Draft: 22/10/11

SIKKIM BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN

DEPARTMENT OF FOREST, ENVIRONMENT AND WILDLIFE

MANAGEMENT
GOVERNMENT OF SIKKIM
2011
Table of Contents
1. Background

2. Sikkim’s Biodiversity

3. Perceived Threats

4. The Way Foreword

5. Responsibility and time frame

6. Abbreviations

7. References

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1. Background
Spread over only 7,096 km2 geographic area, supporting a little over half a
million population, the Sikkim state has an altitudinal range varying from 300m to
8586m above sea level, representing tropical, sub-tropical, temperate and
alpine regions and a small portion of cold desert. The annual rainfall ranges from
less than 5 mm to nearly 4000 mm. The state has about 80% of its geographical
area under forest cover, with an estimated over 4500 species of flowering plants.
The rich floral diversity of Sikkim has fascinated a wide range of scholars from all
over the world. Besides 39% area occupied by alpine pastures and snow, the
state supports an immensely rich reservoir of biological diversity as tremendously
useful genetic resource pool. The vegetation ranges from Sal (Shorea rubusta)
and its associates in the low elevations, and gradually transitions to oaks, low
attitude pines, firs, and finally the high altitude alpine grasslands and meadows.
Out of approximately 1200 orchid species found in India, Sikkim is repository of
over 523 species and emerged out as one of the richest hot-spots for orchid
diversity in Indian Himalaya. Further the state is estimated to have about 50% of
India’s of Pteridophytes. Sikkim jointly with Darjeeling hills has been blessed with
rich diversity of medicinal plants of over 700 medicinal plant species. The
rhododendrons are a great indicator of forest health and ecological stability
and out of nearly 72 rhododendron species in North east India, Sikkim is known
to have 36 species. Considering the ecotourism potential of rhododendrons, the
Government of Sikkim, in its “Year of Tourism 2010”, organized an International
Festival supplemented with an International Conference on Rhododendrons.

Sikkim’s fauna is diverse, including 150 species of mammals, 550 species of birds,
and 48 species of fishes, in addition to many reptiles, amphibians and insects.
Amongst endangered or rare mammal species are , Red Panda, Snow Leopard
Musk Deer, Tibetan wolf, Red fox, Indian wild dog, Hog Badger, , Tibetan Sheep,
Serow, Goral, Tibetan wild Ass, etc. For the richness of avian diversity Sikkim has
been placed within the Eastern Himalaya Endemic Bird Area. The faunal
components are further enriched by the presence of over 627 species of
butterflies and insects.

Agro-biodiversity in the form of domesticated animals and cultivated plants is

also very diverse in Sikkim. Over 80% people living in rural areas, constituting
several ethnic groups; like Nepalese, Bhutia, Lepcha, Limbu and Sherpas

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represent diverse cultures. These community people have been maintaining
great indigenous knowledge on bioresources including ethno-medicinal plants.
Food preservation and handicrafts are the areas where different ethnic
communities of Sikkim are enriched with traditional knowledge and practices,
which need to be conserved for the posterity.

In 2001 Sikkim was included in a nationwide initiative launched by the

Government of India and the NGO Kalpavriksha to formulate strategies and
develop action plans for conserving biological diversity. As part of this initiative,
an elaborate consultation took place in Sikkim in the form of meetings and
interactions with different stakeholders to produce the 2003 Sikkim Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan. This process highlighted the potential and availability
of biological diversity, both wild and cultivated/domesticated, found in the
different eco-regions of the state, and outlined strategies and an action plan for
their conservation.

After nearly a decade, as the scientific knowledge accumulated, stakeholders

attained greater awareness and needs of improved conservation and
management strategies on biological diversity realized, and the issues and
concerns emerged more rapidly than ever before, it was felt by the
Government of Sikkim for a thorough revision and updating of the 2003
Biodiversity Action plan. Fortunately, at the same time, under the recently
launched Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project
(SFBP), assisted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency in 2010, there is
a mandate of revising and updating the previous document in view of recent
data and experience. Since a thorough grass-root consultative process was
followed in developing the 2003 SBSAP, it was decided to update the 2003
document using necessary inputs from various biodiversity specialists in the
government, R&D and academic institutions and other non-government
organizations. Also, it was decided to have inputs from different grassroot level
stakeholders.

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2. Biodiversity of Sikkim
Elevation plays a very important role in determining the vegetation types of any
mountainous landscape like the state of Sikkim. The state represents five major
altitudinal zones of vegetation, which do not have distinct boundaries in
general, but these overlap depending upon the aspect and other ecological
factors.

