that…

73
27.7-10 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

Albānōs. Tullus in rē trepidā duodecim vōvit Saliōs fānaque 1

Pallōrī ac Pavōrī. 8. equitem clārā increpāns vōce ut hostēs
exaudīrent, redīre in proelium iubet: nihil trepidātiōne opus esse;
suō iussū circumdūcī Albānum exercitum ut Fīdēnātium nūda terga
invādant; 9. īdem imperat ut hastās equitēs ērigerent. id factum 5
magnae partī peditum Rōmānōrum cōnspectum abeuntis Albānī
exercitūs intersaepsit; quī vīderant, id quod ab rēge audītum erat
ratī, eō ācrius pugnant.
terror ad hostēs trānsit; et audīverant clārā vōce dictum, et magna
pars Fīdēnātium, ut quibus colōnī additī Rōmānī essent, Latīnē 10
sciēbant. 10. itaque nē subitō ex collibus dēcursū Albānōrum
interclūderentur ab oppidō, terga vertunt. īnstat Tullus fūsōque
ācer, ācris, ācre: sharp; fierce, keen, 2 intersaepiō, -īre, -sī: fence/block off from, 1
circumdūcō, -ere, -dūxī: to lead around, 1 invādō, -ere, -vāsī: rush upon, attack, 4
clārus, -a, -um: clear, distinguished, bright, 6 iussus, -ūs m.: order, 4
colōnus, -ī m.: settler, colonist, 4 nūdus, -a, -um: naked, bare, 3
cōnspectus, -ūs m.: sight, view, 7 Pallor, -is m.: Pallor, Panic, Paleness, 1
dēcursus, -ūs m.: running down, descent, 1 pedes, peditis m.: foot soldier; infantry, 5
duodecim: twelve, 6 pugnō (1): to fight, 5
ērigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rectum: raise up, lift, 4 Saliī, -ōrum m.: Salii, Salian priests, 2
exaudiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: hear plainly, 2 subitō: immediately, straightaway, 4
hasta, -ae f.: spear, 5 tergum, -ī n.: back; hide, 6
increpō, -āre, -uī: rattle, clang; rebuke, chide, 5 trepidātiō, -tiōnis f.: alarm, trepidation, 2
īnstō, -āre, -stitī: press (on), engage, 6 trepidus, -a, -um: trembling, alarming, alarmed, 3
interclūdō, -ere, -sī: close off, shut off, 1 voveō, -ēre, vōvī, vōtum: vow, swear, 5

1 duodecim Saliōs: i.e. Salii Quirinales, the Salii
Martiales were established earlier by Numa
Pallōrī, Pavōrī: for Pallor and Panic; as
divinities, dat. of interest
2 clārā…vōce: with a loud voice; abl. manner
ut…exaudīrent: so that…; purpose, impf. subj.
3 nihil opus esse trepidātiōne: that...; opus est,
‘there is a need’ is an idiom that governs an abl.
of separation; nihil, ‘not at all,’ is adverbial acc.
4 suō…circumdūcī…exercitum: that…; ind.
disc.; Tullus tries to save face by claiming that
the Albans are in fact acting according to orders
ut…invādant: so that…may…; purpose, pres.
subj.
5 īdem: he also; ‘the same man’ adj. as adv.
ut…ērigerent: that…; ind. command
id factum: this action; nom. subj.
magna partī…Rōmānōrum: from…; dat. of
compound verb intersaepsit
6 abeuntis…exercitūs: gen. sg.; pres. pple abeō
7 quī vīderant: (those Romans) who…
id: that; demonstrative
8 ratī: dep PPP reor, translate as ‘having Xed’
eō: because of this; abl. cause
ācrius: comparative adv.
9 clārā vōce: with a loud voice; manner
dictum: the thing said; substantive, PPP
10 ut quibus…essent: to whom Roman colonists
had been added; causal relative clause of
characteristic; an ‘ut’ may introduce a relative
of characteristic when it expresses cause. Ut quī,
therefore, may be translated ‘since…added;’
Fidenae had been made a Roman colony and
therefore had Latin speakers
Latīnē sciēbant: i.e. know Latin
11 nē…interclūderentur: so that…might not…;
neg. purpose clause
dēcūrsū: abl. cause; i.e. the strategy Tullus
created to save face and pretend that the Albans
were not in fact leaving the Romans
12 terga vertunt: i.e. retreat
fūsō Fīdēnātium cornū: abl. abs. with PPP
fundō; i.e. spread out in a rout

74
 Tullus Hostilius 27.10-28.2

Fīdēnātium cornū in Vēientem aliēnō pavōre perculsum ferōcior 1

redit. nec illī tulēre impetum, sed ab effūsā fugā flūmen obiectum
ab tergō arcēbat. 11. quō postquam fuga inclīnāvit, aliī arma foedē
iactantēs in aquam caecī ruēbant, aliī dum cūnctantur in rīpīs inter
fugae pugnaeque cōnsilium oppressī. nōn alia ante Rōmāna pugna 5
atrōcior fuit.
28. tum Albānus exercitus, spectātor certāminis, dēductus in
campōs. Mettius Tullō dēvictōs hostēs grātulātur; contrā Tullus
Mettium benignē adloquitur. quod bene vertat, castra Albānōs
Rōmānīs castrīs iungere iubet; sacrificium lūstrāle in diem 10
posterum parat. 2. ubi inlūxit, parātīs omnibus ut adsolet, vocārī ad
contiōnem utrumque exercitum iubet. praecōnēs ab extrēmō ōrsī
adloquor, loquī, locūtus: speak, address, 3 extrēmus, -a, -um: outermost, farthest, 1
adsoleō, -ēre: be accustomed,1 foedus, -a, -um: ugly, foul, filthy, 4
arceō, -ēre, -uī: fend/shut off, keep away, 5 grātulor, -ārī, gratulātum: congratulate, 3
atrōx, atrōcis: savage, cruel, atrocious, 7 iactō (1): toss, throw, cast, 3
bene: well, 3 inlucēscō, -ere, -xī: dawn, 1
benignus, -a, -um: kind, kindly, 7 lūstrālis, -e: purificatory, 1
caecus, -a, -um: blind, 1 obiciō, -ere, obiēcī, obiectum: throw in front, 3
campus, -ī m.: field, 4 opprimō, -ere, -pressī: overwhelm; suppress, 6
contio, contiōnis f.: assembly, meeting, 6 percellō, -ere, -culī, perculsum: strike, 4
cornū, -ūs n.: horn; wing (of a battle), 4 praecō, praecōnis m.: herald, 3
cūnctor, -ārī, -ātus: delay, hesitate, 2 rīpa, -ae f.: riverbank, bank, shore, 3
dēdūcō, -ere: lead or bring down, launch, 7 ruō, -ere, ruī: rush, 1
dēvincō, -ere, -vīcī, -victum: conquer, 2 sacrificium, ī n.: sacrifice, 7
dum: while, as long as, until, 6 spectātor, -tōris m.: spectator, observer, 1
effūsus, -a, -um: spread out; adv. widely 7 tergum, -ī n.: back; hide, 6

1 in Vēientem…perculsum: against the 8 grātulātur: congratulates (dat) for (acc.)

Veientes…; PPP
aliēnō pavōre: by…; abl. cause, the reaction of
their allies the Fidenates
2 illī: i.e. Veientes, nom. pl.,
tulēr(unt): pf. ferō
3 ab tergō: from the rear; military term
modifying nom. sg. flūmen obiectum
quō: to there; i.e. to the river; a connective
relative adv. (quō, ‘to where’) is better translated
as a demonstrative in English: i.e. eō, ‘to there’
aliī…aliī…: some…others…
foedē: i.e. shamefully
4 caecī: predicative nom. adj.: translates as adv.
5 oppressī (sunt): pf. pass.
ante: beforehand; adv.
7 dēductus (est): i.e. returned to the Romans after
retreating onto the mountain
contrā: in reply
9 quod bene vertat: May this turn out well!;
optative subj. (subj. of wish) and connective
relative; this prayer is direct disc. where one
expects ind. disc., and in primary tense where
one expects a secondary seq. following the
historical present. Commentators often translate
this wish as ‘with good omens’ or ‘with a prayer
for success.’
10 iungere: to join (acc) with (dat); acc. obj., and
dat. of association
in diem posterum: during the next day
11 parātīs omnibus: abl. abs.
ut adsolet: as…; clause of comparison
vocārī…exercitum: that…; ind. disc.
12 ab extremō: from the edge (of the camp)
ōrsī: dep. PPP ordior

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28.2-5 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

prīmōs excīvēre Albānōs. hī novitāte etiam reī mōtī ut rēgem 1

Rōmānum contiōnantem audīrent proximī cōnstitēre. 3. ex
compositō armāta circumdatur Rōmāna legiō; centuriōnibus datum
negōtium erat ut sine morā imperia exsequerentur.
4. tum ita Tullus īnfit: ‘Rōmānī, sī unquam ante aliās ūllō in bellō 5
fuit quod prīmum dīs immortālibus grātiās agerētis, deinde vestrae
ipsōrum virtūtī, hesternum id proelium fuit. dīmicātum est enim
nōn magis cum hostibus quam, quae dīmicātiō maior atque
perīculōsior est, cum prōditiōne ac perfidiā sociōrum. 5. nam nē
vōs falsa opīniō teneat, iniussū meō Albānī subiēre ad montēs, nec 10
imperium illud meum sed cōnsilium et imperiī simulātiō fuit, ut
nec vōbīs, ignōrantibus dēserī vōs, āverterētur ā certāmine animus,
centurio, -iōnis m.: centurion, 3 iniussū: without orders, 4
circumdō, -are, -dedī: surround, put around, 4 legiō, legiōnis f.: legion, 7
compositum, -ī n.: agreement, compact, 4 mora, -ae f.: delay, hesitation, hindrance, 3
cōnsistō, -ere, -stitī: stand still, stop, 2 negōtium, iī n.: task, business, 4
contiōnor, -ārī, -ātum: address a meeting, 2 novitās, -tātis f.: newness, novelty, 3
dēserō, -ere, -uī, -sertum: to desert, 3 opīniō, opīniōnis f.: opinion, 1
dīmicātiō, -tiōnis f.: combat, fight, 5 perfidia, -ae f.: treachery, 1
dīmicō (1): to fight, struggle, contend, 5 perīculōsus, -a, -um: dangerous, 1
exsequor, -ī, -secūtum: pursue, carry out, 2 prōditiō, -tiōnis f.: betrayal; treason, 2
fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsum: deceive, cheat, 6 simulātiō, -ōnis f.: pretence,, 2
grātia, -ae f.: gratitude, favor, influence, thanks, 6 socius, -ī m.: ally, companion, comrade, 5
hesternus, -a, -um: of yesterday, 4 subeō, -īre, -iī: go up, approach, 3
ignōrō (1): be ignorant of, 2 ūllus, -a, -um: any, 7
immortālis, -e: immortal, 2 unquam (umquam): ever, 3
īnfit: begins (to speak), 2 vester, vestra, vestrum: your, yours, 4

1 excīvēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf. possessive adj. modified by gen. ipse

Hī… mōtī: i.e. the Albānī, PPP moveō
novitāte reī: by…; abl. cause
ut…audīrent: so that…; purpose, impf. subj.
2 cōnstitēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
ex compositō: by agreement
3 circumdātur: is placed around (the Albani)
centuriōnibus: dat. ind. obj.
datum…erat: plpf. pass.
4 ut…exsequerentur: (name) that they…; an ind.
question in apposition to negōtium
5 Rōmānī: voc. dir. address
Sī…fuit quod…gratiās agerētis…virtūtī: if
there was (anything) for which you should give
thanks…; i.e. if there was a reason to give
thanks; relative clause of characteristic with
impf. subj.; gratiās agere is common idiom for
‘give thanks’ and quod is an inner acc.
6 prīmum…deinde: first…next…; adverbs with
dat. ind. objects
7 vestrae ipsōrum: of your very own; vestrae is a
76
hesternum id proelium fuit: it was…; main
clause
dīmicātum est: you all fought; ‘it was fought,’
impers. pf. pass.: translate as active in English
8 quae dīmicātiō…est: what is…; relative clause
modifying cum prōditiōne…sociōrum below
maior: comparative magnus
9 sociōrum: of allies
nē…teneat: so that…may not…; neg. purpose
clause
10 subiēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf. subeō
11 imperium illud meum: that command of mine;
i.e. the pretence that Tullus created claiming that
he sent the Albani into position
imperiī: of a command
ut…āvererētur: so that…might…; purpose
nec…et…: not…and…; or ‘both not…and’
joining two clauses in the purpose clause
12 vobīs…animus: spirit of yours; dat. possession
deserī vōs: that…; pres. pass. inf.
 Tullus Hostilius 28.5-7

et hostibus, circumvenīrī sē ab tergō ratīs, terror ac fuga inicerētur. 1

6. nec ea culpa quam arguō omnium Albānōrum est: ducem secūtī
sunt, ut et vōs, sī quō ego inde agmen dēclīnāre voluissem,
fēcissētis. Mettius ille est ductor itineris huius, Mettius īdem huius
māchinātor bellī, Mettius foederis Rōmānī Albānīque ruptor. 5
audeat deinde tālia alius, nisi in hunc īnsigne iam documentum
mortālibus dederō.’
7. centuriōnēs armātī Mettium circumsistunt; rēx cētera ut orsus
erat peragit: ‘quod bonum faustum fēlīxque sit populō Rōmānō ac
mihi vōbīsque, Albānī, populum omnem Albānum Rōmam 10
trādūcere in animō est, cīvitātem dare plēbī, prīmōrēs in patrēs
legere, ūnam urbem, ūnam rem pūblicam facere; ut ex ūnō
agmen, agminis n.: column (of troops), army, 5 fēlīx, fēlīcis: fortunate, happy, lucky, 2
arguō, -ere, arguī: accuse, allege, 2 iniciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw upon, 6
centuriō, -iōnis m.: centurion, 3 iter, itineris n.: way, route, path; journey, 5
circumsistō, -ere, -stetī: to surround, 3 māchinātor, -is m.: contrive, devise, 1
circumveniō, -īre, -vēnī: to surround, 1 mortālis, -e: mortal, 6
culpa, -ae m.: blame, fault; cause, 3 nisi: if not, unless, 7
dēclīnō (1): turn aside, change direction, 1 ruptor, -is m.: breaker, 1
documentum, -ī n.: example, lesson, instruction, 3 tālis, -e: such, 3
ductor, -ris m.: leader, 1 tergum, -ī n.: back; hide, 6
faustus, -a, -um: prosperous, blessed, 2 trādūcō, -ere, -dūxī: carry across, 4

1 hostibus: upon …; dat. of compound inicerētur
circumvenīrī sē: that…; ind. disc., pass. inf.
ab tergō: from the rear; military term
ratīs: dep. PPP reor: translate ‘having Xed’
2 ea: demonstrative
ut et vōs: just as you also; clause of comparison
3 sī…voluissem, fēcissētis: if I had…, you would
have…; past contrary to fact condition (sī plpf.
subj., plpf. subj.) within clause of comparison
quō: to anywhere; indefinite aliquō loses the
preflix ali- before sī, nisi, num or nē
4 itineris huius: gen. sg. hic
5 (est) māchinātor: nom. pred.
(est) ruptor
6 audeat: let…; jussive pres. subj.
nisi…dederō: if I do not give…; 1s fut. pf. is
translated as fut. in English; in conditionals we
often use the present with fut. sense
in hunc: upon…; i.e. Mettius
īnsigne documentum: conspicuous example
8 cētera: otherwise; adverbial acc. (‘in respect to
other things’)
ut orsus est: as…; clause of comparison with
plpf. dep. ordior
9 quod…sit…: May this be…; optative subj.
(subj. of wish) with sum; quod is a connective
relative: translate as a demonstrative
populō…vōbīsque: for…; dat. of interest
10 Albānī: voc. dir. address
populum…trādūcere: to…; inf. subject
Rōmam: acc. place to which
11 in animō est: is in mind; i.e. I have in mind to,
I intend to; the infinitives above and below are
the logical subject
cīvitātem: citizenship
plēbī: i.e. to the Alban people
in patrēs: among…; i.e. the senate
12 legere: to select
ūnam urbe (et) ūnam rem pūblicam: rēs
pūblica is often translated as ‘government,’
‘state,’ or ‘commonwealth’
ut…sīc…: just as…so…; clause of comparison,
correlatives

77
28.7-10 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

quondam in duōs populōs dīvīsa Albāna rēs est, sīc nunc in ūnum 1
redeat.’ ad haec Albāna pūbēs, 8. inermis ab armātīs saepta, in
variīs voluntātibus commūnī tamen metū cōgente, silentium tenet.
9. tum Tullus ‘Mettī Fufētī’ inquit, ‘sī ipse discere possēs fidem ac
foedera servāre, vīvō tibi ea disciplīna ā mē adhibita esset; nunc 5
quoniam tuum īnsānābile ingenium est, at tū tuō suppliciō docē
hūmānum genus ea sāncta crēdere quae ā tē violāta sunt. ut igitur
paulō ante animum inter Fīdēnātem Rōmānamque rem ancipitem
gessistī, ita iam corpus passim distrahendum dabis.’
10. exinde duābus admōtīs quadrīgīs, in currūs eārum distentum 10
inligat Mettium; deinde in dīversum iter equī concitātī, lacerum in
utrōque currū corpus, quā inhaeserant vinculīs membra, portantēs.
adhibeō, -ēre, -buī: apply, admit, 4 lacer, -a, -um: torn, 1
admoveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtus: move to, 1 membrum, -ī n.: limb, member, 1
anceps, ancipitis: double headed, on both sides, 2 passim: here and there, far and wide, 2
at: but, yet; at least, 6 paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 6
cōgō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctum: compel, collect, 4 portō (1): to carry, 3
concitō (1): stir up, incite, impel, 4 pūbēs, pūberis f.: men (young, of military age), 7
currus, -ūs m.: chariot, carriage, cart, 3 quadrīgae, -ārum f.: team of 4 horses, 1
disciplīna, -ae f.: training, instruction, 4 quondam: formerly, at one time, 6
discō, -ere, didicī: learn, come to know, 3 quoniam: since (now), seeing that, 5
distendō, -ere, -dī, -tum: stretch out, 1 saepiō –īre, saepsī, saeptum: to hedge, fence in, 2
distrahō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: pull apart, 1 sānctus, -a, -um: sacred, holy, 4
dīversus, -a, -um: different, contrary, 2 servō (1): save, preserve, protect, 4
doceō, -ēre, -uī, -ctus: teach, tell, 3 silentium, -iī n.: silence, 5
exinde: thereupon, 1 supplicium, -iī n.: punishment, 7
Fufētius, -ī m.: Fufetius, 2 varius, -a, -um: various, alternating, 6
inermis, -e: unarmed, 1 vinculum, -ī n.: bond, chain, 2
inhaereō, -ēre, -sī, -sum: stick to, 1 violō (1): to do violence to, violate, 5
inligō (1): bind on to, 1 vīvus, -a, -um: living, alive, 4
īnsānābilis, -e: incurable, 1 voluntās, -tātis f.: will, wish, permission, 6
iter, itineris n.: way, route, path; journey, 5

1 Albāna rēs: Alban state ea is a neut. pl. demonstrative

2 redeat: let…; jussive pres. subj. redeō
ab armātīs (virīs)
in variīs voluntātibus: in various opinions
3 commūnī…metū cōgente: abl. abs.
Mettī Fufētī: voc. dir. address
4 sī…possēs,….adhibita esset: if you yourself
were…, would have been…; mixed contrary to
fact condition (sī impf. subj., plpf. subj.)
5 vīvō tibi: to you (remaining) alive; dat. of
compound verb
ea: demonstrative
6 ingenium: character
tuō suppliciō: abl. means
at…docē: at least…; adversative and sg. imper.
7 ea (esse) sancta: that those things…; ind. disc.
78
ut…ita: just as…, so…; clause of comparison
8 paulō: a little; ‘by a little,’ degree of difference
animum…ancipitem gessistī: you had (your)
mind on both sides; animum gerere is equiv. to
animum habēre; 2s pf. gerō
rem: state
9 corpus (tuum)…distrahendum (esse): that…
must be…; ind. disc. with passive periphrastic
dabis: fut. dō, ‘grant’ or ‘allow’
10 duābus…quadrīgīs: abl. abs.; duābus is the
common abl. pl. of duo
in: onto…; eārum refers to fem. pl. quadrīgae
11 concitātī (sunt)
12 quā: where; relative adv.
vinculīs: in…; dat. of compound verb
 Tullus Hostilius 28.10-29.3

11. āvertēre omnēs ab tantā foeditāte spectāculī oculōs. prīmum 1

ultimumque illud supplicium apud Rōmānōs exemplī parum
memoris lēgum hūmānārum fuit: in aliīs glōriārī licet nūllī gentium
mītiōrēs placuisse poenās.
29. inter haec iam praemissī Albam erant equitēs quī 5
multitūdinem trādūcerent Rōmam. legiōnēs deinde ductae ad
dīruendam urbem. 2. quae ubi intrāvēre portās, nōn quidem fuit
tumultus ille nec pavor quālis captārum esse urbium solet, cum
effrāctīs portīs strātīsve ariete mūrīs aut arce vī captā clāmor
hostīlis et cursus per urbem armātōrum omnia ferrō flammāque 10
miscet; 3. sed silentium trīste ac tacita maestitia ita dēfīxit omnium
animōs, ut prae metū [oblītī] quid relinquerent, quid sēcum ferrent
ariēs, -etis m.: ram; battering ram, 1 oblīvīscor, -ī, oblītus sum: forget (gen.), 4
cursus, -ūs m.: course, running, haste, 6 oculus, -ī, m.: eye, 6
dēfīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus: fix, pierce, 3 parum: adv. too little, 6
dīruō, -ere, -ī, -utum: tear down, destroy, 4 placet, -uit: it is pleasing, it is resolved, 5
effringō, -ere, -frēgī, -frāctus: break, 1 poena, -ae, f.: punishment, 6
flamma, -ae f.: flame, fire, torch, love, 3 prae: in front of, before (acc); compared to (abl), 6
foeditās, -tātis f.: foulness, ugliness, 2 praemittō, -ere: send in advance, 2
glōrior, -ārī, -ātus: glory, boast, 2 quālis, -e: of what sort? what?, 5
hostīlis, -e: of an enemy, hostile, 3 silentium, -iī n.: silence, 5
intrō (1): go into, enter, 1 soleō, -ēre, solitum: be accustomed, 3
legio, legiōnis f.: legion, 7 sternō (1), strātum: lay (low), spread, scatter, 1
licet, -ēre, -uit: it is allowed, permitted, 3 supplicium, -iī n.: punishment, 7
maestitia, -ae: sadness, gloom, 2 tacitus, -a, -um: silent, still, 7
memor, -is: mindful, remembering (gen.), 7 trādūcō, -ere, -dūxī: carry across, 4
misceō, -ēre, -uī, mīxtum: mix, mingle, 5 trīstis, -e: sad, sullen, 4
mītis, -e: mild, gentle, 5

1 āvertēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf. gerund (-ing) + obj.; ad. expressing purpose

2 illud…fuit: that was…;
apud: among
supplicium…exemplī: = exemplum suppliciī;
an example of hypallege (syntactical
relationship of two terms interchanged)
parum memoris: gen. logically with supplicium
3 lēgum hūmānārum: i.e. laws of humanity
in aliīs: in other (examples)
nūllī: dat. interest; i.e. no one else than Romans
4 mītiōrēs placuisse poenās: that…; with pf. inf.;
mītiōrēs poenās is acc. subject
5 praemissī…erant
Albam: acc. place to which
quī…trādūcerent: who would…; relative clause
of purpose
6 Rōmam: acc. place to which
ductae (sunt)
ad dīruendam urbem: for…; noun + gerundive
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
79
7 quae: these; i.e. legiōnēs; connective relative
intrāvēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
8 quālis…solet: such as…; ‘which sort…’
captārum esse urbium: to belong to…; ‘are
of…’ gen. pl. pred. tumultus et pavor
are missing but assumed
cum…miscet: when…; temporal with pres. ind.
9 effrāctīs portīs: abl. abs.
strātīs…mūrīs: abl. abs.
-ve: or; enclitic
arce…captā: abl. abs.
10 ferrō: abl. means; ‘a sword’ via metonomy
11 dēfīxit: transfixed; i.e. stunned
12 ut…starent: that they…; result with impf. subj.
prae metū: because of….; lit. ‘in the face of…’
[oblītī]: omit from translation
quid…, quid…ferrent: what they are to…(and)
what they are to; ind. deliberative question with
impf. subj.; sēcum = cum sē
29.3-5 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

dēficiente cōnsiliō rogitantēsque aliī aliōs, nunc in līminibus 1

stārent, nunc errābundī domōs suās ultimum illud vīsūrī
pervagārentur.
4. ut vērō iam equitum clāmor exīre iubentium īnstābat, iam
fragor tēctōrum quae dīruēbantur ultimīs urbis partibus audiēbātur 5
pulvisque ex distantibus locīs ortus velut nūbe inductā omnia
implēverat, raptim quibus quisque poterat ēlatīs, cum Larem ac
Penātēs tēctaque in quibus nātus quisque ēducātusque esset
relinquentēs exīrent, 5. iam continēns agmen migrantium
implēverat viās, et cōnspectus aliōrum mūtuā miserātiōne 10
integrābat lacrimās, vōcēsque etiam miserābilēs exaudiēbantur,
mulierum praecipuē, cum obsessa ab armātīs templa augusta
agmen, agminis n.: column (of troops), army, 5 līmen, līminis n.: doorway, threshhold, 1
augustus, -a, -um: august, majestic, 4 migrō (1): to travel, migrate, 3
cōnspectus, -ūs m.: sight, view, 7 miserābilis, -e: miserable, pitiable, 4
contineō, -ēre, -uī, -tum: hold in/back, contain, 4 miserātiō, -tiōnis f.: pity, comiseration, 1
dēficiō, -ere, -fēxī, -fectum: fail; defect, revolt, 3 mūtuus, -a, -um: mutual, 1
dīruō, -ere, -ī, -utum: tear down, destroy, 4 nūbēs, -is f.: cloud, 1
distō (1): stand apart, be separate, 2 obsideō, -ēre, -sēdī, -sessum: beset, beseige, 2
ēfferō, -ere, -tulī, -lātum: carry out, lift, 5 Penātēs, -ium m.: Penates, 4
errābundus, -a, -um: wandering, 1 pervagor, -ārī, -ātum: roam or wander through, 1
exaudiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: hear plainly, 2 praecipuē; especially, 5
exeō, -īre, -iī, -itus: go out, 6 pulvis, pulveris m.: dust, 1
fragor, -is m.: crash, din, 2 raptim: suddenly, quickly, 2
indūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum: lead in, bring to, 3 rogitō (1): to ask, ask for, 3
īnstō, -āre, -stitī: press (on), engage, 6 stō, stāre, stetī, statum: stand, 6
integrō (1): renew, 1 tēctum, -ī n.: roof; dwelling, home, shelter, 6
lacrima, -ae f.: tear, 5 via, -ae, f.: way, road, 7
Lars, Lartis m.: Lars, 1

1 dēficiente cōnsiiō: abl. abs.
rogitantēs aliī aliōs: some kept asking some
people, others kept asking others…; or ‘different
people asking different people’ a compressed
expression in Latin governing the ind. questions
2 ultimum illud (tempus): for that last (time)
vīsūrī: fut. pple videō
3 pervagārentur: impf. subj. in same result clause
4 ut …īnstābat: as…; ‘when…’ temporal clause;
vērō: in fact, actually; abl. as adv.
iubentium: pres. pple with gen. pl. equitēs
5 (in) ultimīs…partibus: in the farthest…; abl.
place where; i.e. the edges of the city
6 pulvisque: nom. subject
ortus: dep. PPP orior: translate ‘having Xed’
velut nūbe inductā: as if… abl. abs. and
conditional clause of comparison
7 quibus…ēlātīs: what each was able having been
carried off; abl. abs. with PPP efferō; lit. ‘(those
things) which…’ neut. relative quae is attracted
into abl. of the missing antecedent, which is the
first term in the abl. abs. with ēlātīs
cum…exīrent: When (the Albans)…; assume
the Albānī as subject; impf. subj. exeō
Larem…relinquentēs: pres. pple modifying the
missing subject Albānī
8 in quibus nātus (esset) quisque ēducātusque
esset: in which…; relative with plpf. subj. dep.
and pass. respectively; subj. of subordinate verb
in a cum clause
9 continēns agmen: a continuous column…
10 mūtuā miserātiōne: with…; abl. cause
12 cum…praeterīrent: when they,..
obsessa: PPP obsideō
ab armātīs (virīs): abl. agent

80
 Tullus Hostilius 29.5-30.3

praeterīrent ac velut captōs relinquerent deōs. 6. ēgressīs urbe 1

Albānīs Rōmānus passim pūblica prīvātaque omnia tēcta adaequat
solō, ūnāque hōrā quadringentōrum annōrum opus quibus Alba
steterat excidiō ac ruīnīs dedit. templīs tamen deum—ita enim
ēdictum ab rēge fuerat—temperātum est. 5
30. Rōma interim crēscit Albae ruīnīs. duplicātur cīvium
numerus; Caelius additur urbī mōns, et quō frequentius habitārētur
eam sēdem Tullus rēgiae capit ibique habitāvit. 2. prīncipēs
Albānōrum in patrēs ut ea quoque pars reī pūblicae crēsceret lēgit,
Iūliōs, Servīliōs, Quīnctiōs, Geganīōs, Cūriātiōs, Cloelīōs; 10
templumque ōrdinī ab sē auctō cūriam fēcit quae Hostīlia usque ad
patrum nostrōrum aetātem appellāta est. 3. et ut omnium ōrdinum
adaequō (1): make equal; be equal, 2 Iūlius, -ī m.: Julius, 2
Caelius, -ī m.: Caelius, Caelian mountain, 1 passim: here and there, far and wide, 2
Cloelius, -ī m.: Cloelius, 1 praetereō, -īre, -īvī, -itum: pass, go pass, 3
duplicō (1): double, 2 quadringentī, -ae, -a: four hundred, 1
ēdictum, -ī n.: proclamation, edict, 3 Quinctius (Quintus), -ī m.: Quin(c)tus, 1
ēgredior, -ī, -gressus: go out, disembark, 5 ruīna, -ae f.: ruins, downfall, 2
excidium, -iī n.: destruction, 2 Servīlius, -iī m.: Servilius, 1
frequēns, frequentis: crowded, busy, 6 solum, -ī n.: ground, soil, 1
Gegānius, -ī m.: Geganius, 1 stō, stāre, stetī, statum: stand, 6
hōra, -ae f.: hour, 2 tēctum, -ī n.: roof; dwelling, home, shelter, 6
Hostīlius, -a, -um: Hostilia(n), 1 temperō (1): regulate, refrain from, keep from, 3
interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 5 usque: up to, until; all the way, 4

1 velut captōs: as if…; conditional clause of
comparison
ēgressīs…Albānīs: abl. abs.
2 solō: to…; a noun, dat. of compound verb, i.e.
leveled the buildings
3 ūnā hōrā: abl. of time within
quadringentōrum annōrum: gen. description
modifying opus
quibus…steterat: in which…; relative and abl.
time when
4 excidiō ac ruīnīs: dat. ind. obj.
templīs de(ōr)um: from…; abl. separation or
dat. (temperō often governs a dat.)
5 ēdictum…fuerat: had been (once)…; plpf.
pass., the use of fuerat instead of erat stresses
the completedness of the action
temperātum est: they… ‘it was refrained,’
impers. pf. pass. is often translated actively in
English
6 ruīnīs: abl. source or means
7 urbī: dat. ind. obj. or compound verb
quō…habitāretur: so that…; purpose
frequentius: comparative adv.
eam sēdem…capit: takes it as seat…; eam
refers to Caelius but is assimilated into the fem.
by sēdem
rēgiae: of the royal house, of the palace
9 in patrēs: among…
ut…crēsceret: so that…might….; purpose
reī pūblicae: of the government, of the (public)
state, of the commonwealth
lēgit: chose
10 Iūliōs…Cloelīōs: in apposition to prīncipēs:
well-known families in Roman history
11 templum: a consecrated place; a place
consecrated by augurs and not necessarily a
building
ōrdinī ab sē auctō: for the order…; i.e. for the
senate, dat. of interest and PPP augeō
fēcit: pf. faciō governs a double acc.
Hostīlia: Curia Hostilia; the traditional senate
house until it burned down in 52 BC
12 ut…adicierētur: so that…; purpose, impf.
subj.
omnium ōrdinum: modifying vīribus

81
30.3-7 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

vīribus aliquid ex novō populō adicerētur equitum decem turmās 1

ex Albānīs lēgit, legiōnēs et veterēs eōdem supplementō explēvit et
novās scrīpsit.
4. hāc fīdūciā vīrium Tullus Sabīnīs bellum indīcit, gentī eā
tempestāte secundum Etrūscōs opulentissimae virīs armīsque. 5
utrimque iniūriae factae ac rēs nēquīquam erant repetītae. 5. Tullus
ad Fērōniae fānum mercātū frequentī negōtiātōrēs Rōmānōs
comprehēnsōs querēbātur, Sabīnī suōs prius in lūcum cōnfūgisse
ac Rōmae retentōs. hae causae bellī ferēbantur.
6. Sabīnī haud parum memorēs et suārum vīrium partem Rōmae 10
ab Tatiō locātam et Rōmānam rem nūper etiam adiectiōne populī
Albānī auctam, circumspicere et ipsī externa auxilia. 7. Etrūriā erat
adiectio, adiectiōnis f.: addition, 1 lūcus, -ī m.: grove, 7
auxilium, -ī n.: help, aid, assistance, 3 memor, -is: mindful, remembering (gen.), 7
circumspiciō, -ere, -spexī: look around, 1 mercātus, -ūs m.: market; trading, traffic, 1
comprehendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: grasp, arrest, 4 negōtiātor, -is m.: trader, businessman, 1
cōnfugiō, -ere, -fūgī: flee, 2 nēquīquam: to no purpose, in vain, 3
decem: ten, 3 nūper: recently, lately, not long ago, 4
Etrūria, -ae f.: Etruria, 5 opulentus, -a, -um: opulent, wealthy, 5
expleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētum: fulfull, fill out, 4 parum: adv. too little, 6
externus, -a, -um: external, foreign, 3 queror, -ī, questum: complain, lament, 1
Fērōnia, -ae f.: Feronia (goddess), 1 retineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum: to hold back, 2
fīdūcia, -ae f.: confidence, reliance, trust, 1 scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptum: write, 6
frequēns, frequentis: crowded, busy, 6 supplēmentum, -ī n.: supply, supplement, 1
legio, legiōnis f.: legion, 7 tempestās, -tātis f.: time; weather, 6
locō (1): to put, place, 3 turma, -ae f.: squadron (30 riders), 1

1 vīribus: to…; dat. of compound, pl. vīs negōtiātōrēs…comprehēnsōs (esse): that…;

2 lēgit: chose, appointed
et…et…: both…and…
scrīpsit: registered, enrolled
4 hāc fidūciā vīrium: because of…; abl. cause
and objective gen. vīs
Sabīnīs: on…; dat. of compound verb
gentī…opulentissimae: dat. in apposition to
Sabīnīs
eā tempestāte: at…; abl. time when; tempestās
means ‘time’ here and eā is demonstrative
5 secundum: following after…
virīs armīsque: in…; abl. respect, vir and arma
6 factae: PPP with nom. iniūriae
rēs: restitution
erant repetītae: plpf. pass.
7 ad: at…
(in) mercātū frequentī: abl. place where; 3rd
decl. i-stem abl. or possibly abl. time when:
during peak trading hours
pf. pass. inf.
8 Sabīnī (querēbantur): add main verb, the
Sabines have complaints of their own
suōs (hominēs)…cōnfūgisse…retentōs (esse):
that their own (people)…; pf. act. and pf. pass.
inf.
in lūcum: i.e. seeking sanctuary
9 Rōmae: at…; locative
ferēbantur: were reported
10 et suārum vīrium partem…locātam (esse):
both that a part of…; first half of ind. disc. with
pf. pass. inf. governed by memorēs
11 et Rōmānam rem…auctam (esse): and that
the Roman state…; second half of ind. disc. with
pf. pass. inf. governed by memorēs
12 circumspicere: look around for; historical inf.
with nom. subject Sabīnī: translate as 3p impf.
et ipsī: themselves also

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 Tullus Hostilius 30.7-10

vīcīna, proximī Etrūscōrum Vēientēs. inde ob residuās bellōrum 1

īrās maximē sollicitātīs ad dēfectiōnem animīs voluntāriōs trāxēre,
et apud vagōs quōsdam ex inopī plēbe etiam mercēs valuit: pūblicō
auxiliō nūllō adiūtī sunt valuitque apud Vēientēs—nam dē cēterīs
minus mīrum est—pacta cum Rōmulō indūtiārum fidēs. 5
8. cum bellum utrimque summā ope parārent vertīque in eō rēs
vidērētur utrī prius arma īnferrent, occupat Tullus in agrum
Sabīnum trānsīre. 9. pugna atrōx ad silvam Malitiōsam fuit, ubi et
peditum quidem rōbore, cēterum equitātū auctō nūper plūrimum
Rōmāna aciēs valuit. 10. ab equitibus repente invectīs turbātī 10
ōrdinēs sunt Sabīnōrum, nec pugna deinde illīs cōnstāre nec fugā
explicārī sine magnā caede potuit.
adiuvō, -āre, -iūvī, adiūtum: help, assist, 6 pacīscō, -ere, , pactum: agree upon; betroth, 2
atrōx, atrōcis: savage, cruel, atrocious, 7 pedes, peditis m.: foot soldier; infantry, 5
auxilium, -ī n.: help, aid, assistance, 3 plūrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 4
cēterum: but, in other respects; besides, 7 repente: suddenly, 5
cōnstō, -āre, -stitī: it is agreed; stand firm, 6 residuus, -a, -um: residual, remaining, 1
dēfectiō, -iōnis f.: revolt, 1 rōbor, rōboris n.: oak; strength, 5
equitātus, -ūs m.: cavalry, 3 silva, -ae f.: wood, forest, woodland, 3
explicō (1): to untangle, unfold; explain, 2 sollicitō (1): to agitate, stir, worry, 3
indūtiae, -ārum f.: a truce, 3 trahō, -ere, trāxī, tractum: draw, drag, 6
inops (inopis): poverty-stricken, poor, 1 turbō (1): throw in confusion, disturb, 5
invehō, -ere, -vexī, -vectum: convey, bring in, 5 uter, utra, utrum: which (of two), 7
Malitiosa, -ae f.: Malitiosa (forest), 1 vagus, -a, -um: wandering, roaming, 1
mercēs, mercēdis f.: pay, wages; bribe, 2 valeō, -ēre, uī: be strong, be effective, prevail, 4
mīrus, -a, -um: amazing, surprising, 7 vīcīnus, -a, -um: neighboring, 6
nūper: recently, lately, not long ago, 4 voluntārius, -iī m.: volunteer, 2

1 Vēientēs (erant): nom. pred. vertī: pass. inf.

2 sollicitātīs…animīs: abl. abs.; i.e. a revolt from
the treaty the Veientes struck with the Romans
trāxēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.; i.e. gathered;
The Sabines are subject, and the Veientes are
the object.
3 apud: among…
vagōs: transients; i.e. those without property
etiam: even
valuit: prevailed
pūblicō auxiliō nūllō: i.e. the Veientes offered
no public money to the Sabines/
4 valuitque: and…prevailed; pacta fīdēs is subject
apud: among
dē cēterīs (Etrūscīs): concerning the rest (of the
Etruscans); who had no motive to attack Rome
5 minus mīrum est: it is…; impers. verb and
comparative adv.
indūtiārum: translate as sg.
6 cum…parārent: impf. subj.
summā ope: abl. manner
83
in eō: on this; i.e. the following question
7 vidērētur: seemed
utrī…īnferrent: which one was to…; ind.
deliberative question; utrī is nom. pl.
occupat: seizes (the opportunity) + inf.; i.e. to
do something first
agrum: land
8 et...quidem…cēterum: certainly…but more so;
quidem is concessive in sense when followed by
adversative
peditum rōbore: because of…; abl. cause
equitātū auctō nūper: because of…; abl. cause
plūrimum valuit: prevailed the most; ‘was the
most powerful,’ inner acc. and superlative of
multus
10 ab: as a result of…
turbātī…sunt
11 nec pugna cōnstāre…potuit: the battle-line
was able neither to stand firm…
31.1-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

31. dēvictīs Sabīnīs cum in magnā glōriā magnīsque opibus 1

rēgnum Tullī ac tōta rēs Rōmāna esset, nūntiātum rēgī patribusque
est in monte Albānō lapidibus plūvisse. 2. quod cum crēdī vix
posset, missīs ad id vīsendum prōdigium in cōnspectū haud aliter
quam cum grandinem ventī glomerātam in terrās agunt crēbrī 5
cecidēre caelō lapidēs. 3. vīsī etiam audīre vōcem ingentem ex
summī cacūminis lūcō ut patriō rītū sacra Albānī facerent, quae
velut dīs quoque simul cum patriā relictīs oblīviōnī dederant, et aut
Rōmāna sacra suscēperant aut fortūnae, ut fit, obīrātī cultum
relīquerant deum. 4. Rōmānīs quoque ab eōdem prōdigiō 10
novendiāle sacrum pūblicē susceptum est, seu vōce caelestī ex
Albānō monte missā—nam id quoque trāditur—seu haruspicum
aliter: otherwise, in another way, 1 lūcus, -ī m.: grove, 7
cacumen, -inis n.: peak, top, 1 novendiālis, -e: a nine-day, of nine days (feast), 1
caelum, -ī n.: sky, 7 obīrascor, -ārī, obīrātum: be angry at (dat), 1
cōnspectus, -ūs m.: sight, view, 7 obliviō, -iōnis f.: oblivion, 1
crēbēr, crēbra, -rum: thick, crowded, 1 patrius, -a, -um: of a father, ancestral, 7
cultus, -ūs m.: worship; cultivation, upbringing, 5 pluō, -ere, -vī: impers. it rains, 1
dēvincō, -ere, -vīcī, -victum: conquer, 2 rītus, -ūs m.: rite, ceremony, 6
glomerō (1): form a ball or mass, 1 suscipiō, -ere, cēpī, ceptum: undertake, take up, 7
grando, grandinis f.: hail, a hail-storm, 1 vīsō, -ere: examine, view carefully, 2
haruspex, -spicis m.: haruspex, 1 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 5
lapis, -idis m.: stone, 4

1 dēvictīs Sabīnīs: abl. abs.
cum…esset
2 rēs Rōmāna: the Roman state
nūntiātum…est: it…; impers.
rēgī patribusque: dat. ind. obj.
3 in monte…plūvisse: that it had…; imper.
pf. inf. and abl. of means
quod: this; connective relative and subject
cum…posset
4 missīs…prōdigium: for (those)…; PPP dat. of
reference: i.e. ‘in the eyes of those…’
ad id vīsendum prōdigium: for…; gerundive +
noun: perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj. or as an inf.
aliter: as often, followed by quam introducing a
clause of comparison
5 cum…agunt: when…drive; temporal clause
6 cecidēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
(ē) caelō
vīsī (sunt): they seemed…; i.e. the same ones
sent (mīssīs) above
7 ut…faceret: that…; ind. command, impf. subj.
patriō rītū: abl. manner
sacra: rites, sacrifices
8 velut d(e)īs…relictīs: as if…; abl. abs. and
conditional clause of comparison; the Albans
had abandoned their gods when they left their
patria and came to Rome
oblīviōnī dederant: i.e. Albans had forgotten
aut…aut…: either…or…
9 suscēperant: Albans are still subject
fortūnae: at their fortune; i.e. their misfortune,
dat. with compound verb
ut fit: as happens; clause of comparison
obīrātī: dep. PPP, translate as ‘having Xed’
cultum…de(ōr)um
10 Rōmānīs: for…; dat. of interest
ab: as a result of…
11 seu…seu…: whether…or…
voce caelestī…missā: because…; causal abl.
abs.; i-stem 3rd decl. abl.
12 trāditur: is handed down; i.e. is reported

84
 Tullus Hostilius 31.4-7

monitū; mānsit certē sollemne ut quandōque idem prōdigium 1

nūntiārētur fēriae per novem diēs agerentur.
5. haud ita multō post pestilentiā labōrātum est. unde cum pigritia
mīlitandī orerētur, nūlla tamen ab armīs quiēs dabātur ā bellicōsō
rēge, salūbriōra etiam crēdente mīlitiae quam domī iuvenum 5
corpora esse, dōnec ipse quoque longinquō morbō est implicitus. 6.
tunc adeō frāctī simul cum corpore sunt spīritūs illī ferōcēs ut quī
nihil ante ratus esset minus rēgium quam sacrīs dedere animum,
repente omnibus magnīs parvīsque superstitiōnibus obnoxius
dēgeret religiōnibusque etiam populum implēret. 7. volgō iam 10
hominēs eum statum rērum quī sub Numā rēge fuerat requīrentēs,
ūnam opem aegrīs corporibus relictam sī pāx veniaque ab dīs
aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, injured; adv. poorly, 6 pigritia, -ae f.: reluctance, sluggishness, 1
bellicōsus, -a, -um: warlike, 2 quandōque: whenever, 1
dēgō, -ere, dēgī: spend, pass (time), 1 quiēs, quiētis f.: rest, repose, sleep, 4
fēriae, -ārum f.: festival, 1 religio, -iōnis f.: religious scruple/observance, 7
frangō, -ere, frēgī, frāctum: break, 1 repente: suddenly, 5
implicō, -āre, -āvī(uī), itum: entangle, enfold, 1 requīrō, -ere: seek out, ask, inquire, 1
labōrō (1): work, toil, labor, strive, 2 salūbris, -e: healthy, useful, 4
longinquus, -a, -um: prolonged; distant, 1 spīritus, -ūs m.: breath; spirit, 2
militō (1): serve as a soldier, 1 status, -ūs m.: position, condition, state, 2
monitus, -ūs m.: warning, admonition, 2 superstitiō, -tiōnis f.: superstition, 1
morbus, -ī m.: disease, sickness, illness, 1 tunc: then, at that time, 3
novem: nine, 1 venia, -ae f.: mercy, indulgence, favor, 3
obnoxius, -a, -um: subject to, obedient to (dat.), 2 vulgus (volgus), -ī n.: mass, masses, crowd, 7
pestilentia, -ae f.: plague, pestilence, 1

1 monitū: because of…; abl. cause domī: at…; locative

certē: at least
ut…agerentur: that…was celebrated; ‘was
conducted,’ ind. command
quandōque…nūntiārētur: whenever…; subj. of
subordinate verb in a ind. command
3 multō: much; ‘by much,’ abl. of degree of
difference modifying post
labōrātum est: they…; ‘it was struggled,’
impers. pf. pass.: translate as active in English
unde: then; connective relative: translate
as a demonstrative, e.g. inde
cum…orerētur: although…; concessive,
impf. pass. subj. orior
4 mīlitandī: gen. gerund (-ing)
ab armīs: from…; abl. of separation
ā bellicōsō rēge: abl. agent
salūbriōra…corpora esse: that…; ind. disc.
with comparative adj.; governed by credente
5 crēdente: modifying rēge
mīlitae: abroad; ‘in military service,’ locative
6 ipse: (the king) himself
7 frāctī…sunt: spīritūs illī ferōcēs is the subject;
translate in the sg.; illī indicates something well-
known or renowned: that (famous) spiritedness
cum corpore: with the body
ut…dēgeret: that…; result clause, impf. subj.
quī…ratus esset: (the man) who…; relative of
characteristic with plpf. dep. reor
8 nihil (esse) minus rēgium…animum: that
nothing (was)…; here with clause of comparison
sacrīs: dat. ind. obj.
dedere: to give; inf. dedō
10 dēgeret (vitam)
volgō: in general; ‘in a mass,’ an abl. adv,
11 eum statum rērum: that…; demonstrative
12 ūnam opem…relictam (esse): that only one
help …; pf. pass.relinquō, ‘be left’ governed by
crēdēbant
aegrīs corporibus: for…; dat. of interest
ab d(e)īs

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31.7-32.2 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

impetrāta esset crēdēbant. 8. ipsum rēgem trādunt volventem 1

commentāriōs Numae, cum ibi quaedam occulta sollemnia
sacrificia Iovī Ēliciō facta invēnisset, operātum hīs sacrīs sē
abdidisse; sed nōn rītē initum aut cūrātum id sacrum esse, nec
sōlum nūllam eī oblātam caelestium speciem sed īrā Iovis 5
sollicitātī prāvā religiōne fulmine ictum cum domō cōnflagrāsse.
Tullus magnā glōriā bellī rēgnāvit annōs duōs et trīgintā.
32. mortuō Tullō rēs, ut īnstitūtum iam inde ab initiō erat, ad
patrēs redierat hīque interrēgem nōmināverant. quō comitia
habente Ancum Marcium rēgem populus creāvit; patrēs fuēre 10
auctōrēs.
Numae Pompilī rēgis nepōs fīliā ortus Ancus Marcius erat. 2. Quī
abdō, -ere, -didī, -ditus: hide, put away, 3 nōminō (1): (call by) name, mention, 3
comitium, -ī n.: assembly; elections, 6 occultus, -a, -um: concealed, hidden, 2
commentārius, -ī m.: commentary, 3 offerō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: offer, present, 3
cōnflagrō (1): burn up, be consumed, 1 operor, -ārī, -ātum: be occupied with, devote
cūrō (1): care for, take care of, attend to, 3 onself to, engage in (often religious rite) (dat.), 1
Ēlicius, -ī m.: Eliciter, (epithet of Jupiter), 2 Pompilius, -iī m.: Pompilius, 4
fulmen, -minis n.: lightning, thunderbolt, 3 prāvus, -a, -um: wrong, crooked, wrong, 4
impetrō (1): obtain, accomplish, 2 religiō, -iōnis f.: religious scruple/observance, 7
ineō, -īre, -īī, -itum: go into, enter, initiate, 7 rītē: duly, fitly, 3
interrēx, -rēgis m.: interim king, 2 sacrificium, ī n.: sacrifice, 7
Mārcius, -ī n.: Marcius, Ancus Marcius, 4 sollicitō (1): to agitate, stir, worry, 3
mortuus, -a, -um: dead, 4 trīginta: thirty, 7
nepōs, nepōtis m.: grandson, decendent, 7 volvō, -ere, volvī: turn over, roll over, 3

1 impetrāta esset: plpf. dep. subj. of subordinate
verb in ind. disc.; equiv. to fut. pf. indicative in
direct speech
ipsum rēgem…abdidisse: that…; pf. inf.
trādunt: they hand down; i.e. they report
2 cum…invēnisset
occulta: i.e. not publicly performed
3 Iovī Ēliciō: for…; dat. interest
operātum hīs sacrīs: dep. PPP: translate as
‘having Xed;’ and dat. obj.
4 nōn rītē initum (esse)…id sacrum esse: that
this…; pf. pass. inf. ineō, cūrō governed by
trādunt,
nec sōlum…sed: not only…but (also)…
5 nūllam…oblātam (esse)…speciem: that…; pf.
pass. inf. offerō
eī: dat. ind. obj., is
(eum) īrā...cōnflagrā(vi)sse: that he…; pf. inf.
with abl. cause
6 prāvā religiōne: abl. cause with sollicitātī
ictum: PPP iciō
cum: along with…
7 magnā glōriā bellī: with…; abl. of attendant
circumstances
annōs duōs et trīgintā: for…; acc. duration
8 mortuō Tullō: abl. abs., supply pple ‘being’
rēs: the state
ut īnstitūtum…erat: as it…; clause of
comparison; impers. plpf. pass.
9 quō…habente: this one…; abl. abs. with
connective relative quō, i.e. the interrex
crēavit: governs a double acc. (obj. and pred.)
10 fuēr(unt) auctōrēs: i.e. authorized it
12 fīliā: from…; abl. of origin
ortus est: pf. dep. orior
Quī: This one…; connective relative, translate
as a demonstrative in English

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 Ancus Marcius 32.2-3

ut rēgnāre coepit et avītae glōriae memor et quia proximum 1

rēgnum, cētera ēgregium, ab ūnā parte haud satis prōsperum fuerat
aut neglēctīs religiōnibus aut prāvē cultīs, longē antīquissimum
ratus sacra pūblica ut ab Numā īnstitūta erant facere, omnia ea ex
commentāriīs rēgiīs pontificem in album ēlāta prōpōnere in 5
pūblicō iubet.
inde et cīvibus ōtiī cupidīs et fīnitimīs cīvitātibus facta spēs in
avī mōrēs atque īnstitūta rēgem abitūrum. 3. igitur Latīnī cum
quibus Tullō rēgnante ictum foedus erat sustulerant animōs, et cum
incursiōnem in agrum Rōmānum fēcissent repetentibus rēs 10
Rōmānīs superbē respōnsum reddunt, dēsidem Rōmānum rēgem
inter sacella et ārās āctūrum esse rēgnum ratī.
album, -ī n.: a whitewashed board, 1 neglegō, ere, -lēxī, neglēctum: to neglect, 2
antīquus, -a, -um: ancient; better, important, 5 ōtium, -iī n.: leisure, peace, 5
āra, ārae f.: altar, 6 pontifex, -ficis m.: priest, pontifex, 5
avītus, -a, -um: ancestral, of a grandfather, 5 prāvus, -a, -um: wrong, crooked, wrong, 4
commentārius, -ī m.: commentary, 3 prōpōnō, -ere: publish, put forth, 1
colō, -ere, coluī, cultum: cultivate; worship, 3 prōsperus, -a, -um: favorable, successful, 2
cupīdus, -a, -um: desirous for, eager for (gen.), 1 religiō, -iōnis f.: religious scruple/observance, 7
dēses, dēsidis: inactive, idle (sitting down), 1 respōnsum, -ī n.: answer, reply, 5
ēfferō, -ere, -tulī, -lātum: carry out, lift, 5 sacellum, -ī n.: sanctuary (unroofed, w/ altar), 3
ēgregius, -a, -um: excellent, outstanding, 4 superbus, -a, -um: arrogant, proud; Superbus, 7
incursiō, -iōnis f.: incursion, 2 tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātum: lift up; raze, 5
memor, -is: mindful, remembering (gen.), 7

