CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PERSAMAAN KIMIA

1 Two types of equation / Dua jenis persamaan:

• Equation in words / Persamaan perkataan
– using names of reactants and products / menggunakan nama bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas;
• Equation using symbols / Persamaan menggunakan simbol
– reactants and products are represented by chemical formulae and have certain meanings
menggunakan formula kimia untuk mewakili bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas serta menggunakan pelbagai jenis simbol yang
membawa makna tertentu.

Symbol / Simbol Meaning / Maksud Symbol / Simbol Meaning / Maksud

Separating 2 reactants / products (g) Gaseous state

+
Mengasingkan 2 bahan / hasil (g) Keadaan gas

Produces (aq) Aqueous state

Menghasilkan (ak) Keadaan akueus

 Reversible reaction Gas released

Tindak balas berbalik Gas terbebas

(s) Solid state Precipitation

(p) Keadaan pepejal Bahan termendap

(l) Liquid state Heating / Heat energy is given

∆
(ce) Keadaan cecair Pemanasan / Haba dibekalkan

2 Information obtained from chemical equation using symbols / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada persamaan kimia bersimbol:
(a) Qualitative aspect / Aspek kualitatif : type of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction and the state
of each reactant and product.
jenis bahan / hasil tindak balas yang terlibat dalam tindak balas dan keadaan fizikal bagi
setiap bahan / hasil tindak balas.
(b) Quantitative aspect / Aspek kuantitatif : number of moles of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction
that is the coeffficients involved in a balanced equation of the formulae of
reactants and products.
bilangan mol yang bertindak balas dan hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk iaitu pekali bagi
setiap formula bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
Example / Contoh:
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Zn (p) + 2HCl (ak) ZnCl2 (ak) + H2 (g)
1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 1 mol

Interpretation / Tafsiran: 1 mol of zinc reacts with 2 mol of hydrochloric acid to produce 1 mol of zinc chloride and
1 mol of hydrogen.
1 mol zink bertindak balas dengan 2 mol asid hidroklorik menghasilkan 1 mol zink klorida dan 1 mol hidrogen.

3 Writing balanced chemical equations / Menulis persamaan kimia seimbang:

Step 1 / Langkah 1 : Write the correct chemical formulae for each reactant and product.
Tulis formula kimia bagi setiap bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
Step 2 / Langkah 2 : Detemine the number of atoms for each element / Tentukan bilangan atom setiap unsur.
Step 3 / Langkah 3 : Balance the number of atoms for each element by adjusting the coefficients in front of the chemical
formulae.
Imbangkan bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dengan menambahkan pekali di hadapan setiap formula kimia.
 EXERCISE / LATIHAN

Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions:

Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut:

1 Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide / Zink karbonat Zink oksida + Karbon dioksida

2 Sulphuric acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulphate + Water / Asid sulfurik + Natrium hidroksida Natrium sulfat + Air

3 Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride Silver chloride + Sodium nitrate

Argentum nitrat + Natrium klorida Argentum klorida + Natrium nitrat

4 Copper(II) oxide + Hydrochloric acid Copper(II) chloride + Water

Kuprum(II) oksida + Asid hidroklorik Kuprum(II) klorida + Air

5 Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide / Magnesium + Oksigen Magnesium oksida

6 Sodium + Water Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen / Natrium + Air Natrium hidroksida + Hidrogen

7 Potassium oxide + Water Potassium hydroxide / Kalium oksida + Air Kalium hidroksida

8 Zinc oxide + Nitric acid Zinc nitrate + Water / Zink oksida + Asid nitrik Zink nitrat + Air

9 Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

Plumbum(II) nitrat Plumbum (II) oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen

10 Aluminium nitrate Aluminium oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

Aluminium nitrat Aluminium oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen
 EXERCISE / LATIHAN

Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions:

Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut:

1 Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide / Zink karbonat Zink oksida + Karbon dioksida
ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2

2 Sulphuric acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulphate + Water / Asid sulfurik + Natrium hidroksida Natrium sulfat + Air
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

3 Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride Silver chloride + Sodium nitrate

Argentum nitrat + Natrium klorida Argentum klorida + Natrium nitrat
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3

4 Copper(II) oxide + Hydrochloric acid Copper(II) chloride + Water

Kuprum(II) oksida + Asid hidroklorik Kuprum(II) klorida + Air
CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O

5 Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide / Magnesium + Oksigen Magnesium oksida

2Mg + O2 2MgO

6 Sodium + Water Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen / Natrium + Air Natrium hidroksida + Hidrogen
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

7 Potassium oxide + Water Potassium hydroxide / Kalium oksida + Air Kalium hidroksida
K 2O + H 2O 2KOH

8 Zinc oxide + Nitric acid Zinc nitrate + Water / Zink oksida + Asid nitrik Zink nitrat + Air
ZnO + 2HNO3 Zn(NO3 )2 + H2O

9 Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

Plumbum(II) nitrat Plumbum (II) oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen
2Pb(NO3 )2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

10 Aluminium nitrate Aluminium oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

Aluminium nitrat Aluminium oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen
4Al(NO3 )3 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2