The Tropical eco-region ranges in elevation from approximately 300m to 1200m.

It includes valleys and gorges flanked by steep slopes. Characteristic species
include Sal (Shorea robusta), Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) orchids, Pandanus
nepalensis., giant bamboo, (Baboosa gigantia), wild banana, Rhapidophora
and nettles. The Rangit Valley in this region shows a unique association of Sal
with Chir pine, which also represent rich array of ethno-medicinal plants. Tropical
forests of Sikkim are inhabited by several endangered species of birds, including
the Rufous-necked Hornbill (Aceros nipalensis), Great Indian Hornbill (Buceros
bicornis), Chestnut-breasted Partridge, Black-breasted Parrot bill, Grey-crowned
Prinia and Ward’s Trogon. Other tropical fauna includes the introduced Peafowl,
Python, Geckos, Porcupine, Assamese Macaque and Barking deer, as well as
many butterflies and other invertebrates, fish, frogs and toads. The river systems
are used by several species of migratory water birds during transit to wintering
wetlands. Lantana (Lantana camara) is a major exotic invasive species in this
area. Forest fires are common in this zone, and there is an occasional problem
of illicit felling of Sal and Teak trees. The Kitam Bird Sanctuary, covering an area
of around 6 sq Km, is the only PA in this eco-region. A number of new
hydroelectric projects are being developed in this eco-region.

The Sub Tropical eco-region ranges in elevation from approximately 1200m to

3000m. There is heavy rainfall in this zone with high humidity during most of the
year. In the lower part of the ecoregion, the characteristic tree species include
Castanopsis hystrix, Machilus spp, Rhododendron spp, Symplocos spicata,
Symplocos theifolia, Michelia excelsa, Quercus lamellosa, Quercus lineata,
Leucoseptrum canum, Quercus pachyphylla, Betula alnoides, Nyssa javanica
and Bucklandia populnea. The understory is dominated by Engelhardtia
spicata, Eurya japonica, Rhododendron arboreum, and Viburnum spp. This

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region is the potential habitat niches for the globally critically endangered herb,
Swertia chirayita having viable populations.

In the higher parts of the region, the dominant tree species include Quercus
lamellosa, Q. lineata, Machilus spp. Cinnamomum spp., Michelia excelsa,
Quercus lancaefolia, Acer campbelli, Magnolia campbelli , Q. pachyphylla,
Castanopsis hystrix, Elaeocarpus lancaefolius, Symplocos theifolia and Litsea
spp., Rhododendron arboretum, Bucklandia populnea (Pipli). Dense evergreen
forests with oak and Rhododendron are common. The undergrowth consists of
Arundinaria maling, dwarf Rhododendron, ferns, epiphytic mosses and orchids.
Birds include the Rusty-bellied and Lesser Short wing, Kalij and Satyr Tragopan.
Other fauna include Japalura lizards, Cobra, Krait and Himalayan Pit Viper,
Himalayan Bullfrog and many species of butterflies.

Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary in the East Sikkim and Maenam Wildlife
Sanctuary in South Sikkim are the two PAs in this eco-region. Plantations of
Cryptomeria japonica, an exotic species are common in this eco-region.
Eupatorium odoratum is a major weed that competes with Artemesia and other
secondary growth

Most of the human population of Sikkim is concentrated in this eco-region.

Commercial agriculture focuses on rice, ginger, orange, cardamom, while
Guava, banana, squash, vegetables and herbs are produced in homestead
gardens. Soybean, millet and cruciferous vegetables are locally processed into
local products such as Kinema, a specialty of the Subba community; ‘Gundruk
and alcoholic drinks such as Chang. Exotic oyster mushroom cultivation is being
promoted by the Agriculture Department, along with trial commercial
cultivation of flowers such as hybrid orchids and gladioli. Forest produce like
bamboo shoots, ferns and nettles are also seasonally collected. The marketed
vegetable fern, Diplazium esculentum offers a significant part in socio-economic
mileau of the poor villagers. Hybrid stall-fed livestock is common in villages,
whereas the local breed of ‘Siri’ Cow is grazed in the forests. Sericulture and
apiculture are promoted by the government through extension services, along
with pisciculture of Common and Grass Carp.

The Temperate eco-region ranges in elevation from 3,000m to 4,500m. Mixed

coniferous forests of Hemlock, Spruce, Pine, Fir and Junipers with shrubby
undergrowth of Rhododendron and Arundinaria are found up to 4000m. This
eco-region includes wildlife species such as the Red Panda, Common Langur,
Himalayan Black Bear, Lesser cats, Goral, Serow, Monal Pheasant, Fire-tailed
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Sunbird, Blue Magpie and various species of reptiles and amphibians. Brown
Trout (Salmo trutta) has been introduced in many high altitude lake and river
systems.