1 ut…coepit: as…; temporal clause facta (est)

et…et…: both…and…; note the lack of
parallelism
2 cētera: otherwise; ‘in other respects,’ adv. acc.
3 aut…aut…: either,…or…
ab ūnā parte: in one part
neglectīs…cultīs: abl. abs.
longē antīquissimum (esse)…facere: (that it
was) by far most important to…
4 ratus: PPP dep. reor: translate as ‘having Xed’
ut…īnstitūta erant: just as…; clause of
comparison
omnia ea…prōpōnere in pūblicō (locō): that…
ea: those things; acc. pl. demonstrative
5 ēlāta: PPP ēfferō
7 et cīvibus…et finītimīs cīvitātibus…: both
for…and for…; dat. of interest
ōtiī: for…; objective gen.
8 in avī…rēgem abitūrum (esse): that the
king…; in apposition to spēs with fut. inf. abeō;
i.e. that he would avoid Tullus’ mistakes and
adopt the ways of Numa, Anca’s grandfather
īnstituta: procedures; i.e. of governing
9 Tullō rēgnante: abl. abs.
ictum…est: pf. pass. iciō
sustulerant: plpf. tollō
cum…fēcissent: plpf. subj.
10 agrum: land
repententibus rēs Rōmānīs: dat. ind. obj. and
pres. pple; rēs means ‘restitution’
11 dēsidem…actūrum esse…: that…would
idly spend…; fut. inf. agō; dēsidem, ‘idle,’ is
predicative and best translated as an adverb
12 ratī: dep. PPP reor: translate as ‘having Xed’

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32.4-6 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

4.medium erat in Ancō ingenium, et Numae et Rōmulī memor; et 1

praeterquam quod avī rēgnō magis necessāriam fuisse pācem
crēdēbat cum in novō tum ferōcī populō, etiam quod illī contigisset
ōtium sine iniūriā id sē haud facile habitūrum; temptārī patientiam
et temptātam contemnī, temporaque esse Tullō rēgī aptiōra quam 5
Numae. 5. ut tamen, quoniam Numa in pāce religiōnēs īnstituisset,
ā sē bellicae caerimōniae prōderentur, nec gererentur sōlum sed
etiam indīcerentur bella aliquō rītū, iūs ab antīquā gente Aequicolīs
quod nunc fētiālēs habent dēscrīpsit, quō rēs repetuntur.
6. lēgātus ubi ad fīnēs eōrum venit unde rēs repetuntur, capite 10
vēlātō fīlō—lānae vēlāmen est—’audī, Iuppiter’ inquit; ‘audīte,
fīnēs’—cuiuscumque gentis sunt, nōminat—; ‘audiat Fās. ego sum
Aequicolī, -ōrum m.: a portion of the Aequi, memor, -is: mindful, remembering (gen.), 7
dwelling in Sabine territory, 1 necessārius, -a, -um: necessary, inevitable, 2
antīquus, -a, -um: ancient; better, important, 5 nōminō (1): (call by) name, mention, 3
aptus, -a, -um: fitting, suitable for (dat.), 6 ōtium, -iī n.: leisure, peace, 5
avus, avī m.: grandfather, 3 patientia, -ae f.: endurance, patience, 2
bellicus, -a, -um: of war, 1 praeterquam: besides, beyond; except, 4
caerimōnia, -ae f.: ceremony, rite, 3 prōdō, ere, -didī: publish, bring forth; betray, 2
contemnō, -ere, -tempsī: despise, scorn, 1 quoniam: since (now), seeing that, 5
contingō, -ere, -tigī,: to touch, happen, 2 religiō, -iōnis f.: religious scruple/observance, 7
describō, -ere, -psī, -ptum: draw up, arrange, 1 rītus, -ūs m.: rite, ceremony, 6
fās n.: right, righteousness, divine law, 6 temptō (1): attempt, test; attack, 5
fētiālis, -e: fetialis (type of priest), 5 vēlāmen, -minis n.: covering, veil, 1
fīlum, -ī n.: thread; fillet of wool, 1 vēlō (1): to veil, shroud, 3
lāna, -ae f.: wool, 2

1 medium: moderate; i.e. well-balanced, not temporaque…Numae: and that…

favoring religion or war exclusively
et…et…: both,…and…
et praeterquam quod…crēdēbat: and besides
the fact that…; quod introduces a noun clause
2 avī rēgnō…fuisse pācem: that…; pf. inf. sum
avī rēgnō: for…; dat. of interest
3 cum…tum…: both…and…
etiam (crēdēbat) quod…: he also (believed)…
quod…contigisset ōtium …id: that peace
which had happened to that one without injury;
ōtiium…id is the antecedent the relative clause
quod…contigisset; dat. illī refers to Numa, and
theverb is subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc.;
otium…id is obj. of habitūrum (esse)
4 sē…habitūrum (esse): that he…; fut. inf. habeō;
governed by etiam (crēdēbat) above
facile: adv.
temptārī patientiam: that…; again governed
by etiam (crēdēbat)
5 (patientiam) temptātum contemnī: that…;
pass. inf.; add an acc. subject; PPP temptō
88
quam Numae…: clause of comparison
6 ut…prōderentur…gererentur…indīcerentur:
so that…; purpose, impf. subj., i.e. established as
a custom
7 nec…sōlum sed etiam: not only…but also…
gererentur: in same purpose clause, gerō,
‘conduct’
aliquō rītū: with…; abl. manner
8 iūs…dēscrīpsit: the main clause; iūs, ‘law’
Aequicolīs: in apposition to antīquā gente
9 quō: by which…; abl. means
rēs: restitution
10 lēgātus: i.e. the Pater Patratus discussed earlier
capite vēlātō fīlō: abl. abs., the fīlō is likely a
fillet of wool worn by priests
12 fīnēs: vocative dir. address
cuiuscumque…sunt: of…; relative clause with
gen. adjective quīcumque, ‘whichsoever’
audiat: let…; jussive pres. subj.
Fās: personfied and subject of audiat
 Ancus Marcius 32.6-10

pūblicus nūntius populī Rōmānī; iūstē piēque lēgātus veniō, 1

verbīsque meīs fidēs sit.’ peragit deinde postulāta. 7. inde Iovem
testem facit: ‘sī ego iniūstē impiēque illōs hominēs illāsque rēs
dēdier mihi exposcō, tum patriae compotem mē nunquam sīrīs
esse.’ haec, 8. cum fīnēs suprāscandit, haec, quīcumque eī prīmus 5
vir obvius fuerit, haec portam ingrediēns, haec forum ingressus,
paucīs verbīs carminis concipiendīque iūris iūrandī mūtātīs,
peragit. 9. sī nōn dēduntur quōs exposcit diēbus tribus et trīgintā—
tot enim sollemnēs sunt—perāctīs bellum ita indīcit: ‘audī,
Iuppiter, et tū, Iāne Quirīne, dīque omnēs caelestēs, vōsque 10
terrestrēs vōsque īnfernī, audīte; 10. ego vōs testor populum
illum’—quīcumque est, nōminat—’iniūstum esse neque iūs
carmen, carminis n.: song, prediction, 6 nōminō (1): (call by) name, mention, 3
compos (compotis): partaking of, possessing, 2 nunquam: never, at no time, 1
concipiō, -ere, -cēpī: conceive, take in, 3 obvius, -a, -um: in the way of (dat), 5
exposcō, -ere, -poposcī: pray for, demand, 3 paucī, -ae, -a: few, 1
forum, -ī n.: forum, marketplace, 2 pius, -a, -um: dutiful, pious, 3
Iānus, -ī m.: Janus, 2 postulō (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 1
impius, -a, -um: unholy, impious, 3 Quirīnus, -ī m.: Quirinus (Romulus), 2
īnfernus, -a, -um: of the lower world, 1 suprāscandō, -ere: climb over, 1
ingredior -gredī -gressum: step in, enter, 4 terrestris, -e: of earth, 1
iniūstus, -a, -um: unjust, 3 testis, -is m/f: witness, 4
iūrō (1): to swear (an oath), 6 testor, -ārī, -ātum: bear witness, make a will, 2
iūstus, -a, -um: just, legitimate, 5 tot: so many, 5
mūtō (1): to change, 6 trīginta: thirty, 7

1 piēque: et piē; adv. pius
lēgātus: as…
2 verbīs mēis…sit: let my words have…; dat. of
possession and jussive pres. subj. sum
peragit: go though
postulāta: demands; substantive, PPP
Iovem: acc. Jupiter
3 facit: governs a double acc. (obj. and pred.)
impiēque: et impiē; adv. impius
illōs…dēdier mihi: that…; dēdier is an archaic
form for dedī, pass. inf. of dedō, ‘give up’ or
‘surrender;’ mihi is dat. ind. obj.
4 patriae compotem…mē…esse: that I…;
governed by nunquam sīrīs
nunquam si(ve)rīs: may you never permit…; 2s
pf. optative subj. (subj. of wish) sīnō, ‘allow’
5 haec (verba)…haec…haec…haec…peragit:
he goes through these (words)…these (same
words) …these (same words)…these (same
words); parallelism and asyndeton
quīcumque…fuerit: (to the one) whosoever…;
relative clause of characterstic with pf. subj.
sum: translate as pf.
eī: dat. of special adj. obvius, is
6 portam ingrediēns: (while)…; pres. pple
forum ingressus: dep. PPP
paucīs…mūtātīs: abl abs.
carminis concipiendīque iūris iūrandī: for
conceiving…and…; two noun + gerundive pairs:
peform flips and translate as gerunds (-ing) +
objs.; iūs iurāndum, ‘swearing an oath,’
8 quōs exposcit: (those) whom…; the missing
antecedent is subject of dēduntur
diēbus tribus et trīgintā…peractīs: abl. abs.,
interrupted by a parenthetical statement
9 sollemnēs: customary, regular
10 Iāne Quirīne: Janus Quirinus; vocative dir.
address; the god of beginning and ending war
d(e)īque…īnfernī: vocative dir. address
11 populum…esse…persolvere: that…
12 quīcumque est: i.e. populum; obj. of nōminat
iūs persolvere: populum illum is acc. subject

89
32.10-12 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

persolvere; sed dē istīs rēbus in patriā maiōrēs nātū cōnsulēmus, 1

quō pactō iūs nostrum adipīscāmur.’ cum †. . . . .† nūntius Rōmam
ad cōnsulendum redit. 11. cōnfestim rēx hīs fermē verbīs patrēs
cōnsulēbat: ‘quārum rērum lītium causārum condīxit pater patrātus
populī Rōmānī Quirītium patrī patrātō Prīscōrum Latīnōrum 5
hominibusque Prīscīs Latīnīs, quās rēs nec dedērunt [nec solvērunt].
nec fēcērunt, quās rēs darī fierī [solvī] oportuit, dīc’ inquit eī quem
prīmum sententiam rogābat, ‘quid cēnsēs?’ tum ille: 12. ‘pūrō
piōque duellō quaerendās cēnseō, itaque cōnsentiō cōnscīscōque.’
inde ōrdine aliī rogābantur; quandōque pars maior eōrum quī 10
aderant in eandem sententiam ībat, bellum erat cōnsēnsum. fierī
solitum ut fētiālis hastam ferrātam aut praeustam sanguineam ad
adipīscor, -ī, adeptus: obtain, overtake, 3 nātus, -ūs m.: birth, 1
adsum, -esse, -fuī: be present, assist, 6 oportet, -uit: it is right, proper, fitting, 3
cēnseō, -ēre, -uī, -sum: think, judge; register, 7 pactum, -ī n.: pact, agreement, 4
condīcō, -ere, -xī: give notice, demand back, 1 patrō (1): bring to pass, execute, accomplish, 7
cōnfestim: at once, immediately, 4 persolvō, -ere: pay, perform, 1
cōnscīscō, -ere, -scīvī: assent (by vote), resolve, 2 pius, -a, -um: dutiful, pious, 3
cōnsentiō, -īre, -sī: agree, agree upon, 3 praeūrō, -ere, -ussī, -ustum: harden by fire, 1
duellum, -ī n.: combat, fight; war, 1 pūrus, -a, -um: clean, pure; free, 4
fermē: nearly, about, 4 quandō: when, since, 3
ferrātus, -a, -um: iron-pointed, 1 rogō (1): to ask, ask for, 7
fētiālis, -e: fetialis (type of priest), 5 sanguineus, -a, -um: bloody, stained with blood, 1
hasta, -ae f.: spear, 5 sententia, -ae f.: opinion, thought, feeling, 4
iste, ista, istud: that/those (of yours), 2 soleō, -ēre, solitum: be accustomed, 3
līs, lītis f.: lawsuit, legal dispute, 1 solvō, -ere, -vī, solūtum: loosen; pay, 4

1 persolvere: pay; i.e. perform the just response
maiōrēs nātū: elders; ‘greater by birth,’ abl. of
respect and comparative magnus; i.e. senators
cōnsulēmus: fut.
2 quō pactō adipīscāmur: with what...we are
to…; ind. deliberative subj. with 1p pres. subj.
and abl. means
†. . . . .†: A obelus (†) indicates that the clause
inbetween is corrupt but the editor does not
know how to emend it.
Rōmam: acc. place to which
3 ad cōnsulendum: for…; ad + gerund (-ing)
expressing purpose
4 quārum rērum lītium causārum…Lātīnīs:
about what restitution, about (what) disputes,
about (what) cases,,,; gen. of charge with
condīxit, translate into English as dē + abl.
constructions; a series of relative clauses
governed by quid cēnsēs in line 8
condīxit: has given formal notice; the noun
condictio is used when a plaintiff summons a
defendant to court
90
4 pater…Quirītium: Pater Patratus…; subject
5 patrī patrātō…Latīnīs: to the Pater…; dat. obj.
6 quās rēs…fēcērunt: what restitution…; relative
adj. and clause; quibus rēbus is the antecedent
[nec solvērunt], [solvī]: omit from translation
7 (et) quās rēs…oportuit: what restitution it has
been right…; see note above; impers. 3s pf.
dīc: imper. dīcō but not governed
eī: to that one i.e a senator, dat. ind. obj.
quem…rogābat: the verb governs a double acc.
8 Quid cēnsēs (dē eīs): What do you think (about
those things)?; supply a pronoun as the missing
antecedent for quārum in the relative clause
above
tum ille (dīxit): i.e. the senator addressed
pūrō…(rēs) quaerendās (esse): that restitution
must be…; passive periphrastic (gerundive +
esse); supply the acc. subject rēs from context
10 ōrdine: in…; abl. of manner
11 ībat: impf. eō, īre
fierī solitum (erat): it was customary to happen
12 ut…ferret: that…; noun result clause after fierī
 Ancus Marcius 32.12-33.1

fīnēs eōrum ferret et nōn minus tribus pūberibus praesentibus 1

dīceret: 13. ‘quod populī Prīscōrum Latīnōrum hominēsque Prīscī
Latīnī adversus populum Rōmānum Quirītium fēcērunt
dēlīquērunt, quod populus Rōmānus Quirītium bellum cum Prīscīs
Latīnīs iussit esse senātusque populī Rōmānī Quirītium cēnsuit 5
cōnsēnsit cōnscīvit ut bellum cum Prīscīs Latīnīs fieret, ob eam
rem ego populusque Rōmānus populīs Prīscōrum Latīnōrum
hominibusque Prīscīs Latīnīs bellum indīcō faciōque.’ 14. id ubi
dīxisset, hastam in fīnēs eōrum ēmittēbat. Hōc tum modō ab
Latīnīs repetītae rēs ac bellum indictum, mōremque eum posterī 10
accēpērunt.
33. Ancus dēmandātā cūrā sacrōrum flāminibus sacerdōtibusque
cēnseō, -ēre, -uī, -sum: think, judge; register, 7 flāmen, flāminis, m.: priest, 5
cōnscīscō, -ere, -scīvī: assent (by vote), resolve, 2 hasta, -ae f.: spear, 5
cōnsentiō, -īre, -sī: agree, 3 praesēns, -sentis: present, being present, 7
dēlinquō, -ere, -uī, -ī m.: commit a fault, 1 pūbēs, pūberis f.: men (young, of military age), 7
dēmandō (1): to entrust, commend, 1 senātus, -ūs f.: senate, 5
ēmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: send out, 3

1 ferret et…diceret: impf. subj. in result clause
nōn minus (quam) tribus pūberibus
praesentibus: with no less (than) three men of
military age being present; abl. abs., pres. pple
2 quod…fēcērunt (et) dēlīquērunt: whereas…;
‘in respect to the fact that…’ quod is acc. of
respect introducing a non clause; this
serves as a legal preamble to the main clause
Quirītium: of the Quirites
3 adversus: against + acc.
4 (et) quod…iussit…cēnsuit (et) cōnsēnsit (et)
cōnscīvit: (and) whereas…; ‘in respect to the
fact that…’ quod is again acc. of respect
introducing another noun clause
6 ut…fieret: that…; ind. command, impf. subj. fiō
ob eam rem: for this reason
7 populīs…Latīnīs: upon…; dat. of compound
verb
8 id ubi dīxisset: whenever he…; Livy uses the
impf. and, as here, plpf. subj. to indicate
repeated action in the past; this construction,
called an ‘indefinite relative clause’ or a ‘past
general temporal clause,’ is common in Greek
but found only in this instance in book 1
9 ēmittēbat: he used to…; or ‘he would…’
customary impf.
s eōrum: i.e. of the enemy
hōc modō: in…; abl. of manner
ab Latīnīs: abl. of separation
10 repetītae (sunt)
rēs: restitution
indictum (est)
mōrem eum: demonstrative
posterī (Rōmānī): nom. pl.
12 dēmandātā cūrā sacrōrum: abl. abs.
flāminibus sacerdōtibusque aliīs: dat. ind obj.
of dēmandāta

91
33.1-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

aliīs, exercitū novō cōnscrīptō profectus, Politōrium, urbem 1

Latīnōrum, vī cēpit; secūtusque mōrem rēgum priōrum, quī rem
Rōmānam auxerant hostibus in cīvitātem accipiendīs,
multitūdinem omnem Rōmam trādūxit. 2. et cum circā Palātium,
sēdem veterum Rōmānōrum, Sabīnī Capitōlium atque arcem, 5
Caelium montem Albānī implēssent, Aventīnum novae multitūdinī
datum. additī eōdem haud ita multō post, Tellēnīs Ficānāque
captīs, novī cīvēs.
3. Politōrium inde rūrsus bellō repetītum quod vacuum
occupāverant Prīscī Latīnī, eaque causa dīruendae urbis eius fuit 10
Rōmānīs nē hostium semper receptāculum esset. 4. postrēmō omnī
bellō Latīnō Medulliam compulsō, aliquamdiū ibi Mārte incertō,
aliquamdiū: for some long time, 2 Mārs, Mārtis m.: Mars, 6
Aventīnum, ī n. (us, -ī m.): Aventine hill, 4 Medullia, -ae f.: Medullia (Latin town), 2
Caelius, -ī m.: Caelius, Caelian mountain, 1 Politōrium, -ī n.: Politorium, 2
Capitōlium, -ī n.: Capitolium, 4 postrēmō,: at last, finally; abl. as adv., 5
compellō, -ere, -pulī: drive back or together, 2 receptāculum, -ī n.: refuge, shelter, 2
cōnscrībō, -ere, -psī, -ptum: register, enroll, 3 rūrsus: again, backward, back, 3
dīruō, -ere, -ī, -utum: tear down, destroy, 4 Tellēna, -ōrum n.: Tellena (town), 1
Ficāna, -ae f.: Ficana (town), 1 trādūcō, -ere, -dūxī: carry across, 4
incertus, -a, -um: unreliable, doubtful, 5 vacuus, -a, -um: empty, fear, vacant, 3

1 exercitū novō cōnscrīptō: abl. abs.
profectus: dep. PPP proficīscor, translate as
‘having Xed’
2 vī: abl. means vīs
secūtus: dep. PPP, translate as ‘having Xed’
rēgum priōrum: gen. pl.
rem Rōmānam: the Roman state
3 auxerant: plpf. augeō
hostibus…accipidendīs: by…; abl. means, noun
+ gerundive: perform a gerund-gerundive flip
and translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
4 Rōmam: acc. place to which
cum…implē(vi)ssent: since…; causal cum
clause with plpf. subj.
6 novae multitūdinī: dat. ind. obj.
7 datum (est)
additī (sunt): novī cīvēs is the subject
eōdem: in the same place; or ‘in that very place’
i.e the Aventine hill; adv.
multō: much; ‘by much,’ abl. of degree of
difference with post; modified by haud
Tellēnīs Ficānāque captīs: abl. abs.
9 bellō: with…; abl. means
repetītum (est)
quod: which…; relative
10 eaque…fuit: and this was…; nom. subj.
dīruendae urbis eius: of…; noun + gerundive:
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.; eius is gen. demonstrative
11 Rōmānīs: dat. of interest
nē…esset: so that…might not…; neg. purpose
clause with impf subj. sum
12 omnī bellō…compulsō: abl. abs.
Medulliam: acc. place to which
Mārte incertō: abl. abs., supply the pple
‘being;’ via metonomy Mārte means, ‘fight’ or
‘combat’

92
 Ancus Marcius 33.4-8

variā victōriā pugnātum est; nam et urbs tūta mūnītiōnibus 1

praesidiōque firmāta validō erat, et castrīs in apertō positīs
aliquotiēns exercitus Latīnus comminus cum Rōmānīs signa
contulerat. 5. ad ultimum omnibus cōpiīs cōnīsus Ancus aciē
prīmum vincit; inde ingentī praedā potēns Rōmam redit, tum 5
quoque multīs mīlibus Latīnōrum in cīvitātem acceptīs, quibus, ut
iungerētur Palātiō Aventīnum, ad Murciae datae sēdēs.
6. Iāniculum quoque adiectum, nōn inopiā locī sed nē quandō ea
arx hostium esset. id nōn mūrō sōlum sed etiam ob commoditātem
itineris ponte subliciō, tum prīmum in Tiberī factō, coniungī urbī 10
placuit. 7. Quirītium quoque Fossa, haud parvum mūnīmentum ā
plāniōribus aditū locīs, Ancī rēgis opus est. 8. ingentī incrēmentō
aditus, -ūs m.: approach, access, 1 mūnīmentum, -ī n.: fortification, 1
aliquotiēns: several times, 1 mūnītiō, -iōnis f.: fortification, entrenchment, 3
Aventīnum, ī n. (us, -ī m.): Aventine hill, 4 Murcia, -ae f.: Murcia (goddess, later surname of
comminus: hand-to-hand, 1 Venus), 1
commoditās, -tātis f.: convenience, 1 placet, -uit: it is pleasing, it is resolved, 5
cōnferō, -ferre: bring together, collect, 4 plānus, -a, -um: flat, level, 2
cōnitor, -ī, cōnīsum: endeavor, strive, 1 pōns, pontis m.: bridge, 2
coniungō, -ere, -iunxī, -iunctum: join together, 2 potēns, -entis: powerful, being powerful over, 4
cōpia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 5 pugnō (1): to fight, 5
firmō (1): strengthen, support, 4 quandō: when, since, 3
fossa, -ae f.: ditch, trench, 5 sublicius, -a, -um: on wooden piles, 2
Iāniculum, -ī n.: Janiculum hill, 2 tūtus, -a, -um: safe, secure, guarded, 4
incrēmentum, -ī n.: increase, addition, 2 validus, -a, -um: strong, powerful, 5
inopia, -ae f.: poverty, need; lack of, 2 varius, -a, -um: various, alternating, 6
iter, itineris n.: way, route, path; journey, 5

1 variā victōriā: with alternating…
pugnātum est: they…; ‘it was fought,’ impers.
pf. pass.: best translated as active in English
et…et…: both…and
2 mūnītiōnibus, praesidiō validō: abl. means
firmāta…erat:
castrīs…positīs: camp pitched; common idiom
in apertō (locō): PPP aperiō
3 signa: military standards; i.e. in battle
4 contulerat: plpf. conferō
ad ultimum: at last; i.e. finally
cōnīsus: dep. PPP: translate as ‘having Xed’
(in) aciē
5 ingentī praedā: means, i-stem 3rd decl. abl.
potēns: i.e. enriched, empowered
Rōmam: acc. place to which
6 Multīs mīlibus…acceptīs: abl. abs.
cīvitātem: citizenship
quibus…: to these people; a connective relative
and dat. ind. obj.
ut iungerētur: so that…might…; purpose
93
7 ad (aram) Murciae: near (the altar) of Murcia;
i.e. future site of Circus Maximus
datae (sunt)
8 adiectum (est)
inopiā: because of…; abl. cause
nē quandō…esset: so that at some time this
might not…; neg. purpose; indefinite aliquandō
loses the prefix ali- before sī, nisi, num, and nē
9 id…coniungī urbī: that this be joined with the
city…; pass. inf. and dat. of compound
nōn…sōlum sed etiam: not only…but also
mūrō: with…; abl. means
10 ponte subliciō…factō: by a Pons Sublicius...;
abl. means and PPP; a bridge over the Tiber
leading to the Janiculum; this is a proper name
placuit: impers. pf. with pass. inf. coniungī
11 Quirītium Fossa: Ditch of the Quirites; i.e. a
moat where the city was flat and unprotected
ā plāniōribus…locīs: on the…
12 aditū: in…; abl. respect
ingentī incrēmentō: means, i-stem 3rd decl. adj.
33.8-34.2 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

rēbus auctīs, cum in tantā multitūdine hominum, discrīmine rēctē 1

an perperam factī cōnfūsō, facinora clandestīna fierent, carcer ad
terrōrem incrēscentis audāciae mediā urbe imminēns forō
aedificātur.
9. nec urbs tantum hōc rēge crēvit sed etiam ager fīnēsque. Silvā 5
Maesiā Vēientibus adēmptā usque ad mare imperium prōlātum et
in ōre Tiberis Ōstia urbs condita, salīnae circā factae, ēgregiēque
rēbus bellō gestīs aedis Iovis Ferētrī amplificāta.
34. Ancō rēgnante Lucumō, vir impiger ac dīvitiīs potēns,
Rōmam commigrāvit cupīdine maximē ac spē magnī honōris, 10
cuius adipīscendī Tarquiniīs—nam ibi quoque peregrīnā stirpe
oriundus erat—facultās nōn fuerat. 2. Dēmarātī Corinthiī fīlius erat,
adipīscor, -ī, adeptus: obtain, overtake, 3 Ferētrius, -ī m.: Feretrius (of trophies), 2
aedificō (1): make a building, build, 2 forum, -ī n.: forum, 7
aedis, -is f.: temple, pl. house, 5 immineō, -ēre: overhang, threaten, 2
amplificō (1): enlarge, made larger, 2 impiger, -gra, -grum: active, energetic, quick, 2
an: or (in questions), 7 incrēscō, -ere: grow, increase,1
audācia, -ae f.: boldness, audacity, 6 Lucumō, Lucumōnis m.: Lucumo, 5
carcer, -eris m.: prison, 1 Maesia, -ae f.: Maesia (forest), 1
clandestīnus, -a, -um: in secret, clandestine, 1 oriundus, -a, -um: descended, born, 6
commigrō (1): move with one’s family, 2 ōs, ōris n.: mouth; face, 1
cōnfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsum: confuse, disturb, 3 Ōstia, -ae f.: Ostia (port town of Rome), 1
Corinthius, -ī m.: Corinthian, 1 perperam: wrongly, 2
cupīdō, cupīdinis f.: desire, longing, 7 potēns, -entis: powerful, being powerful over, 4
Dēmarātus, -ī m.: Demaratus, 1 prōferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus: bring forth, extend, 3
discrīmen, -nis n.: difference, distinction, 7 rēctus, -a, -um: correct, straight; honest, 5
dīvitiae, -ārum f.: riches, wealth, 4 salīnae, -ārum f.: salt works, salt pits, 1
ēgregius, -a, -um: excellent, outstanding, 4 silva, -ae f.: wood, forest, woodland, 3
facinus, -noris n.: bad deed, crime, 6 Tarquiniī, -ōrum m.: Tarquinii (city), 5
facultās, -tātis f.: opportunity, ability, 1 usque: up to, until; all the way, 4

1 rēbus auctīs: abl. abs., augeō factae (sunt)

cum…fierent: since…; causal
discrīmine…cōnfūsō: abl. abs.
2 rēctē an perperam factī: of whether something
(was) done rightly or wrongly; elliptical ind.
question following discrīmine; equiv. to ‘factī
utrum rēctē an perperam factum esset’
clandestīna: predicative, translate as an adv.
ad: for…
3 incrēscentis audāciae: i.e. crime; pres. pple
(in) mediā urbe…(in) forō
nec…tantum…sed etiam: not only…but also
5 hōc rēge: abl. cause
Silvā…adēmptā: abl. abs.
6 Vēientibus: from…; dat. of separation
prōlātum (est)
7 condita (est)
8 rēbus…gestīs: abl. abs.
Iovis Ferētrī: of Jupiter Feretrius; built by
Romulus
amplificāta (est)
9 Ancō rēgnante: abl. abs.
dīvitiīs: in…; abl. respect
10 Rōmam: acc. place to which
cupīdine…ac spē: abl. cause
11 cuius adipīscendī…facultās: of…; pronoun in
gen. + gerundive; perform a gerund-gerundive
flip and translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
(translate cuius just as acc. relative ‘which’)
Tarquiniīs: at…; locative
peregrīnā stirpe: from…; abl. origin
12 Dēmārātī Corinthiī: gen. father of Lucumo

94
 Ancus Marcius 34.2-5

quī ob sēditiōnēs domō profugus cum Tarquiniīs forte cōnsēdisset, 1

uxōre ibi ductā duōs fīliōs genuit. nōmina hīs Lucumō atque
Arrūns fuērunt. Lucumō superfuit patrī bonōrum omnium hērēs:
Arrūns prior quam pater moritur uxōre gravidā relictā. 3. nec diū
manet superstes fīliō pater; quī cum, ignōrāns nurum ventrem 5
ferre, immemor in testandō nepōtis dēcessisset, puerō post avī
mortem in nūllam sortem bonōrum nātō ab inopiā Egerīō inditum
nōmen. 4. Lucumōnī contrā, omnium hērēdī bonōrum, cum dīvitiae
iam animōs facerent, auxit ducta in mātrimōnium Tanaquil,
summō locō nāta et quae haud facile iīs in quibus nāta erat 10
humiliōra sineret ea quō innūpsisset. 5. spernentibus Etrūscīs
Lucumōnem exsule advenā ortum, ferre indignitātem nōn potuit,
advena, ae m.: foreigner, immigrant, 7 innūbō, -ere, -nūpsī, -nuptum: veil on, marry, 1
Arrūns, Arruntis m.: Arruns, 6 inopia, -ae f.: poverty, need; lack of, 2
avus, avī m.: grandfather, 3 Lucumō, Lucumōnis m.: Lucumo, 5
cōnsīdō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessus: to sit down, 4 mātrimōnium, -iī n.: marriage, 6
dēcēdō, -ere, -cessī: depart, withdraw, die, 1 morior, morī, mortuus sum: die, 3
diū: a long time, long, 4 nepōs, nepōtis m.: grandson, decendent, 7
dīvitiae, -ārum f.: riches, wealth, 4 nurus, -ūs f.: daughter-in-law, 2
Ēgerius, -ī m.: Egerius, 3 profugus, -ī m.: fugitive, refugee, 4
exsul, exsulis m/f: an exile, 2 sēditiō, -tiōnis f.: insurrection, riot, 2
gignō, -ere, genuī, genitum: beget, 4 sors, sortis f.: lot, lottery; oracle, prophecy, 4
gravidus, -a, -um: pregnant, 2 spernō, -ere, sprēvī: spurn, reject, 3
hērēs, hērēdis, m./f.: heir, heiress, 5 superstes, -stitis: outliving surviving, 1
humilis, -e: lowly, humble, 3 supersum, -esse, -fuī: remain, survive, be left, 5
ignōrō (1): be ignorant of, 2 Tanaquil, -is f.: Tanaquil, 6
immemor, -oris: forgetful, unmindful, 1 Tarquiniī, -ōrum m.: Tarquinii (city), 5
indignitās, -tātis f.: indignity, outrage, 4 testor, -ārī, -ātum: bear witness, make a will, 2
indō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: attach, give to, 3 venter, -ris m.: stomach, belly, 1

1 domō: from…; abl. separation ab inopiā: based on…

Tarquiniīs: at…; locative
forte: abl., fors
2 uxōre…ductā: abl. abs.; ducere in matrimōnium
is a common idiom for ‘marry’
hīs: dat. of possession; i.e. fīliīs
3 patrī: dat. possession
bonōrum omnium: i.e. property; bona, ‘goods’
hērēs: as…; predicative
4 uxōre…relictā: abl. abs., Arruns’ wife
nec diū: and..not long
5 fīliō: dat. with special adj.
quī: this one; connective relative; i.e. Demaratus
cum…dēcessisset: plpf. subj.
nurum ventrem ferre: that… ; ventrum ferre is
idiom for ‘be pregnant,’ lit. ‘carries a belly’
6 in testandō: i.e. the creation of a will
puerō…nātō: to…; dat. ind. obj.; i.e. Arruns’
7 bonōrum: i.e. property; bona, ‘goods’
95
Egeriō…nōmen: the name‘Egerius;’ nom. but
attracted into the dat. by puerō
inditum (est)
8 Lucumōnī: for…; dat. of interest
contrā: in response
hērēdī: as…; dat. in apposition
9 animōs faceret: gave courage
auxit (animōs): pf. augeō
10 (in) summō locō: locus refers to ‘posiition’ or
‘status’ in society
nāta: dep. PPP nāscor
quae…sineret: who…would…; relative clause
of characteristic or result with impf. subj. sīnō
facile: adv.
iīs: than…; eīs, demonstrative, abl. comparison
11 humiliōra ea: those things lower (in status)
quō: into which; adv. ‘to where;’ ea antecedent
12 ortum: dep. PPP orior + abl. source
34.5-8 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

oblītaque ingenitae ergā patriam cāritātis dummodo virum 1

honōrātum vidēret, cōnsilium migrandī ab Tarquiniīs cēpit. 6.
Rōma est ad id potissima vīsa: in novō populō, ubi omnis repentīna
atque ex virtūte nōbilitās sit, futūrum locum fortī ac strēnuō virō;
rēgnāsse Tatium Sabīnum, arcessītum in rēgnum Numam ā 5
Curibus, et Ancum Sabīnā mātre ortum nōbilemque ūnā imāgine
Numae esse. 7. facile persuādet ut cupīdō honōrum et cui Tarquiniī
māterna tantum patria esset.
8. sublātīs itaque rēbus āmigrant Rōmam. ad Iāniculum forte
ventum erat; ibi eī carpentō sedentī cum uxōre aquila suspēnsīs 10
dēmissa leviter ālīs pilleum aufert, superque carpentum cum
magnō clangōre volitāns rūrsus velut ministeriō dīvīnitus missa
āla, -ae f.: wing, 1 leviter: lightly, 1
āmigrō (1): move away, remove, depart, 1 māternus, -a, -um: maternal, 1
aquila, -ae f.: eagle, 1 migrō (1): to travel, migrate, 3
arcessō, -ere, -īvī, -itum: summon, call, 1 ministerium, -ī n.: service, office, 4
auferō, -ferre, abstulī, -lātus: carry away, 3 nōbilis, -e: noble, 1
cāritās, -tātis f.: affection, 5 nōbilitās, -tātis f.: nobility, renown, 4
carpentum, -ī n.: carriage (two-wheeled), 5 oblīvīscor, -ī, oblītus sum: forget (gen.), 4
clangor, -ōris m.: noise, 1 persuādeō, -ēre, -suāsī, -āsum: persuade, 2
cupīdō, cupīdinis f.: desire, longing, 7 pilleus, -ī m.: cap, 1
Curēs, ium m.: Cures (Sabine town), 3 potissimus, -a, -um: most of all; above all, 2
dēmittō, -ere, -mīsī: drop down, send down, 1 repentīnus, -a, -um: sudden, unexpected, 2
dīvīnitus: from the gods, providentially, 3 rūrsus: again, backward, back, 3
dummodo: provided only, provided that, 1 sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessum: to sit, 5
ergā: toward, for (acc), 3 stēnuus, -a, -um: strenuous, energetic, 1
fortis, -e: strong, brave, 1 super: on top of, over, above (acc.), 7
honorō (1): honor, distinguish, 1 suspendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: hang up, 5
Iāniculum, -ī n.: Janiculum hill, 2 Tarquiniī, -ōrum m.: Tarquinii (city), 5
imāgō, imāginis f.: image; waxen image, 2 tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātum: lift up; raze, 5
ingenitus, -a, -um: inborn, native, 1 volitō (1): to fly around, flitter, 1

1 oblīta: dep. PPP oblivīscor: ‘having Xed’
ingenitae…cāritātis: gen. obj. of verb of
forgetting; i.e. patriotism
dummodo...vīderet: provided that…; proviso cl.
2 cēpit: conceived; ‘took up,’ a idiom
3 est…vīsa: seemed
ad id: for…; expressing purpose
ubi…sit: where…; relative with pres. subj. sum;
subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc
omnis…nōbiliās
4 rapentīna atque ex virtūte: predicative:
translate after the verb
futūrum (esse) locum: there will...; fut. inf. sum
fortī…virō: for…; dat. of interest
5 rēgnā(vi)sse…Sabīnum: that…
arcessītum (esse)...Numam: that…; pf. pass.
6 Ancum…esse: that…; ind. disc.
96
ortum: dep. PPP orior + abl. of source
ūnā imāgine Numae: because of a single…;
abl. of cause following nōbiliem; the wax masks
of exceptional ancestors displayed in the atrium:
Ancus was able to display only one such mask.
7 persuādet: Tanaquil is subject; facile is an adv.
ut cupīdō honōrum: as (one) desirous of
honors; clause of comparison and cupidō
modifies the missing dat. ind. obj. of persuādet
Cui…esset: for whom Tarquiniī…; relative
clause of characteristic with dat. of interest
8 tantum: only, merely; qualifying māterna
9 sublātīs…rēbus: abl. abs. tollō
10 ventum erat: they...; impers. plpf.: make active
eī (in)…sedentī: from him...; dat. of compound
8 suspēnsīs...ālīs: abl. abs. āla, ‘wing’
12 velut ministeriō: as if for that service; purpose
 Ancus Marcius 34.8-12

capitī aptē repōnit; inde sublīmis abiit. 9. accēpisse id augurium 1

laeta dīcitur Tanaquil, perīta ut volgō Etrūscī caelestium
prōdigiōrum mulier. excelsa et alta spērāre complexa virum iubet:
eam ālitem eā regiōne caelī et eius deī nūntiam vēnisse; circā
summum culmen hominis auspicium fēcisse; levāsse hūmānō 5
superpositum capitī decus ut dīvīnitus eīdem redderet.
10. hās spēs cōgitātiōnēsque sēcum portantēs urbem ingressī sunt,
domiciliōque ibi comparātō L. Tarquinium Prīscum ēdidēre
nōmen. 11. Rōmānīs cōnspicuum eum novitās dīvitiaeque
faciēbant; et ipse fortūnam benignō adloquiō, cōmitāte invītandī 10
beneficiīsque quōs poterat sibi conciliandō adiuvābat, dōnec in
rēgiam quoque dē eō fāma perlāta est. 12. nōtitiamque eam brevī
adiuvō, -āre, -iūvī, adiūtum: help, assist, 6 domicilium, -iī n.: dwelling, 1
adloquium, -ī n.: address, 1 ēdō, -ere, ēdidī, ēditum: bring forth, perform, 6
āles, ālitis m.: bird, 1 excelsus, -a, -um: lofty, on high, 1
altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall; deep, 3 ingredior -gredī -gressum: step in, enter, 4
aptus, -a, -um: fitting, suitable for (dat.), 6 invītō (1): to invite, summon, 2
auspicium, -ī n.: auspice, augury, bird-signs, 3 laetus, -a, -um: happy, fortunate; abundant, rich, 6
beneficium, -ī n.: good deed, favor, 5 levō (1): to raise; lift, 1
benignus, -a, -um: kind, kindly, 7 nōtitia, -ae f.: acquaintance, 1
brevis, -e: short, brief, 5 novitās, -tātis f.: newness, novelty, 3
caelum, -ī n.: sky, 7 nūntia, -iae f.: messenger, 1
cōgitātiō, -tiōnis f.: thought, reflection, 2 perferō, -re, -tulī, -lātum: carry through, 2
cōmitās, -tātis f.: friendliness, kindliness, 1 perītus, -a, -um: experienced, skilled in (gen) 1
comparō (1): prepare, collect, 1 portō (1): to carry, 3
complector, -plectī, -plexus: embrace, 1 repōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum: put back, 1
conciliō (1): win over, unite (dat.), 6 spērō (1): hope, hope for, expect, 4
cōnspicuus, -a, -um: conspicuous, 1 sublīmis, -e: on high, aloft, uplifted, 3
culmen, culminis n.: top, peak, 2 superpōnō, -ere, -suī: place on top, 1
dīvīnitus: from the gods, providentially, 3 Tanaquil, -is f.: Tanaquil, 6
dīvitiae, -ārum f.: riches, wealth, 4 vulgus (volgus), -ī n.: mass, masses, crowd, 7

1 capitī: back on…; dat. compound verb bird)…; pf. inf.

abiit: pf. abeō
2 laeta: predicative: translate nom. adj. as adv.
3 perīta...mulier: nom. apposition, governs a gen.
ut…Etrūscī: just as…; clause of comparison
volgō: in general; ‘in a mass,’ an abl. adv,
excelsa et alta spērāre: that (he)…; add acc.
subject; neut. acc. pl. substantives (add ‘things’)
complexa virum: dep. PPP complector
(dīcit) eam ālitem…vēnisse: (she says) that
this…; pf. inf., supply main verb
4 (ex) eā regiōne caelī: demonstrative
eius deī nūntiam: as…; gen. demonstrative
circā (eam ālitem)…fēcisse: (and that this
bird)…; supply eam ālitem as acc. subj.
5 culmen: caput
(eam ālitem) levā(vi)sse…decus: (and that this
97
hūmānō…capitī: above…; dat. of compound
6 ut…rederet: so that (the bird) might…; purpose
eī-dem: back on… dat. compound or ind. obj.
7 ingressī sunt: pf. dep. ingredior
8 domiciliōque ibi comparātō: abl. abs.
ēdidēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
10 faciēbant: governs a double acc.
adloquiō, cōmitāte, beneficiīs: abl. means
modifying conciliandō
invītandī: i.e. of hospitality; gen. gerund (-ing)
11 quōs potest (concilāre): (those) whom...; the
missing antecedent is obj. of conciliandō
sibi conciliandō: by…; gerund (-ing) + dat. sē
12 perlāta est: pf. pass. perferō
brevī (tempore): in…; abl. time when
34.12-35.3 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

apud rēgem līberāliter dexterēque obeundō officia in familiāris 1

amīcitiae addūxerat iūra, ut pūblicīs pariter ac prīvātīs cōnsiliīs
bellō domīque interesset et per omnia expertus postrēmō tūtor
etiam līberīs rēgis testāmentō īnstituerētur.
35. rēgnāvit Ancus annōs quattuor et vīgintī, cuilibet superiōrum 5
rēgum bellī pācisque et artibus et glōriā pār. iam fīliī prope
pūberem aetātem erant. eō magis Tarquinius īnstāre ut quam
prīmum comitia rēgī creandō fierent. 2. quibus indictīs sub tempus
puerōs vēnātum ablēgāvit. isque prīmus et petīsse ambitiōsē
rēgnum et ōrātiōnem dīcitur habuisse ad conciliandōs plēbis 10
animōs compositam: 3. [cum] sē nōn rem novam petere, quippe quī
nōn prīmus, quod quisquam indignārī mīrārīve posset, sed tertius
ablegō (1): send away, send off, 1 obeō, -īre, -iī, -itum: engage in; enter; die, 4
addūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum: lead to, 2 officium, -iī, n.: duty, service, 3
ambitiōsē: ambitiously, solicitously, 1 ōrātiō, -iōnis f.: speech, speaking, 5
amīcitia, -ae, f.: friendship; alliance, 3 postrēmō,: at last, finally; abl. as adv., 5
comitium, -ī n.: assembly; elections, 6 pūbēs, pūberis f.: men (young, of military age), 7
compōnō, -ere, -posuī: arrange; collect, 1 quattuor: four, 3
conciliō (1): win over, unite (dat.), 6 quilibet, quae-, quod-: anyone you please, 2
dexterē: skillfully, 1 superior, -ius: higher, upper; previous, 6
experior, -ī, expertum: try, attempt, test, 3 tertius, -a, -um: third, 4
familiāris, -e: of the household; intimate, 2 testāmentum, -ī n.: will, testament, 1
indignor, -ārī, indignātum: be offended, 3 tūtor, -ōris m.: guardian; defender, 2
īnstō, -āre, -stitī: press (on), engage, 6 vēnor, -ārī, -ātum: hunt, chase, 2
intersum, -esse, -fuī: engage in, be among (dat), 3 vīgintī: twenty, 4
līberāliter: generously, liberally, 1

1 notitiam eam…addūxerat: he had raised this
acquaintance into…
apud regem: before…,
līberāliter...obeundō officia: by…; abl. means,
gerund (-ing)
in…amīcitiae…iūra: into the bonds of…;
2 ut…interesset…īnstituerētur: so that…; result
clause with impf. subj. (translate as indicative)
3 (in) bellō domīque: in….; abl. and locative
expertus: having been…; dep. PPP but passive
in sense, see also 36.4; governs per omnia
4 līberīs: dat. of interest
tūtor: as guardian
(in) testāmentō
5 annōs quattuor et vīgintī: for…; acc. duration
cuilibet: to…; quilibet, dat of special adj. pār
6 et artibus et glōriā: both in…and in…; respect
7 pūberem aetātem: military age; the pūbēs are
‘soldiers’ or ‘men’ of military age
eō: because of this; abl. cause
īnstāre: historical inf.: translate as 3s impf.
ut…fierent: that…; ind. command
98
quam prīmum: as soon as possible; idiom
(quam + superl. is translated ‘as…as possible’)
8 regī creandō: for…; dat. of purpose; noun +
gerundive; perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as a gerund (ing) + obj.
quibus indictīs: these things…; abl. abs. with
connective relative
sub tempus: near the…; i.e. for the comitia
9 vēnātum: to…; acc. supine (PPP + um) often
expresses purpose: translate as an inf.
isque prīmus…dīcitur: and he is said (to be)
the first…; prīmus is nom. pred.
et…et…: both…and…
10 ōrātiōnem habuisse: to have delivered a
speech; common idiom
ad conciliandōs animōs: for…; perform a flip
an translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
11 sē…petere: that…; the editor omits [cum]
quī…adfectet: who is not the first but third to…
subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
12 quod…posset: at which anyone would be able
to express indignation or surprise
 Tarquinius Priscus 35.3-6

Rōmae peregrīnus rēgnum adfectet; et Tatium nōn ex peregrīnō 1

sōlum sed etiam ex hoste rēgem factum, et Numam ignārum urbis,
nōn petentem, in rēgnum ultrō accītum: 4. sē ex quō suī potēns
fuerit Rōmam cum coniuge ac fortūnīs omnibus commigrāsse;
māiōrem partem aetātis eius quā cīvīlibus officiīs fungantur 5
hominēs, Rōmae sē quam in vetere patriā vīxisse; 5. domī
mīlitiaeque sub haud paenitendō magistrō, ipsō Ancō rēge,
Rōmāna sē iūra, Rōmānōs rītūs didicisse; obsequiō et observantiā
in rēgem cum omnibus, benignitāte ergā aliōs cum rēge ipsō
certāsse. 6. haec eum haud falsa memorantem ingentī cōnsēnsū 10
populus Rōmānus rēgnāre iussit.
ergō virum cētera ēgregium secūta, quam in petendō habuerat,
adfectō (1): strive for, pursue, 3 fungor, -ī, functum: perform (abl.), 3
benignitās, -tātis f.: kindness, 1 ignārus, -a, -um: ignorant, 4
certō (1): to contend, strive, compete, 6 magister, -strī m.: head, keeper, teacher, 2
cīvīlis, -e: civil, of a citizen, 2 memorō (1): to recall, mention, 5
commigrō (1): move with one’s family, 2 obsequium, -ī n.: obedience, 1
coniūnx -ūgis m/f: husband, wife, spouse, 6 observantia, -ae, f.: reverance, attention, 1
cōnsēnsus, -ūs m.: agreement, consent, 4 officium, -iī, n.: duty, service, 3
discō, -ere, didicī: learn, come to know, 3 paenitet, -ēre, -uit: it makes (acc) feel regret, 4
ēgregius, -a, -um: excellent, outstanding, 4 potēns, -entis: powerful, being powerful over, 4
ergā: toward, for (acc), 3 rītus, -ūs m.: rite, ceremony, 6
ergō: therefore; for the sake of + gen., 7 ultrō: voluntarily, spontaneously, 4
fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsum: deceive, cheat, 6 vīvō, -ere, vīxī, vīctum: live, 4

1 Rōmae: locative 6 Rōmae sē (vīxisse): that…; add pf. inf. vīvō

Tatium…factum (esse): that,..; pf. pass. inf.
nōn…sōlum sed etiam: not only…but also
ex: from (the status of)…
2 Numam…accītum (esse): pf. pass. inf. acciō;
ultrō likely means ‘unexpectedly’ rather
than ‘voluntarily’
3 sē…commigrā(vi)sse: that he…
ex (tempore) quō…fuerit: from (the time) in
which…; ‘since...’ abl. time when; relative with
pf. subj. sum of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
suī potēns: master of himself, having power
over himself; objective gen., gen. sg. reflexive sē
Lucumo was no longer under another’s potestas
once his father Demaratus died
Rōmam: to…; acc. place to which
5 maiōrem partem aetātis eius: for…; acc. of
duration; eius is gen. possession: i.e. Tarquinius’
quā…fungantur hominēs: in which (time)…;
relative with pres. subj.; subj. of subordinate
verb in ind. disc.; quā is abl. time when/within
cīvīlibus officis: obj. of verb
quam (sē)…patriā vīxisse…: than…; a clause
of comparison following comparative maiōrem
domī mīlitaeque: at home and abroad; locative;
mīlitiae, lit. ‘in military service’
7 paenitendō: regrettable; ‘worthy to be
regretted,’ gerundive as simple adj.
8 Rōmāna sē iūra (et) Rōmānōs rītūs didicisse:
that…; with pf. inf. discō
(sē) obsequiō…certā(vi)sse: that he…
obsequiō et observantiā in regem: in…; abl.
respect
9 in rēgem: toward…
cum omnibus: i.e surpassed all; abl. association
benignitāte: in…; abl. respect
cum rēge ipsō: i.e. surpassed the king
11 iussit: pf. iubeō
12 cētera: otherwise; ‘in other respects,’ adv. acc.
secūta…est: pf. dep., ambitio is subject
quam: which…; the antecedent is fem. ambitio
in petendō: in…; gerund (-ing)

99
35.6-10 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

etiam rēgnantem ambitiō est; nec minus rēgnī suī firmandī quam 1
augendae reī pūblicae memor centum in patrēs lēgit quī deinde
minōrum gentium sunt appellātī, factiō haud dubia rēgis cuius
beneficiō in cūriam vēnerant. 7. bellum prīmum cum Latīnīs gessit
et oppidum ibi Apiolās vī cēpit; praedāque inde māiōre quam 5
quanta bellī fāma fuerat revectā lūdōs opulentius īnstrūctiusque
quam priōrēs rēgēs fēcit. 8. tum prīmum circō quī nunc maximus
dīcitur dēsignātus locus est. loca dīvīsa patribus equitibusque ubi
spectācula sibi quisque facerent; 9. forī appellātī; spectāvēre furcīs
duodēnōs ab terrā spectācula alta sustinentibus pedēs. lūdicrum fuit 10
equī pugilēsque ex Etrūriā maximē accītī. sollemnēs deinde annuī
mānsēre lūdī, Rōmānī magnīque variē appellātī. 10. ab eōdem rēge
altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall; deep, 3 furca, -ae f.: prop, fork-shaped prop, fork, 2
ambitiō, -tiōnis f.: canvassing, 1 lūdicrum, -ī n.: game, sport, exhibition, 4
annuus, -a, -um: lasting a year, annual, 1 lūdus, -ī m.: game, play, sport; school, 5
Apiolae, -ārum f.: Apiolae, 1 memor, -is: mindful, remembering (gen.), 7
beneficium, -ī n.: good deed, favor, 5 opulentus, -a, -um: opulent, wealthy, 5
circus, -ī m.: racetrack, circuit, 2 pēs, pedis m.: foot, 1
dēsignō (1): to mark out, designate, 2 pugil, -is m.: boxer, 1
duodenī, -ae, a: twelve each, 1 revehō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: carry back, 2
Etrūria, -ae f.: Etruria, 5 spectō (1): to watch, look at, 6
factiō, factiōnis f.: faction, party, 4 sustineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum: hold up, 4
firmō (1): strengthen, support, 4 varius, -a, -um: various, alternating, 6
forus, -ī m.: benches, seats, bleachers, 1

1 etiam rēgnantem: even (while)…; pres. pple, īnstructus, ‘prepared’ or ‘arranged’

modifying virum
nec minus…: and no less
rēgnī suī firmandī: of…; noun + gerundive;
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.; modifying memor
2 augendae reī pūblicae: of…; see above
lēgit: chose, selected
3 (patrēs) minōrum gentium: (fathers) of lesser
clans; or ‘of secondary clans,’ nom. pred.
factiō: in apposition; i.e. the new patres
haud dubia rēgis: by no means doubtful toward
the king; i.e. loyal; dubius governs gen. or dat.
cuius beneficiō…vēnerant: by…; relative
clause with gen. sg. quī; patrēs is 3p subject
4 cum…gessit: pf. gerō
Latīnīs: with…; dat. of association
5 vī: abl. means vīs
praedā maiōre…revectā: abl. abs.
6 quanta…fuerat: how much…, as much as…
fāma: expectation
opulentius īnstrūctiusque: comparative adv.
circō: for…; dat. of pupose
8 dīcitur (esse): governs nom. pred. maximus
dēsignātus…est: pf. pass.
loca: region; sg. translation for neut. pl. of locus
dīvīsa (sunt)
patribus equitibusque: for…; dat. interest
ubi…facerent: where…would…; relative clause
of purpose
9 spectācula: seats
sibi: for…; dat. of interest
forī appellātī (sunt): forī is nom. pred.
spectāvēr(unt): patrēs et equitēs are subject;
furcīs…sustinentibus: abl. abs., obj. spectācula
10 duodēnōs…pedēs: acc. of extent
ab terrā: i.e. in height
lūdicrum fuit: the exhibition was…
11 accītī: PPP acciō
12 mānsēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
Rōmānī magnī…appellātī (sunt): were called
in various ways Romani Ludi or Magni Ludi

100
 Tarquinius Priscus 35.10-36.2

et circā forum prīvātīs aedificanda dīvīsa sunt loca; porticus 1

tabernaeque factae.
36. mūrō quoque lapideō circumdare urbem parābat cum
Sabīnum bellum coeptīs intervēnit. adeōque ea subita rēs fuit ut
prius Anienem trānsīrent hostēs quam obviam īre ac prohibēre 5
exercitus Rōmānus posset. 2. itaque trepidātum Rōmae est; et
prīmō dubiā victōriā, magnā utrimque caede pugnātum est.
reductīs deinde in castra hostium cōpiīs datōque spatiō Rōmānīs ad
comparandum dē integrō bellum, Tarquinius equitem maximē suīs
dēesse vīribus ratus ad Ramnēs, Titiēnsēs, Lucerēs, quās centuriās 10
Rōmulus scrīpserat, addere aliās cōnstituit suōque īnsignēs
relinquere nōmine.
aedificō (1): make a building, build, 2 porticus, -ūs f.: portico, colonnade, 1
Aniō, Aniēnis f.: Anio river, 3 prohibeō, -ēre, -hibuī: hold back, hinder, 6
circumdō, -are, -dedī: surround, put around, 4 pugnō (1): to fight, 5
comparō (1): prepare, collect, 4 Ramnēs (Ramnensēs), -um, m.: Ramnes (Latin
cōnstituō, -ere, -uī, -tus: decide establish, 6 clan), 2
cōpia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 5 redūcō, -ere, -xī, -ctus: lead/bring back, 2
dēsum, -esse, -fuī: be lacking, fail (dat), 6 scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptum: write, 6
forum, -ī n.: forum, marketplace, 2 spatium, -iī n.: period, span,; distance, space, 7
integer, integrī n.: whole, 2 subitus, -a, -um: sudden, 4
interveniō -īre -vēnī: come between, interrupt, 5 taberna, -ae f.: shop, 1
lapideus, -a, -um: of stone, 2 Titiēnsēs, -um m.: Titienses (Sabine clan), 2
Lucerēs, -um m.: Luceres (Etruscan clan), 2 trepidō (1): tremble, be agitated, 4
obviam: in the way, opposite, 3

1 et: also English

aedficanda loca: places to be built; i.e. building
sites; gerundive as simple adj.
2 prīvātīs: for private (citizens); dat. of interest
facta (sunt)
4 coeptīs: (between) the undertakings; ‘things
begun,’ PPP coepī and dat. of compound
adeō: adv. modifying subita
ut…trānsīrent: that…; result with impf. subj.
prius: before, earlier; comparative prīmus
5 quam…posset: than…; clause of comparison
impf. subj. possum in same result clause
6 trepidātum est: they…; ‘it was agitated’ impers.
pf. passive, translate actively in English
Rōmae: at…; locative
7 primō: abl. as adv.
dubiā victōriā: abl. abs., supply ‘being’
pugnātum est: they…; ‘it was agitated’ impers.
pf. passive, which is often translated actively in
8 reductīs…cōpiīs: abl. abs.; i.e. the enemy;
the cōpiae are ‘troops’
dātō spatiō: abl. abs.
ad comparandum…bellum: for…; noun +
gerund; perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
9 dē integrō: anew, afresh
equitem…dēesse vīribus: that…; ind. disc., inf.
dēsum governs dat.
10 ratus: dep. PPP reor, translate as ‘having Xed’
11 scrīpserat: had registered, had enrolled
aliās (centuriās)
suōque...relinquere nōmine: to leave them (to
posterity) distinguished by his own name;
īnsignēs is predicative; just as Tarquinius added
senators who favor him, so now he adds
centuries distinct from the old ones.

