SUMMARY

The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate and study the performance of the
shell and tube heat exchanger at various operating conditions and also to determine
the heat load, log mean temperature difference (LMTD), overall heat transfer
coefficient U. Heat exchanger is a device that are design to transfer or exchange heat
from one matter to another in efficiently. Heat exchangers can be in cross-flow,
parallel-flow or countercurrent. Cross flow is the flow where the cold and the hot
fluid flow axis is at an angle to each other. By conducting this experiment, it can be
summarized that the temperature increases when the cold fluid came out from the
shell tube exchanger while the temperature of hot fluid will decreases as the heat
𝑄𝑐
transfer from hot fluid to the cold fluid. Based on the result, the value of for Run 1
𝑄ℎ

was 0.958, Run 2 was 0.789, Run 3 was 1.158 and for Run4 was 0.978. This result
𝑄𝑐
shown that the value of for run 2 was the most nearest to 0.1,thus run 2 was the
𝑄ℎ

most effective conditions and was selected while run 1, run 3 and run 4 were not
selected. After compute the selected set, the result was 140825.797. in conclusion,
shell and tube heat exchanger follows the basic law of Thermodynamics and all the
aims in this experiment had been achieved
OBJECTIVES

• To evaluate and study the performance of the shell and tube heat exchanger at
various operating conditions.

• To determine the heat load, log mean temperature difference (LMTD), overall heat
transfer coefficient U.
PROCEDURE

To start the run, the hot water tank T1 is filled with water up to its overflow drain
pipe level then shut HW discharge valve but open the manual by-pass valve BVH and
started pump PH for HW to circulate around tank T1 via only BVH. After that, started
the heaters and noted the rise in temperature at tank T1. When the BVH fully shut,
the HW flowrate to about 10 USGPM was adjusted by regulating its manual discharge
valve HV. For cold water, switched on both CW pumps which is PC1 and PC2 and
the BVC1 and CV is fully shut . The CW flowrate to about 6 USGPM is quickly
adjusted.

When started run 1 , to take the reading we refer to data sheet section. The
pressure drop in the shell was measured by switch the DP selector to the DP (shell)
position. The reading is taken when the reading is steady. After taking the DP (shell)
reading switched the DP selector switch to the equalizing. So for pressure drop in the
tube side, we measured by switched the DP selector to the DP(tube) position and then
repeated the same procedure as measuring shell side pressure drop. For flowrates and
temperatures reading, take the first set then the reading for CW is taken at TI3 and TI4.
while for HW is taken at TI1 and TI2 . Last for pressure reading, we take the pressure
at the pressure gauges PG-C and PG-H. after that we continue and take set 2 and set 3
of the above reading.

To end the run, stop all the CW pumps at PC1 and PC2. After that keep the
heaters ON for the next run. When the HW pump PH is still running, shut fully the
disharge valve HV but fully opened the by-pass valve BVH. Make sure that, hot water
at tank 1 is filled with water up to its overflow drainpipe level. Lastly, switch the DP
selector to Equalizing position.

CONCLUSION

Based on the experiment, the main objective is to evaluate and study the
performance of the shell and tube heat exchanger at various operating conditions and
to determine the heat load, log mean temperature difference (LMTD) and overall heat
transfer coefficient U. In this shell and tube heat exchanger, the fluids flow in counter-
current flow which results in faster heat exchange. The experiment shows that the
flow rate of one of the stream is directly proportional to the rate of heat transfer since
the rate of heat transfer is increases as the flow rate of fluid increases. The basic
theory in this experiment is QH=QC, which the amount of heat release by hot water is
equal to the amount of heat absorb by cold water. However, the results is different
than the basic theory where the amount of heat release by hot water is not equal to the
amount of heat absorb by cold water, QH ≠ QC. This is due to some errors during
conducting this experiment which are the presence of bubbles in tube where the hot
water flows. The presence of these bubbles can cause corrosion and disturb the
process of heat transfer. Although the results are not following the basic theory, this
experiment can be said as successful because objectives of this experiment were
already achieved.

RECOMMENDATION

There are a few recommendations and precautions that need to be taken during
conducting this experiment in order to get an accurate value and success results. Make
sure that the equipment is in good condition so that the flow of the experiment does
not disturb by the inconstant data. To ensure the data obtained is accurate, make sure
there is no air bubbles in the tube during experiment. The readings of FT1, FT2,
DPT1, and DPT2 must be taken when the system is stabilized and reach its steady
state to get good results in calculations. The eye must be perpendicular to the reading
scale of volumetric flowrates of hot and cold water to avoid parallax error during
changing this flowrates. Besides that, the heat exchanger must be well insulated in
order to reduce the heat loss to the surroundings. The last set of temperature readings
should be taken when all the temperatures are fairly steady. While recording the data,
make sure that the pressure and temperature is at constant value because this can
affect the calculation made

TUTORIALS

1. Compare and calculate the values of Qc and QH and select the set of temperature
and flow rates data where calculated values of Qc and QH are close to each other
Qc
1
QH
 RUN 1 RUN 2 RUN 3 RUN 4
CW HW CW HW CW HW CW HW
𝑸𝒄 0.958 0.789 1.158 0.978
Compute ratio 𝑸𝒉

Select nearest to 0.1 Not Selected Not Selected Not Selected

Selected

2. Determine the type of fluid flow in this heat exchanger (Parallel/Counter flow).
Calculate the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) for this shell and tube
heat exchanger.

RUN 1 RUN 2 RUN 3 RUN 4

Ɵ1 = 65. 6°C – Ɵ1 = 64.9°C – Ɵ1 = 66.4°C – Ɵ1 = 65.8°C –
26.0°C 28.0°C 29.0°C 31.0°C
= 39.6°C = 36.9°C =37.4 °C = 34.8°C
Ɵ2 = 50.0°C – Ɵ2 = 47.4°C – Ɵ2 = 52.7°C – Ɵ2 = 54.4°C –
50.9°C 45.3°C 52.9°C 53.3°C
= - 0.9°C = 2.1°C = -0.2°C = 1.1°C
SET 1 : SET 2 SET 3 : SET 4 :
39.6°C − (−0.9)°C 36.9°C − 2.1°C 37.4°C − (−0.2)°C 34.8°C − 1.1°C
𝐼𝑛 (39.6°C /0.9°C) 𝐼𝑛 (36.9°C /2.1°C) 𝐼𝑛 (37.4°C /0.2°C) 𝐼𝑛 (34.8°C /1.1°C)
=10.7024°C =12.1411 °C = 7.1878°C =1.0652 °C

3. Compute the overall heat exchanger coefficient, U for this heat exchanger if given

A = 31.67 ft2 (Total heat transfer area for heat exchanger).

 Q = UA (ΔT)m

𝑄
U = 𝐴(ΔT)m

140825.797 𝑏𝑡𝑢/ℎ𝑟
= (31.67 𝑓𝑡 2 )(12.115°C+32F)

𝐵𝑡𝑢
=367.03775 ℎ𝑟.𝑓𝑡2.𝐹

4. How overall heat transfer coefficient U varies with the flow rate of the water?

Note: The Q (total heat load) is approximately equal to the average value between
calculated value Qc and QH)

- - When there are changes in flow rate of water, the heat transfer for hot and
cold water will be different from before changes take place. So, with the heat
transfer of both hot and cold water will change, heat transfer will affect the
value of overall heat transfer coefficient, U