Potato and cabbage are grown as cash crops, along with wheat, barley and
maize. Beans, peas, some apple, peach and pear are grown on homesteads. A
cattle rearing is sometimes practiced with stall fed hybrid cows, while most
cattle graze in forest areas. Wool from sheep grazing at higher altitudes is used
for making blankets, rugs and carpets. Wild Seabuckthorn (Hippophae spp.) is
collected for medicinal properties and as a dye.

Between 4,000m and 4,5000m elevation, small crooked trees and large shrubs
interspersed with fir and pine are common. The fauna of this region includes
Musk Deer, Himalayan Tahr, Blue Sheep, Blood Pheasant, and Ibis bill. This region
has a sparse population. Bhutias , the main residents, are pastoral and
managed herds of livestock like yak, dzo (cow-yak hybrid) and domestic cattle.
The forest provides many edible plant parts like in Arisaema sp. Tubers, ‘Khendu’
and mushrooms. Trout (Salmo trutta) has been introduced in some high
elevation rivers. Dwarf rhododendron (R. anthopogon) leaves are used for
burning as incense.

The Temperate and Alpine eco-regions include four wildlife sanctuaries,

including Shingba (North), Kyongnosla (East), Pangolakha (East) and Barsey
(West) and one national park: the Khangchendzonga National Park (North and
West). The Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary is home to the rare and endemic
Rhododendron niveum which has been designated as the State Tree. However,
recently, two new populations of R. niveum are discovered from
Khangchendzonga national park in north Sikkim, which need priority
conservation measures. Yet another exploration of a massive and gregarious
population of one of the, hitherto, said to be endangered and rare species,
Rhododendron maddenii in the boundary of Khangchendzonga Biosphere
Reserve in north suggest that the state need further explorations. The Kyongnosla
Alpine Sanctuary provides habitat for the Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), which is
endemic to the eastern Himalayas and also occurs in Bhutan. The 104 Km2
Barsey Rhododendron sanctuary with its pure stands of Rhododendron is
contiguous with the Singalila National Park in West Bengal.

The Trans-Himalayan eco-region ranges in elevation from 4,500m to 5,500m with

characteristic cold desert vegetation, and is confined to the northern Sikkim. This
eco-region represented by Kanchendzonga National Park has not yet been
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included in the protected area network of the state and is perhaps the most
sensitive as it contains many endangered species, including the Tibetan Gazelle,
Snow Leopard, Tibetan Wolf, Tibetan Snow cock, Lammergeier, Raven, Golden
Eagle and Ruddy Shelduck. The region has a short four-month growing season,
during which grasses, sedges and medicinal herbs grow abundantly supporting
a host of insect fauna as well as wild and domestic herbivores, larks and finches.

There are no permanent human settlements in this eco-region; the human

population consists of a small number of nomadic Tibetan graziers or ‘Dokpas’
who herd yak, sheep and pasmina-type goats. Closure of the international
border over the last three decades has led to intense grazing pressure by both
the domestic and wild herbivores. The prevalence of feral dogs is a major
hazard in this region. This eco region has not yet been represented in the P.A.
network.

A profile of Sikkim Biodiversity

Category Approx. Number of Species

Flowering Plants 4500
Orchids 527
Rhododendrons 36
Bamboos 20
Ferns and Ferns allies 362
Tree Ferns 9
Primulas 30
Oaks 11
Mammals 144
Birds 550
Butterflies 600 +
Fishes 48

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Protected Areas of Sikkim
Name District Area in sq km
Khangchendzonga National Park North & West 1784
Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary North 43
Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary West 104
Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary East 31
Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary East 51.76
Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary South 35.34
Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary East 124
Ketam Wildlife Sanctuary South 6.0

Large percentage of the state’s land area is under protected areas .In addition
Reserved Forests and other forest lands in the form of Khasmahal and
Gorucharan constitute forest cover. There is one Biosphere Reserve
(Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve), spread over the North and West
districts of Sikkim, covering a spatial area of 2931.12 Km2 (including four buffer
and one transition zone). The government, in collaboration with GBPIHED (Sikkim
unit), is currently in the process of getting this biosphere reserve listed among the
“World Network of Biosphere Reserves” of UNESCO. The process is also underway
for its inscription as a World Heritage Site. Sikkim contains many wetlands which
provide critical water bird habitat, and the process of applying for Ramsar site
status for three wetland complexes has been initiated.