101
36.3-5 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

3. id quia inaugurātō Rōmulus fēcerat, negāre Attus Navius, 1

inclitus eā tempestāte augur, neque mūtārī neque novum cōnstituī
nisi avēs addīxissent posse. 4. ex eō īra rēgī mōta; ēlūdēnsque
artem ut ferunt, ‘age dum’ inquit, ‘dīvīne tū, inaugurā fierīne possit
quod nunc ego mente concipiō.’ cum ille auguriō rem expertus 5
profectō futūram dīxisset, ‘atquī hōc animō agitāvī’ inquit, ‘tē
novāculā cōtem discissūrum. cape haec et perage quod avēs tuae
fierī posse portendunt.’ tum illum haud cūnctanter discidisse cōtem
ferunt. 5. statua Attī capite vēlātō, quō in locō rēs ācta est in
comitiō in gradibus ipsīs ad laevam cūriae fuit; cōtem quoque 10
eōdem locō sitam fuisse memorant ut esset ad posterōs mīrāculī
eius monumentum.
addīcō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictum: assent to, 2 inaugurō (1): take auspices, decide by augury, 5
agitō (1): drive; chase; consider, 3 inclitus, -a, -um: famed, well known, 5
atquī: and yet, 1 laevus, -a, -um: left, unfavorable, 6
Attus, -ī m.: Attus, 2 memorō (1): to recall, mention, 5
augur, -is m.: augur, 4 mēns, mentis f.: mind, intent, purpose, 4
comitium, -ī n.: assembly; elections, 6 mūtō (1): to change, 6
concipiō, -ere, -cēpī: conceive, take in, 3 Navius, -ī m.: Navius, 1
cōnstituō, -ere, -uī, -tus: decide establish, 6 negō (1): to deny, say that…not, 5
cōs, cōtis f.: whetstone, sharpening stone, 3 nisi: if not, unless, 7
cūnctor, -ārī, -ātus: delay, hesitate, 2 novācula, -ae f.: razor, 1
discindō, -ere, -dī, -ssum: split, cleave, 2 portendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum: foretell, 7
dum: while, as long as, until, 6 profectō: assuredly, indeed, certainly, 4
ēlūdō, -ere, -sī, -sus: mock, make fun of, 2 statua, -ae f.: statue, 1
experior, -ī, expertum: try, attempt, test, 3 tempestās, -tātis f.: time; weather, 6
gradus, -ūs m.: step, pace; stairs, 5 vēlō (1): to veil, shroud, 3

1 id: i.e. the adding of centuries; obj. of fēcerat
inaugurātō: with the auspicies having been
taken; a common single term abl. abs.
negāre: historical inf. with nom. subj.: translate
as 3s impf.
2 eā tempestāte: at…; abl. time when; tempestās
means ‘time’ here and eā is demonstrative
neque mūtārī neque novum cōnsituī…posse:
that (anything) is able either to be changed or
to be established as new; pres. pass. infs,.;
neque…neque is made positive after negāre;
novum is predicative
3 nisi…addīxissent: plpf. subj. of subordinate
verb in ind. disc. (fut. pf. ind. in direct speech)
rēgī: dat. of possession
mōta (est)
4 ut ferunt: as they report; parenthetical
age dum: come now; ‘come awhile,’ imper.
agō is commonly used to grab attention and
dum, ‘awhile’ is used as an intensive, often
found in comedy
102
dīvine tū: you prophet; ‘divine one,’ dir. address
inaugurā: imper.
fierī-ne possit: whether…; ind. question with
pres. subj. possum
5 quod…concipiō: (that) which…; or ‘what…’
relative clause and subject of fierī
(in) mente
auguriō...expertus: experienced/skilled in + abl.
respect; dep. PPP but passive in sense (cf. 34.12)
rem…profectō futūram (esse): that…; fut. inf.;
i.e. will come to pass
6 (in) hōc animō
tē…discissūrum (esse): that…; fut. inf.
quod…portendunt: (that) which…; relative
7 illum…discidisse cōtem
ferunt: they report; i.e. according to tradition
9 capite vēlātō: abl. abs.
quō in locō: in quō locō…
10 ad: near…
cōtem...sitam fuisse: that…was (once) situated
11 ut…esset: that...might exist; purpose
 Tarquinius Priscus 36.6-37.1

6. auguriīs certē sacerdōtiōque augurum tantus honōs accessit ut 1

nihil bellī domīque posteā nisi auspicātō gererētur, concilia populī,
exercitūs vocātī, summa rērum, ubi avēs nōn admīsissent,
dirimerentur. 7. neque tum Tarquinius dē equitum centuriīs
quicquam mūtāvit; numerō alterum tantum adiēcit, ut mīlle et 5
octingentī equitēs in tribus centuriīs essent. 8. posteriōrēs modo sub
iīsdem nōminibus quī additī erant appellātī sunt; quās nunc quia
geminātae sunt sex vocant centuriās.
37. hāc parte cōpiārum auctā iterum cum Sabīnīs cōnflīgitur. sed
praeterquam quod vīribus crēverat Rōmānus exercitus, ex occultō 10
etiam additur dolus, missīs quī magnam vim lignōrum, in Aniēnīs
rīpā iacentem, ārdentem in flūmen conicerent; ventōque iuvante
accēdō, -ere, -cessī: come to, approach, is added, 7 iterum: again, a second time, 3
admittō, -ere, -mīsī: allow, permit; send, 2 iuvō (1): help, assist, aid; iuvat, it is pleasing, 3
Aniō, Aniēnis f.: Anio river, 3 lignum, -ī n.: wood, 2
ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsum: be on fire, burn, 4 mūtō (1): to change, 6
augur, -is m.: augur, 4 nisi: if not, unless, 7
auspicātō: auspices taken, after taking auspices, 1 occultus, -a, -um: concealed, hidden, 2
cōnflīgō, -ere, -īxī: clash, dash together, 1 octingentī, -ae, -a: eight hundred, 1
coniciō, -ere, -iēcī: throw together, hurl, 2 posteā: after this, afterwards, 5
cōpia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 5 praeterquam: besides, beyond; except, 4
dirimō, -ere -ēmī, -emptum: interrupt, break off 4 rīpa, -ae f.: riverbank, bank, shore, 3
dolus, -ī m.: trick, deceit, 7 sacerdōtium, -ī n.: priesthood, 1
geminō (1): double, 4 sex: six, 4
iaceō, -ēre, -uī: lie down, lie dead, 3 ventus, -ī m.: wind, 2

1 auguriīs…sacerdōtiōque augurum: to…; dat.
of compound verb; augurum is gen. pl.
ut…gererētur: that…; result
2 bellī domīque: in…; both locative
nisi auspicātō: unless with the auspicies having
been taken; another common single term abl.
abs.; cf. inaugurātō on the previous page
(et) concilia, exercitūs, summa...dirimerentur:
2nd half of the result clause with three subjects
3 exercitūs vocātī: summoning the armies;
‘armies called,’ PPP where one expects a gerund
summa rērum: highest of affairs; i.e.
administration fo affairs
ubi…admīsissent: when…; plpf. subj. of
subordinate verb in ind. disc. (fut. pf. ind. in
direct speech)
5 numerō: abl. respect
alterum tantum: another as much; i.e. doubled
ut…essent: so that…; result
6 posteriōrēs: “Secondary (knights)”; nom. pred.
modo: only
sub iīsdem nōminibus: i.e. old names
7 quī additī erant: (those) who…; the missing
antecedent is subject of appellātī sunt
quās..sex vocant centuriās: these...; connective
relative, vocant governs a double acc. and sex
centūriās is a proper name: “the Six Centuries”
9 hāc parte…auctā: PPP, augeō; copiae, ‘troops’
cum Sabīnīs: with…; abl. of association
cōnflīgitur: they…; impers. pass.: translate in
English as active with Rōmānī as subject
10 praeterquam quod…: but besides the fact
that…; quod introduces a noun clause
vīribus: in…; abl. respect, vīs
ex occultō: in secret, secretly
11 mīssīs: abl. abs. explaining dolus; the other
term in the abs. is the antecedent of quī
quī…conicerent: (those) who,…would…;
relative clause of purpose
vim: quantity
12 iacentem: pres. pple iaceō
ventō iuvante: abl. abs. or means

103
37.2-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

accēnsa ligna, et plēraque [in] ratibus impacta sublicīs<que> cum 1

haerērent, pontem incendunt. 2. ea quoque rēs in pugnā terrōrem
attulit Sabīnīs, et fūsīs eadem fugam impedit; multīque mortālēs
cum hostem effūgissent in flūmine ipsō periēre, quōrum fluitantia
arma ad urbem cognita in Tiberī prius paene quam nūntiārī posset 5
īnsignem victōriam fēcēre.
3. eō proeliō praecipua equitum glōria fuit; utrimque ab cornibus
positōs, cum iam pellerētur media peditum suōrum aciēs, ita
incurrisse ab lateribus ferunt, ut nōn sisterent modo Sabīnās
legiōnēs ferōciter īnstantēs cēdentibus, sed subitō in fugam 10
āverterent. 4. montēs effūsō cursū Sabīnī petēbant, et paucī tenuēre:
maxima pars, ut ante dictum est, ab equitibus in flūmen āctī sunt. 5.
accendō, -ere, -cendī, -cēnsum: kindle, set afire, 4 latus, -eris n.: side, flank, 2
adferō, -ferre, attulī, allātum: bring, propose, 6 legio, legiōnis f.: legion, 7
cēdō, -ere, cessī: withdraw; yield to (dat) 3 lignum, -ī n.: wood, 2
cognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: recognize, know, 4 mortālis, -e: mortal, 6
cornū, -ūs n.: horn; wing (of a battle), 4 paene: almost, nearly, 3
cursus, -ūs m.: course, running, haste, 6 paucī, -ae, -a: few, 1
effugiō, -ere, -fūgī: flee away, escape, 1 pedes, peditis m.: foot soldier; infantry, 5
effūsus, -a, -um: spread out; adv. widely 7 pereō, -īre, periī: to pass away, perish, 4
ferōciter: fiercely, 3 plērusque, plēra-, plērum-: very many, most, 3
fluitō (1): float, 2 pōns, pontis m.: bridge, 2
haereō, -ēre, haesī: stick, hesitate, 3 praecipuus, -a, -um: special, 2
impediō, -īre, -īvī: hinder, impede, 1 ratis, -is f.: raft, 1
impingō, -ere, -pēgī, -pactum: strike against, 1 sistō, -ere, stitī, statum: stand, stop, 2
incendō, -ere, -ī, -ēnsus: kindle, enflame, burn, 3 subitō: immediately, straightaway, 4
incurrō, -ere, -currī, -cursūrum: run in, attack, 1 sublicius, -a, -um: wooden piles, 2
īnstō, -āre, -stitī: press (on), engage, 6

1 accēnsa (sunt): pf. pass. prius…quam (victōria) nuntiārī posset: equiv.

plēraque (ligna): nom. subj.
impācta (sunt)
ratibus…sublicīs<que>: against…; dat. of
compound verb; diamond brackets indicate an
addition made by the modern editor
cum haerērent: i.e. burning timber that did not
slip past the bridge
2 ea…rēs: this situation
3 attulit: pf. adferō
fūsīs: for (those)…; i.e. the Sabines in a rout;
dat. of interest; PPP fundō, ‘spread out’
which can be supply the noun from context
eadem (rēs): the same situation
4 periēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
quōrum…arma…fēcēr(unt): whose weapons...
i.e. spears and shields of wood or wicker
fluitantia…ad urbem…in Tiberī: (while)…;
pres. pple
5 cognita: having been recognized
104
to priusquam with impf. subj. of anticipated
action; impf. subj. possum
īnsignem victōriam fēcēr(unt): made the
victory known; double acc.
7 (in) eō proeliō
(equitēs) utrimque…positōs: (the horsemen)…
PPP, equitēs is missing but understood
ab cornibus: on the flanks; i..e of the Romans
8 pellerētur: i..e to the point of retreat
ita incurrisse ab lateribus: that…; (equitēs)…
positōs is acc. subject
10 ferunt: they report; i.e. according to tradition
ut…sisterent…āverterent: that…; result clause
nōn…modo…sed: not only…but (also)…
cēdentibus: on those withdrawing; i.e the
retreating Roman infantry from two lines earlier;
dat. of compound verb
11 tenuēr(unt) (cursum): syncopated 3p pf.
12 ut: as…; parenthetical, clause of comparison
 Tarquinius Priscus 37.5-38.2

5. Tarquinius, īnstandum perterritīs ratus, praedā captīvīsque 1

Rōmam missīs, spoliīs hostium—id vōtum Volcānō erat—ingentī
cumulō accēnsīs, pergit porrō in agrum Sabīnum exercitum
indūcere; 6. et quamquam male gesta rēs erat nec gestūrōs melius
spērāre poterant, tamen, quia cōnsulendī rēs nōn dabat spatium, īre 5
obviam Sabīnī tumultuāriō mīlite; iterumque ibi fūsī, perditīs iam
prope rēbus pācem petiēre.
38. Collātia et quidquid citrā Collātiam agrī erat Sabīnīs
adēmptum; Egērius—frātris hic fīlius erat rēgis—Collātiae in
praesidiō relictus. dēditōsque Collātīnōs ita accipiō eamque 10
dēditiōnis fōrmulam esse: 2. rēx interrogāvit: ‘estisne vōs lēgātī
ōrātōrēsque missī ā populō Collātīnō ut vōs populumque
accendō, -ere, -cendī, -cēnsum: kindle, set afire, 4 mīlēs, mīlitis m.: soldier; soldiery, 7
captīva, -ae f. (-us, -ī m): prisoner, 2 obviam: in the way, opposite, 3
citrā: this side of (acc), 1 ōrātor, -ōris, m.: speaker, orator, 2
Collātia, -ae f.: Collatia, (town), 7 perdō, -ere, perdidī: lose, ruin, destroy, 2
Collātīnus, -ī m.: of Collatia (town); Collatine, 5 pergō, -ere -rēxī -rectum: proceed, continue, 7
cumulus, -ī m.: heap, 1 perterreō, -ēre: frighten, terrify, 1
dēditio, -ōnis f.: surrrender, capitulation, 1 porrō: forward; again, in turn; furthermore, 4
Ēgerius, -ī m.: Egerius, 3 quisquis, quidquid: whoever, whatever, 4
fōrmula, -ae f.: form, 1 spatium, -iī n.: period, span,; distance, space, 7
indūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum: lead in, bring to, 3 spērō (1): hope, hope for, expect, 4
īnstō, -āre, -stitī: press (on), engage, 6 tumultuārius, -a, -um: haphazard, disordered, 1
interrogō (1): to ask, question, 2 Volcānus (Vulcanus), -ī m.: Vulcan, 1
iterum: again, a second time, 3 vōtum, -ī n.: vow, prayer, 2
melior, melius: better, 5

1 īnstandum (esse): that (he)…; ‘that it must/had subj.: translate as 3p impf.

to be pressed on,’ impers. passive periphrastic
(gerundive + esse); supply a subject and make
active in English
perterritīs: on (those)…; PPP, dat. obj. of
compound verb; i.e. the Sabines
ratus: dep PPP, reor: translate as ‘having Xed’
praedā…missīs: abl. abs.
2 spoliīs hostium…accēnsīs: abl. abs.
Volcānō: dat. interest
ingentī cumulō: in…; abl. manner, i-stem abl.
3 agrum: land
4 gesta…erat: had been carried out; i.e. for the
Sabines
(sē) gestūrōs (esse) melius: that…; with fut. inf.
gerō; melius is comparative adv. of bonus
5 cōnsulendī: for…; gen. gerund (-ing)
rēs: situation; i.e. for the Sabines
īre obviam Sabīnī: an historical inf. with nom.
6 tumultuāriō mīlite: i.e. the Sabine army was
likely not able to organize into its usual ranks
fūsī (sunt): pf. pass. fundō, ‘spread,’ but here
‘rout’ or ‘turn away’
perditīs…rēbus: abl. abs.
7 petiēr(unt)
8 agrī: of land; partitive with quidquid
erat adēmptum: plpf. pass.
Sabīnīs: from…; dat. of compound verb
9 Collātiae: at…; locative
10 relictus (est)
dēditōs (esse) Collātīnōs: that…; pf. pass. dedō
governed by accipiō
accipiō: I understand; Livy, as narrator, is
speaking in the 1st person singular
eam dēditiōnis...esse: and that…; eam is subject
12 ut…dēderētis: so that…might…; purpose

105
38.2-5 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

Collātīnum dēderētis?’—’sumus.’—’estne populus Collātīnus in 1

suā potestāte?’—’est.’—’dēditisne vōs populumque Collātīnum,
urbem, agrōs, aquam, terminōs, dēlūbra, ūtēnsilia, dīvīna
hūmānaque omnia, in meam populīque Rōmānī diciōnem?’—
’dēdimus.’—’at ego recipiō.’ 5
3. bellō Sabīnō perfectō Tarquinius triumphāns Rōmam redit. 4.
inde Prīscīs Latīnīs bellum fēcit; ubi nusquam ad ūniversae reī
dīmicātiōnem ventum est, ad singula oppida circumferendō arma
omne nōmen Latīnum domuit. Corniculum, Fīculea vetus,
Cameria, Crustumerium, Ameriola, Medullia, Nōmentum, haec dē 10
Prīscīs Latīnīs aut quī ad Latīnōs dēfēcerant, capta oppida. 5. pāx
deinde est facta.
Ameriola, -ae f.: Ameriola (town), 1 Fīculea, -ae f.: Ficulea (town), 1
at: but, yet; at least, 6 Medullia, -ae f.: Medullia (Latin town), 2
Cameria, -ae f.: Cameria, 1 Nōmentum, -ī n.: Nomentum, 1
circumferō, -ferre: carry around, 1 nusquam: nowhere, 2
Collātīnus, -ī m.: of Collatia (town); Collatine, 5 perficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: accomplish, bring
Corniculum, -ī n.: Corniculum (town), 2 about, 7
Crustumerium, -ī n.: Crustuminum, 1 potestās, -tātis f.: power; rule, 3
dēficiō, -ere, -fēxī, -fectum: fail; defect, revolt, 3 recipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: take (back), 4
dēlūbrum, -ī n.: shrine, 1 terminus, -ī m.: boundary, boundary-line, 3
dicio, diciōnis f.: sway, authority, jurisdiction, 2 triumphō (1): celebrate a triumph, 1
dīmicātiō, -tiōnis f.: combat, fight, 5 ūniversus, -a, -um: one and all, entire, whole, 4
domō, -āre, -uī: tame, subdue, 1 ūtēnsilia, -um n.: utensils, necessaries, 1

1 dēderētis: 2s impf. subj. dedō; in a series of common idiom

Roman questions and Sabine responses
Collātinus: of Collatia, Collatine
in suā potestāte: i.e. independent
2 dēdistis-ne: pres. dedō
4 meam populīque Rōmānī: both possessives,
adj. and gen. respectively modifying diciōnem
5 dēdimus: pres. dedō
at: then, in turn
6 bellō Sabīnō perfectō: abl. abs.
Rōmam: acc. place to which
Prīscīs Latīnīs: on…; bellum facere + dat. is a
ad ūniversae reī dīmicātiōnem: to a decisive
battle; idiom, ‘to a battle of the entire event’
8 ventum est: they…; i.e. the Romans; ‘it was
come,’ impers. pf. pass. is often translated
actively in English
ad singula oppida circumferendō arma: by
bearing arms…; abl. means, gerund (-ing)
9 omne nōmen Latīnum: i.e. the entire people
10 haec…oppida: nom. subj.
(dē illōs) quī…dēfēcerant: (from those) who…
11 capta (sunt)

106
 Tarquinius Priscus 38.5-39.2

māiōre inde animō pācis opera incohāta quam quantā mōle 1

gesserat bella, ut nōn quiētior populus domī esset quam mīlitiae
fuisset. 6. nam et mūrō lapideō, cuius exōrdium operis Sabīnō bellō
turbātum erat, urbem quā nōndum mūnierat cingere parat, et īnfima
urbis loca circā forum aliāsque interiectās collibus convallēs, quia 5
ex plānīs locīs haud facile ēvehēbant aquās, cloācīs fastīgiō in
Tiberim ductīs siccat, 7. et āream ad aedem in Capitōliō Iovis quam
vōverat bellō Sabīnō, iam praesāgiente animō futūram ōlim
amplitūdinem locī, occupat fundāmentīs.
39. eō tempore in rēgiā prōdigium vīsū ēventūque mīrābile fuit. 10
puerō dormientī, cui Serviō Tulliō fuit nōmen, caput ārsisse ferunt
multōrum in cōnspectū; 2. plūrimō igitur clāmōre inde ad tantae reī
aedis, -is f.: temple, pl. house, 5 incohō (1): begin, 1
amplitudo, -inis f.: magnificence, grandeur, 2 intericiō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw between, 2
ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsum: be on fire, burn, 4 lapideus, -a, -um: of stone, 2
ārea, -ae f.: ground, building site, open space, 2 mīrābilis, -e: amazing, wonderous, 2
Capitōlium, -ī n.: Capitolium, 4 mōlēs, -is f.: mass; burden, magnitude; labor, 3
cingō, -ere, cinxī: surround, gird, 1 mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: fortify, build, 6
cloāca, -ae f.: sewer, 3 ōlim: once; one day, 2
cōnspectus, -ūs m.: sight, view, 7 plānus, -a, -um: flat, level, 2
convallis, -is f: lowland, vale, 2 plūrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 4
dormiō, -īre, -īvī: to sleep, 2 praesāgiō, -īre, -īvī: foretell, presage,, 1
ēvehō, -ere, -vexī, -vectum: carry out, 2 quiētus, -a, -um: resting, calm, tranquil, 1
ēventus, -ūs m.: outcome, result, 4 siccō (1): to dry, 1
exōrdium, -iī n.: beginning, 1 Tullius, -ī m.: Tullius, 6
fastīgium, -ī n.: slope, descent; pediment, 1 turbō (1): throw in confusion, disturb, 5
forum, -ī n.: forum, 7 vīsus, -ūs m.: appearance, sight; vision, 1
fundāmentum, -ī n.: foundation, base, 6 voveō, -ēre, vōvī, vōtum: vow, swear, 5

1 māiōre animō: i.e. spirit, enthusiasm; cloācīs…ductīs: abl. abs.

comparative magnus; abl. manner
pācis: of peacetime; modifying opera
incohāta (sunt)
quam: clause of comparison
quantā mōle: with as much labor…;
‘burden’; abl. manner
2 ut…esset…fuissset: so that…; result clause
with impf. subj and plpf. subj.
domī: locative
mīlitae: abroad; ‘in military service,’ locative
3 et…et…et…: both…and…and…
cuius…operis…erat: of which …; relative adj.
(in) Sabīnō bellō
4 quā…mūnierat: where…; relative adv.
interiectās: PPP modifying fem.convallēs
collibus: between…; dat. of compound
5 facile: adv.
6 ēvehēbant: would…; customary impf.; i.e. there
was no drainage
107
fastīgiō: abl. means
7 Iovis: gen. Iuppiter modifying aedem
8 vōverat: the subject is Tarquinius
(in) bellō Sabīnō
praesāgiente animō: abl. abs.
futūram: going to come; fut. pple
ōlim: one day
9 fundāmentīs: for…; dat. purpose
10 eō tempore: at…; abl. time when
vīsū ēventūque : in…; abl. of respect
11 puerō dormientī: dat. of possession with caput
cui…fuit: dat. of possession
Serviō Tulliō: nom. attracted into the dat. by cui
caput ārsisse: that…; pf. inf. ‘burst in flames,’
or ‘caught fire’
ferunt: they report; i.e. according to tradition
12 plūrimō clāmōre…ortō: abl. abs. orior
ad: at…, in regard to…
tantae reī: of so great an event
39.2-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

mīrāculum ortō excitōs rēgēs, et cum quīdam familiārium aquam 1

ad restinguendum ferret, ab rēgīnā retentum, sēdātōque eam
tumultū movērī vetuisse puerum dōnec suā sponte experrēctus
esset; mox cum somnō et flammam abīsse. 3. tum abductō in
sēcrētum virō Tanaquil ‘vidēn tū puerum hunc’ inquit, ‘quem tam 5
humilī cultū ēducāmus? scīre licet hunc lūmen quondam rēbus
nostrīs dubiīs futūrum praesidiumque rēgiae adflīctae; proinde
māteriam ingentis pūblicē prīvātimque decōrīs omnī indulgentiā
nostrā nūtriāmus.’
4. inde puerum līberum locō coeptum habērī ērudīrīque artibus 10
quibus ingenia ad magnae fortūnae cultum excitantur. ēvenit facile
quod dīs cordī esset: iuvenis ēvāsit vērē indolis rēgiae nec, cum
abdūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductum: lead away, 2 lūmen, lūminis n.: light, 1
adfligō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: crush, beat down, 1 māteria, -ae f.: opportunity, source, stuff, 4
cor, cordis n. heart, 2 mox: soon, 1
cultus, -ūs m.: worship; cultivation, upbringing, 5 nūtriō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: to feed, nourish, 1
ērudiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: educate, instruct, 1 proinde: then, therefore, consequently, 3
ēvādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsum: turn out, go out, 1 quondam: formerly, at one time, 6
ēveniō, -īre: turn out, happen, 4 rēgīna, -ae f.: queen, 2
excitō (1): excite, rouse, incite, 5 restinguō, -ere, restinxī: put out, quench, 1
expergīscor, -ī, experrēctum: awake, rouse, 2 retineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum: to hold back, 2
familiāris, -e: of the household; intimate, 2 sēcrētus, -a, -um: secret, private, separate, 3
flamma, -ae f.: flame, fire, torch, love, 3 sēdō (1): settle, calm, 2
humilis, -e: lowly, humble, 3 somnus, -ī m.: sleep, 4
indoles, -is f.: natural ability, talent, 4 sponte: of one’s own will, voluntarily, 1
indulgentia, -ae f.: kindness, 1 Tanaquil, -is f.: Tanaquil, 6
licet, -ēre, -uit: it is allowed, permitted, 3 vetō, -āre, vetuī, vetitum: forbid, advise…not, 2

1 ortō: dep. PPP orior in abl. abs.
excitōs (esse) rēgēs: that…; i.e. rēx et regīna;
governed by ferunt
familiārium: of domestics; i.e. members of the
household, whether free or slaves
2 ad restinguendum: for…; ad + gerund (-ing)
supply the obj.
(eum) ā rēgīnā retentum (esse): that…;
governed by ferunt; add acc. subject
sēdātō tumultū: abl. abs.
eam…vetuisse puerum: that…
3 dōnec…experrēctus esset: temporal clause
with plpf. dep. subj. of anticipated action
4 et: also
flammam abīsse: that…; pf. inf. abeō
abductō…vīrō: abl. abs.; vir is here ‘husband’
in sēcrētum: aside
5 vidēn: = vidēsne?; a common colloquial form
scīre licet: it is evident
hunc…futūrum (esse)…adflīctae: that this
one…; fut. inf. sum
6 rēbus nostrīs dubiīs: for…; dat. of interest
7 rēgiae adflīctae: for…; dat. of interest, rēgia
8 māteriam ingentis decōris: i.e. Servius
9 nūtriāmus: let…; 1p hortatory pres. subj.
10 puerum…coeptum (esse) habērī: the boy
began…; pf. pass.
līber(ōr)um: gen. pl. līberī, ‘children’
(in) locō
11 ingenia: the talents
ad: for…
ēvēnit: it… impersonal
facile: adv.
12 quod…cordī esset: (that) which served as a
pleasure…; relative clause of characteristic and
a dat. of purpose (lit. ‘was for a pleasure/heart’);
cordī est is an idiom used three times in book 1
d(e)īs: dat. of interest
ēvāsit (esse): turned out (to be)
indolis rēgiae: of…; gen. of description

108
 Tarquinius Priscus 39.4-6

quaererētur gener Tarquiniō, quisquam Rōmānae iuventūtis ūllā 1

arte cōnferrī potuit, fīliamque eī suam rēx dēspondit.
5. hic quācumque dē causā tantus illī honōs habitus crēdere
prohibet servā nātum eum parvumque ipsum servīsse. eōrum magis
sententiae sum quī Corniculō captō Ser. Tullī, quī prīnceps in illā 5
urbe fuerat, gravidam virō occīsō uxōrem, cum inter reliquās
captīvās cognita esset, ob ūnicam nōbilitātem ab rēgīnā Rōmānā
prohibitam ferunt servitiō partum Rōmae ēdidisse Prīscī Tarquinī
<in> domō; 6. inde tantō beneficiō et inter mulierēs familiāritātem
auctam et puerum, ut in domō ā parvō ēductum, in cāritāte atque 10
honōre fuisse; fortūnam mātris, quod captā patriā in hostium
manūs vēnerit, ut servā nātus crēderētur fēcisse.
beneficium, -ī n.: good deed, favor, 5 nōbilitās, -tātis f.: nobility, renown, 4
captīva, -ae f. (-us, -ī m): prisoner, 2 occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsus: kill, strike down, 5
cāritās, -tātis f.: affection, 5 partus, -ūs m.: offspring, 4
cognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: recognize, know, 4 prohibeō, -ēre, -hibuī: hold back, hinder, 6
cōnferō, -ferre: bring together, collect, 4 rēgīna, -ae f.: queen, 2
Corniculum, -ī n.: Corniculum (town), 2 reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 2
dēspondō, -ere, -spondī: to betroth, 2 sententia, -ae f.: opinion, thought, feeling, 4
ēdō, -ere, ēdidī, ēditum: bring forth, perform, 6 Ser.: Servius, 7
ēdūcō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: lead or draw out, 4 serva, -ae, f.: slave, 4
familiāritās, -tātis f.: intimacy, 1 serviō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: be slave to (dat), 2
gener, generī m.: son-in-law, 5 servitium, -ī n.: slavery, servitude, 4
gravidus, -a, -um: pregnant, 2 ūllus, -a, -um: any, 7
iuventūs, -tūtis f.: youth, 5 ūnicus, -a, -um: unique, singular, only, 2

1 Tarquiniō: for…; dat. of interest 7 ab rēgīnā Rōmānā: abl. agent

nec…quisquam: and not…
ūllā arte: in…; abl. respect
2 cōnferrī: to be compared
eī: dat. ind. obj., i.e. Servius
3 hic: demonstrative pronoun; i.e. marriage ties
quācumque dē causā: for whatever reason;
Livy shows skepticism toward the previous story
tantus…honōs habitus: PPP habeō, ‘consider,’
+ nom. pred.
illī: dat. interest, i.e. Servius
crēdere: (us) from believing…; after prohibet
4 servā nātum (esse) eum: that…; pf. dep. nāscor
and abl. of origin
parvumque ipsum serv(īv)isse: and that…as
a little (boy)…; parvum is predicative
5 sententiae sum: I am of the opinion
Corniculō captō: abl. abs.
Ser(vī) Tullī: i.e. the father of the king; this gen.
more likely modifies Corniculō than uxorem
6 gravidam…uxōrem…ēdidisse: that…; pf. inf.
virō occīsō: abl. abs. i.e. Servius Tullius above
cum…cognita esset: plpf. pass. subj.
109
prohibitam…servitiō: kept from…; PPP and
abl. of separation
ferunt: they report; main verb
Rōmae: locative
Prīscī Tarquinī: gen. with in domō
9 et…et…: both…and…
tantō beneficiō: abl. cause; i.e. Tanaquil’s
kindess toward the uxor
familiāritātem auctam (esse): that…; pf. pass.
augeō
10 puerum…fuisse: that…; i.e. Servius Tulllius
ut…ēductum: as if (one)…; comparison
ā parvō: from a little (boy), from boyhood
fortūnam mātris…fēcisse: (and) that…; pf. inf.
faciō, ‘bring it about’
11 quod…vēnerit: because…; pf. subj. of
subordinate verb in ind. disc.
ut…crēderētur: that he was…; noun result
clause and impf. subj. governed by fēcisse
12 servā nātus (esse): to…; pf. dep. inf. and
abl. of origin
40.1-3 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

40. duodēquadrāgēsimō fermē annō ex quō rēgnāre coeperat 1

Tarquinius, nōn apud rēgem modo sed apud patrēs plēbemque
longē maximō honōre Ser. Tullius erat. 2. tum Ancī fīliī duo etsī
anteā semper prō indignissimō habuerant sē patriō rēgnō tūtōris
fraude pulsōs, rēgnāre Rōmae advenam nōn modo vīcīnae sed nē 5
Italicae quidem stirpis, tum impēnsius iīs indignitās crēscere sī nē
ab Tarquiniō quidem ad sē redīret rēgnum, 3. sed praeceps inde
porrō ad servitia caderet, ut in eādem cīvitāte post centēsimum ferē
annum quam Rōmulus deō prōgnātus deus ipse tenuerit rēgnum
dōnec in terrīs fuerit, id servus servā nātus possideat. cum 10
commūne Rōmānī nōminis tum praecipuē id domūs suae dēdecus
fore, sī Ancī rēgis virīlī stirpe salvā nōn modo advenīs sed servīs
advena, ae m.: foreigner, immigrant, 7 porrō: forward; again, in turn; furthermore, 4
anteā: before, earlier, previously, 3 possideō, -ēre, -sēdī: possess, hold, 2
centēsimus, -a, -um: hundredth, 1 praeceps, praecipitis: headlong, fast, 2
dēdecus, -coris n.: dishonor, disgrace, 2 praecipuē; especially, 5
duodēquadrāgesimus, -a, -um: 38th, 1 prōgnātus, -a, -um: born, 1
etsī: even if, although, though, 5 salvus, -a, -um: well, safe, healthy, 3
ferē: almost, nearly; in general, 5 Ser.: Servius, 7
fermē: nearly, about, 4 serva, -ae, f.: slave, 4
fraus, fraudis f.: fraud, deception; harm, hurt, 5 servitium, -ī n.: slavery, servitude, 4
impensē: earnestly, strongly; vehemently, 2 Tullius, -ī m.: Tullius, 6
indignitās, -tātis f.: indignity, outrage, 4 tūtor, -ōris m.: guardian; defender, 2
indignus, -a, -um: unworthy, undeserving, 4 vīcīnus, -a, -um: neighboring, 6
Ītalicus, -a, -um: Italic, Italian, 1 virīlis, -e: of a man, masculine, 4
patrius, -a, -um: of a father, ancestral, 7

1 duodēquadrāgēsimō…annō: abl. time when
ex (tempore) quō… coeperat: from (the time)
in which…; ‘since...’ abl. time when
2 nōn…modo sed: not only…but (also)
3 maximō honōre: of…; abl. quality as predicate
Ancī filiī duo etsī…stirpis: although…
4 prō: as…; often before verb of considering
habuerant: had considered
sē…pulsōs (esse): pf. pass. pellō
patriō rēgnō: abl. separation
rēgnāre…advenam: that…
5 nōn modo…sed: not only…but (also)…
vīcīnae (stirpis)…Italicae stirpis: gen. of
description with advenam
6 nē…quidem: not even; emphasizing the
intervening word
tum: main clause, in response to anteā above
impēnsius: comparative adv.
iīs: for…; i.e .the sons; eīs, dat. of interest
indignitās crēscere: historical inf. with nom.
subject: translate as finite 3s impf.
sī…redīret…caderet: if…should…should;
110
protasis of a fut. more vivid (sī pres. subj., pres.
subj.) in secondary seq. with a surpressed
apodosis: ‘it would be undignified.’
nē ab Tarquiniō quidem: not even after
Tarquinius; nē…quidem emphasizes the
intervening words
8 ut…possideat: result with pres. subj.
9 quam…tenuerit rēgnum: which…; pf. subj.,
subj. of subordinate verb in result clause
deō: abl. of source (origin)
10 dōnec…fuerit: temporal clause with pf. subj.
sum of anticipated action
servā nātus: nom. pred.; dep. PPP nāscor and
abl. of origin
cum…tum…: both…and…
11 commūne…id…dēdecus fore: that it would
be…; ind. disc. still governed by habuerant
above; fut. inf. sum (alternative to futūrum esse)
12 sī…pateret: if…should…; fut. more vivid
Ancī…salvā: abl. abs., supply pple ‘being’
nōn modo…sed: not only…but (also); dat. of
interest
 Tarquinius Priscus 40.3-6

etiam rēgnum Rōmae pateret. 1

4. ferrō igitur eam arcēre contumēliam statuunt; sed et iniūriae
dolor in Tarquinium ipsum magis quam in Servium eōs stimulābat,
et quia gravior ultor caedis, sī superesset, rēx futūrus erat quam
prīvātus; tum Serviō occīsō, quemcumque alium generum 5
dēlēgisset, eundem rēgnī hērēdem factūrus vidēbātur; ob haec ipsī
rēgī īnsidiae parantur. 5. ex pāstōribus duo ferōcissimī dēlēctī ad
facinus, quibus cōnsuētī erant uterque agrestibus ferrāmentīs, in
vestibulō rēgiae quam potuēre tumultuōsissimē speciē rixae in sē
omnēs appāritōrēs rēgiōs convertunt; inde, cum ambō rēgem 10
appellārent clāmorque eōrum penitus in rēgiam pervēnisset, vocātī
ad rēgem pergunt. 6. prīmō uterque vōciferārī et certātim alter alterī
agrestis, -e: of the fields, rural; farmer, ruralfolk, 4 gravis, -e: heavy, serious, important, 2
ambō, -ae, -ō: both, two together, 3 hērēs, hērēdis, m./f.: heir, heiress, 5
appāritor, -ōris f.: attendant (free-born), guard, 3 īnsidiae, -ārum f.: ambush, 3
arceō, -ēre, -uī: fend/shut off, keep away, 5 occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsus: kill, strike down, 5
certātim: in rivalry, 2 penitus: within, inwardly, deeply, 1
consuescō, -ere, -ēvī, -suētum: accustom, 1 pergō, -ere -rēxī -rectum: proceed, continue, 7
contumēlia, -ae f.: insult, abuse, 2 rixa, -ae f.: quarrel, dispute, 1
convertō, -ere, -ī, -rsus: turn (around), 4 stimulō (1): provoke, incite, rouse, excite, 6
dēligō, -ere, dēlēgī, dēlectum: choose, select, 2 supersum, -esse, -fuī: remain, survive, be left, 5
dolor, -ōris m.: pain, grief, 1 tumultuōsus, -a, -um: tumultuous, 2
facinus, -noris n.: bad deed, crime, 6 ultor, ultōris m.: avenger, 3
ferrāmentum, -ī n.: iron tool, 1 vestibulum, -ī n.: entrance, vestibule, 3
gener, generī m.: son-in-law, 5 vōciferor, -ārī, -ātum: shout, 1

2 ferrō: abl. means; ‘a sword’ via metonomy 7 rēgī: dat. of interest

sed et…et quia…: but both…and because…;
explaining why Tarquin’s death is preferable to
Servius’
et…et…: both…and…
3 in…: against…
4 gravior ultor caedis: nom. pred.
sī superessent,…futūrus erat: if he were to…,
would be…; mixed condition: impf. subj.
supersum and periphrastic fut. (fut. pple + sum):
‘were going to X’ is equiv. to ‘would X’
5 tum: (and) then…; continuing the point made
since et quia
Serviō occīsō: abl. abs.
quemcumque…dēlēgisset, eundem: the same
one…; eundem is the antecedent of the relative
clause; a fut. pf. ind. made plpf. subj as a
subordinate verb in ind. disc.
6 factūrus vidēbātur: seemed…; fut. pple faciō
governs a double acc.
ipsī: they themselves; nom. pl.
dēlēctī: PPP, i.e. by the sons of Ancus
ad facinus: for… ad expressing purpose
8 quibus…ferrāmentīs: with what…; relative
clause and relative adj.
uterque: i.e the shepherds, subject of 3p verb
agrestibus: dat. of interest
9 quam potuēr(unt) tumultuōsissimē: clause of
comparison; quam + superl. is often translated
‘as X as possible’ with posse ‘is possible’ just
understood; here, 3p pf. posse is expressed
speciē: abl. means
in: upon…
10 cum…appellārent…pervēnisset: impf. and
plpf. subj.
12 prīmō: at first; adv.
vōciferārī: historical inf. with nom. subject:
translate as finite 3p impf.
alter alterī: one…to the other; nom. and dat. of
compound

111
40.6-41.2 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

obstrepere; coercitī ab līctōre et iussī in vicem dīcere tandem 1

obloquī dēsistunt; ūnus rem ex compositō ōrdītur. 7. cum intentus
in eum sē rēx tōtus āverteret, alter ēlātam secūrim in caput dēiēcit,
relictōque in volnere tēlō ambō sē forās ēiciunt.
41. Tarquinium moribundum cum quī circā erant excēpissent, 5
illōs fugientēs līctōrēs comprehendunt. clāmor inde concursusque
populī, mīrantium quid reī esset. Tanaquil inter tumultum claudī
rēgiam iubet, arbitrōs ēiēcit. simul quae cūrandō volnerī opus sunt,
tamquam spēs subesset, sēdulō comparat, simul sī dēstituat spēs,
alia praesidia mōlītur. 10
2. Serviō properē accītō cum paene exsanguem virum ostendisset,
dextram tenēns ōrat nē inultam mortem socerī, nē socrum inimīcīs
ambō, -ae, -ō: both, two together, 3 intentus, -a, -um: intent, focused, eager, 4
arbiter, arbitrī m.: witness, 2 inultus, -a, -um: unavenged, 1
claudō, -ere, -dī, -sum: to close, enclose, 5 mōlior, -īrī, mōlītum: set in motion, stir, 3
coerceō, -aere, -uī, -citum: enclose, confine, 1 moribundus, -a, -um: dying, almost dead, 2
comparō (1): prepare, collect, 1 obloquor, -ī, -locūtum: interrupt, speak against, 1
compositum, -ī n.: agreement, compact, 4 obstrepō, -ere, -uī: raise a cry against, 1
comprehendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: grasp, arrest, 4 ōrō (1): plead, pray (for), entreat, 5
concursus, -ūs m.: gathering; collision, charge, 5 ostendō, -ere, ostendī: to show, 5
cūrō (1): care for, take care of, attend to, 3 paene: almost, nearly, 3
dēiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw/bring down, 3 properē: quickly, hastily, speedily, 1
dēsistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitum: desist, stop, 1 secūris, -is f.: axe, 1
dēstituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum: leave, abandon, 3 sēdulō: busily, 1
ēfferō, -ere, -tulī, -lātum: carry out, lift, 5 socer, socerī m.: father-in-law, 3
ēiciō, -ere, ēiēcī, ēiectum: throw out, 2 subsum, -esse, -fuī: be near or at hand, 1
excipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: receive, welcome, 6 tamquam: as if, as much as, so to speak, 3
exsanguis, -e: lifeless, fainting; bloodless, 2 Tanaquil, -is f.: Tanaquil, 6
forās: out of doors, 2 tandem: finally, at last, in the end, 4
fugiō, -ere, fūgī: to flee, hurry away, 3 tēlum, -ī n.: projectile, arrow, spear, 5
inimīcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 1 vicis, -is f.: turn, exchange; office; -em, in turn, 6

1 obstrepere: historical inf. with nom. subject: claudī: pass. inf.

translate as finite 3p impf.
in vicem: in turn
2 obloquī: from…; dep. inf.: translate as pres. pple
ex compositō: by agreement
rem: (his) case; i.e. legal case or cause
3 tōtus: translate nom. adj. as adv.
ēlatum…dēiēcit: PPP ēfferō; English prefers
two finite verbs (e.g. lifted and threw down)
whereas Latin often prefers PPP and a main verb
4 relictō…tēlō: abl. abs.
5 cum…excēpissent: plpf. subj.
quī circā erant: (those) who…; missing
antecedent is subject
7 mīrantium: of (those)…; pple modifies populī
quid reī essent: what was the matter; ‘what of
matter there was,’ ind. quest.; partitive gen.
112
8 iubet (et) arbitrōs ēiēcit
simul…simul…: both…and at the same time
quae…opus sunt : (those things) which are
in need; opus est, ‘there is a need’ is an idiom
that governs either (1) nom. or (2) abl. of
separation of the thing needed; here quae is neut.
nom. pl.; missing antecedent is obj. of comparat
cūrandō volnerī: for…; dat. of purpose, noun +
gerundive; perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as a gerund (ing) + obj.; volnus=vulnus
9 tamquam…subesset: as if…; conditional
clause of comparison with impf. subj.
10 alia praesidia: i.e. remedies
cum…ostendisset: Tanaquil is subject
12 nē inultam mortem socerī (esse sinat),: that…
not…; ellipsis, ind. command with pres. subj.
 Servius Tullius 41.2-5

lūdibriō esse sinat. 3. ‘tuum est’ inquit, ‘Servī, sī vir es, rēgnum, 1
nōn eōrum quī aliēnīs manibus pessimum facinus fēcēre. ērige tē
deōsque ducēs sequere quī clārum hoc fore caput dīvīnō quondam
circumfūsō ignī portendērunt. nunc tē illa caelestis excitet flamma;
nunc expergīscere vērē. et nōs peregrīnī rēgnāvimus; quī sīs, nōn 5
unde nātus sīs reputā. sī tua rē subitā cōnsilia torpent, at tū mea
cōnsilia sequere.’ 4. cum clāmor impetusque multitūdinis vix
sustinērī posset, ex superiōre parte aedium per fenestrās in Novam
viam versās—habitābat enim rēx ad Iovis Statōris—populum
Tanaquil adloquitur. 5. iubet bonō animō esse; sōpītum fuisse 10
rēgem subitō ictū; ferrum haud altē in corpus dēscendisse; iam ad
sē redīsse; īnspectum volnus abstersō cruōre; omnia salūbria esse;
abstergeō, -ere, -sī, -tersum: wipe away, 1 īnspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectum: look on, 1
adloquor, loquī, locūtus: speak, address, 3 lūdibrium, -ī n.: object of mockery, 3
aedis, -is f.: temple, pl. house, 5 pessimus, -a, -um: worst, very bad, 1
altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall; deep, 3 portendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum: foretell, 7
at: but, yet; at least, 6 quondam: formerly, at one time, 6
circumfundō -ere -fūdī -fūsus: pour around, 1 reputō (1): to think over, reflect on, 1
clārus, -a, -um: clear, distinguished, bright, 6 salūbris, -e: healthy, useful, 4
cruor, cruōris m.: blood, gore, 2 sōpiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: put to sleep, lull to sleep, 2
dēscendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: descend, 6 Stator, -ōris m.: the Stayer (of Jupiter), 2
ērigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rectum: raise up, lift, 4 subitus, -a, -um: sudden, 4
expergīscor, -ī, experrēctum: awake, rouse, 2 superior, -ius: higher, upper; previous, 6
facinus, -noris n.: bad deed, crime, 6 sustineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum: hold up, 4
fenestra, -ae f.: window, 1 Tanaquil, -is f.: Tanaquil, 6
flamma, -ae f.: flame, fire, torch, love, 3 torpeō, -ēre.: be paralyzed, be numb, 2
ictus, -ūs m.: strike, blow, 1 via, -ae, f.: way, road, 7
ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 2 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 5

1 lūcibriō esse: to serve as a object of mockery; a
common translation of dat. of purpose; a double
dative construction (purpose and interest)
Servī: voc. dir. address
Sī vir es: i.e. a real man, a man of character
2 nōn eōrum: not theirs; in contrast to possessive
tuum, assume rēgnum est
quī…fēcēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
aliēnīs manibus: abl. means, the sons used
shepherds to assassinate the king
3 ducēs: as guides, as leaders
sequere: sg. dep. imperative
clārum hoc fore caput: that this…; with fut. inf.
(equiv. to futūrum esse); caput can often mean
‘life’ as well as ‘head’
dīvīnō…circumfūsō īgnī: abl. abs.; i-stem 3rd
decl. noun
4 excitet: Let…; jussive pres. subj.
5 expergīscere: sg. dep. imperative
et: also, too; or concessive with peregrīnī: ‘even
though’
quis sīs: ind. question, 2s pres. subj. sum
6 unde nātus sīs: ind. question, pf. dep. nāscor
rē subitā: by…; abl. cause
7 sequere: sg. dep. imperative
cum…posset: impf. subj. possum
8 Novam viam: Nova Via; a proper name
ad Iovis Statōris: near (the temple of)…;
ellipsis; gen. sg. Iuppiter
10 bonō animō esse: that (they) be of good spirit;
or ‘of good cheer/will,’ abl. of quality as pred.
sōpītum fuisse…ictū: that… pf. inf.; the verb
‘dicit’ is missing but understood
sōpitum: rendered unconscious; ‘put to sleep’
11 ‘ferrum…dēscendisse: that…;
(sē) iam…redīsse: that…; pf. inf. redeō
12 īnspectum (esse) volnus: that…
omnis salūbria esse: that…

