MI 304 FLUID MACHINES

LECTURE 4
B. K. Gandhi
 The Angular momentums principle
The Angular momentum principle for a system in an inertial frame 
is



dH
T (1)
dt 
Where,   system

T  Total torque on the system by its surroundings
and 
H  Angular momentums of the system
   
 
M (system)
r  V dm  
 (system)
r  V . d  (2)

All quantities in the system equations must be formulated with

respect to an inertial reference frame

Equation (2) can be used to develop the control volume form of

angular momentum principle
 
The position vector r locates each mass or volume element of
the system with respect to the coordinate system

The torque T applied to a system may be written

    
T  r  Fs  
M (system)
r  g dm  Tshaft

The relation between the system and fixed volume formulation

is dN 
  

  
dt  system t CV
 d     V . dA
CS

Where N system  
M (system)
 dm
 

If we set N  H and   r V


dH       

dt 
 
t CV
r  V . d    r  V  V dA
 system CS
or            
r  Fs  
M (system)
r  g dm  Tshaft  
t CV
r  V . d    r  V  V dA
CS

Since system and CV coincides at time t0,

 
T system  T CV
and
           
r F s 
CV
 r  g dm  T shaft  
t CV
r  V . d    r  V  V dA
CS

This equation is a general formulation of angular momentum

principle for an inertial control volume

For analysis of rotating machinery, a scalar form of this equation

is often used considering only components directed along the axis
of rotation.
• For turbo machinery, it is convenient to choose a fixed
control volume enclosing the rotor to evaluated the shaft
torque
• As a first approximation, torques due to surface forces may be
neglected by symmetry
• The body force contribution may be neglected by symmetry
Then for steady flow, equation becomes

    
Tshaft   r V  V dA
CS

The idealized velocity

Components in a fixed
control volume enclosing a
generalized turbo machine
rotor are shown in figure
For uniform flow into runner at section, (1) and out of the
section (2), equation becomes

 
  
Tshaft .K  r2Vw2  rV
1 w1 . m K

or in scalar form

 

Tshaft  r2Vw2  rV
1 w1 . m
Euler's Turbo machine equation

Alternatively

Consider the fluid enters in a turbo machine at radius r1 and

leaves it at radius r2. The flow may be outward or inward
depending upon the type of m/c
(a) Outward flow machine (b) Inward flow machine
  

Torque,
T  r2Vw2  rV
1 w1 . m

 

Power,
P  T .  u2Vw2  u1Vw1 . m   gQH

Hence energy transfer per unit weight flow rate is

u2Vw2  u1Vw1
H
g
gH is called specific energy i.e., energy transferred per unit
mass flow rate

E  gH  u 2Vw2  u1Vw1
 Invoking cosine triangle law at inlet at exit

Vr 2  V 2  u 2  2uV cos   V 2  u 2  2uVw

At inlet At exit
V22  u22  Vr22
V12  u12  Vr21 u2Vw 2 
u1Vw1  2
2
The Euler's principle energy equation may therefore be written
as:  V 2
 u 2
 V 2
  V 2
 u 2
 V 2

H 
r
   
r

 2 2  2 1
V22  V12 u22  u12 Vr12  Vr 22
  
2 2 2
(1) (2) (3)
(1) Due to change in absolute K.E. in the impeller, impulse effect
(2) Due to rotation of fluid mass, centrifugal effect
(3) Due to acceleration or retardation of fluid, diffusion or reaction
effect.
 Rothalpy:   
Energy equation Q  W  m(h 02  h 01 )

In a compressor or pump, the specific work done on fluid equals the rise in 
stagnation enthalpy. 

Wc  

 U 2Vw2  U1Vw1  h02  h01  as Q  0 
m  
This relationship is true for steady, adiabatic and reversible flow in
compressors or in pump impellers.
V12 V22
Rearranging the terms gives h01  u1Vw  h02  u2Vw or h1  2  u1Vw  h2  2  u2Vw
1 2 1 2
I

According to above equation, a new function 'I' has been defined having
the same volume at exit from the impeller as at entry.
The function 'I' has acquired the widely used name ROTHALPY, a contraction of
rotational stagnation enthalpy and is a fluid mechanical property of importance
in the study of relative flow in rotating systems.
As the value of rothalpy is apparently unchanged between entry and exit of the
impeller, it is deduced that it may be constant along the flow lines between these two
stations. Thus rothalpy can be written as generally as
1
I  h  V 2  UVw
2
Understand Velocity triangles
Centrifugal pump
Understand Velocity triangles (Axial Pump Stage)
Understand Velocity triangles
Inward flow reaction turbine
Understand Velocity triangles
Understand Velocity triangles
Characteristics curve