Professional Documents
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Short-Circuit ANSI
Fault Current
•IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to
possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all
faults).
•In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare.
Typically IL-G ≅ .87 * I3-phase
•In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition
is frequently the only one considered, since this type of
fault generally results in Maximum current.
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 2
Purpose of Short-Circuit
Studies
• A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine
any or all of the following:
– Verify protective device close and latch capability
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 3
System Components
Involved in SC Calculations
• Power Company Supply
• In-Plant Generators
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 4
System Components
Involved in SC Calculations
• Overhead Lines (at lower temperature limit)
• Synchronous Motors
• Induction Motors
• Protective Devices
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 5
Elements That Contribute
Current to a Short-Circuit
• Generator
• Power Grid
• Synchronous Motors
• Induction Machines
• Lumped Loads
(with some % motor load)
• Inverters
• I0 from Yg-Delta Connected Transformer
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 6
Elements Do Not Contribute
Current in PowerStation
• Static Loads
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 7
Short-Circuit Phenomenon
v(t) i(t)
v(t) = Vm ∗ Sin(ωt + θ )
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 8
v(t)
i(t)
di
v(t) = Ri + L = Vm × Sin(ωt + θ ) (1)
dt
Solving equation 1 yields the following expression
e
RL
-
Vm Vm t
i(t) = × sin(ωt + θ - φ ) + × sin(θ - φ ) ×
Z Z
144424443 1444 424444 3
Steady State Transient
(DC Offset)
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 9
AC Current (Symmetrical) with
No AC Decay
DC Current
AC Fault Current Including the
DC Offset (No AC Decay)
Machine Reactance ( λ = L I )
AC Decay Current
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 12
Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 13
ANSI Calculation Methods
1) The ANSI standards handle the AC Decay by varying
machine impedance during a fault.
ANSI
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 14
Sources and Models of Fault
Currents in ANSI Standards
Sources
•Synchronous Generators
•Synchronous Motors & Condensers
•Induction Machines
•Electric Utility Systems (Power Grids)
Models
All sources are modeled by an internal
voltage behind its impedance.
E = Prefault Voltage
R = Machine Armature Resistance
X = Machine Reactance (X”d, X’d, Xd)
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 15
Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Generators are modeled
in three stages.
Induction Machines
Treated the same as synchronous
Synchronous Reactance
motors except they do not contribute to
Transient Reactance the fault after 2 sec.
1 ½ to 4 Cycle Network
30-Cycle Network
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 17
Reactance Representation for
Utility and Synchronous Machine
½ Cycle 1 ½ to 4 Cycle 30 Cycle
Hydro-Gen with
X”d X”d X’d
Amortisseur
winding
Hydro-Gen without
0.75*X”d 0.75*X”d X’d
Amortisseur
winding
α
X”d X”d
Condenser
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 18
Reactance Representation for
Induction Machine
½ Cycle 1 ½ to 4
Cycle
< 50 hp 1.67*X”d
α
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 19
Device Duty and Usage of Fault Currents
from Different Networks
½ Cycle Currents 1 ½ to 4 Cycle
(Subtransient Currents
Network) (Transient Network)
---
Fuse Interrupting
Capability
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 20
Momentary Multiplying
Factor
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 22
HV CB Closing and
Latching Duty
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 23
HV CB Interrupting Duty
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 25
LV CB Interrupting Duty
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 26
Fuse Interrupting Duty
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 27
L-G Faults
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 28
L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 29
Sequence Networks
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 30
L-G Fault Sequence
Network Connections
If = 3 × Ia 0
3 × VPr efault
If =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z0
if Zg = 0
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 31
L-L Fault Sequence Network
Connections
I a 2 = − I a1
3 × VPr efault
If =
Z1 + Z 2
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 32
L-L-G Fault Sequence
Network Connections
I a 2 + I a1 + I a 0 = 0 = I a
VPr efault
If =
Z0 Z2
Z1 +
Z0 + Z2
if Zg = 0
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 33
Transformer Zero Sequence Connections
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 34
Solid Grounded Devices
and L-G Faults
Generally a 3 - phase fault is the
most severe case. L - G faults can be
greater if :
Z1 = Z 2 & Z 0 < Z1
If this conditions are true then :
I f3φ < I f 1φ
This may be the case if Generators or
Y/∆ Connected transformer are solidly
grounded.
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 35
Unbalanced Faults Display
& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
•L-G Faults
•L-L-G Faults
•L-L Faults
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 36
SC Study Case Info Page
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 39
SC Study Case Standard
Page
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 40
SC Study Case Adjustments
Page
Tolerance
Adjustments Length
Adjustments
•Transformer
Impedance •Cable Length
•Reactor •Transmission
Resistance Line Length
•Overload
Heater
Resistance
Temperature
Corrections
Adjust Fault •Transmission
Impedance Line Resistance
•L-G fault •Cable Resistance
Impedance
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 41
Tolerance Adjustments
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 42
Temperature Correction
( 234.5 + Tc )
R 'Copper ' = R BASE *
( 234.5 + Tb )
( 228.1 + Tc )
R ' Alumi = R BASE *
( 228.1 + Tb )
Lump1
Y open grounded
Short-Circuit Alerts
• Bus Alert
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 45
Bus SC Rating
Type of Device Monitored Parameter Condition Reported
Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Bracing Asymmetrical
MV Bus (> 1000 Volts)
Momentary Asymmetrical. crest kA Bracing Crest
Momentary Symmetrical. rms kA Bracing Symmetrical
LV Bus (<1000Volts)
Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Bracing Asymmetrical
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 46
3-Phase Duty SC Results
Run a 3-phase Duty SC calculation for a
fault on Bus4. The display shows the
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current.
Unbalance Fault Calculation