113
41.5-42.1 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

cōnfīdere propediem ipsum eōs vīsūrōs; interim Ser. Tulliō iubēre 1

populum dictō audientem esse; eum iūra redditūrum obitūrumque
alia rēgis mūnia esse. 6. Servius cum trabeā et līctōribus prōdit ac
sēde rēgiā sedēns alia dēcernit, dē aliīs cōnsultūrum sē rēgem esse
simulat. itaque per aliquot diēs cum iam exspīrāsset Tarquinius 5
cēlātā morte per speciem aliēnae fungendae vicis suās opēs
firmāvit; tum dēmum palam factum est complōrātiōne in rēgiā
ortā. Servius praesidiō firmō mūnītus, prīmus iniussū populī,
voluntāte patrum rēgnāvit. 7. Ancī līberī iam tum comprēnsīs
sceleris ministrīs ut vīvere rēgem et tantās esse opēs Servī 10
nūntiātum est, Suessam Pōmētiam exsulātum ierant.
42. nec iam pūblicīs magis cōnsiliīs Servius quam prīvātīs
aliquot: several, 6 mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: to fortify, build, 6
cēlō (1): hide, conceal, 1 obeō, -īre, -iī, -itum: engage in; enter; die, 4
complorātiō, -tiōnis f.: wailing, lamentation, 2 palam: openly, publicly, 5
comprehendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: grasp, arrest, 4 prōdeō, -īre, -iī: to go forth, advance, 3
cōnfīdō, -ere: trust, believe, rely upon, 1 propediem: soon, 3
dēcernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētum: decide, decree, 6 sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessum: to sit, 5
dēmum: at length, finally, 2 Ser.: Servius, 7
exspīrō (1): breathe out, 1 simulō (1): feign, pretend, make like, 7
exsulō (1): to exile, banish; live in exile, 3 Suessa Pōmētia, -ae f.: Suessa Pometia (town), 2
firmō (1): strengthen, support, 4 trabea, -ae f.: robe of state, state robe, 1
firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 2 Tullius, -ī m.: Tullius, 6
fungor, -ī, functum: perform (abl.), 3 vicis, -is f.: turn, exchange; office; -em, in turn, 6
iniussū: without orders, 4 vīsō, -ere: examine, view carefully, 2
interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 5 vīvō, -ere, vīxī, vīctum: live, 4
minister, ministrī m.: attendant, servant, 1 voluntās, -tātis f.: will, wish, permission, 6
mūnia (nom. and acc.): duties, 2

1 (eam) cōnfīdere: that (she)… king was dead

ipsum eōs vīsūrōs (esse): that…; fut. inf. videō
eōs refers to the crowd, and ipsum to the king
(rēgem) interim…iubēre: that (the king)…;
2 dictō audientem esse: be obedient to + dat.; or
‘obey,’ an idiom with an unusual use of dictō
eum…redditūrum (esse) obitūrumque…esse:
that he…; fut. infs
4 alia…dē aliīs: some cases…about other cases
cōnsultūrum sē rēgem esse: that…; fut. inf.
5 cum…exspīrā(vi)sset Tarquinius: although…;
perhaps concessive with plpf. subj.
6 cēlātā morte: abl. abs.
aliēnae fungendae vicis: of…; do a gerund-
gerundive flip and translate as a gerund (ing) +
obj.; aliēna vicis means ‘the office of a another’
7 factum est: it…; impers. pf. pass., i.e. that the
7 complōrātiōne…ortā: abl. abs. causal in sense;
dep. PPP orior
8 prīmus: i.e. was the first to…
9 comprēnsīs…ministrīs: abl. abs.; i.e. shepherds
10 ut…nūntiātum est: as it…, when it…;
temporal clause with impers. pf. pass.
vīvere rēgem, tantās…Servī: that…; ind. disc.
11 Suessam Pōmētiam: to Suessa Pometia; acc.
place to which; two names to distinguish it from
the town Suessa Aurunca, also in Latium
exsultātum: to…; acc. supine (PPP + um) often
expresses purpose: translate as an inf.
ierant: plpf. eō, īre
12 pūblicīs cōnsiliīs, prīvātīs (cōnsiliīs): abl.
means; i.e. public acts and familial ties outlined
below

114
 Servius Tullius 42.1-4

mūnīre opēs, et nē, quālis Ancī līberum animus adversus 1

Tarquinium fuerat, tālis adversus sē Tarquinī līberum esset, duās
fīliās iuvenibus rēgiīs, Lūciō atque Arruntī Tarquiniīs iungit; 2. nec
rūpit tamen fātī necessitātem hūmānīs cōnsiliīs quīn invidia rēgnī
etiam inter domesticōs īnfīda omnia atque īnfēsta faceret. 5
peropportūnē ad praesentis quiētem statūs bellum cum
Vēientibus—iam enim indūtiae exierant—aliīsque Etrūscīs
sūmptum. 3. in eō bellō et virtūs et fortūna ēnituit Tullī; fūsōque
ingentī hostium exercitū haud dubius rēx, seu patrum seu plēbis
animōs perīclitārētur, Rōmam rediit. 4. adgrediturque inde ad pācis 10
longē maximum opus, ut quemadmodum Numa dīvīnī auctor iūris
fuisset, ita Servium conditōrem omnis in cīvitāte discrīminis
adgredior, -ī, -gressum: go to, attack, address, 4 mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: fortify, build, 6
Arrūns, Arruntis m.: Arruns, 6 necessitās, -tātis f.: necessity, 4
conditor, -tōris m.: founder, 5 periclitor, -ārī, -ātum: try, test, 1
discrīmen, -nis n.: difference, distinction, 7 peropportūnē: very opportunely, 1
domesticus, -a, -um: of a house, 4 praeses, praesidis m.: protector, 1
ēniteō, -ēre, ēnituī: shine forth, gleam, 1 quālis, -e: of what sort? what?, 5
exeō, -īre, -iī, -itus: go out, 6 quemadmodum: in what manner, how, 1
fātum, -ī n.: fate, ruin, death, 5 quiēs, quiētis f.: rest, repose, sleep, 4
indūtiae, -ārum f.: a truce, 3 rumpō, -ere, rūpī: burst, break, 1
īnfīdus, -a, -um: unfaithful, disloyal, 2 status, -ūs m.: position, condition, state, 2
invidia, -ae f.: hatred, envy, lack of popularity, 5 sūmō, -ere, -mpsī, -mptum: take (up), chose, 6
Lūcius, -ī m.: Lucius, 1 tālis, -e: such, 3

1 mūrīre: historical inf. with nom. subject:
translate as finite 3p impf.
nē…esset: so that…might not…; neg. purpose
clause with impf. subj.
quālis…animus…fuerat, tālis (animus): such
a mind…as…; ‘this sort (of mind), which sort of
mind…’ correlatives (demon. and relative) tālis
is the antecedent of the relative quālis…fuerat
Ancī līber(ōr)um: gen. modifying animus
adversus: against + acc.
2 Tarquinī līber(ōr)um: gen. modifying animus
3 iuvenibus rēgiīs: with…; abl. of association
Lūciō…Tarquiniīs: in apposition to iuvenibus
4 hūmānīs cōnsiliīs: by…; abl. means
quīn…faceret: that envy for the kingship…; a
quin-clause with impf. subj. after a negative
verb of prevention (rūpit); the verb governs a
double acc.
5 īnfīda omnia atque īnfesta: neut. pl., i.e. things
6 peropportūnē…(erat) bellum: add linking verb
ad…: for…, in regard to…
praesentis…statūs: gen. sg.
8 sūmptum: PPP with bellum
et…et…: both…and…
fūsōque…exercitū: abl. abs. with PPP fundō;
‘spread out in a rout’
9 haud dubius rēx (fuit)
seu…seu…perīclitāretur: whether…or…; ind.
question with impf. dep. following dubius;
seu = sīve
10 Rōmam: acc. place to which
ut…ferrent: so that…might…; purpose
11 quemadmodum…ita…: in what manner…
so…; correlatives (relative and demonstrative)
12 fuisset: plpf. subj., of subordinate clause
(relative clause) in a purpose clause
conditōrem: as…; acc. pred. with ferrent
omnis…discrīminis ordinumque: of every
distinction of the orders; hendiadys (two
terms denote the same object)

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ōrdinumque quibus inter gradūs dignitātis fortūnaeque aliquid 1

interlūcet posterī fāmā ferrent. 5. cēnsum enim īnstituit, rem
salūberrimam tantō futūrō imperiō, ex quō bellī pācisque mūnia
nōn virītim, ut ante, sed prō habitū pecūniārum fierent; tum classēs
centuriāsque et hunc ōrdinem ex cēnsū dīscrīpsit, vel pācī decōrum 5
vel bellō.
43. ex iīs quī centum mīlium āeris aut māiōrem cēnsum habērent
octōgintā cōnfēcit centuriās, quadrāgēnās seniōrum ac iūniōrum; 2.
prīma classis omnēs appellātī; seniōrēs ad urbis custōdiam ut
praestō essent, iuvenēs ut foris bella gererent; arma hīs imperāta 10
galeā, clipeum, ocreae, lōrīca, omnia ex aere; haec ut tegumenta
corporis essent: tēla in hostem hastaque et gladius. 3. additae huic
aes, aeris n.: bronze, copper; as (coin), 4 iūnior, iūnius: younger, 5
clipeus, -ī m.: round shield, 2 lōrīca, -ae f.: breast-plate, 2
cōnficiō, -ere: to finish (off), accomplish, 5 mūnia (nom. and acc.): duties, 2
cūstōdia, -ae f.: guard, watch, 4 ocrea, -ae f.: greave, 2
decōrus, -a, -um: suitable/appropriate for (dat.), 2 octōginta: eighty, 3
dignitās, -tātis f.: worth, merit, 3 pecūnia, -ae f.: money, 6
discrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī: distribute, divide, 2 praestō: at hand, ready, 2
foris, -is f.: door, entrance, 2 quadrāgēnī, -ae, -a: forty each, 1
galea, -ae f.: helmet, 1 salūbris, -e: healthy, useful, 4
gradus, -ūs m.: step, pace; stairs, 5 senex, senis m.: old man; adj. old, 5
habitus, -ūs m.: state, disposition; possession, 5 tegumentum, -ī n.: covering, protections, 1
hasta, -ae f.: spear, 5 tēlum, -ī n.: projectile, arrow, spear, 5
interlūceō, -ēre: is distinguished, 1 virītim: individually, man by man, 3

1 ōrdinumque: see previous note
quibus…aliquid interlūcet: by which…;
relative clause with abl. means; partitive gen.
modifying aliquid
2 posterī fāmā ferrent: posterity might report
by word of mouth; i.e. might glorify
cēnsum: i.e. of persons and property
rem salūberrimam: in apposition of cēnsum,
superl. salūbris
3 tantō futūrō imperiō: for…; dat. of purpose,
fut. pple sum
ex quō…fierent: from which…might…; relative
clause of purpose with impf. subj. fiō
4 ut ante: as…; clause of comparison
prō: in proportion to…, according to…
5 vel…decōrum vel…: suitable either…or…;
decorum is an adjective governing a dat., equiv.
to dat. of purpose
7 iīs: those; eīs
centum mīlium: of…; objective gen., mīlle
āeris: asses; ‘of bronze (coin),’ the as is a
Roman coin made out of bronze; partitive gen.
māiōrem: comparative, magnus
8 quadrāgēnās…iūniōrum: in apposition
9 prīma classis: nom. pred.
omnēs appellātī (sunt): they all…
seniōrēs: in apposition to quadrāgēnās
ad: for…; expressing purpose
10 ut…essent: so that…; purpose
iuvenēs: in apposition to quadrāgēnās
ut…gererent: so that…; purpose
hīs: from them; i.e. from the seniōrēs et iūniōrēs
dat. ind. obj.
imperāta (sunt)
galeā…lōrica, omnia: in apposition to arma
11 haec ut…essent: so that these…; purpose
12 tēla in hostem (hīs imperāta sunt): parallel to
arma above; in, ‘against’
hastaque et gladius: both…and…; in apposition
additae (sunt)
huic classī: dat. of compound verb

116
 Servius Tullius 43.3-7

classī duae fabrum centuriae quae sine armīs stīpendia facerent; 1

datum mūnus ut māchinās in bellō ferrent. 4. secunda classis intrā
centum usque ad quīnque et septuāgintā mīlium cēnsum īnstitūta,
et ex iīs, seniōribus iūniōribusque, vīgintī cōnscrīptae centuriae;
arma imperāta scūtum prō clipeō et praeter lōrīcam omnia eadem. 5
5. tertiae classis [in] quīnquāgintā mīlium cēnsum esse voluit;
totidem centuriae et hae eōdemque discrīmine aetātium factae; nec
dē armīs quicquam mūtātum, ocreae tantum adēmptae. 6. in quārtā
classe cēnsus quīnque et vīgintī mīlium, totidem centuriae factae,
arma mūtāta: 7. nihil praeter hastam et verūtum datum. quīnta 10
classis aucta; centuriae trīgintā factae; fundās lapidēsque missilēs
hī sēcum gerēbant; [in] hīs accēnsī cornicinēs tubicinēsque in duās
accēnseō, -ēre, -ui, -sum: register (in addition), 1 praeter: except, besides, 5
clipeus, -ī m.: round shield, 2 quārtus, -a, -um: one-fourth, 1
cōnscrībō, -ere, -psī, -ptum: register, enroll, 3 quīnquāgintā: fifty, 1
cornicen, -nis m.: hornblower, trumpeter, 1 quīnque: five, 6
discrīmen, -nis n.: difference, distinction, 7 Quintus, -a, -um: fifth, 1
faber, fabrī m.: engineer, 3 scūtum, -ī n.: shield, 2
funda, -ae f.: sling, 1 senex, senis m.: old man; adj. old, 5
hasta, -ae f.: spear, 5 septuāgintā: seventy, 1
intrā: within, among (acc), 3 stīpendium, -iī n.: contribution, military service, 2
iūnior, iūnius: younger, 5 tertius, -a, -um: third, 4
lapis, -idis m.: stone, 4 totidem: so many as, just as many, 2
lōrīca, -ae f.: breast-plate, 2 trīginta: thirty, 7
māchina, -ae f.: siege machine, seige engine, 1 tubicen, -inis m.: trumpeter, 1
missilis, -e: missle, 1 usque: up to, until; all the way, 4
mūnus, mūneris n.: service, duty, 1 verūtum, -ī n.: javelin, dart, 1
mūtō (1): to change, 6 vīgintī: twenty, 4
ocrea, -ae f.: greave, 2

1 quae…facerent: who would…; relative clause 7 totidem centuriae (factae sunt)

of purpose aetātium: gen. aetās, i.e. between seniōrēs et
2 datum (est): pf. pass., i.e. to the engineers iūniōrēs
ut…ferrent: that…; ind command 8 mūtātum (est)
secunda classis…īnstitūta (est) tantum: only; adv.
3 centum (mīlium)…mīlium: of 100,000 down adēmptae (sunt)
to of…; objective gen. pl. mīlle with cēnsum 9 cēnsus (fuit)
4 iīs: those; eīs quīnque et vīgintī mīlium: of…; objective gen.
seniōribus iūniōribusque: in apposition with cēnsus
vīgintī cōnscrīptae (sunt) centuriae factae (sunt)
5 imperāta (sunt) i.e. from those 10 mūtāta (sunt)
scūtum…omnia eadem: in apposition to arma hastam et verūtum: the hasta was for jabbing,
prō clipeō: in place of…; the scūtum is oblong- and the verūtum for throwing
shaped while the clipeus is round datum (est)
6 tertiae classis…esse: belongs to the third class; aucta (est)
gen. description as predicate; cēnsum is subject 11 facta (sunt)
quīnquāgintā mīlium: objective gen. mīlle with missilēs: as missles
cēnsum 12 hīs: (in addition) to these; dat. compound
voluit: i.e. chose, determine accēnsī (sunt): pf. pass. accēnseō
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43.7-10 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

centuriās distribūtī; ūndecim mīlibus haec classis cēnsēbātur. 8. hōc 1

minor cēnsus reliquam multitūdinem habuit; inde ūna centuria
facta est, immūnis mīlitiā.
ita pedestrī exercitū ōrnātō distribūtōque, equitum ex prīmōribus
cīvitātis duodecim scrīpsit centuriās; 9. sex item aliās centuriās, 5
tribus ab Rōmulō īnstitūtīs, sub iīsdem quibus inaugurātae erant
nōminibus fēcit. ad equōs emendōs dēna mīlia aeris ex pūblicō
data, et, quibus equōs alerent, viduae attribūtae quae bīna mīlia
aeris in annōs singulōs penderent. haec omnia in dītēs ā pauperibus
inclīnāta onera. 10
10. deinde est honos additus. nōn enim, ut ab Rōmulō trāditum
cēterī servāverant rēgēs, virītim suffrāgium eadem vī eōdemque
aes, aeris n.: bronze, copper; as (coin), 4 ōrnō (1): equip, decorate, adorn, 1
alō, -ere, aluī, alitus: feed, nourish, 1 pauper, -eris: poor, 1
attribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum: assign, 2 pedester, -is, -e: infantry, of foot soldier, 1
bīnī, -ae, -a: two each, two by two, 4 pendō, -ere: pay; weight, 1
cēnseō, -ēre, -uī, -sum: think, judge; register, 7 reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 2
dēnī, -ae, -a: ten each, 1 scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptum: write, 6
distribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum: distribute, divide, 2 servō (1): save, preserve, protect, 4
dītes (dīves), dititis: wealthy, rich, 2 sex: six, 4
duodecim: twelve, 6 suffrāgium, -ī n.: vote, right of voting, 4
emō, -ere, ēmī, emptum: buy, 2 tribus, -ūs f.: tribe, 1
immūnis, -e: exempt, 1 ūndecim: eleven, 1
inaugurō (1): take auspices, decide by augury, 5 vidua, -ae f.: widow; unmarried woman, 2
item: also, likewise, in like manner, 3 virītim: individually, man by man, 3
onus, oneris n.: burden, load, 3

1 distribūtī (sunt) Roman coin made out of bronze; partitive gen.

undecim mīlibus: at eleven thousand (asses);
abl. of price
hōc: than this (amount); abl,. of comparison
3 mīlitiā: from…; abl. of separation; immūnis is
nom. modifying centuria
4 pedestrī…ōrnātō distribūtōque: abl. abs.
equitum…duodecim centuriās: partitive gen.
5 scrīpsit: registered, enrolled
6 tribus…īnstitūtīs: abl. abs.
sub iīsdem…nōminibus
quibus inaugurātae erant: with which they had
been inaugurated; abl. means
7 ad equōs emendōs: for…; noun + gerundive;
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
a gerund (-ing) + obj.
mīlia: pl. mīlle
āeris: asses; ‘of bronze (coin),’ the as is a
ex pūblicō: i.e. public expense
8 data (est)
quibus equōs alerent: …might…; relative
clause of purpose; bīna mīllia is the antecedent
attribūtae (sunt): viduae is subject
quae…penderent: who…would…; relative of
purpose with impf. subj.
9 āeris: asses; partitive gen.
haec omnia…onera
in: onto…
inclīnāta (sunt)
11 est…additus: i.e. to the rich
ut (suffragium) ab Romulō trāditum regēs: as
…had preserved (the right to vote); clause of
comparison; trāditum is acc. PPP
12 eadem vī eōdemque iūre: with equal…; īdem
here means ‘equal’

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 Servius Tullius 43.10-13

iūre prōmiscē omnibus datum est; sed gradūs factī, ut neque 1

exclūsus quisquam suffrāgiō vidērētur et vīs omnis penes prīmōrēs
cīvitātis esset; 11. equitēs enim vocābantur prīmī, octōgintā inde
prīmae classis centuriae; ibi sī variāret —quod rārō incidēbat—
secundae classis; nec ferē unquam īnfrā ita dēscendērunt ut ad 5
īnfimōs pervenīrent. 12. nec mīrārī oportet hunc ōrdinem quī nunc
est post explētās quīnque et trīgintā tribūs, duplicātō eārum numerō
centuriīs iūniōrum seniōrumque, ad īnstitūtam ab Ser. Tulliō
summam nōn convenīre. 13. quadrifāriam enim urbe dīvīsā
[regiōnibus] collibus quī habitābantur, partēs eās tribūs appellāvit, 10
ut ego arbitror, ab tribūtō; nam eius quoque aequāliter ex cēnsū
cōnferendī ab eōdem inita ratiō est; neque eae tribūs ad
aequāliter: equally, uniformly, 1 penes: belonging to, in the possession of (acc.), 2
arbitror, -ārī, arbitrātus: judge, think, 2 prōmiscuus, -a, -um: promiscuous, 1
cōnferō, -ferre: bring together, collect, 4 quadrifāriam: in four parts, 1
dēscendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: descend, 6 quīnque: five, 6
duplicō (1): double, 2 rārus, -a, -um: rare; scattered, far apart, 2
exclūdō, -ere, -clūsī, -clūsum: shut out, 1 ratiō, -ōnis f.: plan, method, system, calculation, 2
expleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētum: fulfull, fill out, 4 senex, senis m.: old man; adj. old, 5
ferē: almost, nearly; in general, 5 Ser.: Servius, 7
gradus, -ūs m.: step, pace; stairs, 5 suffrāgium, -ī n.: vote, 4
incidō, -ere, -cīdī: fall into/upon; happen, 5 tribūtum, -ī n.: tax, tribute, 1
ineō, -īre, -īī, -itum: go into, enter, initiate, 7 trīginta: thirty, 7
īnfrā: below, underneath, beneath, 2 tribus, -ūs f.: tribe, 3
iūnior, iūnius: younger, 5 Tullius, -ī m.: Tullius, 6
octōginta: eighty, 3 unquam (umquam): ever, 3
oportet, -uit: it is right, proper, fitting, 3 variō (1): vary, waver, fluctuate, 1

1 prōmiscē: adv. duplicātō eārum numerō: abl. abs.; since the

omnibus: dat. ind. obj.
factī (sunt)
ut…vidērētur…esset: so that…might seem…;
purpose; everyone votes but votes are not equal
neque…et…: not…and…
2 suffrāgiō: from…; abl. separation
3 prīmī: i.e. the first to vote
octōgintā inde centuriae (vocābantur): then…
i.e. second in voting
4 variāret: there is a difference (of opinion)
quod: which…
rārō: abl. as adverb
5 (octōgintā centuriae) secundae classis
(vocābantur): heavy ellipsis; i.e. to vote
ut…pervenīrent: that…; result, impf. subj.
6 nec mīrārī oportet: i.e. it should be no surprise
pres. dep. inf.
hunc ōrdinem…nōn convenīre: that this
organization,,,does not fit
7 post…tribūs: after…; fem. pl. with PPP expleō
119
centuries, not tribes were doubled, eārum must
refer to fem. pl. centuriae instead of fem. tribūs;
8 centuriīs iūniōrum seniōrumque: abl. in
apposition to numerō eārum; the doubling
occurred with the division into an equal
number of seniōrēs and iuniōrēs centuries
ad īnstitūtam…summam (centuriārum): to
the total sum…
9 urbe dīvīsā: abl. abs.
10 [regiōnibus]: omit
collibus: abl. means
appellāvit: called (x) (y); governs a double acc.
11 ut: as…; clause of comparison
ab tribūtō: from the word ‘tributum’
eius…cōnferendī: of…; perform a gerund-
gerundive flip: translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.;
gen. sg. eius refers to tribūtum; modifies ratiō
12 ab eōdem (rēge): i.e. Servius Tullius
ratiō initia est: the plan…
eae: nom. pl. demonstrative adj.
43.13-44.3 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

centuriārum distribūtiōnem numerumque quicquam pertinuēre. 1

44. cēnsū perfectō quem mātūrāverat metū lēgis dē incēnsīs lātae
cum vinculōrum minīs mortisque, ēdīxit ut omnēs cīvēs Rōmānī,
equitēs peditēsque, in suīs quisque centuriīs, in Campō Mārtiō
prīmā lūce adessent. 2. ibi īnstrūctum exercitum omnem 5
suovetaurīlibus lustrāvit, idque conditum lustrum appellātum, quia
is cēnsendō fīnis factus est. mīlia octōgintā eō lustrō cīvium cēnsa
dīcuntur; adicit scrīptōrum antīquissimus Fabius Pictor, eōrum quī
arma ferre possent eum numerum fuisse.
3. ad eam multitūdinem urbs quoque amplificanda vīsa est. addit 10
duōs collēs, Quirīnālem Vīminālemque; Vīminālem inde deinceps
auget Ēsquiliīs; ibique ipse, ut locō dignitās fieret, habitat; aggere
adsum, -esse, -fuī: be present, assist, 6 Mārtius, -a, -um: of Mars, 1
agger, -is m.: mound, 1 mātūrō (1): hasten, do quickly, 2
amplificō (1): enlarge, made larger, 2 minae, -ārum f.: threats, menaces, 2
antīquus, -a, -um: ancient; better, important, 5 octōginta: eighty, 3
campus, -ī m.: field, 4 pedes, peditis m.: foot soldier; infantry, 5
cēnseō, -ēre, -uī, -sum: think, judge; register, 7 perficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: accomplish, bring
deinceps: one after another, successively, 4 about, 7
dignitās, -tātis f.: worth, merit, 3 pertineō, -ēre, -tinuī: pertain to; reach, 5
distributiō, -iōnis f.: distribution, 1 Pictor, -is m.: Pictor, 1
ēdīcō, -ere, -dīxī: declare, proclaim, 1 Quirīnālis, -e: Quirinal Hill, 1
Ēsquiliae, -ārum f.: Esquiline (hill) 2 scriptor, -is m.: author, writer, 4
Fabius, -iī m.: Fabius, 2 suovetaurilia, -um n.: sacrifice of pig, sheep,and
incēnseō, -ēre, -ui, -sum: not register (in census) 1 bull at altar of Mars, 3
lustrō (1): purify, 1 Vīminālis, -e: Viminal (hill), 2
lustrum, -ī n.: space of five years, 2 vinculum, -ī n.: bond, chain, 2
lūx, lūcis m.: light, 6

1 centuriārum: modifies both acc. nouns
quicquam pertinuēr(unt): did not pertain at
all; syncopated 3p pf.; quicquam is an inner acc.
2 cēnsū perfectō: abl. abs.
dē in-cēnsīs: about those unregistered; failed to
register in the census; the law is called lex de
incensis
latae: i.e. having been passed by the assembly;
PPP ferō
3 (Servius) ēdīxit
ut…adessent: that...; ind. command, impf. subj.
4 quisque: each one
5 prīmā lūce: at…; abl. time when
6 idque conditum: and this, having been
completed,; nom. subj., PPP condō
appellātum (est)
7 is: this; i.e. the lustrum; neut. id but attracted
into the masc. of the pred. fīnis
cēnsendō: for…; dat. of purpose
eō lustrō: by…; i.e. by that census
120
cīvium: partitive with mīlia octōgintā
cēnsa (esse): to have…; pf. pass.
8 Fabius Pictor: (ca. 270-200 BC) wrote a history
of Rome from Aeneas to his present in Greek
eōrum: of those
quī…possent: who…; relative clause of
characterstic with impf. subj.
9 eum numerum fuisse: that this…; pf. inf. sum
10 ad: for…
amplificanda vīsa est: seemingly had to…; a
variation of passive periphrastic (gerundive +
sum) with pf. videor, ‘seem’
12 Ēsquiliīs: abl. means
ipse: he himself; i.e. Servius
ut…fieret: so that…might; purpose, impf. fiō
locō: of the place; dat. poss.
aggere: i.e. a ditch and mound (fossa
vallumque) construction
 Servius Tullius 44.3-45.1

et fossīs et mūrō circumdat urbem; ita pōmērium prōfert. 4. 1

pōmērium verbī vim sōlam intuentēs postmoērium interpretantur
esse; est autem magis circāmoerium, locus quem in condendīs
urbibus quondam Etrūscī quā mūrum ductūrī erant certīs circā
terminīs inaugurātō cōnsecrābant, ut neque interiōre parte aedificia 5
moenibus continuārentur, quae nunc volgō etiam coniungunt, et
extrīnsecus pūrī aliquid ab hūmānō cultū pateret solī. 5. hoc
spatium quod neque habitārī neque arārī fās erat, nōn magis quod
post mūrum esset quam quod mūrus post id, pōmērium Rōmānī
appellārunt; et in urbis incrēmentō semper quantum moenia 10
prōcessūra erant tantum terminī hī cōnsecrātī prōferēbantur.
45. auctā cīvitāte magnitūdine urbis, fōrmātīs omnibus domī et
aedificium, -ī n.: building, 1 incrēmentum, -ī n.: increase, addition, 2
arō, arāre, -āvī: plow, 1 interior, -ius: interior, 1
autem: however, moreover, 1 interpretor, -ārī: translate, interpret; decide, 2
circāmoerium, -ī n.: ‘around the wall,’ 1 intueor, -tuērī, -tuitus sum: look upon, 5
circumdō, -are, -dedī: surround, put around, 4 pōmērium, -ī n.: pomerium, 7
coniungō, -ere, -iunxī, -iunctum: join together, 2 postmoērium, -ī n.: ‘behind the wall,’ 1
cōnsecrō (1): consecrate, make sacred, 4 prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum; proceed, 5
continuō (1): connect; hold successively, 2 prōferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus: bring forth, extend, 3
cultus, -ūs m.: worship; cultivation, upbringing, 5 pūrus, -a, -um: clean, pure; free, 4
extrīnsecus: outside, 1 quondam: formerly, at one time, 6
fās n.: right, righteousness, divine law, 6 solum, -ī n.: ground, soil, 1
fōrmō (1): shape, form, 2 spatium, -iī n.: period, span,; distance, space, 7
fossa, -ae f.: ditch, trench, 5 terminus, -ī m.: boundary, boundary-line, 3
inaugurō (1): take auspices, decide by augury, 5 vulgus (volgus), -ī n.: mass, masses, crowd, 7

1 et…et…: and…and…; there are three terms etiam: even

2 pōmērium verbī vim sōlam intuentēs: (those)
looking at the meaning alone of the word
‘pomerium’
postmoērium…esse: that it…; i.e. an open
space immediately behind the city-wall
3 autem magis: but rather; pōmērium is subject
circāmoerium: i.e. an open space immediately
behind and in front of the city-wall
in condendīs urbibus: perform a gerund-
gerundive flip: translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
4 quā: where; relative adv.
ductūrī erant: periphrastic fut. (fut. pple +
sum), dūcō, ‘build’ or ‘draw up’
5 inaugurātō: with the auspicies having been
taken; a common single term abl. abs.
ut…continuārentur…pateret: that…; result
6 (in) interiōre parte
moenibus: with…; dat. of compound
volgō: in general; ‘in a mass,’ an abl. adv,
7 pūrī aliquid…sōlī …: some ground free…;
partitive gen.; pūrī governs an abl. of separation
8 fās erat: it…; impersonal
nōn magis…quam: not more…than…
quod…esset: because…; impf. subj. sum, subj.
of alleged cause (from the characters’ point of
view)
9 quod mūrus (esset) post id: alleged cause
10 quantum…prōcessūra erant: as far as…;
relative clause, quantum is an adv. acc. (inner
acc.); fut. periphrastic (fut. pple + sum)
11 tantum: so far; adv. acc. (inner acc.);
correlative with quantum (tantum…quantum: so
far…as far as = as far as)
12 auctā cīvitāte: abl. abs.
magnitūdine urbis: abl. means
fōrmātīs omnibus: abl. abs.
domī: locative

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45.1-3 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

ad bellī et ad pācis ūsūs, nē semper armīs opēs adquīrerentur, 1

cōnsiliō augēre imperium cōnātus est, simul et aliquod addere urbī
decus. 2. iam tum erat inclitum Diānae Ephesiae fānum; id
commūniter ā cīvitātibus Asiae factum fāmā ferēbat. eum
cōnsēnsum deōsque cōnsociātōs laudāre mīrē Servius inter 5
procerēs Latīnōrum, cum quibus pūblicē prīvātimque hospitia
amīcitiāsque dē industriā iūnxerat. saepe iterandō eadem perpulit
tandem, ut Rōmae fānum Diānae populī Latīnī cum populō
Rōmānō facerent. 3. ea erat cōnfessiō caput rērum Rōmam esse, dē
quō totiēns armīs certātum fuerat. 10
id quamquam omissum iam ex omnium cūrā Latīnōrum ob rem
totiēns īnfēlīciter temptātam armīs vidēbātur, ūnī sē ex Sabīnīs fors
adquirō, -ere: acquire, attain, 1 iterō (1): renew, repeat, 2
amīcitia, -ae, f.: friendship; alliance, 3 laudō (1): to praise, glorify, 2
Asia, -ae f.: Asia Minor, 1 mīrus, -a, -um: amazing, surprising, 7
certō (1): to contend, strive, compete, 6 omittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: disregard, 1
cōnfessiō, -iōnis f.: acknowledgement, 1 perpellō, -ere, -pulī: push through, prevail, 2
cōnor, -ārī, cōnātum: try, attempt, 3 prīvātim: privately, in private, 2
cōnsēnsus, -ūs m.: agreement, consent, 4 procerēs, -um m.: leaders, chieftains, 3
cōnsociō (1): share, make common, 4 saepe: often, 2
Ephesius, -a, -um: of Ephesus, Ephesian, 1 tandem: finally, at last, in the end, 4
hospitium, ī n.: guest-friendship/hospitality, 6 temptō (1): attempt, test; attack, 5
inclitus, -a, -um: famed, well known, 5 totiēns: so many times, so often, 2
industria, -ae f.: diligence, exertion, 3 ūsus, -ūs m.: use, practice; need, 3
īnfēlīx, -fēlīcis: unhappy, unfortunate, 3

1 ad bellī (ūsūs): for…; expressing purpose
nē…adquīrerentur: so that…might not; neg.
purpose clause
2 cōnsiliō: by planning, by policy
cōnātus est: pf. dep
et (cōnātus est): and…; add
aliquod…decus: acc. obj.
urbī: to…; dat. ind. obj. or compound
3 id…factum (esse): that this…; pf. pass. inf.
4 Āsiae: of Asia Minor
fāmā ferēbant: they reported by word of mouth
eum cōnsēnsum: i.e. the temple made in
common
5 laudāre: historical inf. with nom. subject,
Servius: translate as finite 3p impf.
7 dē indūstriā: out of…
iterandō eadem: by…; gerund (-ing) and means
8 ut…facerent: that…; ind. command
Rōmae: at…; locative
9 ea: this; neut. id attracted into fem. by pred.
cōnfessiō
caput…esse: that…; in apposition to confessiō
certātum fuerat: had been (once) contested;
plpf. pass.; fuerat emphasizes the completedness
of the action
11 Id quamquam: although this…; i.e. the contest
for superiority
omissum (esse)
ob rem…temptātum armīs: on account of…
vidēbātur: seemed
12 ūnī…ex Sabīnīs: to…; dat. ind. obj. ūnus (gen.
-ius ., dat. –ī); reflexive sē is acc. obj.

122
 Servius Tullius 45.3-6

dare vīsa est prīvātō cōnsiliō imperiī reciperandī. 4. bōs in Sabīnīs 1

nāta cuidam patrī familiae dīcitur mīranda magnitūdine ac speciē;
fīxa per multās aetātēs cornua in vestibulō templī Diānae
monumentum eī fuēre mīrāculō. 5. habita, ut erat, rēs prōdigiī locō
est, et cecinēre vātēs cuius cīvitātis eam cīvis Diānae immolāsset, 5
ibi fore imperium; 6. idque carmen pervēnerat ad antistitem fānī
Diānae Sabīnusque ut prīma apta diēs sacrificiō vīsa est, bovem
Rōmam actam dēdūcit ad fānum Diānae et ante āram statuit. ibi
antistes Rōmānus, cum eum magnitūdo victimae celebrāta fāmā
mōvisset, memor respōnsī Sabīnum ita adloquitur: ‘quidnam tū, 10
hospes, parās?’ inquit, ‘incestē sacrificium Diānae facere? quīn tū
ante vīvō perfunderis flūmine? īnfimā valle praefluit Tiberis.’
adloquor, loquī, locūtus: speak, address, 3 incestē: impurely, 1
antistes, antistis m.: priest, 4 memor, -is: mindful, remembering (gen.), 7
aptus, -a, -um: fitting, suitable for (dat.), 6 perfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -sum: pour over, bathe, 2
āra, ārae f.: altar, 6 praefluō, -ere, -xī: flow by, 1
canō, -ere, cecinī, cantum: sing, prophesy, 5 quīnam, quae-, quid-: just who/what?, 2
carmen, carminis n.: song, prediction, 6 reciperō (1): recover, restore, recuperate, 2
celebrō (1): celebrate; practice, engage in, 3 respōnsum, -ī n.: answer, reply, 5
cornū, -ūs n.: horn; wing (of a battle), 4 sacrificium, ī n.: sacrifice, 7
dēdūcō, -ere: lead or bring down, launch, 7 vallis, -is f.: valley, vale, 2
familia, -ae f.: family, household, 3 vātēs, -is m.: prophet, 3
fīgō, -ere, fīxī, fīxum: fix, fasten; pierce, 2 vestibulum, -ī n.: entrance, vestibule, 3
hospes, -pitis m.: stranger; host, guest-friend, 4 victima, -ae f.: victim, 1
immolō (1): burn (in sacrifice), sacrifice, 2 vīvus, -a, -um: living, alive, 4

1 vīsa est: pf. videor, ‘seem’ cuius cīvitātem…immolā(vi)sset, ibi: there, of

prīvātō cōnsiliō: means
imperiī recipierandī: for…; noun + gerundive;
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
a gerund (ing) + obj.; gen.
2 bōs: a heifer; a female cow
nata (esse): pf. nāscor following dīcitur
patrī familiae: to a paterfamilias
mīrandā magnitūdine ac speciē: of amazing…;
abl. of quality (predicative) and a gerundive:
(‘worthy to be amazed at’ = amazing)
3 per multās aetātēs: over many generations
4 monumentum…fuēr(unt): nom. pred. and
syncopated 3p pf.
eī…mīrāculō: to this…; i.e. the size of the
bōs; dat. of possession
habita…est: was considered
ut erat: as it was; clause of comparison
rēs: the circumstances; i.e. the birth of the bōs
prōdigiī (in) locō: at the position of a prodigy;
i.e. as an omen; pred. after habita est;
5 cecinēr(unt): the responses were often delivered
in verse
123
whose city-state…; relative clause with plpf.
subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc. (originally
fut. pf.); ibi is the antecedent
eam: i.e. the heifer
Diānae: dat. of interest
6 ibi fore imperium: that …; fut. inf. sum (alter.
to futūrum esse); i.e. the seat of power
id carmen: i.e. the prophetic response, which
was delivered in verse
7 Sabīnusque…dēdūcit: and a Sabine…
ut prīma…vīsa est: as soon as…; ‘when first’
temporal clause; videor, ‘seem’
sacrificiō: for…; dat. of purpose
8 Rōmam: acc. place to which
actam: PPP, agō, ‘drive’
9 cum…mōvisset: since…; causal, plpf. subj.
fāmā: by word of mouth
11 (Parāsne) incestē…facere?: add main verb
quīn: Why…not…?; common interrogative
12 ante: beforehand
vīvō…flūmine: i.e. running water
perfunderis: 2s pres. dep.
45.7-46.2 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

7. religiōne tactus hospes, quī omnia, ut prōdigiō respondēret 1

ēventus, cuperet rītē facta, extemplō dēscendit ad Tiberim; intereā
Rōmānus immolat Diānae bovem. id mīrē grātum rēgī atque
cīvitātī fuit.
46. Servius quamquam iam ūsū haud dubiē rēgnum possēderat, 5
tamen quia interdum iactārī vōcēs ā iuvene Tarquiniō audiēbat sē
iniussū populī rēgnāre, conciliātā prius voluntāte plēbis agrō captō
ex hostibus virītim dīvīsō, ausus est ferre ad populum vellent
iubērentne sē rēgnāre; tantōque cōnsēnsū quantō haud quisquam
alius ante rēx est dēclārātus. 2. neque ea rēs Tarquiniō spem 10
adfectandī rēgnī minuit; immō eō impēnsius quia dē agrō plēbis
adversā patrum voluntāte sēnserat agī, crīminandī Servī apud
adfectō (1): strive for, pursue, 3 iniussū: without orders, 4
conciliō (1): win over, unite (dat.), 6 interdum: sometimes, from time to time, 2
cōnsēnsus, -ūs m.: agreement, consent, 4 intereā: meanwhile, 1
crīminor, -ārī, -ātus: charge, accuse, 2 minuō, -ere, minuī: diminish, ebb, 1
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum: desire, long for, 1 mīrus, -a, -um: amazing, surprising, 7
dēclārō (1): to declare, make clear, 1 possideō, -ēre, -sēdī: possess, hold, 2
dēscendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: descend, 6 religiō, -iōnis f.: religious scruple/observance, 7
ēventus, -ūs m.: outcome, result, 4 respondeō, -ēre, -dī, -nsus: answer, 1
extemplō: immediately, straightaway, 5 rītē: duly, fitly, 3
grātus, -a, -um: pleasing, grateful, 6 sēntiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsum: feel, perceive, 7
hospes, -pitis m.: stranger; host, guest-friend, 4 tangō, -ere, tetigī, tactum: touch, 2
iactō (1): toss, throw, cast, 3 ūsus, -ūs m.: use, practice; need, 3
immō: on the contrary, but rather, 1 virītim: individually, man by man, 3
immolō (1): burn (in sacrifice), sacrifice, 2 voluntās, -tātis f.: will, wish, permission, 6
impensē: earnestly, strongly; vehemently, 2

1 tāctus: i.e. motivated, inspired assembly

quī…cuperet: who...would…; relative clause of
characteristic with impf. subj.
ut prōdigiō respondēret ēventus: so that…
might correspond...; purpose with dat. ind. obj.;
ēventus is subject
3 rēgī atque cīvitātī: to…; dat. of reference
5 ūsū: by right of use; a legal term; i.e. the idea
that one acquires the rights by use over time
6 iactārī vōcēs: that…
sē…regnāre: that…
7 conciliātā…voluntāte: abl. abs.
agrō captō…dīvīsō: abl. abs.
8 ausus est: pf. dep. audeō
ferre ad populum: i.e. for vote in the comitia
centuriata
vellent iubērentne…rēgnāre: whether they
were to be willing and were to order…; indirect
deliberative subj. in secondary seq.; the original
“Velitis iubeatis, Quirites?” is the formula for a
rogatio, the process of bring a matter before the
124
9 sē rēgnāre: that…; Servius is the antecedent
tantō…quantō: by so great…as; ‘…by how
great,’ correlatives (demonstrative and relative)
10 Tarquiniō: dat. of interest
adfectandī regnī: of…; gen. noun + gerundive:
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.
11 eō: because of this; ‘by this,’ abl. of cause; or
possibly abl. degree of difference: ‘so much’
with impēnsius
impēnsius: comparative adv. with crīminandī
quia…sēnserat: Tarquinius is subject
(rēs) dē agrō plēbis…agī: that (matters)
about…; pres. pass. inf.; i.e. by Servius
12 adversā…voluntāte: with…; abl. abs.
adversus, ‘opposing’
crīminandī Servī: of…; perform the gerund-
gerundive flip and translate as gerund (-ing) +
obj.; modifies occāsiōnem
 Servius Tullius 46.2-5

patrēs crēscendīque in cūriā sibi occāsiōnem datam ratus est, et 1

ipse iuvenis ārdentis animī et domī uxōre Tulliā inquiētum animum
stimulante. 3. tulit enim et Rōmāna rēgia sceleris tragicī exemplum,
ut taediō rēgum mātūrior venīret lībertās ultimumque rēgnum esset
quod scelere partum foret. 5
4. hic L. Tarquinius—Prīscī Tarquinī rēgis fīlius nepōsne fuerit
parum liquet; plūribus tamen auctōribus fīlium ēdiderim—frātrem
habuerat Arruntem Tarquinium mītis ingeniī iuvenem. 5. hīs
duōbus, ut ante dictum est, duae Tulliae rēgis fīliae nūpserant, et
ipsae longē disparēs mōribus. forte ita inciderat nē duo violenta 10
ingenia mātrimōniō iungerentur fortūnā, crēdō, populī Rōmānī,
quō diūturnius Servī rēgnum esset cōnstituīque cīvitātis mōrēs
ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsum: be on fire, burn, 4 mātūrus, -a, -um: mature; timely, early, 2
Arrūns, Arruntis m.: Arruns, 6 mītis, -e: mild, gentle, 5
cōnstituō, -ere, -uī, -tus: decide, establish, 6 nepōs, nepōtis m.: grandson, decendent, 7
dispār (gen. dispāris): unequal, unlike, 2 nubō, -ere, -psī, nuptum: marry, put on veil, 4
diūturnius, -a, -um: longer, of long duration, 1 occāsiō, -iōnis f.: chance, opportunity, 4
ēdō, -ere, ēdidī, ēditum: put forth, produce, 6 parum: adv. too little, 6
incidō, -ere, -cīdī: fall into/upon; happen, 5 stimulō (1): provoke, incite, rouse, excite, 6
inquiētus, -a, -um: restless, 1 taedium, -iī n.: disgust, loathing, 1
lībertās, -tātis f.: freedom, liberty, 3 tragicus, -a, um: fit for tragedy, 1
liqueō, -ēre, līquī: be clear, be evident, 1 Tullia, -ae f.: Tullia, 7
mātrimōnium, -iī n.: marriage, 6 violēns, violentis: violent, 1

1 patrēs: i.e. senātōrēs accompaniment with missing preposition

crescendī: of…; gerunds modifying occāsiōnem
i.e. in power and influence
occāsiōnem datam (esse): that…; pf. pass. inf.
ratus est: dep. pf. reor
2 ipse (fuit): he himself (was)
ārdentis animī: of…; gen. of description; pres.
pple ardeō often indicating passion or anger
domī: at…; locative
uxōre…stimulante: abl. abs.
3 tulit: pf. ferō
et: also
sceleris tragicī: gen. modifying exemplum
4 ut…venīret…esset: so that…; result
taediō: abl. of cause
rēgum: for…; objective gen., rēx
mātūrior: comparative as predicate: translate
after the verb
5 quod…partum foret: because it had…; plpf.
subj. (foret is often equiv. to esset); subj. of
subordinate verb in a result clause
scelere: abl. of origin
fīlius nepōsne fuerit: whether…or…; ind. quest.
with pf. subj. sum governed by liquet
7 (cum) plūribus auctōribus: abl.
125
ēdiderim (eum): would…; 1s potential pf. subj.
i.e. declare; double acc. (obj., pred.): supply eum
8 habuerat: subject is L. Tarquinius above
mītis ingeniī: of…; gen. of description
iuvenem: apposition
hīs duōbus: dat. of interest
9 ut ante dictum est: as…; clause of comparison
10 ipsae (erant)
mōribus: in character; abl. respect
forte: abl. fors
inciderat: it…; impersonal
nē…iungerentur: so that…not…; one expects a
noun result clause (ut nōn) but Livy makes it a
purpose clause to reveal divine will
11 ingenia: characters
fortūnā…populī Rōmānī: because of…; abl.
of cause
crēdō: parenthetical
12 quō…esset…possent: so that….might…;
purpose clause, impf. sum and possum
cōnstituī: pass. inf.
mōrēs: character
46.5-9 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

possent. 6. angēbātur ferōx Tullia nihil māteriae in virō neque ad 1

cupiditātem neque ad audāciam esse; tōta in alterum āversa
Tarquinium eum mīrārī, eum virum dīcere ac rēgiō sanguine
ortum: spernere sorōrem, quod virum nacta muliebrī cessāret
audāciā. 7. contrahit celeriter similitūdo eōs, ut ferē fit: malum 5
malō aptissimum; sed initium turbandī omnia ā fēminā ortum est.
ea sēcrētīs virī aliēnī adsuēfacta sermōnibus nūllīs verbōrum
contumēliīs parcere dē virō ad frātrem, dē sorōre ad virum; et sē
rēctius viduam et illum caelibem futūrum fuisse contendere, quam
cum imparī iungī ut ēlanguēscendum aliēnā ignāviā esset; 8. sī sibi 10
eum quō digna esset dī dedissent virum, domī sē propediem
vīsūram rēgnum fuisse quod apud patrem videat. 9. Celeriter
adsuefaciō, -ere, -fēcī: accustom (to), 1 impar: unequal, 1
angō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: torture, distress, 1 māteria, -ae f.: opportunity, source, stuff, 4
aptus, -a, -um: fitting, suitable for (dat.), 6 nanciscor, nanciscī, nactus: obtain, 2
audācia, -ae f.: boldness, audacity, 6 parcō, -ere, pepercī: spare, refrain (dat), 1
caelebs, caelibis: unmarried, 1 propediem: soon, 3
celeriter: swiftly, quickly, 2 rēctus, -a, -um: correct, straight; honest, 5
cessō (1): cease from, be remiss, be idle, 1 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 7
contendō, -ere, -ī, -ntus: strive; hasten, 1 sēcrētus, -a, -um: secret, private, separate, 3
contrahō, -ere, -trāxī: draw together, 1 sermō, sermōnis m.: conversation, talk, 3
contumēlia, -ae f.: insult, abuse, 2 similitūdo, -inis f.: likeness, resemblance, 1
cupiditās, -tātis f.: desire, ambition, 6 soror, sorōris f.: sister, 6
dignus, -a, -um: worthy, deserving of (abl.), 5 spernō, -ere, sprēvī: spurn, reject, 3
ēlanguēscō, -ere, -guī: grow feeble, languish, 1 Tullia, -ae f.: Tullia, 7
fēmina, -ae f.: woman, 2 turbō (1): throw in confusion, disturb, 5
ferē: almost, nearly; in general, 5 viduus, -a, -um: unmarried, widowed, 1
ignāvia, -ae f.: cowardice, laziness, 2

1 ferōx Tullia: opposed to her sister, gentle Tullia
nihil māteriae…esse: that there was no stuff
in virō: i.e. husband
ad cupitiātem: for ambition
2 tōta: predicative: translate nom. adj. as adv.
in alterum…Tarquinium: toward…
3 mīrārī: historical inf.: translate as 3s impf.
eum…dicere: (and) she calls him; the fierce one
virum: i.e. a man of honor, one with ambition
rēgiō sanguine: abl. of origin
ortum: (one)…; dep. PPP orior
4 spernere: historical inf.: nom. Tullia is subject
quod…cessāret: because…; subj., alleged cause
nacta: dep. PPP
muliebrī…audāciā: abl. separation
5 ut ferē fit: as…; clause of comparison
malum (est): the wicked (is)…; substantive
6 malō: dat. of special adj.; substantive
turbandī omnia: gen. sg. gerund
ortum est: pf. dep. orior, with abl. origin
126
7 ea: this one; i.e. ferōx Tullia
sēcrētīs…sermōnibus: to…; dat. compound
virī aliēnī: i.e. mild Tullia’s husband
nūllīs…contumēliīs: dat. obj. of parcere
8 parcere: historical inf.: translate as 3s impf.
(et) dē sorōre ad virum: (and)…; asyndeton
et…contendere: she contended; historical inf.
9 rēctius…fuisse: that it would…; impersonal
periphrastic fut. pf. inf. and neut. comparative
sē (esse)...illum (esse) caelibem: that she
(be)...and that one (be)…; add linking infs.
quam…iungī: than to…; clause of comparison
10 ut…ēlanguēscendum esset: so that she had
to…; ‘it had to…’ result and impersonal pass.
periphrastic: make active with Tullia as the subject
aliēnā ignāviā: because of…; abl. cause
sī…dedissent, sē…vīsūram…fuisse: that, if…
had… she would have…; past contrary to fact
condition in ind. disc. governed by contendere
11 quō digna esset: of whom she was worthy
 Servius Tullius 46.9-47.3

adulēscentem suae temeritātis implet; [Arrūns Tarquinius et Tullia 1

minor] prope continuātīs fūneribus cum domōs vacuās novō
mātrimōniō fēcissent, iunguntur nuptiīs, magis nōn prohibente
Serviō quam adprobante.
47. tum vērō in diēs īnfēstior Tullī senectūs, īnfēstius coepit 5
rēgnum esse; iam enim ab scelere ad aliud spectāre mulier scelus.
nec nocte nec interdiū virum conquiēscere patī, nē grātuita
praeterita parricīdia essent: 2. nōn sibi dēfuisse cui nupta dīcerētur,
nec cum quō tacita servīret; dēfuisse quī sē rēgnō dignum putāret,
quī meminisset sē esse Prīscī Tarquinī fīlium, quī habēre quam 10
spērāre rēgnum māllet. 3. ‘sī tū is es cui nuptam esse mē arbitror, et
virum et rēgem appellō; sīn minus, eō nunc peius mūtāta rēs est
adprobō (1): approve, consent to, 1 nubō, -ere, -psī, nuptum: marry, put on veil, 4
adulēscens, -ntis m./f.: youth, 1 nuptiae, -ārum f.: marriage, wedding, 2
arbitror, -ārī, arbitrātus: judge, think, 2 parricīdium, -iī n.: parricide, treason, 4
Arrūns, Arruntis m.: Arruns, 6 peior, peius: worse, 1
conquiēscō, -ere, -ēvī: remain at rest, 2 praetereō, -īre, -īvī, -itum: pass, go pass, 3
continuō (1): connect, hold successively, 2 prohibeō, -ēre, -hibuī: hold back, hinder, 6
dēsum, -esse, -fuī: be lacking, fail (dat), 6 pūtō (1): to think, consider, 4
dignus, -a, -um: worthy of, deserving of (abl.), 5 senectūs, -tūtis f.: old age, 1
fūnus, fūneris n.: funeral, death, 1 serviō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: be slave to (dat), 2
grātuitus, -a, -um: without pay, gratuitous, 1 sīn: but if, if, however, 2
interdiū: by day, during the day, 1 spectō (1): to watch, look at, 6
mālō, mālle, māluī: prefer, 1 spērō (1): hope, hope for, expect, 4
mātrimōnium, -iī n.: marriage, 6 tacitus, -a, -um: silent, still, 7
meminī, -isse: recall, remember, 1 temeritās, -tātis f.: recklessness, 1
mūtō (1): to change, 6 Tullia, -ae f.: Tullia, 7
nox, noctis, f.: night, 5 vacuus, -a, -um: empty, fear, vacant, 3

1 suae temeritātis: with…; partitive gen.; implēre
elsewhere governs an abl. but in Livy governs a
partitive gen.; Ferōx Tullia is subject
[Arrūns…]: omit from translation
2 prope continuātīs fūneribus: abl. abs.
cum…fēcissent: plpf. subj. with double acc.
novō mātrimōniō: dat. of purpose
3 nōn prohibente Serviō: abl. abs.
4 adprobante (Serviō): abl. abs. in a clause of
comparison
5 vērō: in fact, actually; abl. as adv.
in diēs: day by day, daily
īnfēstior…infēstius: more insecure; comp. adj.
senectūs (coepit esse)
6 ad aliud…scelus
spectāre: historical inf.; translate as 3s impf.
7 nocte: abl. time when
patī: historical inf. patior, mulier is the subject
nē…essent: lest…; fearing clause, impf. subj.
8 nōn sibi dēfuisse (virum) cui nūpta (esse)
127
dīceretur: there was not lacking for her (a
man) to whom she would be called a wife; ind.
disc. with implied verb of speaking; first of a
series of relative clauses of characteristic;
nūpta is a substantive or pf. pass. nūpta (esse)
the missing antecedent virum is the subject
9 nec cum quō..servīret: nor (a man) with
whom...; relative clause of characteristic
dēfuisse quī…: (rather) there was lacking
(a man) who would…; relative of characteristic
sē rēgnō dignum (esse): that he…; ind. disc.
dignus often governs an abl. of respect
10 quī meminisset: who would…; characteristic
quī…mallet: who would…; impf. subj. mālō,
relative clause of characteristic
11 is…cui..: he to whom…; pred. and dat. interest
12 (tē) appellō: I call (you); double acc.
sīn minus: but if not; common ellipsis
eō: so much; ‘by this much” dat. degree of diff.
rēs: my situation
47.3-6 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

quod istīc cum ignāviā est scelus. 4. quīn accingeris? nōn tibi ab 1
Corinthō nec ab Tarquiniīs, ut patrī tuō, peregrīna rēgna mōlīrī
necesse est: dī tē Penātēs patriīque et patris imāgō et domus rēgia
et in domō rēgāle solium et nōmen Tarquinium creat vocatque
rēgem. 5. aut sī ad haec parum est animī, quid frūstrārīs cīvitātem? 5
quid tē ut rēgium iuvenem cōnspicī sinis? facesse hinc Tarquiniōs
aut Corinthum; dēvolvere retrō ad stirpem, frātrī similior quam
patrī.’ 6. hīs aliīsque increpandō iuvenem īnstīgat, nec conquiēscere
ipsa potest sī, cum Tanaquil, peregrīna mulier, tantum mōlīrī
potuisset animō ut duo continua rēgna virō ac deinceps generō 10
dedisset, ipsa rēgiō sēmine orta nūllum mōmentum in dandō
adimendōque rēgnō faceret.
accingō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: gird, prepare, encircle istīc: there in you, in you there, there, 1
with a belt, 1 mōlior, -īrī, mōlītum: set in motion, stir, 3
conquiēscō, -ere, -ēvī: remain at rest, 2 mōmentum, -ī n.: influence, movement, 1
cōnspiciō, -ere, -spexī: catch sight of, see, 2 necessis, -e: necessary, 1
continuus, -a, -um: continuous, 1 parum: adv. too little, 6
Corinthus, -ī m.: Corinth, 2 patrius, -a, -um: of a father, ancestral, 7
deinceps: one after another, successively, 4 Penātēs, -ium m.: Penates, 4
dēvolvō, -ere: roll, tumble down, sink down, 1 rēgālis, -e: regal, of a king, 1
facessō, -ere, -ī, -ītum: take off, retire, 2 retrō: back, again, 1
frustror, -ārī, -ātum: disappoint, 1 sēmen, -is n.: seed, 1
gener, generī m.: son-in-law, 5 similis, -e: similar to, like (dat), 6
ignāvia, -ae f.: cowardice, laziness, 2 solium, -ī n.: throne, seat, 1
imāgō, imāginis f.: image; waxen image, 2 Tanaquil, -is f.: Tanaquil, 6
increpō, -āre, -uī: rattle, clang; rebuke, chide, 5 Tarquiniī, -ōrum m.: Tarquinii (city), 5
īnstīgō (1): stimulate, 1

1 quod istīc: because in you there…; istīc is an
adv. formed from a 2nd pers. demonstrative
quīn accingeris?: why…not?; 2s pres.pass. but
reflexive (middle voice) in sense
tibi: for… dat. of interest
2 ut patrī tuō: as for…; clause of comparison,
dat. of interest
3 d(e)ī Pentātēs: a single entity, not two
patriīque (deī): and…
patris imāgō: i.e. the wax mask of Tarquinius
Priscus
domus: fem. sg.
5 ad: for…
animī: partitive gen. with parum
quid: why…?; acc. respect: ‘in respect to what?’
6 quid: why…?
ut rēgium iuvenem: as…; clause of comparison
sinis: 2s pres. sinō
7 dēvolvere (tē): pass. imperative but reflexive
(middle voice) in sense; i.e. go back where you
came from!
7 similior: in apposition to 2s subject
8 hīs aliīsque: abl. means; i.e. Tullia’s words
increpandō: abl. means, gerund (-ing)
9 sī…faceret: this lengthy conditional clause
cum…potuisset: plpf. subj. possum
tantum: so much; adv. acc. (inner acc.)
10 animō: abl. means
ut…dedisset: that…; result, plpf. subj. dō
11 ipsa: Tullia herself; the subject of the sī-clause
orta: dep. PPP orior with abl. of source
nūllum mōmentum…faceret: exert no
influence; or ‘bring no weight to bear,’
momentum is actually the difference in weight
that tips a scale and creates change
in dandō adimendōque rēgnō: gerundives,
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate
as gerunds (-ing) + obj.

128
 Servius Tullius 47.7-10

7. hīs muliebribus īnstīnctus furiīs Tarquinius circumīre et 1

prēnsāre minōrum maximē gentium patrēs; admonēre paternī
beneficiī ac prō eō grātiam repetere; allicere dōnīs iuvenēs; cum dē
sē ingentia pollicendō tum rēgis crīminibus omnibus locīs crēscere.
8. postrēmō ut iam agendae reī tempus vīsum est, stīpātus agmine 5
armātōrum in forum inrūpit. inde omnibus perculsīs pavōre, in
rēgiā sēde prō cūriā sedēns patrēs in cūriam per praecōnem ad
rēgem Tarquinium citārī iussit. 9. convēnēre extemplō, aliī iam ante
ad hoc praeparātī, aliī metū nē nōn vēnisse fraudī esset, novitāte ac
mīrāculō attonitī et iam dē Serviō actum ratī. 10
10. ibi Tarquinius maledicta ab stirpe ultimā orsus: servum
servāque nātum post mortem indignam parentis suī, nōn
admoneō, -ēre, -uī: remind, admonish, 2 inrumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptum: burst in, 2
agmen, agminis n.: column (of troops), army, 5 īnstinguō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: incite, 1
alliciō, -ere, -lēxī: entice, allure, 1 maledictum, -ī n.: abusive word, curse, 1
attonitus, -a, -um: astonished, stunned, 1 novitās, -tātis f.: newness, novelty, 3
beneficium, -ī n.: good deed, favor, 5 paternus, -a, -um: paternal; ancestral, 4
circumeō, -īre, -iī: go around, canvass, 2 percellō, -ere, -culī, perculsum: strike, 4
citō (1): summon, hasten; ~full gallop, 3 polliceor, -cērī, -citus: promise, offer, 1
crīmen, crīminis n.: charge, crime; 3 postrēmō,: at last, finally; abl. as adv., 5
dōnum, -ī n.: gift, 7 praecō, praecōnis m.: herald, 3
extemplō: immediately, straightaway, 5 praeparō (1): prepare, get ready before, 1
forum, -ī n.: forum, marketplace, 2 prensō (1): solicit (for an office), grasp, 1
fraus, fraudis f.: fraud, deception; harm, hurt, 5 sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessum: to sit, 5
furia, -ae f.: madness; fury, avenging spirit, 3 serva, -ae, f.: slave, 4
grātia, -ae f.: gratitude, favor, influence, thanks, 6 stīpō (1): crowd together, stuff, pack, 1
indignus, -a, -um: unworthy, undeserving, 4

1 circumīre, prēnsāre, admonēre,…crēscere: 8 rēgem…citārī: that…

historical inf.; translate as 3s impf.
2 paternī beneficiī: of…; i.e. about; gen. with
verbs of forgetting and reminding
3 prō eō: in return for this; i.e. the beneficium
cum…tum…: both…and…; abl. means
dē sē: from…
ingentia: neut. acc. pl.,
4 pollicendō: by…; abl. means, gerund (-ing)
rēgis crīminibus: abl. means, and objective gen.
(i.e. against...)
(in) omnibus locīs
crēscere: i.e. in power and influence
5 ut…vīsum est: as…; ‘when…’ temporal clause
agendae reī: of…; noun + gerundive; perform
the gerund-gerundive flip and translate as a
gerund (-ing) + obj.
6 armātōs (virōs)
omnibus perculsīs: abl. abs.; pavōre is abl. of
cause
iussit: pf. iubeō
convēnēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
aliī…aliī…: some…others…; partitive in
apposition to previous subject
9 ad hoc: for this (purpose)
metū: because of…; abl. cause
nē nōn vēnisse…esset: lest…not…; ‘that…not’
fearing with impf. subj. and inf. as the subject
fraudī: harmful; dat. of purpose (lit. ‘be for a
harm’); cf. cordī est, ‘be pleasant’
10 actum (esse): that it was done; impers. pf.
pass.
ratī: dep. PPP reor: translate as ‘having Xed’
11 orsus est: pf. dep. ordior
(eum esse) servum...: that (he was)…; i.e.
Servius; ind. disc. in apposition to maledicta,
add linking verb
12 servā nātum: dep. PPP nāscor and abl. origin

129
47.10-48.2 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

interrēgnō, ut anteā, initō, nōn comitiīs habitīs, nōn per suffrāgium 1

populī, nōn auctōribus patribus, muliebrī dōnō rēgnum occupāsse.
11. ita nātum, ita creātum rēgem, fautōrem īnfimī generis hominum
ex quō ipse sit, odiō aliēnae honestātis ēreptum prīmōribus agrum
sordidissimō cuique dīvīsisse; 12. omnia onera quae commūnia 5
quondam fuerint inclīnāsse in prīmōrēs cīvitātis; īnstituisse cēnsum
ut īnsignis ad invidiam locuplētiōrum fortūna esset et parāta unde,
ubi vellet, egentissimīs largīrētur.
48. huic ōrātiōnī Servius cum intervēnisset trepidō nūntiō
excitātus, extemplō ā vestibulō cūriae magnā vōce ‘quid hoc’ 10
inquit, ‘Tarquinī, reī est? quā tū audāciā mē vīvō 2. vocāre ausus es
patrēs aut in sēde cōnsīdere mea?’ cum ille ferōciter ad haec—sē
anteā: before, earlier, previously, 3 interveniō -īre -vēnī: come between, interrupt, 5
audācia, -ae f.: boldness, audacity, 6 invidia, -ae f.: hatred, envy, lack of popularity, 5
comitium, -ī n.: assembly; elections, 6 largior, -īrī, -ītum: give generously, 2
cōnsīdō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessus: to sit down, 4 locuplēs, -ētis: rich, wealthy, 2
dōnum, -ī n.: gift, 7 odium, -iī n.: hatred, 2
egēns, egentis: poor, 1 onus, oneris n.: burden, load, 3
ēripiō, -ere, -uī, -ptus: snatch, rescue, 2 ōrātiō, -iōnis f.: speech, speaking, 5
excitō (1): excite, rouse, incite, 5 quondam: formerly, at one time, 6
extemplō: immediately, straightaway, 5 sordidus, -a, -um: dirty, 3
fautor, -ōris m.: supporter, patron, 3 suffrāgium, -ī n.: vote, right of voting, 4
ferōciter: fiercely, 3 trepidus, -a, -um: trembling, alarming, alarmed, 3
honestās, -tātis f.: respectability, honor, rank, 1 vestibulum, -ī n.: entrance, vestibule, 3
ineō, -īre, -īī, -itum: go into, enter, initiate, 7 vīvus, -a, -um: living, alive, 4
interrēgnum, -ī n.: interim king, 3

1 interregnō…initō: abl. abs., ineō
ut anteā: as…; clause of comparison
comitiīs habitīs: abl. abs.
2 auctōribus patribus: abl. abs., i.e. the senators
did not authorize the vote
muliebrī dōnō: because of…; abl. cause
(eum) rēgnum occupā(vi)sse: that (he)…; all of
the preceding abls. are part of this ind. disc.
3 (eum) ita nātum (esse): that (he)…; pf. dep. inf.
(eum) ita creātum (esse): that (he)…; rēgem is
pred.
generis: class
4 ex quō ipse sit: from…; relative with pres. subj.
of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
(eum) odiō…dīvīsisse: that (he)…; ind. disc.
odiō: because of…; abl. cause
aliēnae honestātis: for…; objective gen. of odiō
prīmōribus: from…; dat. of compound ēreptum
agrum: land
5 sordidissimō cuique: among every…; dat. ind.
obj.; i.e. of the lowest class
(eum) omnia…inclīnā(vi)sse: that (he)…
130
quae…fuerint: which…; relative with pf. subj.
of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
6 (eum) īnstituisse cēnsum: that (he)…
ut…esset: so that…might; purpose
7 īnsignis…et parāta: marked…and ready at
hand; both nom. pred.; PPP parō
ad: for
unde…largīrētur: from which…might; relative
of purpose with impf. dep; fortūna is antecedent
ubi vellet: whenever…; relative clause with
impf. subj. volō
9 huic ōrātiōnī: dat. of compound verb
trepidō nūntiō: i.e. an alarming message
10 ā vestibulō: i.e. i.e. while standing in…
magnā vōce: with a loud voice; abl. manner
quid…reī: what purpose…?; appositional gen.
11 Tarquinī: voc. dir. address
quā…audāciā: with…; interrogative adj.
mē vīvō: abl. abs., supply pple ‘being’
ausus es: 2s dep. pf. audeō
12 cum ille (dīceret): i.e. Tarquinius
ad haec: in response to…
 Servius Tullius 48.2-5

patris suī tenēre sēdem; multō quam servum potiōrem fīlium rēgis 1
rēgnī hērēdem; satis illum diū per licentiam ēlūdentem īnsultāsse
dominīs—, clāmor ab utriusque fautōribus oritur et concursus
populī fīēbat in cūriam, appārēbatque rēgnātūrum quī vīcisset. 3.
tum Tarquinius necessitāte iam et ipsa cōgente ultima audēre, 5
multō et aetāte et vīribus validior, medium arripit Servium
ēlātumque ē cūriā in īnferiōrem partem per gradūs dēiēcit; inde ad
cōgendum senātum in cūriam rediit. 4. fit fuga rēgis appāritōrum
atque comitum; ipse prope exsanguis cum sine rēgiō comitātū
domum sē reciperet ab iīs quī missī ab Tarquiniō fugientem 10
cōnsecūtī erant interficitur. 5. crēditur, quia nōn abhorret ā cēterō
scelere, admonitū Tulliae id factum. carpentō certē, id quod satis
abhorreō, -ēre, -uī: shrink from; vary from, 1 ēlūdō, -ere, -sī, -sus: mock, make fun of, 2
admonitus, -ūs m.: suggestion, reminder, 1 exsanguis, -e: lifeless, fainting; bloodless, 2
appāreō, -ēre, -uī: appear, be apparent, 4 fautor, -ōris m.: supporter, patron, 3
appāritor, -ōris f.: attendant (free-born), guard, 3 fugiō, -ere, fūgī: to flee, hurry away, 3
arripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus: snatch, grab, 1 gradus, -ūs m.: step, pace; stairs, 5
carpentum, -ī n.: carriage (two-wheeled), 5 hērēs, hērēdis, m./f.: heir, heiress, 5
cōgō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctum: compel, collect, 4 īnferior, -ius: lower, 1
comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 6 īnsultō (1): insult, taunt, 1
comitātus, -ūs m.: retinue, escort, company, 1 licentia, -ae f.: license, lack of restraint, 1
concursus, -ūs m.: gathering; collision, charge, 5 necessitās, -tātis f.: necessity, 4
cōnsequor, -ī, secūtum: follow, go after, 2 potior, potius: more preferable, better, 1
dēiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw/bring down, 3 recipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: take (back), 4
diū: a long time, long, 4 senātus, -ūs f.: senate, 5
dominus, -ī m.: master, 4 Tullia, -ae f.: Tullia, 7
ēfferō, -ere, -tulī, -lātum: carry out, lift, 5 validus, -a, -um: strong, powerful, 5

1 sē…tenēre: that… medium: i.e. by the waist

multō (esse)...hērēdem: that…(be) the heir...
multō: much; ‘by much,’ abl. degree of
difference with potiōrem
quam servum: than…; clause of comparison
2 satis illum…īnsultā(vi)sse: that that one…; i.e.
Servius; satis modifies diū
3 dominīs: dat. of compound verb
clāmor…oritur: end of Tarquinius’ speech
utriusque: gen. sg. ūterque
appārēbat: it…; impersonal
rēgnātūrum (esse) quī vīcisset: that (the
one)…; the missing acc. subj. is antecedent of
quī; plpf. vincō; subordinate verb in ind. disc.
5 necessitāte…cōgente: abl. abs.
audēre: historical inf. with nom. subject:
translate as finite 3s impf.
ultima: extreme things, extreme measures
6 multō: much; abl. degree of difference
et aetāte et vīribus: abl. respect; i.e younger
and stronger
131
7 ēlatum…dēiēcit: PPP ēfferō; English prefers
two finite verbs (e.g. lifted and threw down)
whereas Latin often prefers PPP and a main verb
per: over
ad cōgendum senātum: for…; perform a
gerund-gerundive flip and translate as gerund
(-ing) + obj.
9 ipse: he himself; i.e. Servius
prope: adv.
cum…sē reciperet: i.e. retreat or return
10 domum: acc. place to which
ab iīs: by those; abl. agent
fugientem: (the one)… ; pres. pple
11 crēditur: it is…; impers. pass.
nōn abhorret: it is not inconsistent with, it does
not vary from; common translation for abhorreō
12 id…(factum) esse: that…; id refers to
Tarquinius’ behavior; logical subject of crēditur
id quod…: that which…; parenthethical; id is
in apposition to the entire clause
48.5-7 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

cōnstat, in forum invecta nec reverita coetum virōrum ēvocāvit 1

virum ē cūriā rēgemque prīma appellāvit. 6. ā quō facessere iussa
ex tantō tumultū cum sē domum reciperet pervēnissetque ad
summum Cyprium Vīcum, ubi Diānium nūper fuit, flectentī
carpentum dextrā in Urbium Clīvum ut in collem Ēsquiliārum 5
ēveherētur, restitit pavidus atque inhibuit frēnōs is quī iūmenta
agēbat iacentemque dominae Servium trucīdātum ostendit. 7.
foedum inhūmānumque inde trāditur scelus monumentōque locus
est—Scelerātum Vīcum vocant—quō āmēns, agitantibus furiīs
sorōris ac virī, Tullia per patris corpus carpentum ēgisse fertur, 10
partemque sanguinis ac caedis paternae cruentō vehiculō,
contāmināta ipsa respersaque, tulisse ad Penātēs suōs virīque suī,
agitō (1): to drive; chase; consider, 3 inhibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum: check, 1
āmēns, -ntis: out of one’s mind, distracted, 1 inhūmānus, -a, -um: inhuman, 1
carpentum, -ī n.: carriage (two-wheeled), 5 invehō, -ere, -vexī, -vectum: convey, bring in, 5
clīvus, -ī m.: slope, 1 iūmentum, -ī n.: oxen, beast of burden, 1
coetus, -ūs m.: gathering, meeting, 2 nūper: recently, lately, not long ago, 4
cōnstō, -āre, -stitī: it is agreed; stand firm, 6 ostendō, -ere, ostendī: to show, 5
contāminō (1): contaminate, defile, disgrace, 1 paternus, -a, -um: paternal; ancestral, 4
cruentus, -a, -um: bloody, blood-stained, 2 pavidus, -a, -um: alarmed, horrified, 2
Cyprius, -ī m.: Cyprius, 1 Penātēs, -ium m.: Penates, 4
Diānium, -iī n.: temple of Diana, 1 recipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: take (back), 4
domina, -ae f.: mistress, master, owner, 1 respergō, -ere, -spersī: splatter, sprinkle over, 2
Ēsquiliae, -ārum f.: Esquiline (hill) 2 resistō, -ere, -stitī: stand still, stop; oppose, 4
ēvehō, -ere, -vexī, -vectum: carry out, convey, 2 revereor, -ērī, -itum: respect, feel abashed at, 1
ēvocō (1): call out, challenge, 3 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 7
facessō, -ere, -ī, -ītum: take off, retire, 2 scelerātus, -a, -um: wicked; profane, 2
flectō, -ere, flexī, flectum: turn, bend, 4 soror, sorōris f.: sister, 6
foedus, -a, -um: ugly, foul, filthy, 4 trūcīdō (1): cut down, kill, butcher, 2
forum, -ī n.: forum, 7 Tullia, -ae f.: Tullia, 7
frēnum, -ī n. (pl. masc.): bit, rein, 2 vehiculum, -ī n.: carriage, vehicle, 2
furia, -ae f.: madness; fury, avenging spirit, 3 vīcus, -ī m.: street, 2
iaceō, -ēre, -uī: lie down, lie dead, 3

1 cōnstat: is agreed Urbium Clīvum: Clivus Urbius; a street name

(Tullia) in forum invecta: PPP
reverita coetum virōrum: dep PPP, translate as
‘having Xed;’ Tullia does not show a proper
sense of shame for being among men in public.
2 virum: her husband
prima: i.e. was the first to…
ā quō: by this one; i.e. Tarquin; connective rel.
iussa: i.e. Tullia, the subject of the cum-clause
3 cum sē…reciperet…vicum: i.e. was returning
domum: acc. place to which
4 Cyprium Vīcum: Cyprus Street
flectentī…ēveherētur: for (the one) turning…;
i.e. Tullia (or her driver), dat. of interest
5 dextrā: to the right; ‘on the right’
132
ut…ēveherētur: so that…might; purpose
6 is quī…agēbat: the one who…; i.e. Tullia’s
driver, subject of restitit, inhibuit, and ostendit
7 iacentem: pres. pple iaceō, i.e. in the road
8 trāditu: is handed down; according to tradition
monumentō…est: serves as…; dat. of purpose
vocant (locum): a double acc. (obj., pred.)
9 quō: to where; or connective rel.: ‘to there’
agitantibus…virī: abl. abs.
10 fertur: is reported; governs pf. inf. agō, ferō
11 partem …tulisse: and…to have brought part…
sanguinis…paternae: of the blood of her
murdered father; hendiadys (2s terms, one obj.)
12 ipsa: Tullia herself; subject of fertur
 Tarquinius Superbus 48.7-49.2

quibus īrātīs malō rēgnī prīncipiō similēs propediem exitūs 1

sequerentur.
8. Ser. Tullius rēgnāvit annōs quattuor et quadrāgintā ita ut bonō
etiam moderātōque succēdentī rēgī difficilis aemulātiō esset;
cēterum id quoque ad glōriam accessit quod cum illō simul iūsta ac 5
lēgitima rēgna occīdērunt. 9. id ipsum tam mīte ac tam moderātum
imperium tamen quia ūnīus esset dēpōnere eum in animō habuisse
quīdam auctōrēs sunt, nī scelus intestīnum līberandae patriae
cōnsilia agitantī intervēnisset.
49. inde L. Tarquinius rēgnāre occēpit, cui Superbō cognōmen 10
facta indidērunt, quia socerum gener sepultūrā prohibuit, 2.
Rōmulum quoque īnsepultum perisse dictitāns, prīmōrēsque
accēdō, -ere, -cessī: come to, approach, is added, 7 mītis, -e: mild, gentle, 5
aemulātiō, -tiōnis f.: rivalry; envy, 1 moderātus, -a, -um: temperate, 2
agitō (1): drive; chase; consider, 3 nī (nisī): if not, unless, 5
cēterum: but, in other respects; besides, 7 occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsus: kill, strike down, 5
cognōmen, -minis n.: nickname, 7 occipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -captum: begin, 2
dēpōnō, -ere, -posuī: put aside, put down, 2 pereō, -īre, periī: to pass away, perish, 4
dictitō (1): say repeatedly, 3 prīncipium, -ī n.: beginning, 4
difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 1 prohibeō, -ēre, -hibuī: hold back, hinder, 6
exitus, -ūs m.: end, result, 1 propediem: soon, 3
gener, generī m.: son-in-law, 5 quadrāgintā: forty, 7
indō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: attach, give to, 3 quattuor: four, 3
īnsepultus, -a, -um: unburied, 1 sepultūra, -ae f.: burial, 2
interveniō -īre -vēnī: come between, interrupt, 5 Ser.: Servius, 7
intestīnus, -a, -um: domestic, family; civil, 1 similis, -e: similar to, like (dat), 6
īrātus, -a, -um: angry, angered, 2 socer, socerī m.: father-in-law, 3
iūstus, -a, -um: just, legitimate, 5 succēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cesum: come up, succeed, 2
lēgitimus, -a, -um: lawful, legal, 1 superbus, -a, -um: arrogant, proud; Superbus, 7
līberō (1): to free, release, 2 Tullius, -ī m.: Tullius, 6

1 quibus īrātīs…sequerentur: by whom, angered
i.e. by whose anger; abl. of cause; subj. of
subordinate verb in ind. disc.; exitūs is subject
malō…prīncipiō: to…; dat. of adj. similēs;
2 annōs…quadrāgintā: for…; acc. of duration
ut…esset: that…would…; result
3 bonō…rēgī: for…; dat. of interest
etiam: even
5 id…accessit: this…is added; accēdere, ‘be
added,’ + ad is an idiom
quod…occīdērunt: (namely) that…; noun
clause in apposition to id; Tarquin and Tullia are
the subject; cum illō refers to Servius
6 id ipsum (esse)…imperium: that this rule itself
(was)…; governed by quīdam auctōres sunt
tamen: however
7 quia (imperium) ūnīus esset: because it was
one man’s rule; subj. of alleged cause from
133
Servius’ perspective; ūnīus is gen. sg. ūnus
dēpōnere (imperium) eum in animō habuisse:
that he…; i.e. he intended; eum is acc. subject;
governed by quīdam auctōres sunt
8 quīdam auctōrēs sunt: there are certain writers
(who state); governing ind. disc.
nī…intervēnisset: if…had not; contrary to fact
condition (sī plpf. subj., plpf. subj.) but dēponere
…habuisse replaced the apodosis dēposuisset
līberandae patriae: of…; noun + gerundive;
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj. with cōnsilia
9 cōnsilia agitantī: (the one) considering…; dat.
of compound verb intervēnisset; i.e. Servius
10 cui: to whom; ind. obj. and dat. of possession
Superbō: ‘Superbus’ attracted into dat. of cui
11 facta: actions, deeds; nom. pl. substantive
sepultūrā: from…; abl. of separation
īnsepultum: predicative: translate after inf.
49.2-6 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

patrum, quōs Servī rēbus fāvisse crēdēbat, interfēcit; cōnscius 1

deinde male quaerendī rēgnī ab sē ipsō adversus sē exemplum capī
posse, armātīs corpus circumsaepsit; 3. neque enim ad iūs rēgnī
quicquam praeter vim habēbat ut quī neque populī iussū neque
auctōribus patribus rēgnāret. 4. eō accēdēbat ut in cāritāte cīvium 5
nihil speī repōnentī metū rēgnum tūtandum esset. quem ut plūribus
incuteret cognitiōnēs capitālium rērum sine cōnsiliīs per sē sōlus
exercēbat, 5. perque eam causam occīdere, in exsilium agere, bonīs
multāre poterat nōn suspectōs modo aut invīsōs sed unde nihil
aliud quam praedam spērāre posset. 10
6. praecipuē ita patrum numerō imminūtō statuit nūllōs in patrēs
legere, quō contemptior paucitāte ipsā ōrdō esset minusque per sē
accēdō, -ere, -cessī: come to, approach, is added, 7 invīsus, -a, -um: hateful, hated (dat.), 2
capitālis, -e: of the head, capital, 1 iussus, -ūs m.: order, 4
cāritās, -tātis f.: affection, 5 multō (1): deprive from (abl); punish, 2
circumsaepiō -īre -saepsī: hedge around, 1 occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsus: kill, strike down, 5
cognitiō, -tiōnis f.: inquiry, examination, 3 paucitās, -tātis f. (1): fewness, scarcity, 1
cōnscius, -a, -um: conscious, aware, witnessing, 1 praecipuē; especially, 5
contemptus, -a, -um: despised, 1 praeter: except, besides, 5
exerceō, -ēre, -uī, -citum: train, 2 repōnō, -ere, -posuī,: put, place back, store, 1
exsilium, -iī n.: exile, 3 spērō (1): hope, hope for, expect, 4
faveō, -ēre, fāvī: favor, support (dat.), 2 suspiciō, -ere, -spexī: look up to, suspect, 2
imminuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum: diminish, 1 tūtor, -ārī, -ātum: secure, make safe, 2
incutiō, -ere: strike into, inspire, 1

1 rēbus: affairs, interests; ind. obj.
quōs…fāvisse: ind. disc in a relative clause
male…exemplum…posse: that an example…;
pass. inf. capiō, governed by cōnscius
2 male quaerendī rēgnī: of…; noun + gerundive:
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.; modifies exemplum
ab sē ipsō: from…; abl. of source
adversus: against…; + acc.
3 armātīs (virīs): abl. means
ad: in regard to…
4 quicquam: anything
ut quī…rēgnāret: who…; causal relative clause
of characteristic; an ‘ut’ or ‘quippe’ may being a
relative of characteristic, and ‘ut quī’ therefore,
may be translated ‘since…ruled’
5 auctoribus patribus: abl. abs., add pple ‘being’
eō accēdēbat: it was added to this; a periphrasis
for ‘moreover;’ eō, ‘to this,’ is an adv. (cf. quō)
ut…tūandum esset: that…had to be…; noun
result clause with pass. periphrastic (gerundive +
impf. subj.) and dative of agent
in cāritāte…repōnentī: by (the one)…; dat. of
agent; here dat. pres. pple
134
6 speī: partitive gen. with nihil
metū: abl. means
quem: this; connective relative; i.e. metus
ut…incuteret: so that…might…; purpose clause
plūribus: into…; dat. of compound,
7 cognitiōnēs: inquiries; a legal inquiry or trial
rērum: of…cases; i.e. legal cases involving the
death penality
per sē: by…
8 per eam causam: i.e. through this pretext
bonīs: from…; abl. separation; bona, ‘property’
9 nōn…modo…sed: not only…but (also)
suspectōs, invīsōs: (those)…; obj. of infs. above
unde…posset: (those) from where…; relative
clause of characteristic; impf. subj.
11 patrum numerō imminūtō: abl. abs.
12 legere: to select; i.e. the appointing of senators
quō…esset…indignārentur: so that…might…;
purpose
ōrdō: i.e. the senate
paucitāte ipsā: by…; abl. cause
per sē: through themselves; with agī
 Tarquinius Superbus 49.6-9

nihil agī indignārentur. 7. hic enim rēgum prīmus trāditum ā 1

priōribus mōrem dē omnibus senātum cōnsulendī solvit;
domesticīs cōnsiliīs rem pūblicam administrāvit; bellum, pācem,
foedera, societātēs per sē ipse, cum quibus voluit, iniussū populī ac
senātūs, fēcit dirēmitque. 5
8. Latīnōrum sibi maximē gentem conciliābat ut peregrīnīs
quoque opibus tūtior inter cīvēs esset, neque hospitia modo cum
prīmōribus eōrum sed adfīnitātēs quoque iungēbat. 9. Octāviō
Mamiliō Tusculānō—is longē prīnceps Latīnī nōminis erat, sī
fāmae crēdimus, ab Ulixe deāque Circā oriundus—, eī Mamiliō 10
fīliam nuptum dat, perque eās nuptiās multōs sibi cognātōs
amīcōsque eius conciliat.
adfīnitās, -tātis f.: relationship (by marriage), 3 Mamilius, -ī m.: Mamilius, 2
administrō (1): administer, manage, 1 nubō, -ere, -psī, nūptum: marry, put on veil, 4
amīcus, -ī m.: friend, 2 nuptiae, -ārum, f.: marriage, wedding, 2
cognātus, -ī m.: kinsman, relative, 2 Octāvius, -iī m.: Octavius, 1
conciliō (1): win over, unite (dat.), 6 oriundus, -a, -um: descended, born, 6
dea, -ae f.: goddess, divinity, deity, 4 senātus, -ūs f.: senate, 5
dirimō, -ere -ēmī, -emptum: interrupt, break off 4 societās, -tātis f.: alliance, partnership, 7
domesticus, -a, -um: of a house, 4 solvō, -ere, -vī, solūtum: loosen; pay, 4
hospitium, ī n.: guest-friendship/hospitality, 6 Tusculānus, -a, -um: of Tusculum, 1
indignor, -ārī, indignātum: be offended, 3 tūtus, -a, -um: safe, secure, guarded, 4
iniussū: without orders, 4 Ulixēs, -is m.: Ulysses (Odysseus), 1

1 per sē nihil agī: that…; pass. inf. agō, ‘do’
prīmus: i.e. was the first to…
mōrem…senātum cōnsulendī: a gerund (-ing)
solvit: break, dissolve
2 priōribus: (those)…; comparative prīmus
3 rem pūblicam: government, (public) state,
commonwealth
voluit: pf. volō
6 sibi: to himself; dat. ind. obj.
ut…esset: so that…might…; purpose
7 neque…modo…sed: not only…but (also)…
8 Octāviō Mamiliō: to…; dat. ind. obj.
Tusculānō: of Tusculum; Latin town; dat.
9 longē: by far; i.e. a quite important leader
Latīnī nōminis: i.e. of all the people who carry
the name Latin
10 fāmae: dat. ind. obj.
eī Mamiliō: to this…; resuming the same dat.
after a parenthetical clause
11 nuptum: to…; acc. supine (PPP + um) often
expresses purpose: translate as an inf.
sibi: to himself; dat. ind. obj.
12 eius: i.e. Mamilius’; gen. sg. is

135
50.1-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

50. iam magna Tarquinī auctōritās inter Latīnōrum procerēs erat, 1

cum in diem certam ut ad lūcum Ferentīnae conveniant indīcit:
esse, quae agere dē rēbus commūnibus velit. 2. conveniunt
frequentēs prīmā lūce: ipse Tarquinius diem quidem servāvit, sed
paulō ante quam sōl occideret vēnit. multa ibi tōtō diē in conciliō 5
variīs iactāta sermōnibus erant. 3. Turnus Herdonius ab Arīciā
ferōciter in absentem Tarquinium erat invectus: haud mīrum esse
Superbō inditum Rōmae cognōmen.—iam enim ita clam quidem
mussitantēs, volgō tamen eum appellābant.—an quicquam
superbius esse quam lūdificārī sīc omne nōmen Latīnum? 4. longē 10
ab domō excitīs, ipsum, quī concilium indīxerit, nōn adesse.
temptārī profectō patientiam ut, sī iugum accēperint, obnoxiōs
absēns, absentis (adj.): absent, 3 lūdificor, -ārī, -ātum: make sport of, 1
adsum, -esse, -fuī: be present, assist, 6 lūx, lūcis m.: light, 6
an: or (in questions), 7 mīrus, -a, -um: amazing, surprising, 7
Arīcia, -ī f.: Aricia (Latin town), 1 mussitō (1): mutter, grumble, 1
auctōritās, -tātis f.: authority, 2 obnoxius, -a, -um: subject to, obedient to (dat.), 2
clam: secretly, in secret, 3 occidō, -ere, -cidī, -cāsum: fall, 1
cognōmen, -minis n.: nickname, 7 paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 6
Ferentīna, -ae f.: Ferentina (goddess), 2 procerēs, -um m.: leaders, chieftains, 3
ferōciter: fiercely, 3 profectō: assuredly, indeed, certainly, 4
frequēns, frequentis: crowded, busy, 6 sermō, sermōnis m.: conversation, talk, 3
Herdonius, -ī m.: Herdonius, 1 servō (1): save, preserve, protect, 4
iactō (1): toss, throw, cast, 3 sōl, sōlis m.: sun, 1
indō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: attach, give to, 3 superbus, -a, -um: arrogant, proud; Superbus, 7
invehō, -ere, -vexī, -vectum: bring in, attack, 5 temptō (1): attempt, test; attack, 5
iugum, -ī n.: yoke, harness (for oxen); ridge, 2 varius, -a, -um: various, alternating, 6
lūcus, -ī m.: grove, 7 vulgus (volgus), -ī n.: mass, masses, crowd, 7

2 in diem certam: on a decided day
ut…conveniant: that…; ind. command with
pres. subj.
3 esse: that (there)...; subject is antecedent of quae
quae…velit: (things) which…; relative clause of
characteristic, pres. subj. volō
agere: to discuss
4 prīmā lūce: abl. time when
servāvit: kept; i.e. remembered the appointment
paulō: a little; ‘by a little,’ abl. of degree of
difference
ante quam…occideret: before…; often as one
word; quam introduces a clause of comparison
but when joined with ante (or prius), we
describe it as a temporal clause with a subj. of
anticipated action
5 tōtō diē: abl. time within; i.e. Tarquin is absent
6 variīs sermōnibus: means
iactāta…erant: i.e. back and forth in discussion
7 in: upon…, against…
136
erat invectus: had made an attack; ‘had brought
himself against,’ plpf. pass. invehō is reflexive
(middle voice) in sense
7 haud mīrum esse: that it…; impers.
8 (eī) Superbō inditum (esse)…cognōmen: that
the name ‘Superbus’…; ind. disc., pf. pass. inf.;
Superbō is drawn to dat. of missing eī, ‘to him’
Rōmae: locative
quidem…tamen: albeit…nevertheless
9 volgō: in general; ‘in a mass,’ an abl. adv,
an quicquam…esse: Is there anything…; ind.
rhetorical questions are expressed as ind. disc.
superbius: neut. comparative adj.
quam lūdificārī sīc: clause of comparison
nōmen Latīnum: i.e. all who carry the name
11 excitīs: for (those)…; dat. interest
ipsum…abesse: that he himself…
indīxerit: pf. subj., subordinate verb in ind. disc.
12 temptārī patientiam: that (their) patience…
accēperint: pf. subj.; see indīxerit above
 Tarquinius Superbus 50.4-8

premat. cui enim nōn appārēre, adfectāre eum imperium in 1

Latīnōs? 5. quod sī suī bene crēdiderint cīvēs, aut sī crēditum illud
et nōn raptum parricīdiō sit, crēdere et Latīnōs quamquam nē sīc
quidem aliēnigenae dēbēre: 6. sīn suōs eius paeniteat, quippe quī
aliī super aliōs trūcīdentur exsulātum eant bona āmittant, quid speī 5
meliōris Latīnīs portendī? sī sē audiant, domum suam quemque
inde abitūrōs neque magis observātūrōs diem conciliī quam ipse
quī indīxerit observet.
7. haec atque alia eōdem pertinentia sēditiōsus facinorōsusque
homō hīsque artibus opēs domī nactus cum maximē dissereret, 10
intervēnit Tarquinius. 8. is fīnis ōrātiōnī fuit; āversī omnēs ad
Tarquinium salūtandum. quī silentiō factō monitus ā proximīs ut
adfectō (1): strive for, pursue, 3 observō (1): watch, observe, attend to, 2
aliēnigena, -ae m./f.: foreign-born, foreigner, 1 ōrātiō, -iōnis f.: speech, speaking, 5
āmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: lose, let go, 7 paenitet, -ēre, -uit: it makes (acc) feel regret, 4
appāreō, -ēre, -uī: appear, be apparent, 4 parricīdium, -iī n.: parricide, treason, 4
bene: well, 3 pertineō, -ēre, -tinuī: pertain to; reach, 5
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, debitum: ought. owe, 3 portendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum: foretell, 7
disserō, -ere, -seruī: talk about, discuss, 5 premō, -ere, pressī, -ssum: press, check, 2
exsulō (1): to exile, banish; live in exile, 3 salūtō (1): to greet, 2
facinorōsus, -a, -um: criminal, 1 sēditiōsus, -a, -um: seditious, treasonable, 1
interveniō -īre -vēnī: come between, interrupt, 5 silentium, -iī n.: silence, 5
melior, melius: better, 5 sīn: but if; if, however, 2
moneō, -ēre, -uī, -itum: warn, advise, 2 super: on top of, over, above (acc.), 7
nanciscor, nanciscī, nactus: obtain, 2 trūcīdō (1): cut down, kill, butcher, 2

1 premat: that he may degrade them as subjects
cui…appārēre: to whom is it not….? an ind.
rhetorical question is oft expressed in ind. disc.
adfectāre…Latīnōs: that…
2 quod: this; connective relative, i.e. imperium
sī…bene crēdiderint (eī)…, aut sī crēditum…
…sit, debēre: if (in fact)…have entrusted (to
him)… well or if…has been entrusted…; ought…
simple condition (sī pf. ind., pres. ind.); pf. act.
and pass. subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
3 crēdere (imperium eī) et Latīnōs…dēbēre:
that the Latins also…; crēdō, ‘entrust’ + dat.
quamquam…aliēnigenae: Herdonius corrects
himself mid-clause; dat. obj. of crēdō; dat. obj.
nē…quidem: not even; emphasizing sīc
4 sīn…paeniteat: if it should make…; pres. subj.
suōs (cīvēs): i.e. the Romans
eius: for him; impers. paenitet governs acc. of
person affected and gen. of the object of feeling
quī…trūcīdentur,…eant, (et)…āmittant:
who…; three pres. subj. verbs in a series; subj.
of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
5 aliī super aliōs: i.e. one after another
137
exsultātum: to…; acc. supine (PPP + um) often
expresses purpose: translate as an inf.
eant: 3s pres. subj. eō, īre
bona: property; ‘goods’
quid…portendī: what…; ind. rhetorical quest.
expressed as ind. disc.; pres. pass. inf. portendō
speī meliōris: partitive gen., comparative bonus
6 Latīnīs: dat. interest
sī sē audiant,…quemque…abitūrōs (esse)…
observātūrōs (esse): if they heed…, each one
will…; future more vivid (sī fut., fut.) in ind.
disc. (sī pres. subj., fut. inf.); the Latīnī are
subject, and sē refers to Herdonius
7 ipse: Tarquinius himself
8 indīxerit: pf. subj., subordinate verb in ind. disc.
9 pertinentia: pres. pple + dat. eō-dem
domī: locative
indīxerit: pf. subj., subordinate verb in ind. disc.
10 cum maximē: just when…; homō is subject
ōrātiōnī: dat. possession
11 ad Tarquinium salūtandum: to…; perform a
gerund-gerund flip: translate as gerund (-ing)
12 silentiō factō: abl. abs.
50.8-51.2 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

pūrgāret sē quod id temporis vēnisset, disceptātōrem ait sē 1

sūmptum inter patrem et fīlium cūrā reconciliandī eōs in grātiam
morātum esse, et quia ea rēs exēmisset illum diem, posterō diē
āctūrum quae cōnstituisset. 9. nē id quidem ab Turnō tulisse
tacitum ferunt; dīxisse enim nūllam breviōrem esse cognitiōnem 5
quam inter patrem et fīlium paucīsque trānsigī verbīs posse: nī
pāreat patrī, habitūrum īnfortūnium esse.
51. haec Arīcīnus in rēgem Rōmānum increpāns ex conciliō
abiit. quam rem Tarquinius aliquantō quam vidēbātur aegrius
ferēns cōnfestim Turnō necem māchinātur, ut eundem terrōrem 10
quō cīvium animōs domī oppresserat Latīnīs iniceret. 2. et quia prō
imperiō palam interficī nōn poterat, oblātō falsō crīmine īnsontem
aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, injured; adv. poorly, 6 īnsōns, -sontis: innocent, guiltless, 2
aiō: say, affirm, 6 māchinor, -ārī, -ātum: contrive, devise, 1
aliquantum, -ī n.: some, considerable, 5 moror, -ārī, -ātus sum: delay, linger, 3
Arīcīnus, -a, -um: of Aricia, Arician (town), 2 nex, necis f.: death, violent death, murder, 2
brevis, -e: short, brief, 5 nī (nisī): if not, unless, 5
cognitiō, -tiōnis f.: inquiry, examination, 3 offerō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: offer, present, 3
cōnfestim: at once, immediately, 4 opprimō, -ere, -pressī: overwhelm; suppress, 6
cōnstituō, -ere, -uī, -tus: decide establish, 6 palam: openly, publicly, 5
crīmen, crīminis n.: crime; charge, 3 pāreō, -ēre, -uī: obey (dat.), 1
disceptātor, -is m.: arbiter, judge, decider, 1 paucī, -ae, -a: few, 1
exemō, -ere, -ēmī, -emptum: take away, 1 pūrgō (1): excuse, apology; clear away, cleanse, 3
fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsum: deceive, cheat, 6 reconciliō (1): win back, recover, 2
grātia, -ae f.: gratitude, favor, influence, thanks, 6 sūmō, -ere, -mpsī, -mptum: take (up), chose, 6
increpō, -āre, -uī: rattle, clang; rebuke, chide, 5 tacitus, -a, -um: silent, still, 7
īnfortūnium, -ī n.: misfortune, 1 trānsigō, -ere, -ēgī: settle, complete, transact, 1
iniciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw upon, 6

1 ut pūrgāret sē: that…; ind. command 5 ferunt: they report

quod…vēnisset: because…; plpf. subj., subj. of
subordinate verb in ind. command
id temporis: at that time
disceptātōrem: as…; following PPP sūmptum
sē…morātum esse: that he…; pf. dep. inf.
2 cūrā reconciliandī eōs…: because of concern…
abl. cause; gen sg. gerund (-ing)
ad grātiam: into (good) graces; i.e. each other’s
favor; an idiom with verbs of reconciliation
3 quia…exēmisset: because…; plpf.. subj., subj.
of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
posterō diē: abl. time when
4 (sē) actūrum (esse): that (he)…
quae: (the things) which…
nē…quidem: not even
id (Tarquinium)…tulisse tacitum: that
(Tarquinius) did not carry this off in silence;
pf. inf. ferō; i.e. get away with, steal
ā Turnō: from…; abl. of separation
138
(eum) dīxisse: that (he)…; i.e. Turnus is subject
nūllam…esse cognitiōnem: that…
6 quam…fīlium: than…; clause of comparison
paucīsque…posse: that it was able…; pass. inf.
nī (fīlius) pāreat patrī: a fut. more vivid
condition (sī fut., fut.) in ind. disc. (sī pres. subj.,
fut. inf.); translate as present with fut. sense
7 habitūrum īnfortūnium esse: (he) will be
badly off; ‘(he) will hold misfortune,’ an idiom
cf. īnfortūnium ferre, ‘come badly off’
8 Arīcīnus: the man from Aricia; i.e. Herdonius
quam rem: this matter; ‘which matter’
9 aliquantō: somewhat; ‘by some,’ abl. degree of
difference with comparative adv. aegrē, ‘poorly’
10 aegrius: comparative adv. with pres. pple ferō
ut…iniceret: so that…might; purpose
11 quō…oppresserat: by which…; abl. means
prō: by virtue of…, in proportion to…
12 oblātō…crimine: abl. abs.
 Tarquinius Superbus 51.2-5

oppressit. per adversae factiōnis quōsdam Arīcīnōs servum Turnī 1

aurō corrūpit, ut in dēversōrium eius vim magnam gladiōrum
īnferrī clam sineret. 3. ea cum ūnā nocte perfecta essent, Tarquinius
paulō ante lūcem accītīs ad sē prīncipibus Latīnōrum quāsī rē novā
perturbātus, moram suam hesternam velut deōrum quādam 5
prōvidentiā inlātam ait salūtī sibi atque illīs fuisse. 4. ab Turnō dīcī
sibi et prīmōribus populōrum parārī necem ut Latīnōrum sōlus
imperium teneat. adgressūrum fuisse hesternō diē in conciliō;
dilātam rem esse, quod auctor conciliī āfuerit quem maximē
peteret. 5. inde illam absentis īnsectātiōnem esse nātam quod 10
morandō spem dēstituerit. nōn dubitāre, sī vēra dēferantur, quīn
prīmā lūce, ubi ventum in concilium sit, īnstrūctus cum
absēns, absentis (adj.): absent, 3 īnsectātiō, -tiōnis f.: attack, 1
adgredior, -ī, -gressum: go to, attack, address, 4 lūx, lūcis m.: light, 6
aiō: say, affirm, 6 mora, -ae f.: delay, hesitation, hindrance, 3
Arīcīnus, -a, -um: of Aricia, Arician (town), 2 moror, -ārī, -ātus sum: delay, linger, 3
aurum, -ī n.: gold, 2 nex, necis f.: death, violent death, murder, 2
clam: secretly, in secret, 3 nox, noctis, f.: night, 5
corrumpō, -ēre, -rūpī: break down, ruin, 3 opprimō, -ere, -pressī: overwhelm; suppress, 6
dēferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: carry away, bring, 5 paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 6
dēstituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum: leave, abandon, 3 perficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: accomplish, bring
dēversōrium, -ī n.: lodging, inn, 1 about, 7
differō, -ferre,: delay, put off; carry apart, 2 perturbō (1): trouble, set in confusion, 1
dubitō (1): to hestitate, doubt, 3 prōvidentia, -ae f.: foresight, 1
factiō, factiōnis f.: faction, party, 4 quāsī: as if, just as, as though, 1
hesternus, -a, -um: of yesterday, 4 salūs, -ūtis f.: refuge, (means of) safety, health, 1

1 adversae factīonis: gen. description
2 aurō: abl. means
ut…sineret: so that…; purpose
eius: i.e. Turnus Herdonius’, gen. sg. is
vim magnam: great amount; ‘great force’
3 īnferrī: pres. pass. inf.
ūnā nocte: abl. time when
ea : these things; subject of plpf. pass. subj.
paulō: a little; ‘by a little,’ degree of difference
4 accītīs…prīncipibus: abl. abs., acciō
rē novā: by recent circumstances; a common
phrase for ‘revolution’ or ‘political change’
5 moram… ait…fuisse: said that…; ind,.
disc. with pf. inf. sum governed by ait
velut… inlātam : as if…; conditional clause of
comparison, pf. pass. īnferō, ‘bring;’ Tarquinius
suggests the gods are on his side
6 salūtī…fuisse: served as a refuge…; dat. of
purpose and sum; a double dat. construction
(purpose and interest)
sibi atque illīs: dat. interest; i.e. Latins leaders
ab Turnō dīcī…parārī…necem: that…is said
139
…; pass. dīcī; take ab Turnō with pass. parārī
7 sibi et prīmōribus: for…; dat. interest
ut…teneat: so that…
8 (eum) adgressūrum fuisse…: that (he) would
have…; apodosis of past contrary to fact with
suppressed protasis (‘if Tarquinius had come’)
hesternō diē: abl. time when
9 dilātam…esse: pf. pass. differō
quo…āfuerit: because…; pf. subj. absum;
subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
10 inde illam…esse nātam: that then…; pf. dep.
nāscor
absentis: of (the one)…; i.e. Tarquinius
quod…dēstituerit: because…; pf. subj. of
alleged cause
11 morandō: abl. means, gerund (-ing)
(sē) nōn dubitāre: that (he)…; i.e. Tarquinius
quīn: that…; begins a substantive clause with
subj. following a verb of doubt in the negative
12 prīmā lūce: at…; abl. time when
ventum sit: they…; impers. pf. pass: translate
actively
51.5-8 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

coniūrātōrum manū armātusque ventūrus sit. 6. dīcī gladiōrum 1

ingentem esse numerum ad eum convectum. id vānum necne sit,
extemplō scīrī posse. rogāre eōs ut inde sēcum ad Turnum veniant.
7. suspectam fēcit rem et ingenium Turnī ferōx et ōrātiō hesterna et
mora Tarquinī, quod vidēbātur ob eam differrī caedēs potuisse. 5
eunt inclīnātīs quidem ad crēdendum animīs, tamen, nisi gladiīs
dēprehēnsīs, cētera vāna exīstimātūrī.
8. ubi est eō ventum, Turnum ex somnō excitātum circumsistunt
cūstōdēs; comprehēnsīsque servīs quī cāritāte dominī vim
parābant, cum gladiī abditī ex omnibus locīs dēverticulī 10
prōtraherentur, enimvērō manifēsta rēs vīsa iniectaeque Turnō
catēnae; et cōnfestim Latīnōrum concilium magnō cum tumultū
abdō, -ere, -didī, -ditus: hide, put away, 3 excitō (1): excite, rouse, incite, 5
cāritās, -tātis f.: affection, 5 existimō (1): judge, consider, think, 2
catēna, -ae f.: chain, fetter, shackle, 1 extemplō: immediately, straightaway, 5
circumsistō, -ere, -stetī: to surround, 3 hesternus, -a, -um: of yesterday, 4
comprehendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: grasp, arrest, 4 iniciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw upon, 6
cōnfestim: at once, immediately, 4 manifēstus, -a, -um: clear, evident, flagrant, 4
coniūrātī, -ōrum m.: conspirators, 1 mora, -ae f.: delay, hesitation, hindrance, 3
convehō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: collect, gather, 1 nisi: if not, unless, 7
cūstōs, cūstōdis m.: guard, doorkeeper, 2 ōrātiō, -iōnis f.: speech, speaking, 5
dēprehendō -ere -sī: seize upon discover, 1 prōtrahō, -ere, -xī: produce; pull out, 1
dēverticulum, -ī n.: longing, 1 rogō (1): to ask, ask for, 7
differō, -ferre,: delay, put off; carry apart, 2 somnus, -ī m.: sleep, 4
dominus, -ī m.: master, 4 suspiciō, -ere, -spexī: look up to, suspect, 2
enimvērō: actually, really; for in truth, 1 vānus, -a, -um: in vain, useless, worthless, false, 7

1 (cum) manū: with a group; abl. accompaniment crēdendum: gerund (-ing)

with missing preposition
ventūrus sit: fut. periphrastic subj. governed by
quīn
dīcī…esse convectum: that…is said to…; pass.
dīcī governs pf. pass. inf. convehō
2 id…sit: whether…or…; ind. question
3 scīrī posse: ind. disc.; ind question is subject
(sē ) rogāre: that (he)…; Tarquinius is subject
ut…veniant: that…; ind. command, pres. subj.
4 suspectam: suspicious; acc. pred.; fēcit governs
a double acc.
et ingenium…mora Tarquinī: 3p with 3s verb
5 vidēbātur: seemed + pf. inf. possum
ob eam: i.e. mora
6 eunt: 3p pres. eō, īre
inclīnātīs…animīs: abl. abs.
gladiīs dēprehēnsīs: abl. abs.
7 cētera (esse) vāna: that...; i.e. the entire alleged
coup
exīstimātūrī (sunt): fut. periphrastic
8 est ventum: they…; impers. pf. pass.: translate
in the active voice
eō: there, to there; adv. (cf. quō, ‘to where’)
9 comprehēnsīsque servīs: abl. abs.
cāritāte dominī: because of…; abl. of cause and
objective gen.
vim parābant: i.e. to use force
10 cum…prōtraherentur: impf. pass. subj.
11 vīsa (est)
iniectae (sunt)
Turnō: on…; dat. of compound verb
12 magnō cum tumultū: cum magnō tumultū

140
 Tarquinius Superbus 51.9-52.3

advocātur. 9. ibi tam atrōx invidia orta est gladiīs in mediō positīs, 1
ut indictā causā, novō genere lētī, dēiectus ad caput aquae
Ferentīnae crāte superne iniectā saxīsque congestīs mergerētur.
52. revocātis deinde ad concilium Latīnīs Tarquinius
conlaudātisque quī Turnum novantem rēs prō manifēstō parricīdiō 5
meritā poenā adfēcissent, ita verba fēcit: 2. posse quidem sē vetustō
iūre agere, quod, cum omnēs Latīnī ab Albā oriundī sint, [in] eō
foedere teneantur, quō sub Tullō rēs omnis Albāna cum colōnīs
suīs in Rōmānum cesserit imperium; 3. cēterum sē ūtilitātis id
magis omnium causā cēnsēre ut renovētur id foedus, secundāque 10
potius fortūnā populī Rōmānī ut participēs Latīnī fruantur quam
urbium excidia vastātiōnēsque agrōrum, quās Ancō prius, patre
adficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: affect, afflict, 2 lētum, -ī n.: death, 1
advocō (1): to summon, call to, 6 manifēstus, -a, -um: clear, evident, flagrant, 4
atrōx, atrōcis: savage, cruel, atrocious, 7 mergō, -ere, -rsī, mersum: sink, drown, 2
cēdō, -ere, cessī: withdraw; yield to (dat), come, 3 meritus, -a, -um: deserved, due, just, 1
cēnseō, -ēre, -uī, -sum: think, judge; register, 7 novō (1): revolutionize, make new, 1
cēterum: but, in other respects; besides, 7 oriundus, -a, -um: descended, born, 6
colōnus, -ī m.: settler, colonist, 4 parricīdium, -iī n.: parricide, treason, 4
congerō, -ere, -gessī, -gestum: heap up together, 2 particēps, participis: partner, 1
conlaudō (1): praise highly, 1 poena, -ae, f.: punishment, 6
crātis, -is f.: wicker crate, 1 potius: rather, more, preferably, 5
dēiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw/bring down, 3 novō (1): foment, change, make new, 1
excidium, -iī n.: destruction, 2 revocō (1): call back, recall, 1
Ferentīnus, -a, -um: Ferentine, 1 saxum, -ī n.: rock, 3
fruor, -ī, frūctum: enjoy (abl.), 1 superne: from above, 2
indictus, -a, -um: not said, not spoken, 1 ūtilitās, -tātis f.: utility, advantage, 1
iniciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw upon, 6 vastātiō, -tiōnis f.: devastation, 1
invidia, -ae f.: hatred, unpopularity, envy, 5 vetustus, -a, -um: ancient, old, 4

1 orta (est): pf. dep. orior
gladiīs…positīs: abl. abs.
ut…mergerētur: that…; result, impf. pass. subj.
indictā causā: abl. abs.; i.e. not pleaded: the
prefix in- here means ‘not’
2 novō genere lētī: abl. means
ad caput: at the source; i.e. spring, fountain
aquae Ferentīnae: of the Ferentine water;
in the sacred grove of the goddess Ferentina
3 crāte…iniectā: abl. abs.
saxīsque congestīs: abl. abs.
4 revocātīs…Latīnīs…conlaudātisque: abl. abs.
quī…adfēcissent: who had…; or’ since they
had…’ a relative clause of characteristic
expressing cause; plpf. subj.
5 novantem rem: fomenting revolution; nova rēs
is an idiom for ‘revolution’ or ‘political change’
prō: for…, on account of…
6 verba fēcit: made a speech; idiom
141
posse…sē…agere: that he…; inf. agō, ‘proceed’
vetustō iūre: in acccordance with..; abl. manner
7 quod…teneantur: because…; with pres. subj.,
subj. of subordinate verb in ind. disc.
cum…sint: since…; causal sense; subj. sum
eō foedere: demonstrative
8 quō (foedere)…cesserit: by which (treaty)…;
relative clause with pf. subj. of subordinate verb
in ind. disc.
rēs omnis Albāna: the entire Alban state
9 sē…id magis…cēnsēre: that he thought it better
ūtilitātis…omnium causā: for the sake of…
10 ut renovētur: (namely) that…; ind. command
secundāque potius…ut…quam…: and that the
Latins, as participants, enjoy the favorable…
ind. command; secundus, ‘favorable’
11 quam...patiantur: than…; cl. of comparison
12 Ancō…rēgnante: abl. abs.
prius…deinde: first…then…
52.3-6 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

deinde suō rēgnante perpessī sint, semper aut exspectent aut 1

patiantur.
4. haud difficulter persuāsum Latīnīs, quamquam in eō foedere
superior Rōmāna rēs erat; cēterum et capita nōminis Latīnī stāre ac
sentīre cum rēge vidēbant, et [Turnus] suī cuique perīculī, sī 5
adversātus esset, recēns erat documentum. 5. ita renovātum foedus,
indictumque iūniōribus Latīnōrum ut ex foedere diē certā ad lūcum
Ferentīnae armātī frequentēs adessent. 6. quī ubi ad ēdictum
Rōmānī rēgis ex omnibus populīs convēnēre, nē ducem suum nēve
sēcrētum imperium propriave signa habērent, miscuit manipulōs ex 10
Latīnīs Rōmānīsque ut ex bīnīs singulōs faceret bīnōsque ex
singulīs; ita geminātīs manipulīs centuriōnēs imposuit.
adsum, -esse, -fuī: be present, assist, 6 lūcus, -ī m.: grove, 7
adversor, -ārī, -ātum: be against, resist, 1 manipulus, -ī m.: maniple (2 centuries/120 men) 2
bīnī, -ae, -a: two each, two by two, 4 misceō, -ēre, -uī, mīxtum: mix, mingle, 5
centuriō, -iōnis m.: centurion, 3 perīculum, -ī n.: risk, danger, peril, 7
cēterum: but, in other respects; besides, 7 perpetior, -ī, -pessum: suffer, endure ongoing, 1
difficulter: with difficulty, 1 persuādeō, -ēre, -suāsī, -āsum: persuade, 2
documentum, -ī n.: example, lesson, instruction, 3 proprius, -a, -um: of one’s own, 1
ēdictum, -ī n.: proclamation, edict, 3 recēns, -ntis: fresh, recent, 2
exspectō (1): look out for, wait for, await, 4 renovō (1): renew, make new, 4
Ferentīna, -ae f.: Ferentina (goddess), 2 sēcrētus, -a, -um: secret, private, separate, 3
frequēns, frequentis: crowded, busy, 6 sēntiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsum: feel, perceive, 7
geminō (1): double, 4 stō, stāre, stetī, statum: stand, 6
impōnō, -ere, -posuī: put upon, impose, 3 superior, -ius: higher, upper; previous, 6
iūnior, iūnius: younger, 5

1 suō: i.e. Tarquinius Superbus’ renovātum (est)

perpessī sint: pf. dep. perpetior (per-patior),
subj. of subordinate verb in a ind. command
aut…aut…: either…or…; pres. subj. governed
by quam in the clause of comparison
3 persuāsum (est) Latīnīs: The Latins were…;
impers. pf. pass. with dat. ind. obj.: translate
with personal subject
4 Rōmāna rēs: the Roman state
cēterum: in other respects
capita…sentīre…cum rēge: that the heads…;
i.e. that the leaders…
nōminis Latīnī: of the Latin people; i.e. all who
carry the name ‘Latin’
sentīre: assent
5 sui cuique perīculī: of his own risk, to each
one; obj. gen. with documentum; dat. of interest
sī adversātus esset: if (each) had…; protasis
of a contrary to fact (sī plpf. subj., plpf. subj.)
with suppressed apodosis (‘each would have
died just as Turnus had’); plpf. dep. subj.
6 recēns: i.e. the death of Turnus
142
7 indictum (est): it was…; impers. pf. pass.
indīcō
iūniōribus: dat. ind. obj.; men of military age
ut…adessent: that…; ind. command, impf. subj.
diē certā: abl. time when
ad: at…
8 armātī (virī)
quī: these; connective relative, nom. subject
ubi…convēnēr(unt): when…
ad: according to…
9 nē…nēve…ve…habērent: so that (they) not…
or…or…; neg. purpose clause; Latīnī are subject
10 sēcrētum: separate
signa: military standards
11 ut…faceret: so that…; result, impf. subj.
ex bīnīs singulōs: one (maniple) out of two
(halves); i.e. half a maniple of Romans and half
a maniple of Latins form one maniple
bīnōs ex singulīs: two (halves) out of one
(maniple); each Roman/Latin divided into two
12 geminātīs manipulīs: on…; dat. compound
 Tarquinius Superbus 53.1-4

53. nec ut iniūstus in pāce rēx, ita dux bellī prāvus fuit; quīn eā 1
arte aequāsset superiōrēs rēgēs nī dēgenerātum in aliīs huic quoque
decorī offēcisset. 2. is prīmus Volscīs bellum in ducentōs amplius
post suam aetātem annōs mōvit, Suessamque Pōmētiam ex iīs vī
cēpit. 3. ubi cum dīvēnditā praedā quadrāgintā talenta argentī 5
refēcisset, concēpit animō eam amplitūdinem Iovis templī quae
digna deum hominumque rēge, quae Rōmānō imperiō, quae ipsīus
etiam locī maiestāte esset; captīvam pecūniam in aedificātiōnem
eius templī sēposuit.
4. excēpit deinde lentius spē bellum, quō Gabiōs, propinquam 10
urbem, nēquīquam vī adortus, cum obsīdendī quoque urbem spēs
pulsō ā moenibus adēmpta esset, postrēmō minimē arte Rōmānā,
adorior, -īrī, adortus: rise up, attack, 3 minimus, -a, -um: very little; adv. least, 6
aedificātiō, -tiōnis f.: building, 1 nēquīquam: to no purpose, in vain, 3
aequō (1): equal, make equal, 2 nī (nisī): if not, unless, 5
amplitudo, -inis f.: magnificence, grandeur, 2 obsideō, -ēre, -sēdī, -sessum: beset, beseige, 2
amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 3 officiō, -ere, -fēcī: block, throw shade on (dat.), 2
argentum, -ī n.: silver, 2 pecūnia, -ae f.: money, 6
captīvus, -a, -um: captured, plundered, 1 postrēmō,: at last, finally; abl. as adv., 4
concipiō, -ere, -cēpī: conceive, take in, 3 prāvus, -a, -um: wrong, crooked, wrong, 4
dēgenerō (1): (make) degenerate, 1 propinquus, -a, -um: near, neighboring; kin, 3
dignus, -a, -um: worthy of, deserving of (abl.), 5 quadrāgintā: forty, 7
dīvendō, -ere, dī, -itum: sell in pieces, 1 reficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: refresh, repair, 3
ducentī: two-hundred, 3 sēpōnō, -ere, -suī, -situm: put aside, 2
excipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: receive, welcome, 6 Suessa Pōmētia, -ae f.: Suessa Pometia (town), 2
iniūstus, -a, -um: unjust, 3 superior, -ius: higher, upper; previous, 6
lentus, -a, -um: slow, 1 talentum, -ī n.: talent (unit of weight), 2
maiestās, -tātis f.: majesty, 1 Volscī, -ōrum m.: Volscians, Volsci, 3

1 nec ut…(fuit), ita…: just as…so…not…; clause
of comparison; ut and ita are correlatives
quīn: rather; or ‘(there is no doubt) that...’
2 aequā(vi)sset…nī offēcisset: he would have…,
if he had not…; past contrary to fact (sī plpf.
subj., plpf. subj.)
dēgenerātum: his degeneracy; substantive
in aliīs: in other things
huic…decorī: dat. of compound verb
3 prīmus: i.e. was the first to…
Volscīs: against the Volsci; dat. ind. obj.
in…annōs: for…; acc. duration
4 aetātem: lifetime
mōvit: set in motion, began
Suessam Pōmētiam: Suessa Pometia; the main
town of the Volsci
vī: by…, with…; irreg. abl. manner vīs
5 ubi:…cōncēpit where…
cum…refēcisset: after he had made back…;
plpf. subj. i.e. gained in return
143
dīvēnditā praedā: abl. abs.
6 concēpit (in) animō
eam amplitūdinem: such magnificence
Iovis templī: for…; gen. possession; Iūppiter,
which declines Iovis, Iovī, Iovem, and Iove
quae…quae…quae…esset: which would be…;
relative clauses of result (quae = ut ea); in a
parallel series with the same verb and ellipsis;
amplitūdinem is the antecedent
7 digna: + abl. of respect, as often
quae (digna) Rōmānō imperiō (esset)
quae (digna) ipsīus…maiestāte esset
ipsīus…locī: gen. sg. intensive
10 lentius bellum: neut. comparative adj.
spē: than expectation; abl. of comparison
(in) quō
11 adortus: dep. PPP adorior, abl. manner vīs
12 cum…adēmpta esset: plpf. pass. subj. adimō
obsīdendī…urbem: gen. gerund (-ing)
pulsō: from (him) having...; PPP, dat. compound
53.4-8 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

fraude ac dolō, adgressus est. 5. nam cum velut positō bellō 1

fundāmentīs templī iaciendīs aliīsque urbānīs operibus intentum sē
esse simulāret, Sextus fīlius eius, quī minimus ex tribus erat,
trānsfugit ex compositō Gabiōs, patris in sē saevitiam
intolerābilem conquerēns: 6. iam ab aliēnīs in suōs vertisse 5
superbiam et līberōrum quoque eum frequentiae taedēre, ut quam
in cūriā sōlitūdinem fēcerit domī quoque faciat, nē quam stirpem,
nē quem hērēdem rēgnī relinquat. 7. sē quidem inter tēla et gladiōs
patris ēlapsum nihil usquam sibi tūtum nisi apud hostēs L. Tarquinī
crēdidisse. nam nē errārent, manēre iīs bellum quod positum 10
simulētur, et per occāsiōnem eum incautōs invāsūrum. 8. quod sī
apud eōs supplicibus locus nōn sit, pererrātūrum sē omne Lātium,
adgredior, -ī, -gressum: go to, attack, address, 4 minimus, -a, -um: very little; adv. least, 6
compositum, -ī n.: agreement, compact, 4 nisi: if not, unless, 7
conqueror, -ī, -stum: complain bitterly (about), 1 occāsiō, -iōnis f.: chance, opportunity, 4
dolus, -ī m.: trick, deceit, 7 pererrō (1): to wander; be mistaken, 1
ēlābor, -lābī, -lapsum: slip away or out, escape, 2 saevitia, -ae f.: savageness, cruelity 1
errō (1): make a mistake, wander astray, 1 Sextus, -ī m.: Sextus, 3
fraus, fraudis f.: fraud, deception; harm, hurt, 5 simulō (1): feign, pretend, make like, 7
frequentia, -ae f.: large number, crowd, 1 solitūdō, solitūdinis f.: wilderness, solitude, 3
fundāmentum, -ī n.: foundation, base, 6 superbia, -ae f.: arrogance, pride, 6
hērēs, hērēdis, m./f.: heir, heiress, 5 supplex, -icis m.: suppliant, petitioner, 1
iaciō, -ere, iēcī, iactum: throw, cast, 3 taedet, -ēre: it makes (acc) feel disgust for (gen), 1
incautus, -a, -um: unawares, off one’s guard, 1 tēlum, -ī n.: projectile, arrow, spear, 5
intentus, -a, -um: intent, focused, eager, 4 trānsfugiō, -ere, -fūgī: flee, desert, 1
intolerābilis, -e: unbearable, intolerable, 1 tūtus, -a, -um: safe, secure, guarded, 4
invādō, -ere, -vāsī: rush upon, attack, 4 urbānus, -a, -um: of a city, urban, 2
Lātium, -ī n.: Latium, 1 usquam: anywhere, 3

1 adgressus est: pf. dep. ut…faciat: so that…may…; purpose

velut positō bellō: as if…; conditional clause
of comparison and abl. abs.; ponō, ‘put aside’
fundamentīs…iaciendīs: on…; dat. compound
adj. intentum; perform a gerund-gerundive flip
and translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
2 aliīsque urbānīs operibus: on...; dat. compound
intentum…sē…esse: that he…;
3 minimus (natū): youngest; ‘least (in birth)’
ex tribus (līberīs): Tarquinius had 3 children
4 ex compositō: by agreement
Gabiōs: acc. place to which
in sē: upon…
5 iam (eum)…vertisse superbiam: that he…; i.e.
Tarquinius; pf. inf. vertō in apposition to above
ab aliēnīs (liberīs) in suōs (liberōs): add nouns
6 līberōrum…taedēre: that he is disgusted by the
number of children; ‘it causes him disgust for
the number of children’ a common impers. verb:
translate actively in English
144
quam…sōlitūdinem fēcerit: what…; relative
clause with relative adj.; pf. subj. of subordinate
verb in a purpose clause
domī: locative
7 nē quam stirpem (reliquat): so that…may…
neg. purpose with pres. subj; quam means ‘any’
indefinite aliquam loses the preflix ali- before sī,
nisi, num or nē; same for (ali)quem below
8 nē quem hēredem…reliquat: see above
sē…crēdidisse: that…; nihil, ‘not at all’ (adv.)
inter: from among…
10 nē errārent: that they…; ind. command
manēre iīs…bellum: that for them…
positum (esse): to have put aside
eum…invāsūrum (esse): that…; fut. inf.
11 quod sī: but if…; ‘in respect to this, if,’ quod is
acc. of respect, connective rel., and adversative.
12 pererrātūrum (esse) sē…: that he…; fut. inf.
Lātium: acc. plact to which
 Tarquinius Superbus 53.8-54.1

Volscōsque sē inde et Aequōs et Hernicōs petītūrum dōnec ad eōs 1

perveniat quī ā patrum crūdēlibus atque impiīs suppliciīs tegere
līberōs sciant. 9. forsitan etiam ārdōris aliquid ad bellum armaque
sē adversus superbissimum rēgem ac ferōcissimum populum
inventūrum. 5
10. cum sī nihil morārentur īnfēnsus īrā porrō inde abitūrus
vidērētur, benignē ab Gabīnīs excipitur. vetant mīrārī sī, quālis in
cīvēs, quālis in sociōs, tālis ad ultimum in līberōs esset; 11. in sē
ipsum postrēmō saevītūrum, sī alia dēsint. sibi vērō grātum
adventum eius esse, futūrumque crēdere brevī ut illō adiuvante ā 10
portīs Gabīnīs sub Rōmāna moenia bellum trānsferātur.
54. inde in cōnsilia pūblica adhibērī. ubi cum dē aliīs rēbus
adhibeō, -ēre, -buī: apply, admit, 4 īnfēnsus, -a, -um: hostile, 2
adiuvō, -āre, -iūvī, adiūtum: help, assist, 6 moror, -ārī, -ātus sum: delay, linger, 3
adventus, -ūs m.: arrival, approach, 6 porrō: forward; again, in turn; furthermore, 4
Aequī, -ōrum m.: Aequi, Aequians (people), 2 postrēmō,: at last, finally; abl. as adv., 5
ārdor, ārdōris m.: ardor, passion, 2 quālis, -e: of what sort? what?, 5
benignus, -a, -um: kind, kindly, 7 saeviō, -īre, -īvī, -itum: be savage, 2
brevis, -e: short, brief, 5 socius, -ī m.: ally, companion, comrade, 5
crūdēlis, -e: cruel, bitter, bloody, 1 superbus, -a, -um: arrogant, proud; Superbus, 7
dēsum, -esse, -fuī: be lacking, fail (dat), 6 supplicium, -iī n.: punishment, 7
excipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: receive, welcome, 6 tālis, -e: such, 3
forsitan: perhaps, 2 tegō, -ere, tēxī, tēctum: cover, protect, 1
Gabīnus, -, -um: of Gabii, 7 trānsferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: carry across, 2
grātus, -a, -um: pleasing, grateful, 6 vetō, -āre, vetuī, vetitum: forbid, tell…not, 2
Hernicī, -ōrum m.: Hernici (people), 1 Volscī, -ōrum m.: Volscians, Volsci, 3
impius, -a, -um: unholy, impious, 3

1 Volscōsque sē…petītūrum (esse): that… sī, quālis…quālis…tālis…esset: if what sort…

dōnec…perveniat: temporal clause with pres.
subj. of anticipated action
2 quī…sciant: who…; relative of characteristic
with pres. subj. sciō, ‘know how’ + inf.
crūdēlibus…suppliciīs: from…; abl. separation
3 forsitan...sē...inventūrum (esse): that he…; fut.
inf.
etiam ārdōris aliquid: even some passion;
‘something of passion,’ partitive gen.
ad: for…
6 cum…vidērētur: when he seemed…;
sī…morārentur: if they did not at all detain
(him); legal formula when a judge dismisses an
accused person or consul dismisses the senate
nihil is an adv. acc. (inner acc.); impf. subj. of
subordinate verb in a cum clause
porrō inde: forward from there
abitūrus: fut. pple abeō, nom. pred.
7 vetant (Sextum) mirārī: they tell (Sextus) not
to be surprised
145
what sort…,this sort he was…; or ‘as…as…
such…’ correlatives (relative and demonstrative)
in: against…
8 ad ultimum: at last; i.e. finally
(eum) in sē…saevītūrum (esse): that (he)…;
fut. inf.; eum and sē both refer to Tarquinius
9 sibi…esse: that…; dat. sibi refers to the Gabini
and is dat. of reference with grātum
vērō: in fact, actually; abl. as adv.
10 eius: i.e. Sextus’; gen. sg., is
(sē)…credere: that they…; i.e. Gabini
futūrum (esse)…ut…trānsferātur: that war
will be transferred…; ‘that it will be the case
that…war is transferred’ futūrum esse ut + subj.
is a periphrastic fut. passive inf. construction
brevī (tempore): abl. time when
illō adiuvante: abl. abs.
12 cōnsilia: counsel, deliberations
adhibērī: (he) is admitted…; historical inf.
ubi, cum: where, although…; concessive clause
54.1-4 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

adsentīre sē veteribus Gabīnīs dīceret quibus eae nōtiōrēs essent, 1

ipse identidem bellī auctor esse et in eō sibi praecipuam
prūdentiam adsūmere quod utriusque populī vīrēs nōsset, scīretque
invīsam profectō superbiam rēgiam cīvibus esse quam ferre nē
līberī quidem potuissent. 2. ita cum sēnsim ad rebellandum 5
prīmōrēs Gabīnōrum incitāret, ipse cum prōmptissimīs iuvenum
praedātum atque in expedītiōnēs īret et dictīs factīsque omnibus ad
fallendum īnstrūctīs vāna adcrēsceret fidēs, dux ad ultimum bellī
legitur. 3. ibi cum, īnsciā multitūdine quid agerētur, proelia parva
inter Rōmam Gabiōsque fierent quibus plērumque Gabīna rēs 10
superior esset, tum certātim summī īnfimīque Gabīnōrum Sex.
Tarquinium dōnō deum sibi missum ducem crēdere. 4. apud mīlitēs
adcrēscō, -ere, -crēvī: grow, increase, 1 nōscō, -ere, nōvī, nōtum: learn, know, 3
adsentiō, -īre, -sēnsī: agree to, approve (dat.), 1 nōtus, -a, -um: known, familiar, 2
adsūmō, -ere, -sumpī: assume, take to oneself, 2 plērumque; for the most part, mostly, 1
certātim: in rivalry, 2 praecipuus, -a, -um: special, 2
dōnum, -ī n.: gift, 7 praedor, -ārī, -ātum: plunder, 1
expedītiō, -tiōnis f.: expedition, patrol, 1 profectō: assuredly, indeed, certainly, 4
fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsum: deceive, cheat, 6 prōmptus, -a, -um: ready; prompt, 1
Gabīnus, -, -um: of Gabii, 7 prūdentia, -ae f.: prudence, good sense, 1
identidem: repeatedly, 2 rebellō (1): renew war, wage war again; rebel, 1
incitō (1): urge on, incite, 3 sēnsim: slowly, gradually, 2
īnscius, -a, -um: unknowing, 2 superbia, -ae f.: arrogance, pride, 6
invīsus, -a, -um: hateful, hated (dat.), 2 superior, -ius: higher, upper; previous, 6
mīlēs, mīlitis m.: soldier, 7 vānus, -a, -um: in vain, useless, worthless, false, 7

1 adsentīre sē…Gabīnīs: that…; dat. compound
quibus…essent: to whom…; relative cl. with
impf. subj. of subordinate verb in a cum clause
eae (rēs): nom. pl. demonstrative
2 ipse…auctor esse…et adūmere: he himself
was an adviser…; historical infs. with nom.
subject: translate as finite 3s impf. verbs
in eō: i.e. in bellō
sibi: for…; dat. of compound verb and interest
3 quod…nō(vi)sset, scīretque: because…;
alleged cause; plpf. subj. nōscō, impf. subj. scīre
utriusque: gen. sg. ūterque
vīrēs: acc. pl. vīs
4 invīsam…superbiam…esse: that arrogance…
ind. disc. governed by scīrent
cīvibus: dat. reference with invīsam
quam…potuissent: which…; relative with plpf.
subj. possum; subordinate verb in ind. disc.
ferre: inf. ferō
nē…quīdem: not even; emphasizing līberī
5 cum…incitāret
ad rebellandum: for…; gerund (-ing)
6 (et) ipse…īret…adcrēsceret: and he himself…;
146
continuation of cum cluase; impf. subj. eō, īre
cum prōmpissimīs...: with...; accompaniment
7 praedātum: to…; acc. supine (PPP + um) often
expresses purpose: translate as an inf.
dictīs factīsque: with words and actions; abl.
means; substantives from PPP dīcō and faciō
omnibus…īnstrūctīs: abl. abs.
ad fallendum: for…; gerund (-ing)
8 vāna…fidēs: false confidence; nom. subject
dux…bellī: nom. pred.
ad ultimum: at last; i.e. finally
9 legitur: he…; pres. pass. legō ‘choose’
cum…fierent: impf. subj. fiō
īnsciā multitūdine: abl. abs., add pple ‘being’
quid agerētur: ind. question, agō, ‘do’
10 (in) quibus: abl. place where
Gabīna rēs: the state of Gabii
11 summī īnfimīque Babīnōrum…credere:
historical inf. with nom. pl. subject
11 Sex....missum (esse) ducem: that...; pf. pass.
12 dono sibi: as…for…; double dat. (dat. purpose
and interest); sibi refers to the Gabii
de(ōr)um: syncopated gen. pl.
 Tarquinius Superbus 54.4-7

vērō obeundō perīcula ac labōrēs pariter, praedam mūnificē 1

largiendō tantā cāritāte esse ut nōn pater Tarquinius potentior
Rōmae quam fīlius Gabiīs esset.
5. itaque postquam satis vīrium conlēctum ad omnēs cōnātūs
vidēbat, tum ex suīs ūnum sciscitātum Rōmam ad patrem mittit 5
quidnam sē facere vellet, quandō quidem ut omnia ūnus pūblicē
Gabiīs posset eī dī dedissent. 6. huic nūntiō, quia, crēdō, dubiae
fideī vidēbātur, nihil vōce respōnsum est; rēx velut dēlīberābundus
in hortum aedium trānsit sequente nūntiō fīliī; ibi inambulāns
tacitus summa papāverum capita dīcitur baculō dēcussisse. 7. 10
interrogandō exspectandōque respōnsum nūntius fessus, ut rē
imperfectā, redit Gabiōs; quae dīxerit ipse quaeque vīderit refert;
aedis, -is f.: temple, pl. house, 5 largior, -īrī, -ītum: give generously, 2
baculum, -ī n.: staff, 4 mūnificus, -a, -um: generous, 1
cāritās, -tātis f.: affection, 5 obeō, -īre, -iī, -itum: engage in; enter; die, 4
colligō, -ere, -ī, -lectum: collect, gather, 2 papāver, -eris n.: poppy, 1
cōnor, -ārī, cōnātum: try, attempt, 3 perīculum, -ī n.: risk, danger, peril, 7
dēcutiō, -ere, dēcussī, -ssum: strike off, cut off, 1 potēns, -entis: powerful, being powerful over, 4
dēlīberābundus, -a, -um: deep in throught, 1 quandō: when, since, 3
exspectō (1): look out for, wait for, await, 4 quisnam, quae-, quid-: who, which pray, 1
fessus, -a, -um: wearied, exhausted, 5 referō, -ferre, -tulī: report, relate, 5
hortus, -ī m.: garden, 1 respondeō, -ēre, -dī, -nsus: answer, 1
imperfectus, -a, -um: unfinished, 1 respōnsum, -ī n.: answer, reply, 5
inambulō (1): to walk back and forth, 1 sciscitor, -ārī, -ātum: examine, inquire, 4
interrogō (1): to ask, question, 2 tacitus, -a, -um: silent, still, 7
labor, -is m.: labor, toil, 6

1 vērō: in fact, actually; abl. as adv.
obeundō: by…; abl. means, gerund (-ing),
Sextus does the same work as his soldiers.
pariter: adv. from pār, pāris
2 largiendō: by…; abl. means gerund
(eum) tantā cāritāte esse: he was of…; abl. of
quality as pred.; add the acc. subj.
ut Tarquinius (esset)…quam…esset: that…;
result clause with clause of comparison
Rōmae: locative
3 Gabiīs: locative
satis…conlectum (esse)…cōnātūs: that…; ind.
disc. with pf. pass. inf.
virium: partitive gen. pl. vīs with satis
ad: for…
5 ex suīs (virīs): out of his own (men)
sciscitātum: to…; acc. supine (PPP + um) often
expresses purpose: translate as an inf.
Rōmam: place to which
6 quidnam…vellet: ind. quest., impf. subj. volō
quandō…d(e ī) dedissent: plpf. subj. dō,
‘grant’ or ‘allow;’ subordinate verb in ind. disc.
147
ut…posset: that…had power over everything …
noun result clause; impf. subj.; ūnus, ‘alone’
7 Gabiīs: locative
eī: dat. ind. obj. is, i.e. Superbus; sē is Sextus
huic nūntiō: dat. ind. obj. with respōnsum est
crēdō: parenthetical
dubiae fideī: of…; gen. of description as pred.
i.e. the messenger could not be trusted
8 vidēbātur: seemed
velut dēlīberābundus: as if…; conditional
clause of comparison
9 sequente nūntiō fīliī: abl. abs.
tacitus: predicative, translate adj. as an adv.
10 capita: i.e. the flowers
11 interrogandō exspectandōque: by…; abl. of
cause following fessus
ut rē imperfectā: as if…; conditional clause of
comparison and abl. abs.;
12 Gabiōs: acc. place to which
quae dīxerit…vīderit: (the things) which…; or
‘what…’ relative of characteristic; pf. subj.
ipse: he himself
54.7-55.1 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

seu īrā seu odiō seu superbiā īnsitā ingeniō nūllam eum vōcem 1
ēmīsisse. 8. Sextō ubi quid vellet parēns quidve praeciperet tacitīs
ambāgibus patuit, prīmōrēs cīvitātis crīminandō aliōs apud
populum, aliōs suā ipsōs invidiā opportūnōs interemit. multī
palam, quīdam in quibus minus speciōsa crīminātiō erat futūra 5
clam interfectī. 9. patuit quibusdam volentibus fuga, aut in exsilium
āctī sunt, absentiumque bona iuxtā atque interemptōrum dīvīsuī
fuēre. 10. largītiōnēs inde praedaeque; et dulcēdine prīvātī
commodī sēnsūs malōrum pūblicōrum adimī, dōnec orba cōnsiliō
auxiliōque Gabīna rēs rēgī Rōmānō sine ūllā dīmicātiōne in 10
manum trāditur.
55. Gabiīs receptīs Tarquinius pācem cum Aequōrum gente fēcit,
absēns, absentis (adj.): absent, 3 iuxtā: close, next, 1
Aequī, -ōrum m.: Aequi, Aequians (people), 2 largītiō, -tiōnis f.: largesse, generous offering, 1
ambāges, -ium f.: hint, intimation; enigma, 3 odium, -iī n.: hatred, 2
auxilium, -ī n.: help, aid, assistance, 3 opportūnus, -a, -um: suitable, convenient 1
clam: secretly, in secret, 3 orbus, -a, -um: deprived of, bereft of (abl.), 2
commodum, -ī n.: gain, advantage, benefit, 1 palam: openly, publicly, 5
crīminātiō, -tiōnis f.: accusation, incrimination, 1 pateō, -ēre, -uī: lie open, is clear, is allowed, 2
crīminor, -ārī, -ātus: charge, accuse, 2 praecipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: take before;
dīmicātiō, -tiōnis f.: combat, fight, 5 order, 5
dīvīsus, -ūs m.: a division, distribution, 1 recipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: take (back), 4
dulcēdō, -inis f.: sweetness, 2 sēntiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsum: feel, perceive, 7
ēmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: send out, 3 Sextus, -ī m.: Sextus, 3
exsilium, -iī n.: exile, 3 speciōsus, -a, -um: good-looking, attractive, 2
Gabīnus, -, -um: of Gabii, 7 superbia, -ae f.: arrogance, pride, 6
īnsitus, -a, -um: inborn, innate; implanted, 1 tacitus, -a, -um: silent, still, 7
interimō, -ere, -ēmī, -emptum: take out, kill, 4 ūllus, -a, -um: any, 7
invidia, -ae f.: hatred, envy, lack of popularity, 5

1 seu…seu…seu…: whether…or…or…; = sīve interest and pple volō

with abl. of cause
ingeniō: in his character; dat. of compound adj.
nūllam…ēmīsisse: that…; ind. disc. governed
by refert
2 ubi…patuit: when…
quid vellet parēns: ind. quest.; impf. subj. volō
quidve…ambāgibus: or what…; ind. question
3 prīmōrēs cīvitātis: obj. of interemit
crīminandō: abl. means, gerund (-ing)
aliōs…aliōs…: some…others…
4 suā invidiā: because of their own lack of
popularity; abl. cause with opportūnōs
multī palam (interfectī sunt)
5 (sed) quidam…
minus speciōsa: nom. pred., comparative adv.
erat futūra: periphrastic fut. sum
6 interfectī (sunt)
quibusdam volentibus: for some…; dat. of
148
7 āctī sunt: pf. pass. agō, ‘drive’
absentium: of (those)…; gen. pl.
bona: property; ‘goods’
iuxtā atque: and equally; ‘and close at hand’
interēmptōrum: of (those)…
dīvīsuī: dat. of purpose, which with the verb
sum is often translated ‘serve as…’
8 fuēr(unt)
largītiōnēs inde praedaeque (fuērunt): (there
were)…
` dulcēdine prīvātī commodī: by the…; abl.
cause; parallel to the preceding two nominatives
9 sēnsūs…adimī: that…; pres. pass. inf.
cōnsiliō auxiliōque: from…; abl. separation
10 Gabīna rēs: the state of Gabii
in manum: i.e. into his power; a term often used
for the power of a husband over his wife
12 Gabiīs receptīs: abl. abs.
 Tarquinius Superbus 55.1-4

foedus cum Tuscīs renovāvit. inde ad negōtia urbāna animum 1

convertit; quōrum erat prīmum ut Iovis templum in monte Tarpēiō
monumentum rēgnī suī nōminisque relinqueret: Tarquiniōs rēgēs
ambōs patrem vōvisse, fīlium perfēcisse. 2. et ut lībera ā cēterīs
religiōnibus ārea esset tōta Iovis templīque eius quod 5
inaedificārētur, exaugurāre fāna sacellaque statuit quae aliquot ibi,
ā Tatiō rēge prīmum in ipsō discrīmine adversus Rōmulum pugnae
vōta, cōnsecrāta inaugurātaque posteā fuerant. 3. inter prīncipia
condendī huius operis mōvisse nūmen ad indicandam tantī imperiī
mōlem trāditur deōs; nam cum omnium sacellōrum exaugurātiōnēs 10
admitterent avēs, in Terminī fānō nōn addīxēre; 4. idque ōmen
auguriumque ita acceptum est nōn mōtam Terminī sēdem
addīcō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictum: assent to, 2 nūmen, -inis n.: divine power, approval, 3
admittō, -ere, -mīsī: allow, permit; send, 2 ōmen, ōminis n.: omen, 3
aliquot: several, 6 perficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: accomplish, bring
ambō, -ae, -ō: both, two together, 3 about, 7
ārea, -ae f.: ground, building site, open space, 2 posteā: after this, afterwards, 5
cōnsecrō (1): consecrate, make sacred, 4 prīncipium, -ī n.: beginning, 4
convertō, -ere, -ī, -rsus: turn (around), 4 religio, -iōnis f.: religious scruple/observance, 7
discrīmen, -nis n.: difference, distinction, 7 renovō (1): renew, make new, 4
exaugurātiō, -tiōnis f.: deconsecration, 1 sacellum, -ī n.: sanctuary (unroofed, w/ altar), 3
exaugurō (1): deconsecrate, 1 Tarpēius, -a, -um: Tarpeian, 2
inaedificō (1): build in or on, 1 Terminus, -ī m.: Terminus (god of boundaries), 2
inaugurō (1): take auspices, decide by augury, 5 Tuscus, -a, -um: Etruscan, 1
indicō (1): indicate, point out, declare, 1 urbānus, -a, -um: of a city, urban, 2
mōlēs, -is f.: mass; burden, magnitude; labor, 3 voveō, -ēre, vōvī, vōtum: vow, swear, 5
negōtium, iī n.: task, business, 4

1 animum: his attention action

2 ut…relinquerent: that…; i.e. leave it to others
finished; ind. command after prīmum negōtium
prīmum (negōtium)
Iovis: gen. sg. Iūppiter
3 monumentum…nōminisque: in apposition
Tarquiniōs…(et) fīlium perfēcisse: (namely)
that…; pf. inf. in apposition to monumentum;
add ‘templum’ as obj. of infs.
4 et ut…esset…eius: that…; ind. command still
following prīmum (negōtium) above
5 tōta: entirely, wholly; predicative
templīque eius: and of…; demonstrative
quod inaedificārētur: which…; relative with
impf. pass. subj. of subordinate verb in an ind.
command
6 exaugurāre: to deconsecrate; so that the land
may be used for other purposes
quae…vōta, cōnsecrāta, inaugurātaque
fuerant: which had been (once)…; plpf. pass.,
fuerant emphasizes the completedness of the
149
quae aliquot: i.e. several of which
7 in ipsō dīscrīmine…: at the very deciding point
adversus: preposition
8 inter prīncipia: in the beginnings
9 condendī…operis: of…; noun + gerundive;
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj. with prīncipia
mōvisse nūmen…deōs: that the gods set in
motion their power
ad indicandam…mōlem: for…; gerundive:
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.; mōles, ‘magnitude’
10 trāditur: it is handed down;
cum…avēs: although…; concessive cum clause
11 addīxēr(unt)
idque omen auguriumque: and this…; subject
12 nōn mōtam (esse) Terminī sēdem: (the fact
that)…; pf. pass. inf.; the entire clause is subject
of the infinitive portendere below
55.4-9 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

ūnumque eum deōrum nōn ēvocātum sacrātīs sibi fīnibus firma 1

stabiliaque cūncta portendere. 5. hōc perpetuitātis auspiciō acceptō,
secūtum aliud magnitūdinem imperiī portendēns prōdigium est:
caput hūmānum integrā faciē aperientibus fundāmenta templī
dīcitur appāruisse. 6. quae vīsa speciēs haud per ambāgēs arcem 5
eam imperiī caputque rērum fore portendēbat; idque ita cecinēre
vātēs quīque in urbe erant quōsque ad eam rem cōnsultandam ex
Etrūriā accīverant. 7. augēbātur ad impēnsās rēgis animus; itaque
Pōmētīnae manubiae, quae perdūcendō ad culmen operī dēstinātae
erant, vix in fundāmenta suppeditāvēre. 8. eō magis Fabiō, 10
praeterquam quod antīquior est, crēdiderim quadrāgintā ea sōla
talenta fuisse, 9. quam Pīsōnī, quī quadrāgintā mīlia pondō argentī
ambāges, -ium f.: hint, intimation; enigma, 3 integer, -gra, -grum: whole, intact, unharmed, 3
antīquus, -a, -um: ancient; better, important, 5 manubiae, -ārum f.: spoils, loot (from plunder), 1
appāreō, -ēre, -uī: appear, be apparent, 4 perdūcō, -ere: build up, draw up; lead through, 1
argentum, -ī n.: silver, 2 perpetuitās, -tātis f.: pepetuity, 1
auspicium, -ī n.: auspice, augury, bird-signs, 3 Pīsō, Pīsōnis m.: Piso, 1
canō, -ere, cecinī, cantum: sing, prophesy, 5 Pōmētīnus, -a, -um: of Suessa Pometia, 1
cōnsultō (1): to deliberate, consult, 2 pondus, -eris n.: weight; pondō, in pounds, 2
culmen, culminis n.: top, peak, 2 portendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum: foretell, 7
cūnctor, -ārī, -ātus: delay, hesitate, 2 praeterquam: besides, beyond; except, 4
dēstinō (1): intend, design, 2 Etrūria, f.: Etruria, 5 quadrāgintā: forty, 7
ēvocō (1): call out, challenge, 3 sacrō (1): make sacred, consecrate, dedicate, 4
Fabius, -iī m.: Fabius, 2 stabilis, -e: steadfast, stable, 2
faciēs, faciēī f.: appearance, face, 1 suppeditō (1): supply, furnish, procure, 1
firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 2 talentum, -ī n.: talent (unit of weight), 2
fundāmentum, -ī n.: foundation, base, 6 vātēs, -is m.: prophet, 3
impensa, -ae f.: expenditures, expenses, 1 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 5

1 ūnumque…ēvocātum (esse)…fīnibus: and (the 7 quīque…quōsque…: both who…and whom…

fact) that…; pf. pass. inf.; subject of portendere
eum: this; demonstrative
sacrātīs…fīnibus: from…; abl. of separation;
firma…portendere: foretold…; ind. disc., the
acc.-inf. clauses above are subject of portendere
firma stabiliaque (futūra esse) cūncta: that
everything…; ind. disc., add fut. inf.
2 hōc…acceptō: abl. abs.
3 secūtum…est: pf. dep. sequor
aliud…prōdigium: subject
4 integrā faciē: with…; abl. quality with caput
aperientibus: to (those)…; dat. of reference
5 quae…species: this…; a connective relative adj.
visa: (when)…; PPP
haud per ambāgēs: litotes; i.e. left no doubt
arcem...fore: that (it)...; fut. inf. (=futūrum esse)
6 imperiī: of the empire
id: i.e. ‘arcem…fore’ above; acc. obj.
cecinēr(unt): syncopated pf.; delivered in verse
150
ad eam…cōnsultandam: for…; gerundive +
noun: flip and translate as a gerund (-ing) + obj.
8 ad: for…; expressing purpose
animus: spirit, passion; i.e. inclination
Pōmētīnae manubiae: the spoils noted in 53.3
9 perdūcendō…operī: for…; dat. of purpose;
gerundive: translate as gerund s(-ing) + obj.
10 suppeditāvēr(unt): syncopated pf.
eō: because of this; abl. of cause
Fabiō: Fabius Pictor, historian (ca. 270-200)
crēdiderim: I would…; potential pf. subj. + dat.
11 praeterquam: besides that he is more ancient
quadrāgintā…fuisse: that those (spoils) were…
talentum is a Greek unit; pondus is a Roman unit
12 quam (crēdiderim) Pīsōnī: than Piso; L.
Calpurnius Piso Frugi, historian, consul 133 BC
quadrāgintā…sēposita (esse): that…; pf. pass.
pondō: in pounds; ‘in weight,’ abl. of respect
argentī: partitive gen.
 Tarquinius Superbus 55.9-56.3

sēposita in eam rem scrībit, summam pecūniae neque ex ūnīus tum 1

urbis praedā spērandam et nūllīus nē hōrum quidem operum
fundāmenta nōn exsuperātūram.
56. intentus perficiendō templō, fabrīs undique ex Etrūriā accītīs,
nōn pecūniā sōlum ad id pūblicā est ūsus sed operīs etiam ex plēbe. 5
quī cum haud parvus et ipse mīlitiae adderētur labor, minus tamen
plēbs gravābātur sē templa deum exaedificāre manibus suīs quam
postquam et ad alia, 2. ut speciē minōra, sīc labōris aliquantō
maiōris trādūcēbantur opera, forōs in circō faciendōs cloācamque
maximam, receptāculum omnium pūrgāmentōrum urbis, sub terrā 10
agendam; quibus duōbus operibus vix nova haec magnificentia
quicquam adaequāre potuit. 3. hīs labōribus exercitā plēbe, quia et
adaequō (1): make equal; be equal, 2 magnificentia, -ae f.: magnificence, splendor, 2
aliquantum, -ī n.: some, considerable, 5 opera, -ae f.: effort, exertion; workman, 4
circus, -ī m.: racetrack, circuit, 2 pecūnia, -ae f.: money, 6
cloāca, -ae f.: sewer, 3 perficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: accomplish, bring
Etrūria, -ae f.: Etruria, 5 about, 7
exaedificō (1): build, construct, 1 pūrgāmentum, -ī n.: refuse, 1
exerceō, -ēre, -uī, -citum: train, 2 receptāculum, -ī n.: refuge, shelter, 2
exsuperō (1): surpass, exceed, 1 scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptum: write, 6
faber, fabrī m.: engineer, 3 sēpōnō, -ere, -suī, -situm: put aside, 2
forus, -ī m.: benches, seats, bleachers, 1 spērō (1): hope, hope for, expect, 4
fundāmentum, -ī n.: foundation, base, 6 trādūcō, -ere, -dūxī: carry across, 4
gravō (1): weigh down, oppress, aggrieve, 3 undique: from everywhere, from all sides, 4
intentus, -a, -um: intent, focused, eager, 4 ūtor, ūtī, usum: use, enjoy (abl.), 3
labor, -is m.: labor, toil, 6 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 5

1 sēposita (esse): pf. pass. inf. minus: comparative adv.

in eam rem: for this purpose
summam…exsuperātūram: a sum of…; in
lengthy apposition to mīlia above
ex ūnīus…urbis praedā: from…; gen. sg. ūnus
2 spērandum: going to be hoped for; gerundive
modifying summam
nūllius…hōrum operum: of…; gen. sg. nūllus
modifying fundāmenta; i.e. Roman projects
3 nē…quidem: not even; emphasizing hōrum
exsuperātūram: fut. pple modifying summam,
fundāmenta is acc. obj.
4 perficiendō templō: on…; dat. of compound
adj.: flip and translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
fabrīs…accītīs: abl. abs.
5 nōn…sōlum…sed etiam: not only…but also
ad: for…
est ūsus: dep. pf. ūtor
operīs: workmen; abl. pl. opera, -ae
6 cum…adderētur: when…; impf. pass. subj.
et: also
mīlitae: to…; dat. ind. obj.
151
7 sē…exaedificāre...suīs: that they…
de(ōr)um
manibus suīs: abl. means
quam: than…; clause of comparison
8 postquam…trādūcēbantur: after…;
et: also
ad alia…opera
ut…sīc…: just as …so…; correlatives; clause of
comparison
speciē: in…; abl. of respect
labōris maiōris: of…; gen. of description with
opera; comparative bonus
aliquantō: somewhat; ‘by some’ abl. of degree
of difference
9 forōs…cloācamque: in apposition to opera
faciendōs: going to be made; gerundive
agendam: going to be driven; gerundive
quibus…operibus: to these…; dat. compound
nova haec magnificentia: nom. sg.; Augustan
12 quicquam: at all; adv. acc. (inner acc.)
exercitā plēbe: abl. abs.
56.3-7 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

urbī multitūdinem, ubi ūsus nōn esset, onerī rēbātur esse et colōnīs 1
mittendīs occupārī lātius imperiī fīnēs volēbat, Signiam
Circeiōsque colōnōs mīsit, praesidia urbī futūra terrā marīque.
4. haec agentī portentum terribile vīsum: anguis ex columnā
ligneā ēlapsus cum terrōrem fugamque in rēgiā fēcisset, ipsīus 5
rēgis nōn tam subitō pavōre perculit pectus quam ānxiīs implēvit
cūrīs. 5. itaque cum ad pūblica prōdigia Etrūscī tantum vātēs
adhibērentur, hōc velut domesticō exterritus vīsū Delphōs ad
maximē inclitum in terrīs ōrāculum mittere statuit. 6. neque
respōnsa sortium ūllī aliī committere ausus, duōs fīliōs per ignōtās 10
eā tempestāte terrās, ignōtiōra maria in Graeciam mīsit. 7. Titus et
Arrūns profectī; comes iīs additus L. Iūnius Brūtus, Tarquiniā,
adhibeō, -ēre, -buī: apply, admit, 4 ligneus, -a, -um: of wood, 1
anguis, -is m. f.: serpent, snake, 1 onus, oneris n.: burden, load, 3
ānxius, -a, -um: anxious, 1 ōrāculum, -ī n.: oracle, 1
Arrūns, Arruntis m.: Arruns, 6 pectus, pectoris n.: chest, breast; heart, 6
Circeiī, -ōrum m.: Circeii (town), 1 percellō, -ere, -culī, perculsum: strike, 4
colōnus, -ī m.: settler, colonist, 4 portentum, -ī n.: omen, portent, 1
columna, -ae f.: pillar, column, 1 respōnsum, -ī n.: answer, reply, 5
comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 6 Signia, -ae f.: Signia (town), 1
committō, -ere, -mīsī: commit, entrust, 2 sors, sortis f.: lot, lottery; oracle, prophecy, 4
Delphī, -ōrum m.: Delphi, 2 subitus, -a, -um: sudden, 4
domesticus, -a, -um: of a house, 4 Tarquinia, -ae f.: Tarquinia, 1
ēlābor, -lābī, -lapsum: slip away or out, escape, 2 tempestās, -tātis f.: time; weather, 6
exterreō, -ēre, -uī, -itum: terrify, 1 terribilis, -e: terrible, dreadful, 1
Graecia, -ae f.: Greece, 1 Titus, -ī m.: Titus, 1
ignōtus, -a, -um: unknown, 2 ūllus, -a, -um: any, 7
inclitus, -a, -um: famed, well known, 5 ūsus, -ūs m.: use, practice; need, 3
Iūnius, -ī m.: Junius, 3 vātēs, -is m.: prophet, 3
lātus, -a, -um: wide, broad, 2

1 rēbātur: impf. dep. reor; Tarquinius is subject
urbī mulititūdinem…onerī…esse: that…; a
double dat. (interest and purpose); translate the
dat. of purpose + esse as ‘serve as…’ in English
ubi…esset: when there was…; impf. subj of
subordinate verb in ind. disc.
colōnīs mittendīs: by…; means; perfom gerund-
gerundive flip: translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
2 occupārī…fīnēs: that…;
lātius: comparative adv.
Signiam Circeiōsque: acc. place to which
3 praesidia futūra: acc. in apposition to colōnōs
urbī: dat. interest
(in) terrā (in)que marī
4 haec: neut. acc. pl.,
agentī: to (the one)…; dat. reference; agō, ‘do’
vīsum (est)
5 anguis…ēlāpsus: subject of cum clause and
152
main clauses below; dep. PPP: translate as
‘having Xed’
cum…fēcisset
6 nōn tam…quam: not so much…as…;
correlatives (demonstrative, relative); quam
introduces a comparative clause
pectus: neut. obj. of both verbs; i.e. heart
7 cum…adhibērentur: although…; concessive
ad: in regard to,…, for…
tantum: only; adv. acc
8 hōc velut domesticō vīsū: as it were, by…
Delphōs: acc. place to which
10 ūllī aliī: to…; dat. sg. ind. obj. ūllus alius
ausus (est): pf. dep. audeō
11 eā tempestāte: at that time; abl. time when
12 profectī (sunt): pf. dep. proficīscor
comes: as…; predicative
iīs: to them; dat. ind. obj. or compound
 Brutus and Lucretia 56.7-9

sorōre rēgis, nātus, iuvenis longē alīus ingeniī quam cuius 1

simulātiōnem induerat. is cum prīmōrēs cīvitātis, in quibus frātrem
suum, ab avunculō interfectum audīsset, neque in animō suō
quicquam rēgī timendum neque in fortūnā concupīscendum
relinquere statuit contemptūque tūtus esse ubi in iūre parum 5
praesidiī esset. 8. ergō ex industriā factus ad imitātiōnem stultitiae,
cum sē suaque praedae esse rēgī sineret, Brūtī quoque haud abnuit
cognōmen ut sub eius obtentū cognōminis līberātor ille populī
Rōmānī animus latēns opperīrētur tempora sua. 9. is tum ab
Tarquiniīs ductus Delphōs, lūdibrium vērius quam comes, aureum 10
baculum inclūsum corneō cavātō ad id baculō tulisse dōnum
Apollinī dīcitur, per ambāgēs effigiem ingeniī suī.
abnuō, -ere, -uī: refuse, resent, 1 imitātio, imitātiōnis f.: imitation, 1
ambāges, -ium f.: hint, intimation; enigma, 3 inclūdō, -ere, -ūsī, -ūsum: close in/shut in, 3
Apollo, -inis m.: Apollo, 1 induō, -ere, induī, indūtum: put on, 1
aureus, -a, -um: gold, golden, 3 industria, -ae f.: diligence, exertion, 3
avunculus, -ī m.: uncle (mother’s side), 1 lateō, -ēre, -uī: lie hidden, 1
baculum, -ī n.: staff, 4 līberātor, -is m.: liberator, 3
cavō (1): hollow, 1 lūdibrium, -ī n.: object of mockery, 3
cognōmen, -minis n.: nickname, 7 obtentus, -ūs m.: cover, veil; spreading over, 1
comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 6 opperior, -īrī, -peritum: wait for, await, 1
concupiscō, -ere, -īvī: desire eagerly, 1 parum: adv. too little, 6
contemptus, -ūs m.: contempt, 1 simulātio, -ōnis f.: pretence, 2
corneus, -a, -um: of cornel wood, 1 soror, sorōris f.: sister, 6
Delphī, -ōrum m.: Delphi, 2 stultitia, -ae f.: foolishness, folly, 1
dōnum, -ī n.: gift, 7 timeō, -ēre, -uī: fear, be afraid of, 1
effigiēs, -ēī f.: likeness, image, 1 tūtus, -a, -um: safe, secure, guarded, 4
ergō: therefore; for the sake of + gen., 7

1 Tarquiniā, sorōre rēgis: from…; abl. origin
nātus: dep. PPP nāscor
iuvenis: in apposition to L. Iūnius Brūtus
longē alīus ingeniī: of a far different character;
alīus is gen. sg. of alius (-īus gen., -ī dat.); gen.
of description modifying iuvenis
quam: clause of comparison following alīus
(is iuvenis) cuius…: (that youth) whose…
2 induerat: i.e. as if putting on a mask
cum…audī(vi)sset
prīmōrēs…interfect(ōs) (esse): that…; ind.
disc. with pf. pass. interficiō and heavy ellipsis;
interfectōs is attracted to acc. sg. by frātrem
in quibus: (and) among them
3 neque…quicquam…neque (quicquam):
neither anything…nor (anything)…; quicquam is
neut. acc. modified by two gerundives, which
are translated ‘going to be Xed’ + dat. of agent
5 contemptū: because of…; abl. of cause
tūtus esse: that (he)…; governed by statuit
153
ubi…esset: where…; relative; impf. subj. of
subordinate verb in ind. disc.
in iūre: in the rule of law, in justice
6 praesidiī: partitive gen.
ad: into…
7 cum…sineret: when he allowed
sē suaque (bona) praedae esse rēgī: that he
and…; double dat. (interest and purpose);
translate dat. of purpose + esse as ‘serve as…’
sua (bona): add bona, ‘goods,’ or ‘property’
8 ut…opperīrētur: so that…might…; purpose
with impf. dep. subj.
eius…cognōminis: gen. sg. demonstrative
līberātor ille…animus: that soul, the liberator
10 Delphōs: acc. place to which
vērius: comparative adv. with cl. of comparison
11 corneō cavātō…baculō: means or place where
tulisse...: pf. ferō
donum Apollonī: as a gift for Apollo; interest
12 effigiem ingeniī suī: in apposition to baculum
56.10-13 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

10. quō postquam ventum est, perfectīs patris mandātīs cupīdō 1

incessit animōs iuvenum scīscitandī ad quem eōrum rēgnum
Rōmānum esset ventūrum. ex īnfimō specū vōcem redditam ferunt:
imperium summum Rōmae habēbit quī vestrum prīmus, ō iuvenēs,
ōsculum mātrī tulerit. 11. Tarquiniī ut Sextus, quī Rōmae relictus 5
fuerat, ignārus respōnsī expersque imperiī esset, rem summā ope
tacērī iubent; ipsī inter sē uter prior, cum Rōmam redīsset, mātrī
ōsculum daret, sortī permittunt. 12. Brūtus aliō ratus spectāre
Pȳthicam vōcem, velut sī prōlapsus cecidisset, terram ōsculō
contigit, scīlicet quod ea commūnis māter omnium mortālium 10
esset. 13. reditum inde Rōmam, ubi adversus Rutulōs bellum
summā vī parābātur.
contingō, -ere, -tigī,: to touch, happen, 2 Pȳthicus, -a, -um: of the Pythia, 1
cupīdō, cupīdinis f.: desire, longing, 7 respōnsum, -ī n.: answer, reply, 5
expers, expertis: free from, without (gen), 3 Rutulus, -ī m.: Rutulians, 6
ignārus, -a, -um: ignorant, 4 scīlicet: evidently, no doubt, of course, 1
incēdō, -ere, cessī: go, come into, enter, 5 sciscitor, -ārī, -ātum: examine, inquire, 4
mandātum, -ī n.: command, order, 2 Sextus, -ī m.: Sextus, 3
mortālis, -e: mortal, 6 sors, sortis f.: lot, lottery; oracle, prophecy, 4
ō: oh (in exclamation), 1 spectō (1): watch, look at, 6
ōsculum, -ī n.: kiss; lip, 3 specus, -ūs m./f.: cave, 2
perficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: accomplish, bring taceō, -ēre, -uī: be silent, pass over in silence, 2
about, 7 uter, utra, utrum: which (of two), 7
permittō -ere -mīsī -missum: entrust to (dat), 3 vester, vestra, vestrum: your, yours, 4
prōlābor, -lābī, -lapsum: slip or fall forward, 2

1 quō: to there; ‘to where,’ connective relative
ventum est: they…; impers. pf. pass.: translate
as pf. active
perfectīs…mandātīs: abl. abs.
2 scīscitandī: gen. sg. gerund (-ing)
ad quem…esset ventūrum: to whom…would…
ind. question with periphratic fut. subj. in
secondary seq. (fut. pple + sum)
3 vōcem redditam (esse): that…; pf. pass. inf.
ferunt: they report; i.e. according to tradition
4 quī…tulerit: (the one) who…; relative with fut.
perf. ferō (translate pres. with fut. sense) equiv.
to fut. more vivid condition; the missing
antecedent is subject of habēbit
vestrum: partitive gen. vōs
5 ut Sextus…esset: so that…might…; purpose
Rōmae: locative
relictus fuerat: plpf. pass.;
6 rem…tacērī: that…; i.e. the prophecy
summā ope: in their utmost power; abl. manner
7 ipsī: they themselves
uter…daret: which one was to…; indirect
deliberative quest.; uter is an interrogative
cum…redīsset: plpf. subj. redeō
Rōmam: acc. place to which
8 sortī: ind. obj., i.e. chance or luck
ratus: dep. PPP reor: translate as “having Xed’
aliō…spectāre…vōcem: that…in another
direction…; ‘to elsewhere,’ aliō is an adv. just as
eō, ‘to there’ and quō, ‘to where’
9 velut sī…cecidisset: just as if…; conditional
clause of comparison, plpf. subj. cadō
prōlāpsus: dep. PPP: translate as ‘having Xed’
10 quod…esset: because…; impf. subj. of alleged
cause (from Brutus’ own point of view)
ea: subject; i.e. terra
11 reditum (est): they…; impers. pf. pass. redeō:
translate as pf. active
Rōmam: acc. place to which
adversus: against…
12 vī: abl. sg. vīs

154
 Brutus and Lucretia 57.1-5

57. Ardeam Rutulī habēbant, gēns, ut in eā regiōne atque in eā 1

aetāte, dīvitiīs praepollēns; eaque ipsa causa bellī fuit, quod rēx
Rōmānus cum ipse dītārī, exhaustus magnificentiā pūblicōrum
operum, tum praedā dēlēnīre populārium animōs studēbat, 2.
praeter aliam superbiam rēgnō īnfēstōs etiam quod sē in fabrōrum 5
ministeriīs ac servīlī tam diū habitōs opere ab rēge indignābantur.
3. temptāta rēs est, sī prīmō impetū capī Ardea posset: ubi id parum
prōcessit, obsidiōne mūnītiōnibusque coeptī premī hostēs. 4. in hīs
statīvīs, ut fit longō magis quam ācrī bellō, satis līberī commeātūs
erant, prīmōribus tamen magis quam mīlitibus; 5. rēgiī quidem 10
iuvenēs interdum ōtium convīviīs cōmīsātiōnibusque inter sē
terēbant.
ācer, ācris, ācre: sharp; fierce, keen, 2 mūnītiō, -iōnis f.: fortification, entrenchment, 3
Ardea, -ae f.; Ardea (Latin town), 5 obsidiō, -iōnis f.: seige, blockade, 1
cōmīsātiō, -tiōnis f.: carousing, partying, 1 ōtium, -iī n.: leisure, peace, 5
commeātus, -ūs m.: grant of leave, furlough, 1 parum: adv. too little, 6
convīvium, -ī n.: banquet, feast, 3 populāris, -is m.: countryman, 2
dēlēniō, -īre, iī, -itum: soothe, mitigate, 1 praepolleō, -ēre: be very powerful, 1
dītō (1): enrich, make rich 1 praeter: except, besides, 5
diū: a long time, long, 4 premō, -ere, pressī, -ssum: press, check, 2
dīvitiae, -ārum f.: riches, wealth, 4 prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum; proceed, 5
exhauriō -īre -hausī -haustum: empty, take out, 2 Rutulus, -ī m.: Rutulians, 6
faber, fabrī m.: engineer, 3 servīlis, -e: slavish, servile, of a slave, 2
indignor, -ārī, indignātum: be offended, 3 statīva, -ōrum n: outpost, stopping-place, camp, 2
interdum: sometimes, from time to time, 2 studeō, -ēre, uī: be eager to, strive to (inf.), 1
longus, -a, -um: long, 3 superbia, -ae f.: arrogance, pride, 6
magnificentia, -ae f.: magnificence, splendor, 2 temptō (1): attempt, test; attack, 5
mīlēs, mīlitis m.: soldier, 7 terō, -ere, trīvī: wear down; waste, spend, 4
ministerium, -ī n.: service, office, 4

1 ut: for in this region and in this time period; or
‘considering (it is) in this region and in this time
period’ ut introduces a concessive clause
2 dīvitiīs: in…; abl. respect
ea ipsa: nom. subj., demonstrative; id ipsum is
attracted into fem. sg. by causa
quod…dītārī…dēlēnīre…studēbat: (namely)
because…
3 cum…tum : both…and…
ipse: himself; modifying rēx
5 praeter aliam superbiam: besides the rest of
the arrogance; i.e. other instances of arrogance
(eōs) rēgnō īnfēstōs (esse): that (they) were…;
ind. disc. governed by no verb but paralel to
quod…studēbat above
etiam quod…indignābantur: also because...
sē…diū habitōs (esse): that (they)…; pf. pass.
habeō, ‘hold’ governed by indignābantur
6 (in) servīlī tam…opere: i.e. treated as slaves
ab rēge: abl. agent with habitōs (esse)
7 temptāta rēs est: i.e. an attempt was made
sī…posset: whether…; ind. question, impf. subj.
cāpī: pass. inf. capiō`
id: i.e. the attack
8 coeptī (sunt)
premī: pass. inf.
9 ut fit: as it…; clause of comparison, impers. 3s
(in) longō (bellō)…(in) ācrī bellō
līberī: i.e. freely given
commeātūs: i.e. time off granted to soldiers
10 prīmōribus, mīlitibus: for…; dat. of interest
11 inter sē: with one another

155
57.6-9 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

6. forte pōtantibus hīs apud Sex. Tarquinium, ubi et Collātīnus 1

cēnābat Tarquinius, Ēgeriī fīlius, incīdit dē uxōribus mentiō. suam
quisque laudāre mīrīs modīs; 7. inde certāmine accēnsō Collātīnus
negat verbīs opus esse; paucīs id quidem hōrīs posse scīrī quantum
cēterīs praestet Lucrētia sua. ‘quīn, sī vigor iuventae inest, 5
cōnscendimus equōs invīsimusque praesentēs nostrārum ingenia?
id cuique spectātissimum sit quod necopīnātō virī adventū
occurrerit oculīs.’
8. incaluerant vīnō; ‘age sānē’ omnēs; citātīs equīs āvolant
Rōmam. quō cum prīmīs sē intendentibus tenebrīs pervēnissent, 10
pergunt inde Collātiam, 9. ubi Lucrētiam haudquāquam ut rēgiās
nurūs, quās in convīviō luxūque cum aequālibus vīderant tempus
accendō, -ere, -cendī, -cēnsum: kindle, set afire, 4 laudō (1): to praise, glorify, 2
adventus, -ūs m.: arrival, approach, 6 luxus, -ī m.: luxury, extravagance, splendor, 2
aequālis, -e: equal; subt. peer, 2 mentiō, mentiōnis f.: mention, 1
āvolō (1): to fly away, 1 mīrus, -a, -um: amazing, surprising, 7
cēnō (1): to dine, eat dinner, 1 necopīnātus, -a, -um: unexpected, 1
citō (1): summon, hasten; ~full gallop, 3 negō (1): to deny, say that…not, 5
Collātia, -ae f.: Collatia, 7 nurus, -ūs f.: daughter-in-law, 2
cōnscendō, -ere, -scendī: climb, embark, 1 occurrō, -ere: come to, occur, meet, 1
convīvium, -ī n.: banquet, feast, 3 oculus, -ī, m.: eye, 6
cupīdō, cupīdinis f.: desire, longing, 7 paucī, -ae, -a: few, 1
Ēgerius, -ī m.: Egerius, 3 pergō, -ere -rēxī -rectum: proceed, continue, 7
haudquāquam: not at all, in no way, 2 pōtō (1): to drink, 1
hōra, -ae f.: hour, 2 praesēns, -sentis: present, being present, 7
incalescō, -ere, -uī: grow hot, 1 praestō, -stāre, -stitī: exceed, surpass, stand out, 1
incidō, -ere, -cīdī: fall into/upon; happen, 5 sānē: certainly, absolutely; then, if you will, 1
insum, -esse, -fuī: to be in, 1 spectātus, -a, -um: proven, tried, tested, 1
intendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum: stretch, direct, 2 tenebrae, -ārum f.: darkness, 1
invīsō, -ere: go to see, visit, 1 vigor, vigoris m.: vigor, 1
iuventa, -ae f.: youth, 1 vīnum, -ī n.: wine, 2

1 forte: abl. fors inest: i.e. in nōbīs

pōtantibus hīs…: abl. abs.
apud: in the presence of…
2 et: also
suam (ūxorem)
3 laudāre: historical inf.: translate as 3s impf.
mīrīs modīs: in…; abl. manner
certāmine accēnsō: abl. abs.
4 verbīs opus esse: that…; the idiom opus est,
‘there is a need for’ governs abl. of separation
paucīs…hōrīs: in…; abl. time when
id…posse scīrī: that…
quantum…praestet: how much…; ind.
question, pres. subj.; adv. acc. (inner acc.)
5 cēterīs: over…; dat. of compound verb
sua: his own
quīn: Why…not…?; common interrogative
156
6 nostrārum (uxorum)
ingenia: characters
7 id…sit: let that…; 3s jussive pres. subj. sum
cuique: for…; dat. of interest; perhaps referring
to the wives (quaeque) rather than husbands
(quisque)
quod…occurrerit: which…; relative with fut.
pf. occurrō: translate as present with fut. sense
virī: of the husband
8 oculīs: dat. obj. of compound verb
9 age sānē: come now!; imper. often used to grab
attention; sānē is an intensive adv.
citātīs equīs: abl. abs.
10 quō: there, to there; ‘to where,’ connective rel.
prīmīs…tenebrīs: abl. abs.
11 ut rēgiās nurūs: as…; clause of comparison
 Brutus and Lucretia 57.9-58.2

terentēs, sed nocte sērā dēditam lānae inter lūcubrantēs ancillās in 1

mediō aedium sedentem inveniunt. 10. muliebris certāminis laus
penes Lucrētiam fuit. adveniēns vir Tarquiniīque exceptī benignē;
victor marītus cōmiter invītat rēgiōs iuvenēs. ibi Sex. Tarquinium
mala libīdō Lucrētiae per vim stuprandae capit; cum fōrma tum 5
spectāta castitās incitat. 11. et tum quidem ab nocturnō iuvenālī
lūdō in castra redeunt.
58. paucīs interiectīs diēbus Sex. Tarquinius īnsciō Collātīnō
cum comite ūnō Collātiam vēnit. 2. ubi exceptus benignē ab ignārīs
cōnsiliī cum post cēnam in hospitāle cubiculum dēductus esset, 10
amōre ārdēns, postquam satis tūta circā sōpītīque omnēs
vidēbantur, strictō gladiō ad dormientem Lucrētiam vēnit
adveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum: arrive, 1 invītō (1): to invite, summon, 2
aedis, -is f.: temple, pl. house, 5 iuvenālis, -e: youthful, 1
amor, -ōris m.: love, desire, passion, 5 lāna, -ae f.: wool, 2
ancilla, -ae f.: attendant, handmaid, 1 laus, laudis f.: praise, adulation, 2
ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsum: be on fire, burn, 4 libīdō, libidinis f.: lust, wanton desire, 4
benignus, -a, -um: kind, kindly, 7 lūcubrō (1): work by lamplight, 1
castitās, -tātis f.: chastity, 1 lūdus, -ī m.: game, play, sport; school, 5
cēna, -ae f.: dinner, 1 marītus, -ī m.: husband, 1
Collātia, -ae f.: Collatia, 7 nocturnus, -a, -um: nocturnal, 2
comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 6 nox, noctis, f.: night, 5
cōmiter: courteously, friendly, 2 paucī, -ae, -a: few, 1
cubiculum, -ī n.: bedroom, 1 penes: belonging to, in the possession of (acc.), 2
dēdūcō, -ere: lead or bring down, launch, 7 sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessum: to sit, 5
dormiō, -īre, -īvī: to sleep, 2 serus, -a, -um: late, a late time, 2
excipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: receive, welcome, 6 sōpiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: put to sleep, lull to sleep, 2
fōrma, -ae, f.: beauty, shape, form, 3 spectō (1): to watch, look at, 6
hospitalis, -e: of a guest-friend, 1 stringō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: draw, unsheathe, 2
ignārus, -a, -um: ignorant, 4 stuprō (1): rape, degrade, defile in illicit sex, 1
incitō (1): urge on, incite, 3 terō, -ere, trīvī: wear down; waste, spend, 4
īnscius, -a, -um: unknowing, 2 tūtus, -a, -um: safe, secure, guarded, 4
intericiō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw between, 2

1 tempus terentēs: predicative, modifying quās same time…’

nocte sērā: i.e. late in the night
dēditam lānae: PPP + dat. ind. obj. modifying
Lucrētiam, obj. of inveniunt
2 sedentem: pres. pple modifying Lucrētiam
muliebris: gen. with certāminis
3 vir: the husband
exceptī (sunt)
4 victor: as victor
5 Lucrētiae…stuprandae: for…; objective gen.
noun + gerundive: perform a gerund-gerundive
flip and translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.; the
verb stuprāre and noun stuprum evade easy
translation into English.
cum…tum…: both…and…; lit. ‘while…at the
157
6 spectāta: (once)….; PPP
7 redeunt: 3p pres. redeō
8 paucīs interiectīs diēbus: abl. abs.
īnsciō Collātīnō: abl. abs., supply pple ‘being’
9 Collātiam: acc. place to which
ab ignārīs: by (those)…
cōnsiliī (suī): of (his)…
10 cum…dēductus esset: plpf. pass. subj.
11 amōre: abl. cause
(omnia) satis tūta (vidēbantur): (everything
seemed)…; heavy ellipsis, nom. pred.
sōpītī (esse) omnēs vidēbantur: and everyone
seemed…; pf. pass. inf.
12 strictō gladiō: abl. abs.
58.2-5 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

sinistrāque manū mulieris pectore oppressō ‘tacē, Lucrētia’ inquit; 1

‘Sex. Tarquinius sum; ferrum in manū est; moriēre, sī ēmīserīs
vōcem.’ 3. cum pavida ex somnō mulier nūllam opem, prope
mortem imminentem vidēret, tum Tarquinius fatērī amōrem, ōrāre,
miscēre precibus minās, versāre in omnēs partēs muliebrem 5
animum. 4. ubi obstinātam vidēbat et nē mortis quidem metū
inclīnārī, addit ad metum dēdecus: cum mortuā iugulātum servum
nūdum positūrum ait, ut in sordidō adulteriō necāta dīcātur. 5. quō
terrōre cum vīcisset obstinātam pudīcitiam velut <vī> victrīx
libīdō, profectusque inde Tarquinius ferōx expugnātō decōre 10
muliebrī esset, Lucrētia maesta tantō malō nūntium Rōmam
eundem ad patrem Ardeamque ad virum mittit, ut cum singulīs
adulterium, -ī n.: adultery, 1 necō (1): to kill, slay, put to death, 2
aiō: say, affirm, 6 nūdus, -a, -um: naked, bare, 3
amor, -ōris m.: love, desire, passion, 5 obstinātus, -a, -um: resolved, resolute, fixed, 2
Ardea, -ae f.; Ardea (Latin town), 5 opprimō, -ere, -pressī: overwhelm; suppress, 6
dēdecus, -coris n.: dishonor, disgrace, 2 ōrō (1): plead, pray (for), entreat, 5
ēmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: send out, 3 pavidus, -a, -um: alarmed, horrified, 2
expugnō (1): capture by assault, 2 pectus, pectoris n.: chest, breast; heart, 6
fateor, -ērī, fassum: acknowledge, 1 precēs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 7
immineō, -ēre: overhang, threaten, 2 pudīcitia, -ae f.: sexual virtue, chastity, 2
iugulō (1): kill, slay, cut the throat of, 1 sinister, -tra, -trum: left; fem. left hand, 4
libīdō, libidinis f.: lust, wanton desire, 4 somnus, -ī m.: sleep, 4
maestus, -a, -um: grief-stricken, gloomy, 4 sordidus, -a, -um: dirty, 3
minae, -ārum f.: threats, menaces, 2 taceō, -ēre, -uī: be silent, pass over in silence, 2
misceō, -ēre, -uī, mīxtum: mix, mingle, 5 versō (1): turn over, agitate, 2
morior, morī, mortuus sum: die, 3 victrīx, -icis f.: conquerer, vanquisher, 1
mortuus, -a, -um: dead, 4

1 mulieris pectore oppressō: abl. abs.
Lucrētia: voc. dir. address
9 ferrum: a sword; ‘iron,’ via metonomy
moriēr(is): 2s fut. dep.
ēmīserīs: fut. pf.: translate as pres. with fut.
sense
3 cum…vidēret, tum…: while…saw…, at the
same time…
(et) prope…: adv.
4 fatērī, ōrāre, miscēre, versāre: tried to…;
historical inf. with nom. subject: translate as
finite 3p impf.—here conative imperfect (e.g.
attempted to..., tried to…)
5 partēs: directions
6 (eam) obstinātam (esse): that (she)…; i.e.
Lucretia, supply acc. subj.
nē…quidem: not even; emphasizing the
intervening word
7 (eam) inclīnārī: that (she)…
(sē) cum mortuā...positūrum (esse): that (he)...
158
fut. inf., pōnō, ‘put alongside or beside’
cum mortuā (fēminā)
iugulātum: i.e. with throat slit
8 ut…dīcātur: so that she may…; purpose
necāta (esse): to have…; pres. pf. in sense
quō terrōre: by this…; connective relative and
abl. of cause
9 cum…vīcisset: after…; plpf. subj.
velut victrīx: as if a victor; conditional clause of
comparison
10 profectus…esset: plpf. dep. subj. proficīscor
expugnātō decōre muliebrī: abl. abs.; i-stem
3rd decl. abl.; PPP used for the storming of cities
tantō malō: because of…; abl. cause
11 nūntium: message
Rōmam: acc. place to which
12 eundem: acc. īdem
Ardeam: acc. place to which
ad virum: to her husband
ut…veniant: that…; ind. command, pres. subj.
 Brutus and Lucretia 58.5-9

fidēlibus amīcīs veniant; ita factō mātūrātōque opus esse; rem 1

atrōcem incīdisse.
6. Sp. Lucrētius cum P. Valeriō Volesī fīliō, Collātīnus cum L.
Iūniō Brūtō vēnit, cum quō forte Rōmam rediēns ab nūntiō uxōris
erat conventus. 7. Lucrētiam sedentem maestam in cubiculō 5
inveniunt. adventū suōrum lacrimae obortae, quaerentīque virō
‘satin salvē?’ ‘minimē’ inquit; ‘quid enim salvī est mulierī āmissā
pudīcitiā? vestīgia virī aliēnī, Collātīne, in lectō sunt tuō; cēterum
corpus est tantum violātum, animus īnsōns; mors testis erit. sed
date dexterās fidemque haud impūne adulterō fore. 8. Sex. est 10
Tarquinius quī hostis prō hospite priōre nocte vī armātus mihi
sibique, sī vōs virī estis, pestiferum hinc abstulit gaudium.’ 9. Dant
adulter, -erī m.: adulterer, 1 Lucrētius, -iī m.: Lucretius, 3
adventus, -ūs m.: arrival, approach, 6 maestus, -a, -um: grief-stricken, gloomy, 4
amīcus, -ī m.: friend, 2 mātūrō (1): hasten, 2
āmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: lose, let go, 7 minimus, -a, -um: very little; adv. least, 6
atrōx, atrōcis: savage, cruel, atrocious, 7 nox, noctis, f.: night, 5
auferō, -ferre, abstulī, -lātus: carry away, 3 oborior, -īrī, -tum: rise, 1
cēterum: but, in other respects; besides, 7 P.: Publius, 2
cubiculum, -ī n.: bedroom, 1 pestiferus, -a, -um: fatal, 1
fidēlis, -is: faithful, trustworthy, loyal, 1 pudīcitia, -ae f.: sexual virtue, chastity, 2
gaudium, -iī n.: joy, gladness, 4 salvus, -a, -um: well, safe, healthy, 3
hospes, -pitis m.: stranger; host, guest-friend, 4 sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessum: to sit, 5
impūne: with impunity, 1 Sp.: Spurius, 3
incidō, -ere, -cīdī: fall into/upon; happen, 5 testis, -is m/f: witness, 4
īnsōns, -sontis: innocent, guiltless, 2 Valērius, -ī m.: Valerius, 3
Iūnius, -ī m.: Junius, 3 vestīgium, -ī n.: footstep, tracks; trace, 3
lacrima, -ae f.: tear, 5 violō (1): to do violence to, violate, 5
lectus, -ī m.: bed, couch, 1 Volesus, -ī m.: Volesus 1

1 Ita…opus esse: that…; the idiom opus est,
‘there is a need for’ governs an abl. of separation
factō: action
mātūrātōque: and quickly; lit. ‘and (action)
done quickly’
rem…incīdisse: that…; pf. inf.
3 Volesī fīliō: abl., in apposition
L. Iūniō Brūtō: the same man who travelled
with the Tarquins to the oracle at Delphi
vēnit: 3s with 3p subject
4 cum quō…erat conventus: relative, plpf. pass.
forte: abl. fors
Rōmam: acc. place to which
rediēns: nom. pres. pple, redeō
6 suōrum: i.e. of her own kin; subjective gen.
obortae (sunt)
6 virō: to her husband
7 Sati(s)n(e) salvē (agis)?: satis and salvē are
adverbs, and –ne introduces a yes/no question;
159
supply a verb such as agis, ‘are you doing?’
7 minimē: a strong negative; superl. adv.
salvī: partitive gen. with quid
mulierī: for…; dat. interest
āmissā pudīcitiā: abl. abs.
8 Collātīne: voc. direct address
9 tantum: only, alone; adv. acc.
īnsōns (est)
10 fidem: a pledge
haud…fore: that (it)…; impersonal fut. inf. sum
(alternative to futūrum esse)
adulterō: dat. of interest
11 hostis: as…
prō: in place of…, instead of…
priōre nocte: abl. time when
mihi sibique: for..; dat. of interest; with sibi,
which refers to Sextus, Lucretia hints at the
retribution to come
12 virī: i.e. men of honor, real men
58.9-59.1 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

ōrdine omnēs fidem; cōnsōlantur aegram animī āvertendō noxam 1

ab coācta in auctōrem dēlictī: mentem peccāre, nōn corpus, et unde
cōnsilium āfuerit culpam abesse. 10. ‘vōs’ inquit ‘vīderītis quid illī
dēbeātur: ego mē etsī peccātō absolvō, suppliciō nōn līberō; nec
ūlla deinde impudīcā Lucrētiae exemplō vīvet.’ cultrum, 11. quem 5
sub veste abditum habēbat, eum in corde dēfīgit, prōlapsaque in
volnus moribunda cecidit. 12. conclāmat vir paterque;
59. Brūtus illīs lūctū occupātīs cultrum ex volnere Lucrētiae
extractum, mānantem cruōre prae sē tenēns, ‘per hunc’ inquit
‘castissimum ante rēgiam iniūriam sanguinem iūrō, vōsque, dī, 10
testēs faciō mē L. Tarquinium Superbum cum scelerātā coniuge et
omnī līberōrum stirpe ferrō ignī quācumque dehinc vī possim
abdō, -ere, -didī, -ditus: hide, put away, 3 impudicus, -a, -um: shameless; lewd, 1
absolvō, -ere, -solvī: absolve, free, acquit, 3 iūrō (1): to swear (an oath), 6
aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, injured; adv. poorly, 6 lūctus, ūs m.: mourning, grief, sorrow, 2
castus, -a, -um: chaste, 1 mānō (1): flow, be wet; spread, get abroad, 2
cōgō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctum: compel, collect, 4 mēns, mentis f.: mind, intent, purpose, 4
conclāmō (1): cry out together, shout, 2 moribundus, -a, -um: dying, almost dead, 2
cōniungō, -ere, -iunxī, -iunctum: join, 2 noxa, -ae f.: harm, injury, 1
consolor, -ārī, -ātum: console, 1 peccō (1): sin, transgress, do wrong, 1
cor, cordis n. heart, 2 peccātum, -ī n.: sin, transgression, 1
cruor, cruōris m.: blood, gore, 2 prae: in front of, before (acc); compared to (abl), 6
culpa, -ae m.: blame, fault; cause, 3 prōlābor, -lābī, -lapsum: slip or fall forward, 2
culter, cultrī m.: knife, 3 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 7
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, debitum: ought. owe, 3 scelerātus, -a, -um: wicked; profane, 2
dēfīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus: fix, pierce, 3 superbus, -a, -um: arrogant, proud; Superbus, 7
dehinc: from here, hence, 1 supplicium, -iī n.: punishment, 7
dēlictum, -ī n.: crime, offense, transgression, 1 testis, -is m/f: witness, 4
etsī: even if, although, though, 5 ūllus, -a, -um: any, 7
extrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -tractum: draw out, 1 vestis, -is f.: clothing, 4
ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 2 vīvō, -ere, vīxī, vīctum: live, 4

1 (in) ōrdine 4 peccātō: from…; abl. of separation

fidem: a pledge
aegram animī: sick at heart; adj. + gen. animī
is common among poets but does not conform to
common usage of the gen.: perhaps a locative?
āvertendō…dēlictī: by…; means, gerund (-ing)
2 coāctā: (the one)…; PPP
mentem peccāre, nōn corpus: that…
unde…āfuerit: where…; relative clause with pf.
subj. absum; subordinate verb in ind. disc.
3 cōnsilium: intention
culpam abesse: that…; ind. disc.
vīderītis: you will see (to it); i.e. you will bring
to pass; 2p fut. pf.: translate in English as fut.
quid…debeātur: ind. question with pres. subj.
debeō, ‘owe’
illī: dat. sg. ind. obj.; i.e. Sextus
160
suppliciō: abl. separation
5 ūlla impudīcā (fēmina)…vīvet: fut.
Lucrētiae exemplō: according to...; abl. manner
6 eum:i.e. the knife; resuming the acc. cultum
placed emphatically at the start of the clause
prōlāpsa: dep. PPP, translate as ‘having Xed’
volnus: vulnus
7 cecidit: pf. cadō
8 illīs…occupātīs: abl. means
9 per hunc castissimum…sanguinem iurō: I
swear by… per + acc. is commonly used in oaths
10 ante…iniūriam: qualifying castissimam
11 faciō: governs a double acc. (obj. and pred.)
mē…exsecūtūrum (esse): that I…; fut. inf.
12 ferrō (et) ignī (et) quācumque…vī...: i-stem
abl. means.; relative cl. of characteristic possum
 Brutus and Lucretia 59.1-5

exsecūtūrum, nec illōs nec alium quemquam rēgnāre Rōmae 1

passūrum.’ 2. cultrum deinde Collātīnō trādit, inde Lucrētiō ac
Valeriō, stupentibus mīrāculō reī, unde novum in Brūtī pectore
ingenium. ut praeceptum erat iūrant; tōtīque ab lūctū versī in īram,
Brūtum iam inde ad expugnandum rēgnum vocantem sequuntur 5
ducem. 3. ēlātum domō Lucrētiae corpus in forum dēferunt,
concientque mīrāculō, ut fit, reī novae atque indignitāte hominēs. 4.
prō sē quisque scelus rēgium ac vim queruntur. movet cum patris
maestitia, tum Brūtus castīgātor lacrimārum atque inertium
querellārum auctorque quod virōs, quod Rōmānōs decēret, arma 10
capiendī adversus hostīlia ausōs. 5. ferōcissimus quisque iuvenum
cum armīs voluntārius adest; sequitur et cētera iuventūs. inde patre
adsum, -esse, -fuī: be present, assist, 6 iuventūs, -tūtis f.: youth, 5
castīgātor, -is m.: chider, chastiser, 1 lacrima, -ae f.: tear, 5
concieō, -ēre, -īī: rouse, provoke stir up, 3 Lucrētius, -iī m.: Lucretius, 3
culter, cultrī m.: knife, 3 lūctus, ūs m.: mourning, grief, sorrow, 2
decet: befits, is fitting/ is becoming for (acc), 1 maestitia, -ae: sadness, gloom, 2
dēferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: carry away, bring, 5 pectus, pectoris n.: chest, breast; heart, 6
ēfferō, -ere, -tulī, -lātum: carry out, lift, 5 praecipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: take before;
expugnō (1): capture by assault, 2 order, 5
exsequor, -ī, -secūtum: pursue, carry out, 2 querella, -ae f.: complaint, 3
forum, -ī n.: forum, 7 queror, -ī, questum: complain, lament, 1
hostīlis, -e: of an enemy, hostile, 3 stupeō, -ēre, -uī: be stunned, astounded, 1
indignitās, -tātis f.: indignity, outrage, 4 Valērius, -ī m.: Valerius, 3
iners (inertis): idle, 1 voluntārius, -iī m.: volunteer, 2
iūrō (1): to swear (an oath), 6

1 (me) nec…passūrum (esse): that I…; fut. inf.
patior ‘allow’ + inf. as part of the oath
Rōmae: locative
2 Collātīnō: dat. ind obj.
inde (cultrum trādit) Lucrētiō ac Valēriō:
Brutus gave the knife to each man as each swore
the oath; ellipsis, dat. ind. obj.
3 stupentibus: pres. pple. modifying both men
reī: of the situation, of the circumstance
unde…ingenium (esset): from where…; ind.
question; with impf. subj. sum in apposition to
mīrāculō
4 ut praeceptum erat: just as (it)…; impers. plpf.
pass. in a clause of comparison
tōtī: predicative, translate adj. as adv.
versī: PPP vertō
5 ad expugnandum rēgnum: for…; gerundive;
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
gerund (-ing) + obj.
vocantem: supply the men as object
6 ducem: as leader
ēlatum…dēferunt: PPP ēfferō; English prefers
two finite verbs (e.g. lifted and carried away)
whereas Latin often prefers PPP and a main verb
domō: abl. place from which
7 ut fit: as it…; clause of comparison, impers. 3s
reī novae: of the recent situation; modifying
both ablatives
8 prō sē quisque: each man for his part; ‘each
according to his own ability’
movet (eōs): i.e. the homines
cum…tum…: both…and…
10 auctorque…arma capiendī: and promoter
of…; gen. gerund (-ing) + obj.
10 quod vīrōs (decēret et) quod Rōmānōs
decēret: because…; impf. subj. decet; subj. of
alleged cause (Brutus’ point of view)
adversus hostīlia ausōs: against (those) having
…; dep. PPP audeō, translate as ‘having Xed’
12 voluntārius: as…; predicative
et: also

161
59.5-8 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

praeside relictō Collātiae ad portās. cūstōdibusque datīs nē quis 1

eum mōtum rēgibus nūntiāret, cēterī armātī duce Brūtō Rōmam
profectī. 6. ubi eō ventum est, quācumque incēdit armāta multitūdō,
pavōrem ac tumultum facit; rūrsus ubi anteīre prīmōrēs cīvitātis
vident, quidquid sit haud temerē esse rentur. 7. nec minōrem 5
mōtum animōrum Rōmae tam atrōx rēs facit quam Collātiae
fēcerat; ergō ex omnibus locīs urbis in forum curritur. quō simul
ventum est, praecō ad tribūnum Celerum, in quō tum magistrātū
forte Brūtus erat, populum advocāvit. 8. ibi ōrātiō habita
nēquāquam eius pectoris ingeniīque quod simulātum ad eam diem 10
fuerat, dē vī ac libīdine Sex. Tarquinī, dē stuprō īnfandō Lucrētiae
et miserābilī caede, dē orbitāte Tricipitīnī cui morte fīliae causa
advocō (1): to summon, call to, 6 motus, -ūs m.: movement, disturbance, riot, 3
anteeō, -īre: go before, 1 nēquāquam: by no means, 3
atrōx, atrōcis: savage, cruel, atrocious, 7 ōrātiō, -iōnis f.: speech, speaking, 5
Celerēs, -um m.: Celeres, ‘the Swift’ (guards), 2 orbitās, -tātis f.: bereavement, orphanhood, 2
Collātia, -ae f.: Collatia, 7 pectus, pectoris n.: chest, breast; heart, 6
currō, -ere, cucurrī: run, rush, fly, 2 praecō, praecōnis m.: herald, 3
cūstōs, cūstōdis m.: guard, doorkeeper, 2 praeses, praesidis m.: protector, 1
ergō: therefore; for the sake of + gen., 7 quisquis, quidquid: whoever, whatever, 4
forum, -ī n.: forum, marketplace, 2 rūrsus: again, backward, back, 3
incēdō, -ere, cessī: go, come into, enter, 5 simulō (1): feign, pretend, make like, 7
īnfandus, -a, -um: unspeakable, 1 stuprum, -ī n.: rape, degradation, illicit sex 1
libīdō, libidinis f.: lust, wanton desire, 4 temerē: without purpose, without design; rashly, 1
magistratus, -ūs m.: magistrate, officer, 2 tribūnus, -ī m.: tribune, officer, 1
miserābilis, -e: miserable, pitiable, 4 Tricipitinus, -ī m.: Tricipitinus, 1

1 patre…relictō: abl. abs.
praeside: as…; predicative
Collātiae: at…; locative or possibly gen.
cūstōdibusque dātīs: abl. abs.
2 nē quis…nūntiāret: so that not anyone…; neg.
purpose clause; indefinite aliquis loses the prefix
ali- before sī, nisi, num or nē
eum motum: demonstrative adj.
rēgibus: i.e. rēgia familia
duce Brūtō: abl. abs., supply pple ‘being’
3 profectī (sunt): 3p pf. dep. proficīscor
eō: there, to there; adv. (cf. quō, ‘to where’)
ventum est: they…; impers. pf. pass.: translate
as pf. active
quācumque…multitūdo: wheresoever…;
relative adv.
4 rūrsus: i.e. on the other hand; adversative
anteīre prīmōrēs cīvitātis: that…
5 vident: the subject are the people who feel panic
as the armed men approach
quidquid…esse: that…
quidquid sit: relative clause of characteristic
162
with pres. subj.; the missing antecedent is acc.
subj. of esse; the people do not know the reason
for the uprising as they look on the armed men
rentur: 3p pres. dep. reor
6 Rōmae: locative
quam: than…; clause of comparison
Collātiae: locative
7 curritur: they…; impers. pass.: translate active
quō: there, to there; ‘to where,’ connective rel.
8 ventum est: they…; impers. pf. pass.: translate
as pf. active
Celerum: of the Celeres; bodyguard of the king
in quō…magistrātū
9 forte: abl. fors
habita (est): was delivered; i.e. by Brutus
10 eius…ingeniīque: of that…; gen. of description
quod…fuerat: which…
ad eam diem: up to…, until…
11 dē: about…
12 Tricipitīnī: father, Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus
cui: to whom…; dat. of reference (his viewpoint)
morte fīliae: than…; abl. of comparison
 Brutus and Lucretia 59.8-12

mortis indignior ac miserābilior esset. 9. addita superbia ipsīus 1

rēgis miseriaeque et labōrēs plēbis in fossās cloācāsque
exhauriendās dēmersae; Rōmānōs hominēs, victōrēs omnium circā
populōrum, opificēs ac lapicīdās prō bellātōribus factōs. 10. indigna
Ser. Tullī rēgis memorāta caedēs et invecta corporī patris nefandō 5
vehiculō fīlia, invocātīque ultōrēs parentum dī. 11. hīs
atrōciōribusque, crēdō, aliīs, quae praesēns rērum indignitās
haudquāquam relātū scrīptōribus facilia subicit, memorātīs
incēnsam multitūdinem perpulit ut imperium rēgī abrogāret
exsulēsque esse iubēret L. Tarquinium cum coniuge ac līberīs. 12. 10
ipse iūniōribus quī ultrō nōmina dabant lectīs armātīsque, ad
concitandum inde adversus rēgem exercitum Ardeam in castra est
abrogō (1): repeal, annul, recall, 1 labor, -is m.: labor, toil, 6
Ardea, -ae f.; Ardea (Latin town), 5 lapicida, -ae, m.: stone-worker, stone-cutter, 1
atrōx, atrōcis: savage, cruel, atrocious, 7 memorō (1): to recall, mention, 5
bellātor, -is m.: warrior, 1 miserābilis, -e: miserable, pitiable, 4
cloāca, -ae f.: sewer, 3 miseria, -ae f.: misery, suffering, 1
concitō (1): stir up, incite, impel, 4 nefandus, -a, -um: unspeakable, impious, 2
coniūnx -ūgis m/f: husband, wife, spouse, 6 opifex, -icis m/f: craftsman, artisan, 1
dēmergō, -ere, -sī, -sum: plunge, send beneath, 1 perpellō, -ere, -pulī: push through, prevail, 2
exhauriō -īre -hausī -haustum: empty, take out, 2 praesēns, -sentis: present, being present, 7
exsul, exsulis m/f: an exile, 2 referō, -ferre, -tulī: report, relate, 5
fossa, -ae f.: ditch, trench, 5 scriptor, -is m.: author, writer, 4
haudquāquam: not at all, in no way, 2 Ser.: Servius, 7
incendō, -ere, -ī, -ēnsus: kindle, enflame, burn, 3 subiciō, -ere, -iēcī: place under, bring up, 2
indignitās, -tātis f.: indignity, outrage, 4 superbia, -ae f.: arrogance, pride, 6
indignus, -a, -um: unworthy, undeserving, 4 ultor, ultōris m.: avenger, 3
invehō, -ere, -vexī, -vectum: convey, bring in, 5 ultrō: voluntarily, spontaneously, 4
invōcō (1): invoke, call on, 4 vehiculum, -ī n.: carriage, vehicle, 2
iūnior, iūnius: younger, 5

1 esset: subordinate verb in implied ind. disc. 7 crēdō: parenthetical

addita (est): 3s pf. pass. with 3p subjects
ipsīus rēgis: of…; gen. sg. intensive ipse
2 in fossās…exhauriendās: into…; noun +
gerundive, perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as gerund (-ing) + obj.
3 dēmersae: PPP modifying fem. gen. sg. plēbis
Rōmānōs…factōs (esse): that…; ind. disc.
4 opificēs ac lapicīdās: pred. of factōs (esse)
prō: in place of…., instead of…
5 memorāta (est): indigna caedēs is subject
invecta…fīlia: the daughter having..; PPP, a
second subject for 3s memorāta (est)
corporī patris: over…; dat. of compound verb
6 invocātī (sunt)…d(e)ī
ultōrēs parentum: as…; predicative
hīs atrōciōribusque aliīs…memorātīs: these
things and…; abl. abs., comparative adj.
163
quae…subicit: which….suggests (to a speaker);
‘brings up (to a speaker),’ quae is neut. acc. pl.;
praesēns rērum indignitās: present indignation
for such affairs; (1) praesēns refers to Brutus’
present and (2) indignitas can mean (a) indignity
(i.e. humiliation one suffers) or (b) indignation
(i.e. anger one feels in response); This is anger.
8 haudquāquam…facilia: modifies neut. pl. quae
relātū: abl. respect; supine modifying facilia;
translate as inf. or a gerund (-ing)
scrīptōribus: for…; i.e. for a historian like Livy
9 ut...abrogāret...iubēret: that...; ind. command
10 exsulēs…esse...L. Tarquinium: that…
11 ipse…est profectus: Brutus himself set out;
iūniōribus…lectīs armātīs: abl. abs.
ad concitandum…: for…; flip to gerund (-ing)
12 adversus: against…; preposition
59.12-60.2 Ab Urbe Condita Liber I

profectus: imperium in urbe Lucrētiō, praefectō urbis iam ante ab 1

rēge īnstitūtō, relinquit. 13. inter hunc tumultum Tullia domō
profūgit exsecrantibus quācumque incēdēbat invocantibusque
parentum furiās virīs mulieribusque.
60. hārum rērum nūntiīs in castra perlātīs cum rē novā trepidus 5
rēx pergeret Rōmam ad comprimendōs mōtūs, flexit viam
Brūtus—sēnserat enim adventum—nē obvius fieret; eōdemque
ferē tempore, dīversīs itineribus, Brūtus Ardeam, Tarquinius
Rōmam vēnērunt. 2. Tarquiniō clausae portae exsiliumque
indictum: līberātōrem urbis laeta castra accēpēre, exāctīque inde 10
līberī rēgis. duo patrem secūtī sunt quī exsulātum Caere in
Etrūscōs iērunt. Sex. Tarquinius Gabiōs tamquam in suum rēgnum
adventus, -ūs m.: arrival, approach, 6 iter, itineris n.: way, route, path; journey, 5
Ardea, -ae f.; Ardea (Latin town), 5 laetus, -a, -um: happy, fortunate; abundant, rich, 6
Caere (no gen.) n.: Caere (town), 2 līberātor, -is m.: liberator, 3
claudō, -ere, -dī, -sum: to close, enclose, 5 Lucrētius, -iī m.: Lucretius, 3
comprimō, -ere, -pressī: suppress, hold back, 2 motus, -ūs m.: movement, disturbance, riot, 3
dīversus, -a, -um: different, contrary, 2 obvius, -a, -um: in the way of (dat), 5
exigō, -ere, -ēgī, -actum: drive out, spend, 1 perferō, -re, -tulī, -lātum: carry through, 2
exsecror, -ārī, -ātum: curse, 1 pergō, -ere -rēxī -rectum: proceed, continue, 7
exsilium, -iī n.: exile, 3 praefectus, -ī m.: Prefect (official), 2
exsulō (1): to exile, banish; live in exile, 3 profugiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: flee, escape, 2
ferē: almost, nearly; in general, 5 sēntiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsum: feel, perceive, 7
flectō, -ere, flexī, flectum: turn, bend, 4 tamquam: as if, as much as, so to speak, 3
furia, -ae f.: madness; fury, avenging spirit, 3 trepidus, -a, -um: trembling, alarming, alarmed, 3
incēdō, -ere, cessī: go, come into, enter, 5 Tullia, -ae f.: Tullia, 7
invōcō (1): invoke, call on, 4 via, -ae, f.: way, road, 7

1 Lucrētiō: dat. ind. obj. 6 viam: i.e. his course or direction

praefectō urbis…īnstitūtō: abl. abs.; the
praefectus urbis managed the city in the absence
of the king and later in the absence of all
officials who possessed imperium
2 inter: in the middle of…
domō: abl. place from which
3 exsecrantibus…invocantibusque…virīs
mulieribusque: abl. abs. with two subjects and
two pples
quācumque...incēdēbat: wheresoever...; adv.
4 parentum: i.e. Tullia’s father Servius, but Livy
also uses the word to describe one’s ancestors
5 hārum rērum nūntiīs…perlātīs: messages…;
abl. abs. with objective gen.
cum…pergeret
rē novā: by recent circumstances; a common
phrase for ‘revolution’ or ‘political change’
ad comprimendōs mōtūs: for…; gerundive +
noun, perform a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as a gerund (-ing) + obj.
164
7 nē…fieret: so that…not…; neg. purpose with
impf. subj. fiō and pred.
eōdem…tempore: abl. time when
8 dīversīs itineribus: abl. means; iter, ‘route’
Ardeam, Rōmam: acc. place to which
9 Tarquiniō: for…; dat. of interest
clausae (sunt) portae: 3p pf. pass.
exsilium…indictum (est)
10 laeta: predicative: translate nom. adj. as adv.
accēpēr(unt)
exāctī (sunt)
11 secūtī sunt: dep. pf.
exsultātum: to…; acc. supine (PPP + um) often
expresses purpose: translate as an inf.
Caere: acc. place to which
in: among
12 iērunt: 3p pf. īre
Gabiōs: acc. place to which
tamquam…: as if…; conditional clause of
comparison
 Brutus and Lucretia 60.2-3

profectus ab ultōribus veterum simultātium, quās sibi ipse caedibus 1

rapīnīsque concierat, est interfectus.
3. L. Tarquinius Superbus rēgnāvit annōs quīnque et vīgintī.
rēgnātum Rōmae ab conditā urbe ad līberātam annōs ducentōs
quadrāgintā quattuor. duo cōnsulēs inde comitiīs centuriātīs ā 5
praefectō urbis ex commentāriīs Ser. Tullī creātī sunt, L. Iūnius
Brūtus et L. Tarquinius Collātīnus.
centuriātus, -a, -um: centuriate, 1 quattuor: four, 3
comitium, -ī n.: assembly; elections, 6 quīnque: five, 6
commentārius, -ī m.: commentary, 3 rapīna, -ae, f.: pillaging, plundering, 1
concieō, -ēre, -īī: rouse, provoke stir up, 3 Ser.: Servius, 7
ducentī: two-hundred, 3 simultās, -tātis f.: rivalry, grudge, 1
Iūnius, -ī m.: Junius, 3 superbus, -a, -um: arrogant, proud; Superbus, 7
līberō (1): to free, release, 2 ultor, ultōris m.: avenger, 3
praefectus, -ī m.: Prefect (official), 2 vīgintī: twenty, 4
quadrāgintā: forty, 7

1 profectus: dep. PPP prōficīscor, translate as English prefers a gerund + obj.

‘having Xed’
āb ultōribus: abl. agent
veterum simulātium: of…; gen. pl.
sibi: upon…; dat. of interest
ipse: (he) himself
caedibus rapīnīsque: abl. means
2 est interfectus: interfectus est
3 annōs quīnque et vīgintī: for...; acc. of duration
4 rēgnātum (est): it…; impers. pf. pass.
Rōmae: locative
ab conditā urbe: from the founding of the city;
‘from the city having been founded,’ PPP where
ad līberātam (urbem): to the liberation of the
city; ‘to the city having been liberated,’ PPP
annōs…quattuor: for…; acc. of duration
5 (in) comitiīs centuriātīs
ā praefectō urbis: abl. agent; as noted earlier,
the praefectus urbis managed the city in the
absence of the king and later in the absence of
all officials who possessed imperium
6 ex: based on…, as a result from…
L. Iūnius Brūtus et L. Tarquinius Collātīnus:
in apposition to duo cōnsulēs

165
P.1-4

Preface

PR. factūrusne operae pretium sim sī ā prīmōrdiō urbis rēs 1

populī Rōmānī perscrīpserim nec satis sciō nec, sī sciam, dīcere
ausim, 2. quippe quī cum veterem tum volgātam esse rem videam,
dum nōvī semper scrīptōrēs aut in rēbus certius aliquid allātūrōs sē
aut scrībendī arte rudem vetustātem superātūrōs crēdunt. 3. 5
utcumque erit, iuvābit tamen rērum gestārum memoriae prīncipis
terrārum populī prō virīlī parte et ipsum cōnsuluisse; et sī in tantā
scrīptōrum turbā mea fāma in obscūrō sit, nōbilitāte ac
magnitūdine eōrum mē quī nōminī officient meō cōnsōler. 4. rēs est 9

adferō, -ferre, attulī, allātum: bring, propose, 6
consolor, -ārī, -ātum: console, comfort, 1
dum: while, as long as, until, 6
iuvō (1): help, assist, aid; iuvat, it is pleasing, 3
memor, -is: mindful, remembering (gen.), 7
nōbilitās, -tātis f.: nobility, renown, 4
nōscō, -ere, nōvī, nōtum: learn, know, 3
obscūrus, -a, -um: dim, obscure, indistinct, 3
officiō, -ere, -fēcī: block, throw shade on (dat.), 2
opera, -ae f.: effort, exertion; workman, 4
perscrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī: write in detail, 1
pretium, -ī n.: worth, value, price, reward, 1
prīmōrdium, -ī n.: (very) beginning, 2
rudis, -e: uncultivated, inexperienced in (gen), 3
scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptum: write, 6
scriptor, -is m.: author, writer, 4
superō (1): overcome, surpass, be above, 2
turba, -ae f.: crowd, throng; tumult, 4
utcumque: however, in whatever way, 2
vetustās, -tātis f.: antiquity; past, old age, 2
virīlis, -e: of a man, masculine, 4
volgō (1): make common, prostitute, publish, 3

1 factūrusne…sim: whether I am…; ind. question
with 1s periphrastic fut. subj. (fut. pple + sum)
faciō, ‘accomplish’
pretium: something worthy, something of value
sī…perscrīpserim…: if I…; protasis (if-clause)
of a fut. more vivid condition (sī fut. pf., fut.);
translate 1s fut. pf. as pres. with fut. sense; the
apodosis (then-clause) is the ind. question above
2 nec…nec…: neither…nor…
sī sciam,…ausim: if…should, would…; a fut.
less vivid condition (sī pres. subj., pres. subj.);
here, the apodosis (then-clause) is replaced with
1s pf. subj. audeō (ausim is equiv. to ausus sim)
quippe quī…videam: inasmuch as (I am) one
who…; or ‘since I…’ causal relative clause of
characteristic with 1s pres. subj; quippe
‘inasmuch as’ or ut sometimes introduces the
clause when expressing cause
3 cum…esse rem: that the subject…; ind. disc.
cum…tum…: both…and…; lit. ‘while…at the
same time…’
4 dum…crēdunt: as long as…; usual translation
with indicative mood; this clause is causal and
explains the preceding statement
aut…aut…: either…or…
166
in rēbus…allātūrōs (esse) sē: that they…; ind.
disc. with fut. inf. adferō, ‘produce’
in rēbus: in affairs
certius: comparative adj.
5 (sē) scrībendī…superātūrōs (esse): that they…;
ind. disc. with fut. inf.
scrībendī arte: abl. means and appositional gen.
6 utcumque erit: concessive clause
iuvābit: it…; impers. 3s fut. + inf.
rērum…et (mē) ipsum cōnsuluisse: that I
myself also have given thought to…; + dat.; ind.
disc.; et is an adverb modifying intensive ipsum
rērum gestārum: i.e. history; PPP gerō, ‘do’
memoriae: dat.
prīncipis…populī: adj. + noun modifies rērum
7 terrārum: of the world; short for the common
expression orbis terrārum, ‘sphere of lands’
prō virīlī parte: according to a man’s ability;
i.e. to do one’s best/to the utmost of one’s ability
8 sī…sit, cōnsōler: if…should, I would…; fut. less
vivid condition (sī pres. subj., pres. subj.);
9 eōrum…quī…officient: of those who…; 3p fut.
nōminī…meō: dat. of compound verb ‘
cōnsōler: let…; 1s jussive subj. dep.
rēs: the subject; i.e. Livy’s subject
 Preface Pr.4-6

praetereā et immēnsī operis, ut quae suprā septingentēsimum 1

annum repetātur et quae ab exiguīs profecta initiīs eō crēverit ut
iam magnitūdine labōret suā; et legentium plērīsque haud dubitō
quīn prīmae orīginēs proximaque orīginibus minus praebitūra
voluptātis sint, festīnantibus ad haec nova quibus iam prīdem 5
praevalentis populī vīrēs sē ipsae cōnficiunt: 5. ego contrā hoc
quoque labōris praemium petam, ut mē ā cōnspectū malōrum quae
nostra tot per annōs vīdit aetās, tantisper certē dum prīsca [tōta] illa
mente repetō, āvertam, omnis expers cūrae quae scrībentis
animum, etsī nōn flectere ā vērō, sollicitum tamen efficere posset. 10
6. quae ante conditam condendamve urbem poēticīs magis decōra
fabulīs quam incorruptīs rērum gestārum monumentīs trāduntur, ea
cōnficiō, -ere: to finish (off), accomplish, 5 mēns, mentis f.: mind, intent, purpose, 4
cōnspectus, -ūs m.: sight, view, 7 plērusque, plēra-, plērum-: very many, most, 3
dubitō (1): to hestitate, doubt, 3 poēticus, -a, -um: poetic, of a poet, 1
decōrus, -a, -um: suitable/appropriate for (dat.), 2 praebeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum: present, offer, 3
dum: while, as long as, until, 6 praemium, -ī n.: reward, prize, 1
efficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus: make, bring about, 2 praetereā: besides, moreover, in addition, 1
etsī: even if, although, though, 5 praevaleō, -ēre, -uī: be exceedingly powerful, 1
exiguus, -a, -um: small, meager, 1 prīdem: for a long time, long since, 1
expers, expertis: free from, without (gen), 3 priscus, -a, -um: old, of former times, 1
fabula, -ae f.: story, 3 festīnō (1): hasten, 2 scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptum: write, 6
flectō, -ere, flexī, flectum: turn, bend, 4 septingentesimus, -a, -um: seven hundredth, 1
immēnsus, -a, -um: immense, 2 sollicitus, -a, -um: troubled, anxious, 2
incorruptus, -a, -um: uncorrupted, reliable, 2 supra: above; before (acc.)1
labor, -is m.: labor, toil, 6 tantisper: for a while, so long, meanwhile, 3
labōrō (1): work, toil, labor, strive, 2 tot: so many, 5 voluptās, -tātis f.: pleasure, 2

immēnsī operis: gen. description as pred.
ut quae…repetātur: which is traced back…;
causal relative clause of characteristic with pres.
subj.; as ‘quippe,’ ‘ut’ emphasizes the causal
role: Ut quī can mean ‘since this…’
quae…crēverit: which…; same causal relative
clause of characteristic, pf. subj. crēscō
2 profecta: dep. PPP prōficīscor: ‘having Xed’
eō: to that point; ‘to there,’ adv. (cf. quō)
ut…labōret: that…; result with pres. subj.
3 legentium: of (those)…; pres. pple legō
plērīsque: for…; dat. of interest
4 quīn… praebitūra sint: that…; substantive cl.
after a negative verb of doubt; a periphrastic fut.
subj. (fut. pple + subj. sum): translate as a fut.
proxima: (matters) closest to + dat.; neut. pl.
minus…voluptātis: neut. comparative acc. obj.
5 festinantibus: (while)...; pple modifies plērīsque
ad haec nova: i.e. current times; novus, ‘recent’
quibus: in which (times); abl. time when
iam pridem: for a long time now
167
6 vīrēs: fem. nom. pl. vīs
sē…cōnficiunt: has been finishing itself off;
i.e. proves its undoing; a verb in the present with
iam pridem is translated as perfect progressive
contrā: adv.
7 petam: fut.
ut…āvertam: (namely) that…; result, pres. subj.
8 tantisper…dum: so long…as; ‘so long while’
9 (in) mente
expers omnis cūrae: nom. modifying 1s subject
quae…posset: which would be able…; relative
clause of characteristic or relative of result
scrībentis: of (one)…; pres. pple, i.e. a historian
10 etsī nōn flectere ā vērō (posset): even if…
vērō: truth; substantive
efficere: make (x) (y); double. acc. (obj. pred.)
11 quae...trāduntur, ea: those things, which…are
handed down more suitable for (dat) than (dat)
ante…urbem: i.e. before the city was founded
or about to be founded; gerundive clarifies PPP
12 rērum gestārum: i.e. history; PPP gerō, ‘do’
P4.6-8 Preface

nec adfirmāre nec refellere in animō est. 7. datur haec venia 1

antīquitātī ut miscendō hūmāna dīvīnīs prīmōrdia urbium
augustiōra faciat; et sī cui populō licēre oportet cōnsecrāre orīginēs
suās et ad deōs referre auctōrēs, ea bellī glōria est populō Rōmānō
ut cum suum conditōrisque suī parentem Mārtem potissimum ferat, 5
tam et hoc gentēs hūmānae patiantur aequō animō quam imperium
patiuntur.
8. sed haec et hīs similia utcumque animadversa aut exīstimāta
erunt haud in magnō equidem pōnam discrīmine: 9. ad illa mihi prō
sē quisque ācriter intendat animum, quae vīta, quī mōrēs fuerint, 10
per quōs virōs quibusque artibus domī mīlitiaeque et partum et
auctum imperium sit; lābente deinde paulātim disciplīnā velut
ācriter: keenly, sharply; bitterlys, 1 licet, -ēre, -uit: it is allowed, permitted, 3
adfirmō (1): affirm, strengthen, confirm, 3 Mārs, Mārtis m.: Mars, 6
aequus, -a, -um: equal, fair, level, even, 3 misceō, -ēre, -uī, mīxtum: mix, mingle, 5
animadvertō, -ere, -tī, -versum: notice, 2 oportet, -uit: it is right, proper, fitting, 3
antīquitās, -tātis f.: antiquity, old times, 1 paulātim: little by little, 1
augustus, -a, -um: august, majestic, 4 potissimus, -a, -um: most of all; above all, 2
conditor, -tōris m.: founder, 5 prīmōrdium, -ī n.: (very) beginning, 2
cōnsecrō (1): consecrate, make sacred, 4 refellō, -ere, -ī: refute, prove false, 1
disciplīna, -ae f.: training, instruction, 4 referō, -ferre, -tulī: report, relate, 5
discrīmen, -nis n.: difference, distinction, 7 similis, -e: similar to, like (dat), 6
equidem: for my part; indeed, 1 utcumque: however, in whatever way, 2
existimō (1): judge, consider, think, 2 venia, -ae f.: mercy, indulgence, favor, 3
intendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum: stretch, direct, 2 vīta, -ae f.: life, 1
lābor, -ī, lapsum,: slip, glide, 2

1 in animō (meō) est: i.e. I intend to
haec venia: this indulgence
2 ut…faciat: (namely) that…; noun result clause
with pres. subj. in apposition to haec venia
miscendō hūmāna dīvīnīs: by…; abl. means
gerund (-ing) with two neut. substantives (add
‘affairs’): acc. obj. and abl. assocation (‘with...’)
3 faciat: governs a double acc. (obj. and pred.)
cui populō: for any…; interest; indef. adj. alicui
loses the preflix ali- before sī, nisi, num or nē
licēre: that it…; impersonal inf. after oportet
4 ad deōs…auctōrēs: to the gods as promoters
referre (orīginēs): attribute (the origins)
ea: such…; equiv. to talis
populō Rōmānō: dat. of possession or interest
5 ut…patiantur: that…; result, dep. subj. patior
cum…ferat: when…it reports; i.e. populus
suum (parentem) conditōrisque suī parentem
(esse) Mārtem potissimum: that Mars (is)…;
ind. disc.; add inf.
6 tam…aequō animō quam: with as calm a spirit
as…; abl. of manner; tam...quam are correlatives
168
(demonstrative and relative), and quam
introduces a clause of comparison
et hoc: this also; acc. obj.; i.e. Mars’ divine role
gentēs hūmānae: i.e. those under Roman rule
8 haec et hīs similia: these (things) and (those)…;
acc. neut. pl. substantives
utcumque…erunt: however they…; fut. sum
with two PPP as predicates; concessive clause
9 in magnō…discrīmine: of great importance
pōnam: 1s fut.
mihi: for me; dat. of interest or ethical dat.
prō sē quisque: each man for his part
10 intendat animum: let…; jussive pres. subj.;
animum here means ‘attention’
quae...quae…: what life (was) what customs…
ind. questions in apposition to illa; pf. subj. sum
11 quibus artibus: and by what…; ind. question
domī mīlitiaeque: at home and abroad; locative
et partum (sit) et auctum…sit: both…and…;
pf. pass. subj. pariō, augeō same ind. question
12 lābente…disciplīnā: abl. abs.
deinde...sequātur: then let...; following intendat
 Preface Pr.8-12

dēsidentēs prīmō mōrēs sequātur animō, deinde ut magis magisque 1

lapsī sint, tum īre coeperint praecipitēs, dōnec ad haec tempora
quibus nec vitia nostra nec remedia patī possumus perventum est.
10. hoc illud est praecipuē in cognitiōne rērum salūbre ac
frūgiferum. omnis tē exemplī documenta in inlūstrī posita 5
monumentō intuērī; inde tibi tuaeque reī pūblicae quod imitēre
capiās, inde foedum inceptū foedum exitū quod vītēs.
11. cēterum aut mē amor negōtiī susceptī fallit, aut nūlla unquam
rēs pūblica nec maior nec sānctior nec bonīs exemplīs dītior fuit,
nec in quam [cīvitātem] tam serae avāritia luxuriaque 10
immigrāverint, nec ubi tantus ac tam diū paupertātī ac parsimōniae
honos fuerit. 12. adeō quantō rērum minus, tantō minus cupiditātis
amor, -ōris m.: love, desire, passion, 5 intueor, -tuērī, -tuitus sum: look upon, 5
avāritia, -ae f.: greed, avarice, 2 lābor, -ī, lapsum,: slip, glide, 2
cēterum: but, in other respects; besides, 7 luxuria, -ae f.: (excessive) indulgence, 1
cognitiō, -tiōnis f.: inquiry, examination, 3 negōtium, iī n.: task, business, 4
cupiditās, -tātis f.: desire, ambition, 6 parsimonia, -ae f.: frugality, thrift, 1
dēsidō, -ere, disēdī: sink, subside, 1 paupertās, -tātis f.: poverty, 1
dītes (dīves), dititis: wealthy, rich, 2 praeceps, praecipitis: headlong, fast, 2
diū: a long time, long, 4 praecipuē; especially, 5
documentum, -ī n.: example, lesson, instruction, 3 remedium,-ī n.: remedy, 1
exeō, -īre, -iī, -itus: go out, end, 6 salūbris, -e: healthy, useful, 4
fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsum: deceive, cheat, 6 sānctus, -a, -um: sacred, holy, 4
frūgifer, -a, -um: fruit-bearing, productive, 1 serus, -a, -um: late, a late time, 2
imitor, -ārī, -ātum: imitate, 1 suscipiō, -ere, cēpī, ceptum: undertake, take up, 7
immigrō (1): travel in, move in, 1 unquam (umquam): ever, 3
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptum: begin, 2 vitium, -ī n.: vice, fault, 1
inlūstris, -e: illustrious, distinguished, 1 vitō (1): avoid, 1

1 velut dēsidentēs…mōrēs: as if…; conditional in inlūstrī…monumentō

clause of comparison with previous abl. abs.
primō: at first; abl. as adv. modifies dēsidentēs
(in) animō
deinde (sequātur): let him…; quisque subject
ut (mōrēs)…lāpsī sint: how…; ind. question
governed by sequātur; pf. dep. subj. lābor
2 coeperint: pf. subj., same ind. question
dōnec…perventum est: until they…; impers.
pf. pass.; translate in English in the active voice
ad: up to…, until…
3 quibus…possumus: in which; abl. time when
patī: dep. inf. patior
4 hoc illud est…frūgiferum: this is that…thing
in…; hoc points forward to the next sentence.
in cognitiōne rērum: i.e. study of history
5 omnis tē…intuērī: (namely) that you…; dep.
pres. inf.; all in apposition to hoc above; Livy
is addressing the reader in general
omnis…exemplī: gen. sg.
169
6 inde…capiās: from there you should pick out;
2s jussive subj. pres. subj. (or potential: ‘may...’)
tibi…pūblicae: for…; dat. of interest; rēs
pūblica, ‘government’ or ‘public state’
quod imitēr(is): (that) which…would; relative
clause of chararactistic; 2s pres. dep. subj.
7 inde…quod vitēs (capiās): (and) from there
(you should pick out)…; same as above
foedum inceptū (et) foedum exitū: foul in…
and foul in…; acc. in apposition to quod vitēs;
abl. of respect and supine (PPP + ū) for incipiō
and exeō; translate as gerunds (-ing) or infs.
8 bonīs exemplīs: in…; abl. respect
10 in quam...immigrāverint, ubi...fuerit: two
relative cl. of characteristic with pf. subj. sum
11 paupertātī ac parsimōniae: dat. of possession
12 quantō rērum minus, tantō: the less of riches,
the less of greed there was; ‘by how much..by so
much,’ abl. degree of difference; partitive gen.
Pr.12-13 Preface

erat: nūper dīvitiae avāritiam et abundantēs voluptātēs dēsīderium 1

per luxum atque libīdinem pereundī perdendīque omnia invēxēre.
sed querellae, nē tum quidem grātae futūrae cum forsitan
necessāriae erunt, ab initiō certē tantae ōrdiendae reī absint: 13.
cum bonīs potius ōminibus vōtīsque et precātiōnibus deōrum 5
deārumque, sī, ut poētīs, nōbīs quoque mōs esset, libentius
inciperēmus, ut orsīs tantum operis successūs prōsperōs darent.
abundō (1): overflow, 2 nūper: recently, lately, not long ago, 4
avāritia, -ae f.: greed, avarice, 2 ōmen, ōminis n.: omen, 3
dēsīderium, -iī n.: longing; grief (for a loss), 5 perdō, -ere, perdidī: lose, ruin, destroy, 2
dīvitiae, -ārum f.: riches, wealth, 4 pereō, -īre, periī: pass away, perish; be ruined, 4
forsitan: perhaps, 2 poēta, -ae m.: poet, 1
grātus, -a, -um: pleasing, grateful, 6 potius: rather, more, preferably, 5
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptum: begin, 2 precātiō, -tiōnis f.: prayer, entreaty, 1
invehō, -ere, -vexī, -vectum: convey, bring in, 5 prōsperus, -a, -um: favorable, successful, 2
libenter: willingly (comp. libentius), 1 querella, -ae f.: complaint, 3
libīdō, libidinis f.: lust, wanton desire, 4 successus, -ūs m.: outcome, result, 1
luxus, -ī m.: luxury, extravagance, splendor, 2 voluptās, -tātis f.: pleasure, 2
necessārius, -a, -um: necessary, inevitable, 2 vōtum, -ī n.: vow, prayer, 2

2 pereundī perdendīque omnia: for…; gen. sg.
gerund (-ing), pereō and perdō; objective gen.
following dēsīderium, obj. of main verb; while
‘for perishing’ is a possible translation for
pereundī, more likely it means ‘for ruining
oneself’ (middle voice) and therefore the two
gerunds have similar meaning but different
objects
invēxēr(unt): syncopated 3p pf.
3 nē…quidem…futūrae: not going to be pleasing 6 ut poētīs: just as for…; clause of comparison
even at that time…; nē…quidem here qualifies
the entire pple phrase
cum…erunt: when…; temporal clause; fut. sum
4 ab initiō…absint: let…; or ‘should…’ 3p
jussive subj. absum; querellae is the subject,
certē: at least; restrictive adv. modifiying initiō
tantae ōrdiendae reī: of…; noun + gerundive;
perform a gerund-gerundive flip and translate as
a gerund (-ing) + obj.; rēs means ‘subject’ or
‘matter’ here; to avoid an jarring pleonasm with
initiō, ‘beginning’ in English, ordior ‘begin’
may also be translated as ‘undertake’
5 cum bonīs potius…deārumque: preferably
with…; comparative adv., prepositional phrase
modifying inciperēmus
sī…mōs esset,...inciperēmus: if it were...; we
would…, pres. contrary to fact condition (sī
impf. subj., impf. subj.) with an impersonal
construction in the protasis
with a dat. of interest
nōbīs: dat. of interest nōs; i.e. historians
libentius: comparative adv.
7 ut…darent: so that they might…; purpose with
impf. subj.; the gods and goddesses above are
the subject
(nōbīs) orsīs: (to us)…; dat. ind. obj. nōs and
dep.PPP ordior (translate as ‘having Xed’)
tantum operis: acc. and partitive gen. opus

170
 Correlatives 171

Correlative Pronouns and Adjectives from Ab Urbe Condita Book I *

Demonstrative Relative Interrogative Indefinite
is, ea, id 322 quī 574* quis? aliquis 14
this, that who who? someone, anyone
quality 3 5*
tālis quālis quālis?
such which sort what sort?
42 12*
quantity tantus quantus quantus? aliquantus 5
so great as great as how great? some
tot 5 quot quot? aliquot 6
so many as many as how many? some, several
totiēns 2 quotiēns quotiēns? aliquotiēns 1
so many times as many times as how many times? several times

Correlative Adverbs from Ab Urbe Condita Book I *

Demonstrative Relative Interrogative Indefinite
place ibi 36 ubi 41 ubi? alicubi
there where where? somewhere
eō (eōdem) 10 quō 8 quō? aliquō 1 aliō 1
thither, to there whither, to where whither? to where? to somewhere
83 13
inde unde unde? alicunde
from there, then whence, from where whence? from where? from somewhere
77 209 3
time tum cum quando? aliquando 1
then when when? some time
tamdiū quam diū quam diū aliquamdiū 2
so long as long as how long? for some long time
manner eā 1 quā 3 quā? aliquā
place that way, there which way, where which way? where? in some way
degree tam 21 quam 20 quam? aliquam
so as (than) How? in some degree
*The relative and interrogative frequency count are tallied together in the relative column.

Prepositions in Book I prae: because of, for (acc.); before (abl.), 6

prō: before, in front of, for (abl), 20
ā, ab, abs (away) from, out of; by (abl), 153
propter: on account of, because of, 1
ad: to, toward; near (acc), 212
secundus, -a, -um: favorable; following (acc.), 10
adversus, -a, -um: opposite; against + acc., 17
sine: without (abl), 19
ante: before, in front of (acc); before, 27 sub: under, beneath (abl), 15
apud: among, in the presence of (acc), 18
super: over, above (acc.), 7
causā: for the sake of (gen), 5
supra: above (acc.), 1
citrā: this side of (acc), 1
contrā: against (acc); in reponse, 10 Common Correlatives in Book 1
cum: with (abl); (quom) when, since, although, 209
eā…quā: there…where
dē: down from, about, concerning (abl), 31 eō…quō: (to) there…(to) where
ē, ex: out from, from, out of (abl), 108 eō…quōd: because of this…because…
ergā: toward, for (acc), 3 hōc/eō…quō: the…the…(by this much…by as much)
extrā: outside; beyond, outside of (acc.), 3
ita/sīc…ut: thus/so…just as
in: in, on (abl) , into, against (acc.), 352
ita…quemadmodum: thus/so…in what manner
inter: between, among (acc), 51
tālis…quālis: such…as
intrā: within, among (acc), 3 tam…quam: as/so…as (just as)
ob: on account of (acc), 11 tantus…quantus: so (great/much)…as
per: through, over, across (acc), 49 tanto…quantō: the…the (by so much …by as much)
post: after, behind (acc); afterward, next, 18
172 Subjunctives in Ab Urbe Condita Book 1

Below is an appoximate count of how many times each construction is identified is the commentary. The actual
frequency may be higher since (a) multiple verbs in a series are identified as a single occurrence of a construction
and (b) a subordinate verb in an ind. clause includes subjunctive constructions that are not individually identified.
How to identify special translation example

1. Purpose, adverbial 67 ut/quō/nē + pres./impf. may/might ut Romulus mitteret

so that Romulus might send

Purpose, relative 14 quī, quae, quod + pres./impf. may/might quī mitteret

would who would send

2. Cum-Clauses 79 cum + subjunctive none Cum Romulus mitteret

When Romulus sent

3. Subordinate Verb quī, quae, quod in ind. none eōs, sī id mitteret, lēgere
in Ind. Clause 66 disc. or subjunctive clause that they read it, if he sent it

4. Indirect Question 52 interrogatives: e.g. quis, cūr none nōvit quōs Romulus mitteret
he learned whom Romulus sent

5. Result, adverbial 48 tam, tantus, sīc, ita + ut/ut nōn none ut Romulus mitteret
or noun clause any subj. tense that Romulus sent

Result, relative 1 tam, tantus, sīc, ita + quī none quī Romulus mitteret
any subj. tense that Romulus sent

6. Relative Clause of quī, quae, quod + subj. none/would quōs Romulus mitteret
Characteristic 41 the sort whom Romulus would send

7. Indirect Command 35 verb of commanding + ut/nē none persuāsit ut Romulus mitteret

he persuaded that Romulus send

8. Alleged/Reported 14 quod + subjunctive none quod mittat

Cause because/on the grounds that…

9. Jussive Subj.12 main verb (neg. nē) let/should Romulus mittat

often in 3s or 3p Let Romulus send…

10. Anticipated Action 11priusquam/antequam/dōnec none priusquam mittat…

+ subj. before he could send

11. Deliberative Subj.6 main verb (interrogative) is he/she to X Quid mittam?

or ind. deliberative question should they X What am I to send? What should…?

12. Optative Subj.5 often quod/ut + main verb Would that… Ut eōs mittat…
(subj. of wish) (neg. nē) May… May he see them…

13. Proviso Clause 1 dummodo/modo (nē) + pres. none dummodo mittat…

subj. provided that he send…

14. Past General 1 ubi/cum/ut/quandō + subj. none ubi mīsisset…

Temporal whenever he had sent…

15. Future Less Vivid 2 sī pres. subj., pres. subj. should/would sī sit, mittat
if he should be...he would send
16. Pres. Contrary to Fact 2 sī impf. subj., impf. subj. were/would sī esset, mitteret
if he were…he would send
17. Past Contrary to Fact 9 sī plpf. subj., plpf. subj. had/would have sī fuisset, mīsisset
(or mixed) if he had been…he would have
 Synopsis: First Conjugation 173

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum: to love

active translation passive translation
Indicative
Pres. amō amāmus I love amor amāmur I am (being) loved
amās amātis amāris amāminī
amat amant amātur amantur
Impf. amābam amābāmus I was loving amābar amābāmur I was (being) loved
amābās amābātis amābāris amābāminī
amābat amābant amābātur amābantur
Fut. amābō amābimus I will love amābor amābimur I will be loved
amābis amābitis amāberis amābiminī
amābit amābunt amābitur amābuntur
Perf. amāvī amāvimus I have loved amāta sum amātae sumus I have been loved
amāvistī amāvistis amāta es amātae estis was loved
amāvit amāvērunt amāta est amātae sunt
Plpf. amāveram amāverāmus I had loved amāta eram amātae erāmus I had been loved
amāverās amāverātis amāta erās amātae erātis
amāverat amāverant amāta erat amātae erant
Fut. Pf amāverō amāverimus I will have amāta erō amātae erimus I will have been
amāveris amāveritis loved amāta eris amātae eritis loved
amāverit amāverint amāta erit amātae erunt

Subjunctive
Pres. amem amēmus same as amer amēmur same as
amēs amētis indicative amēris amēminī indicative
amet ament ametur amentur
Impf. amārem amārēmus amārer amārēmur
amārēs amārētis amārēris amārēminī
amāret amārent amāretur amārentur
Perf. amāverim amāverīmus amāta sim amātae sīmus
amāverīs amāverītis amāta sīs amātae sītis
amāverit amāverint amāta sit amātae sint
Plpf. amāvissem amāvissēmus amāta essem amātae essēmus
amāvissēs amāvissētis amāta essēs amātae essētis
amāvisset amāvissent amāta esset amātae essent

Imperative
amā amāte love!

Participle
Pres. amāns (gen. amantis) loving
Perf. amātus, -a, -um having been loved
Fut. amātūrus, -a, -um going to love amandus, -a, -um going to be loved

Infinitive
Pres. amāre to love amārī to be love
Perf. amāvisse to have loved amātum esse to have been loved
Fut. amātūrum esse to be going to love
174 Synopsis: Second Conjugation

teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentum: to hold

active translation passive translation
Indicative
Pres. teneō tenēmus I hold teneor tenēmur I am (being) held
tenēs tenētis tenēris tenēminī
tenet tenent tenētur tenentur
Impf. tenēbam tenēbāmus I was holding tenēbar tenēbāmur I was (being) held
tenēbās tenēbātis tenēbāris tenēbāminī
tenēbat tenēbant tenēbātur tenēbantur
Fut. tenēbō tenēbimus I will hold tenēbor tenēbimur I will be held
tenēbis tenēbitis tenēberis tenēbiminī
tenēbit tenēbunt tenēbitur tenēbuntur
Perf. tenuī tenuimus I have held tenta sum tentae sumus I have been held
tenuistī tenuistis tenta es tentae estis was held
tenuit tenuērunt tenta est tentae sunt
Plpf. tenueram tenuerāmus I had held tenta eram tentae erāmus I had been held
tenuerās tenuerātis tenta erās tentae erātis
tenuerat tenuerant tenta erat tentae erant
Fut. Pf. tenuerō tenuerimus I will have held tenta erō tentae erimus I will have been held
tenueris tenueritis tenta eris tentae eritis
tenuerit tenuerint tenta erit tentae erunt

Subjunctive
Pres. teneam teneāmus same as tenear teneāmur same as indicative
teneās teneātis teneāris teneāminī
teneat teneant teneatur teneantur
Impf. tenērem tenērēmus tenērer tenērēmur
tenērēs tenērētis tenērēris tenērēminī
tenēret tenērent tenērētur tenērentur
Perf. tenuerim tenuerīmus tenta sim tentae sīmus
tenuerīs tenuerītis tenta sīs tentae sītis
tenuerit tenuerint tenta sit tentae sint
Plpf. tenuissem tenuissēmus tenta essem tentae essēmus
tenuissēs tenuissētis tenta essēs tentae essētis
tenuisset tenuissent tenta esset tentae essent

Imperative
tenē tenēte hold!

Participle
Pres. tenēns (gen. tenentis) holding
Perf. tentus, -a, -um having been held
Fut. tentūrus, -a, -um going to hold tenendus, -a, -um going to be held

Infinitive
Pres. tenēre to hold tenērī to be held
Perf. tenuisse to have held tentum esse to have been held
Fut. tentūrum esse to be going to hold
 Synopsis: Third Conjugation 175

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum: to lead

active translation passive translation
Indicative
Pres. dūcō dūcimus I lead dūcor dūcimur I am (being) led
dūcis dūcitis dūceris dūciminī
dūcit dūcunt dūcitur dūcuntur
Impf. dūcēbam dūcēbāmus I was leading dūcēbar dūcēbāmur I was (being) led
dūcēbās dūcēbātis dūcēbāris dūcēbāminī
dūcēbat dūcēbant dūcēbātur dūcēbantur
Fut. dūcam dūcēmus I will lead dūcar dūcēmur I will be led
dūcēs dūcētis dūcēris dūcēminī
dūcet dūcent dūcētur dūcentur
Perf. dūxī dūximus I have led ducta sum ductae sumus I have been led
dūxistī dūxistis ducta es ductae estis
dūxit dūxērunt ducta est ductae sunt
Plpf. dūxeram dūxerāmus I had led ducta eram ductae erāmus I had been led
dūxerās dūxerātis ducta erās ductae erātis
dūxerat dūxerant ducta erat ductae erant
Fut.. Pf. dūxerō dūxerimus I will have led ducta erō ductae erimus I will have been led
dūxeris dūxeritis ducta eris ductae eritis
dūxerit dūxerint ducta erit ductae erunt

Subjunctive
Pres. dūcam dūcāmus same as dūcar dūcāmur same as indicative
dūcās dūcātis indicative dūcāris dūcāminī
dūcat dūcant dūcātur dūcantur
Impf. dūcerem dūcerēmus dūcerer dūcerēmur
dūcerēs dūcerētis dūcerēris dūcerēminī
dūceret dūcerent dūcerētur dūcerentur
Perf. dūxerim dūxerīmus ducta sim ductae sīmus
dūxerīs dūxerītis ducta sīs ductae sītis
dūxerit dūxerint ducta sit ductae sint
Plpf. dūxissem dūxissēmus ducta essem ductae essēmus
dūxissēs dūxissētis ducta essēs ductae essētis
dūxisset dūxissent ducta esset ductae essent

Imperative
dūc(e) dūcite lead!

Participle
Pres. dūcēns (gen. dūcentis) leading
Perf. ductus, -a, -um having been led
Fut. ductūrus, -a, -um going to lead dūcendus, -a, -um going to be led

Infinitive
Pres. dūcere to lead dūcī to be led
Perf. dūxisse to have led ductum esse to have been led
Fut. ductūrum esse to be going to lead
176 Synopsis: Fourth Conjugation

sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītum: to know

active translation passive translation
Indicative
Pres. sciō scīmus I know scior scīmur I am (being) known
scīs scītis scīris scīminī
scit sciunt scītur sciuntur
Impf. sciēbam sciēbāmus I was knowing sciēbar sciēbāmur I was (being) known
sciēbās sciēbātis sciēbāris sciēbāminī
sciēbat sciēbant sciēbātur sciēbantur
Fut. sciam sciēmus I will know sciar sciēmur I will be known
sciēs sciētis sciēris sciēminī
sciet scient sciētur scientur
Perf. scīvi scīvimus I have known scīta sum scītae sumus I have been known
scīvistī scīvistis scīta es scītae estis
scīvit scīvērunt scīta est scītae sunt
Plpf. scīveram scīverāmus I had known scīta eram scītae erāmus I had been known
scīverās scīverātis scīta erās scītae erātis
scīverat scīverant scīta erat scītae erant
Fut. Pf. scīverō scīverimus I will have scīta erō scītae erimus I will have been
scīveris scīveritis known scīta eris scītae eritis known
scīverit scīverint scīta erit scītae erunt

Subjunctive
Pres. sciam sciāmus same as sciar sciāmur same as indicative
sciās sciātis indicative sciāris sciāminī
sciat sciant sciātur sciantur
Impf. scīrem scīrēmus scīrer scīrēmur
scīrēs scīrētis scīrēris scīrēminī
scīret scīrent scīrētur scīrentur
Perf. scīverim scīverīmus scīta sim scītae sīmus
scīverīs scīverītis scīta sīs scītae sītis
scīverit scīverint scīta sit scītae sint
Plpf. scīvissem scīvissēmus scīta essem scītae essēmus
scīvissēs scīvissētis scīta essēs scītae essētis
scīvisset scīvissent scīta esset scītae essent

Imperative
scī scīte know!

Participle
Pres. sciēns (gen. scientis) knowing
Perf. scītus, -a, -um having been known
Fut. scītūrus, -a, -um going to know sciendus, -a, -um going to be known

Infinitive
Pres. scīre to know scīrī to be known
Perf. scīvisse to have known scītum esse to have been known
Fut. scītūrum esse to be going to know
 Irregular Synopses 177

sum, esse, fuī, futūrum: to be eō, īre, iī, itūrum : to go

translation translation
Indicative
Pres. sum sumus I am eō īmus I go
es estis īs ītis
est sunt it eunt
Impf. eram erāmus I was ībam ībāmus I was going
erās erātis ībās ībātis
erat erant ībat ībant
Fut. erō erimus I will be ībō ībimus I will go
eris eritis ībis ībitis
erit erunt ībit ībunt
Perf. fuī fuimus I have been, iī iimus I have gone,
fuistī fuistis I was īstī īstis went
fuit fuērunt iit iērunt
Plpf. fueram fuerāmus I had been ieram ierāmus I had gone
fuerās fuerātis ierās ierātis
fuerat fuerant ierat ierant
Fut. Pf. fuerō fuerimus I will have been ierō ierimus I will have gone
fueris fueritis ieris ieritis
fuerit fuerint ierit ierint

Subjunctive
Pres. sim sīmus same as eam eāmus same as
sīs sītis indicative eās eātis indicative
sit sint eat eant
Impf. essem essēmus īrem īrēmus
essēs essētis īrēs īrētis
esset essent īret īrent
Perf. fuerim fuerīmus ierim ierimus
fuerīs fuerītis ieris ieritis
fuerit fuerint ierit ierunt
Plpf. fuissem fuissēmus īssem īssēmus
fuissēs fuissētis īssēs īssētis
fuisset fuissent īsset īssent
Imperative
xxx ī īte

Participle
Pres. iēns (euntis) going
Perf. ---
Fut. itūrus, -a, -um going to go

Infinitive
Pres. esse to be īre to go
Perf. fuisse to have been īsse to have gone
Fut. futūrum esse (fore) to be going to be ītūrum esse to be going to go
178
Ab Urbe Condita Book 1: Alphabetized Vocabulary
The following five pages includes all 425 words in the Book 1 that occur eight or more times arranged in an
alphabetized list. The number at the end of each dictionary entry is the frequency of the word in the speech. If
there is no number at the end of the entry, the word occurs only once in the work.
ā, ab, abs: from, away from, by (abl), 153
abeō, -īre, -iī, -itus: go away, depart, 12
absum, -esse, āfuī: be away, be absent, 8
ac: and, 84
acciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: rouse to, summon, 8
accipiō, -ere -cēpī -ceptum: receive, 19
aciēs, -ēī f.: battle line, army, 19
ad: to, toward; near; for; in regard to (acc.), 212
addō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: bring to, add, 21
adeō: so, to such a degree, to such an extent, 8
adiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: add, throw to, 8
adimō, -ere, -ēmī, -ēmptum: take (away), 8
adversus, -a, -um: opposite; against (acc), 16
Aenēās, -ae m.: Aeneas, 17
aetās, aetātis f.: age, lifetime, generation, time, 22
ager, agrī m.: land, field, territory, 27
agō, -ere, ēgī, āctum: drive, lead, spend, 43
Alba Longa, -ae f.: Alba Longa (town), 15
Albānus -a -um: Alban, of Alba, 59
aliēnus, -a, -um: of another, foreign, 11
aliquis, aliquid (adj. -quī, -qua, -quod): someone,
something, anyone, anything; adj. some, any, 14
alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 75
alter, -era, -erum: other (of two); one…another, 18
Ancus, -ī m.: Ancus, 15
animus, -ī m.: spirit, soul, mind; passion, anger, 79
annus, -ī m.: year, 24
ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 27
aperiō, -īre, -uī, -ertum: open, disclose, 10
appellō (1): call (by name), name, 32
apud: among, in the house/presence of (acc), 18
aqua, -ae f.: water, 10
arma, -ōrum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 24
armō (1): arm, equip, 37
ars, artis f.: skill, craft, art, 13
arx, arcis m.: citadel, hilltop, 16
atque: and, 43
auctor, -is m.: author, originator, promoter, 25
audeō, -ēre, ausum sum: dare, venture, 11
audiō, -īre, -īvī, audītum: hear, listen to, 25
augeō, -ēre, -xī, -ctum: increase, enrich, 18
augurium, -ī n.: augury, divination, 9
aut: or; aut...aut, either…or, 37
āvertō, -ere, -vertī: turn aside or away, 11
avis, avis f.: bird, 9
bellum, -ī, n.: war, 98
bonus, -a, -um: good, kind, noble, 13
bōs, bovis m/f: cow, ox, bull, cattle, 10
Brūtus, -ī m.: Brutus, 13
cadō, -ere, cecidī, cāsum: fall, 8
caedēs, -is f.: murder, killing, 15
caelestis, -e: celestial, of the gods; the gods, 11
capiō, -ere, cēpī, captum: take, seize, 32
caput, capitis, n.: head; life, 23
castra, -ōrum n.: camp, 18
causa, -ae f.: reason; causā for the sake of, 18
cēnsus, -ūs m.: census, registration, 10
centum: hundred, 9
centuria, -ae f.: century (unit), 21
certāmen, -minis n.: contest, rivalry, combat 12
certus, -a, -um: decided, fixed; sure, reliable, 15
cēterī, -ae, -a: the other, remaining, 21
circā: about, around, 19
cīvis, -is m/f: citizen, 15
cīvitās. cīvitātis f.: city-state, state, city, 35
clāmor, -is f.: shout, cry, 9
classis, -is f.: fleet, 11
coepī, coepisse, coeptum: begin, 10
Collātīnus, -ī m.: Collatinus (name), 7
collis, -is m.: hill, 8
commūnis, -e: common, 9
concilium, -iī n.: meeting, council, 12
condō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: found, establish, 20
cōnsilium, -iī n.: plan, advice; council, 29
cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, consultum: consult, 9
contrā: against (acc); in response, opposite, 10
 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary
conveniō -īre -vēnī -ventum: come together, 11
corpus, corporis, n.: body, 23
crēdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: believe, trust, 28
creō (1): create, appoint, 19
crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētum: grow, 14
cum: with (abl); when, since, although, 209
cūra, -ae f.: care, concern, worry, 9
cūria, ae f.: curia (district); senate house, 15
Cūriātius, -ī m.: Curiatius, 9
dē: down from, about, concerning (abl), 31
decus, decōris n.: distinction, honor, adornment, 7
dedō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: give up, dedicate, 9
deinde: then, thereupon, 49
deus, -ī m.: god, 54
dexter, -ra, -rum: right (hand); skilful, 11
Diāna, -ae f.: Diana, 8
dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus: say, speak, tell, 36
diēs, -ēī m./f.: day, time, 27
dīvidō, -ere, -vīsī, -vīsum: divide, 8
dīvīnus, -a, -um: divine, 11
dō, dare, dedī, datum: give, put; grant (+ inf), 67
domus, -ī f.: house, home; domī, at home, 35
dōnec: until, 10
dubius, -a, -um: doubtful, uncertain, unsure, 9
dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductus: lead, draw, 13
duo, duae, duo: two, 35
dux, ducis m/f.: leader, guide, chieftain, 22
ē, ex: out from, from, out of; as a result of (abl), 108
ēdūcō (1): bring up, rear, train, 8
ego, meī, mihi, mē, mē: I, 34
enim: for, indeed, in truth, 27
eō, īre, iī, itūrum: go, 18
eques, equitis m.: horseman, equestrian, 17
equus, -ī m.: horse, 11
et: and, also, even, 280
etiam: also, even, 37
Etrūscus, -a, -um: Etruscan, 16
exciō, -īre, -ivī, -itum: rouse, draw out, 9
exemplum, -ī n.: example, 8
exercitus, -ūs m.: army, 37
facilis, -e: easy, 9
faciō, -ere, fēcī, factum: make, do, 120
fāma, -ae f.: report, rumor, reputation, 13
fānum, -ī n.: shrine, 8
179
ferō, -re, tulī, lātum: carry, bear, endure, 48
ferōx, -ōcis: fierce, savage, 19
ferrum, -ī n.: iron; sword, 8
Fīdēnātēs, -ium m.: people of Fidenae, 10
fidēs, eī f.: faith, trust, confidence; pledge, 19
fīlia, -iae f.: daughter, 11
fīlius, -iī m.: son, 26
fīnis, -is m./f.: end; border, territory, 15
fīnitimus -a -um: neighboring, bordering, 9
fiō, fierī, factum: become, be made, 29
flūmen, -inis n.: river, 8
foedus, -eris n.: treaty, alliance, 26
fors, fortis: chance; forte, by chance, 18
fortūna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 18
frāter, -tris m.: brother, 17
fuga, -ae f.: flight, retreat, 16
fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsum: spread out, pour, 11
Gabiī, -ōrum m.: Gabii (town), 8
gēns, gentis f.: clan, family; race, people, 22
genus, -eris n.: race, class, family; birth, 10
gerō, -ere, gessī, gestus: carry on, wage, 19
gladius, -ī m.: sword, 11
glōria, -ae f.: glory, 8
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum: have, hold; consider, 29
habitō (1): inhabit, dwell, live, 9
haud: by no means, not at all, 43
hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 139
hinc: from here, hence, 8
homō, -inis m/f: person, people, human, 25
honor (honos), -ōris m.: honor; offering, 11
Horātius, -ī m.: Horatius, 10
hostis, -is m./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 43
hūmānus, -a, -um: human, humane, 14
iam: now, already, soon, 55
ibi: there, in that place; then, 36
iciō, -ere, icī, ictum: strike, hit, 11
īdem, eadem, idem: same, 31
igitur: therefore, then, accordingly, 10
ille, illa, illud: that, those, 61
imperium, -iī n.: power, command, 48
imperō (1): order, command, 8
impetus, -ūs m.: attack, assault, 13
impleō, -ēre, -ēvī, implētum: fill, fill up, 8
in: in, on (abl) , into, against (acc), 352
180 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary
inclīnō (1): incline, lean, bend, turn, 10
inde: from there, then, afterward, 83
indīcō, -ere, -dīxī: inform, declare, appoint, 16
inferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: bring in, wage, 9
īnfēstus, -a, -um: hostile, insecure, 9
īnfimus, -a, -um: lowest; bottom of, 9
ingenium, -ī n.: character, talent, 16
ingēns, ingentis: huge, immense, 11
initium, -ī n.: beginning, entrance, 8
iniūria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 10
inquam, inquis, inquit: say (direct speech), 29
īnsignis, -e: distinguished, noted; insigne badge, 9
īnstituō, -ere, -ī, -tum: set up, establish, 16
īnstruō, -ere, -xī, -ctum: set up, arrange, 9
inter: between, among (acc), 51
interficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: kill, 8
inveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum: find, 8
ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 81
īra, īrae f.: anger; passion, 15
is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 332
ita: so, thus, 61
itaque: and so, 18
iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussum: order, bid, 34
iungō, -ere, iunxī, -iunctum: join, 11
Iuppiter, Iovis, Iovī, Iovem, Iove m.: Jupiter, 23
iūs, iūris n.: justice, law, right; oath; court, trial, 31
iuvenis, -is m.: youth, young man, 30
L.: Lucius, 11
Latīnus, -a, -um: Latin; King Latinus, 55
Lāvīnium, -ī n.: Lavinium (town), 8
lēgātus, -ī m.: legate, ambassador, envoy, 10
legō, -ere, lēgī, lectum: choose, select; read, 16
lēx, lēgis f.: law; term, condition, regulation, 13
līber, lībera, līberum: free, 9
līberī, -ōrum n.: children, 13
līctor, līctōris m.: lictor (bodyguard), 9
locus -ī m. (pl. loca): place; pl. region, 55
longē: far, by far, far and wide, 10
Lucrētia, -iae f.: Lucretia, 12
magis: more, rather, 28
magnitūdo, -tūdinis f.: size, greatness, 9
magnus, -a, -um: great, large; important, 31
maior, maius: greater, larger; older, 14
malus, -a, -um: bad, wicked, evil, 14
maneō, -ēre, mānsī: stay, wait, wait for, 12
manus, -ūs f.: hand; band, group, 21
mare, maris n.: sea, 8
māter, matris f.: mother, 10
maximus, -a, -um: greatest; adv. especially, 32
medius, -a, -um: middle of, 14
Mettius, -ī m.: Mettius, 16
metus, -ūs f.: dread, fear, 14
meus, -a, -um: my, mine, 12
mīlitia, -ae f.: military service, 8
mīlle (pl. mīlia): thousand, 13
minor, minus: smaller, less, 27
mīrāculum, -ī n.: marvel, wonder, 10
mīror, -ārī, -ātum: wonder, be amazed/surprised, 8
mittō, -ere, mīsī, missum: send, let go, 23
modus, -ī m.: way, manner; modo, only, 21
moenia, -ōrum n.: city-walls, 10
mons, montis m.: mountain, 14
monumentum, -ī n.: monument, memorial, 8
mors, mortis, f.: death, 16
mōs, mōris m.: custom, habit; morals, character, 13
moveō, -ēre, -vī, mōtum: move, set in motion, 16
muliebris, -e: womanly, of a woman, 10
mulier, -is f.: woman, 12
multitūdō, -tūdinis f.: population, multitude, 27
multus, -a, -um: much, many, 24
mūrus, -ī m.: wall, rampart, 10
nam: for, 13
nāscor, nascī, nātum: be born, 21
nē: lest, that not, so that not, 43
nec: and not, neither…nor, 87
neque: and not; neither…nor, 24
nihil: nothing; adv. not at all, 18
nōmen, nōminis, n.: name, 44
nōn: not, 87
nōs, nostrī, nōbīs, nōs, nōbīs: we, us, 8
noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 9
novus, -a, -um: new, recent, strange, 31
nūllus, -a, -um: none, no, not any, 17
Numa, -ae m.: Numa Pompilius, 23
numerus, -ī m.: number; group, 16
Numitor, -ōris m.: Numitor, 8
nunc: now, 20
nūntiō (1): announce, report, 12
 Alphabetized Vocabulary
nūntius, -iī m.: messenger, 11
ob: on account of, because of (acc), 11
occupō (1): seize, occupy, 8
omnis, omne: every, all, 107
oppidum, -ī n.: town, 8
ops, opis f.: power, help; pl. resources, wealth, 22
opus, -eris n.: work, project; opus est, is a need, 24
ordior, -īrī, -sum: begin, undertake, 8
ōrdō, -inis m.: order, rank, line, 11
orīgō, orīginis f.: origin, 10
orior, orīrī, ortum: arise, spring up, 19
Palātinum, -iī n.: Palatine hill, 9
pār, paris: equal, 9
parēns, -entis m.: parent, ancestor, 17
pariō, -ere, peperī, partum: bring forth, produce, 8
parō (1): prepare, make ready, 17
pars, partis, f.: part; direction, side, 27
parvus, -a, -um: small, little, 8
pāstor, -is m.: shepherd, 9
pater, patris, m.: father; senator, 87
patior, -ī, passum: suffer, endure; allow, 11
patria, -ae f.: fatherland, country, 15
pavor, -is m.: panic, terror, 10
pāx, pācis f.: peace, 36
pellō, -ere, pepulī, pulsum: drive, beat, 8
per: through, over, across, 49
peragō, -ere, -ēgī: carry/drive through, continue, 8
peregrīnus, -ī m.: foreigner, stranger, 11
perveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum: arrive, come to, 10
petō, -ere, -īvī, petītum: seek, head for; attack, 17
plēbs, plēbis, f.: plebs, masses, 17
plūs, plūris: more, many, 12
pōnō, -ere, posuī, positum: put, place, 13
populus, -ī m.: people; population, 89
porta, -ae f.: gate, 13
possum, posse, potuī: be able, can; be powerful, 60
post: after, behind (acc); adv. afterward, next, 18
posterus, -a, -um: following, next; posterity, 13
postquam: after, when; after that, 12
praeda, -ae f.: plunder (=cattle), spoils, 18
praesidium, -iī n.: protection, garrison, 11
prīmōrēs, -um m.: first ranks, leaders, 16
prīmus -a -um: first, foremost; early, 56
prīnceps, -cipis m.: leader; foremost, leading, 9
181
prior, prius: before, earlier, 25
priscus, -a, -um: ancient; Tarquinius Priscus, 17
prīvātus, -a, -um: private, 8
prō: before; for, in proportion to, in place of, 20
prōdigium, -ī n.: prodigy, omen, 13
proelium, -iī n.: battle, 10
proficīscor, -ī, profectum: set out, 10
prope: near, close; adv. nearly, 17
proximus, -a, -um: nearest, next, 13
pūblicus, -a, -um: public, of the people, 34
puer, -ī, m.: boy, 12
pugna, -ae f.: fight, 19
quaerō, -ere, -sīvī, -sītum: seek, ask, 13
quamquam: although, 9
quantus, -a, -um: how great/much, as great as, 12
que: and, 420
quī, quae, quod (quis quid): who, which, 574
quia: because, seeing that, 31
quīcumque, quae-, quod-: whosoever, which- 11
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam: certain, some, 15
quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly; for one’s part, 25
quīn: why not?; that, but that, 8
quippe: certainly, of course, obviously, 8
Quirītēs, -ium m.: Quirites (Romans), 11
quisquam, quicquam (quidquam): anyone,
anything, someone, something, 17
quoque: also, 46
rapiō, -ere, -uī, raptum: snatch, kidnap, 14
reddō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: give back, render, 8
redeō, -īre, -īvī: go/come back, return, 21
rēgia, -ae f.: palace, royal house, 25
regiō, -ōnis f.: region, district, 9
rēgius, -a, -um: regal, of the king/queen, 10
rēgnō (1): rule, reign, 33
rēgnum, -ī n.: kingdom, kingship, 59
relinquō, -ere, -uī, -lictum: leave behind, 19
Remus, -ī m.: Remus, 10
reor, -ī, ratus: think, reckon; ratify, confirm, 26
repetō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum: seek again or back, 15
rēs, reī, f.: matter, situation; restitution; state, 140
rēx, rēgis m.: king, 148
Rōma, -ae f.: Rome, 51
Rōmānus, -a, -um: Roman, 129
Rōmulus, -ī m.: Romulus, 43
182 Alphabetized Vocabulary
Sabīnus, -a, -um: Sabine, 45
sacer, -cra, -crum: sacred; sacra, sacred rites, 21
sacerdōs, -dōtis m/f: priest, priestess, 8
satis: enough, sufficiently, 19
scelus, sceleris n.: wickedness, crime, 14
sciō, -īre, -īvī. -ītus: know, 16
sē: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 126
secundus, -a, -um: favorable; following (acc.), 10
sed: but, moreover, however, 56
sēdes, sēdis f.: seat; abode, home, 16
semper: always, forever, 9
sequor, -ī, secūtum: follow, pursue; attend, 21
Servius, -ī m.: Servius, 21
servus, -ī, m.: slave, 9
seu (sīve): or if; whether…or, 14
Sex.: Sextus, 8
sī: if, whether, 55
sīc: thus, in this way, 11
signum, -ī n.: sign, signal; military-standard, 10
simul: at the same time (as), 14
sine: without (abl), 19
singulī, -ae, -a: one by one, individual, 13
sinō, -ere, sīvī, situm: let, permit; lay, 9
sollemnis, -e: regular; sacrifice, sollemn rite, 13
sōlus, -a, -um: only, alone, sole, 19
species, -ēi f.: sight, look, appearance, 11
spectāculum, -ī n.: spectacle; spectator’s seat, 9
spēs, -eī f.: hope, expectation, 23
spolium, -iī n.: spoils, loot, booty, 8
statuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus: establish, set up; decide, 8
stirps, stirpis f.: offspring; roots, lineage, 15
sub: under, beneath (abl), 15
sum, esse, fuī, futūrum: to be, 583
summus, -a, -um: highest, top of; subst. sum, 16
suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their (own), 82
tam: so, so much, so very, 21
tamen: nevertheless, however, 36
tantus, -a, -um: so great/many/much; adv. only, 42
Tarquinius, -ī m.: Tarquinius, 66
Tatius, -ī m.: Tatius, 12
templum, -ī n.: temple, 21
tempus, -poris n.: time, 21
teneō, -ēre, -uī, tentum: hold, keep, 19
terra, -ae f.: land, earth, ground, 18
terror, terrōris m.: terror, fright, 8
Tiberis, -is m.: Tiber, 12
tōtus, -a, -um: whole, entire, 12
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditum: hand over, say, 18
trānseō, -īre, -iī, itus: go across or over, cross, 8
trēs, tria: three, 12
Troiānī, -ōrum m.: Trojans, 11
tū, tuī, tibi, tē, tē: you, 33
Tullus, -ī m.: Tullus, 39
tum: then, at that time, 77
tumultus, -ūs m.: tumult, uproar, confusion, 9
Turnus, -ī m.: Turnus, 13
tuus, -a, -um: your, yours, 14
ubi: where, when, 41
ultimus, -a, -um: farthest, last, 12
unde: from where, whence, 13
ūnus, -a, -um: one, single, 34
urbs, urbis, f.: city, 87
ut (utī): as, when (ind); that, so that, 190
uterque utra- utrum-: each (of two), both, 13
utrimque: on both sides, 10
uxor, uxōris f.: wife, 9
ve: or, either…or, 9
Vēiēns, -entis m.: Veientii (people), 12
vel: or, either…or, 8
velut (velutī): just as, as if, as, 20
veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventus: come, 38
verbum, -ī n.: word, speech, 12
vertō, -ere, -tī, versum: turn, change, 16
vērus, -a, -um: true, real; vērō, actually, indeed, 11
vetus, veteris: old, experienced, ancient, 11
victor, -ōris m.: conquerer, vanquisher, 8
victōria, -ae f.: victory, 9
videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsum: see; videor, seem, 61
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victum: conquer, beat, 13
vir, virī m.: man; husband, 42
virtūs, -ūtis f.: valor, manliness, virtue, 9
vīs, vīs, f.: force, power; pl. vīrēs, strength, 52
vocō (1): call, name; invite, summon, 22
volō, velle, voluī: will, wish, be willing, 17
vōs, vestrī, vōbīs, vōs, vōbis: you (all), 15
vōx, vōcis, f.: voice, utterance, word, 19
vulnus (volnus), -eris n.: wound, blow, 9