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3. Perceived threats to Biodiversity

The Biodiversity of Sikkim faces a number of threats due to biotic as well as

abiotic factors. It is essential to identify these factors so that the remedial
measures can be taken to strengthen the conservation and management of
biological diversity in the state. The Sikkim Biodiversity Action Plan 2003
deliberated upon these issues and identified a number of threats which need be
addressed under the present situation, in order to conserve the state’s
biodiversity. The current and anticipated threats are summarized below:

Soil erosion: Sikkim being a hill State with and unstable soil conditions often
suffers from soil erosion due to biotic factors as well as natural factors. This is
compounded by the very high rainfall, span over a large part of the year. The
main causes of such erosion and landslides, which also destroy biodiversity of
the area, are unplanned roads, hydro-electric projects and other development.
The recent earth quake has also triggered lot of new landslides and soil erosion.

Deforestation: Despite the high percentage of the forest of the State,

deforestation and loss of habitats emerge as constant threats, which are mainly
due to need of forest resources by the urban and semi urban population,
development projects and power projects.

Air pollution: There are very few polluting agencies in the State. But due to rapid
expansion of domestic tourism, a large number of vehicles move every day
consuming tons and tons of fossil fuel and causing air pollution as well as noise
pollution, which in long term can affect fauna and their propagation, especially
along fringe of protected areas and reserve forests.

Waste Management: There is lack of appropriate and systematic approaches

and means for handling solid wastes in many parts of the state, including both
residential areas and development areas. As a result, the solid waste is
generally allowed to enter the natural streams thereby causing pollution and
creating problem for the living organisms.

Poaching of animals and removal of plants and their parts: Evidences suggest
involvement of some local people as well as visitors from other parts of the
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country many a times engaged in poaching of animals and removing different
plants such as of orchids and ferns, thus threatening many sensitive species. This
is caused mostly due to lack of awareness and inadequate law enforcement.

Law enforcement: Enforcement agencies like Forest and Police etc do not have
adequate manpower, training, mobility and requisite equipments to prevent or
take cognigence of offences involving biodiversity.

Introduction of exotic species: Many exotic plants and animals have been
introduced into the State purposefully or inadvertently without following any
protocol, which threatens the indigenous species.

Unplanned tourism: The state has emerged as a very popular tourist destination
in recent years. Inappropriate planning and limited implementations have gone
into regulating their movement, mode of transport, life style including generation
of garbage, construction for the accommodation, road development or
environment friendly responsible behavior, etc. The tourism industry and the rural
people need to be sensitized to handling ecotourism in a responsible manner.

Climate change: Due to increase in green house gases in the atmosphere and
consequent rise in temperature number of living organisms will be affected in
the future, though the impacts have not yet been properly studied or
documented.

Introduction and popularization of hybrids: Many varieties of hybrids both plants

and animals are gradually becoming very popular, thereby replacing the
indigenous varieties of livestock and horticultural species.

Traditional knowledge: The local communities sustain a rich reservoir of

traditional knowledge and indigenous practices. But they are gradually
depleted as people have been adopting modern lifestyles and modern
medicines.

Awareness: We cannot protect our biodiversity without awareness among the

general public, students and teachers, and other stakeholders. Particularly the
younger generation should have an understanding regarding the need for
biodiversity conservation. Knowledge and understanding of biological diversity
and conservation is also necessary for schools and colleges and government
departments and all sectors of society including politicians and policy makers.

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Medicinal plants: Majority of state host plants with great medicinal value. The
conservation approaches, both in-situ and ex-situ mechanisms need further
strengthening with strong scientific support and guidelines. It would be essential
that the medicinal plant diversity is identified and documented and species
tending to become endangered should be prioritized for immediate
conservation.

Biomedical wastes: The hospitals, nursing homes and other medical

establishments in the State generate biomedical wastes which contaminate soil,
water and endanger human as well as animal health.

Alien Invasive species: Many species like Lantana, Eupatorium, Ipomaea and
Polygonum, etc. has already spread over different parts of the state, within the
boundaries of protected areas. Others may make inroads if not checked.

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4. The Way Forward
This section describes strategies and actions to overcome the current threats to
biodiversity through various measures involving different government
departments of the state and different stakeholders.

Develop Biodiversity database

Lack of data on different aspects of biodiversity in the state severely impedes
the effort to conserve the same, though much useful information is available
with some organizations and individuals. This is of immediate concern for a
biodiversity rich state like Sikkim as we should know well what we want to
protect and conserve. The JICA assisted Sikkim Biodiversity conservation and
Forest Management Project (SBFP) is initiating several new biodiversity studies
which will provide some comprehensive data. These studies include (i) Study on
flagship species, (ii) Study on impact of grazing on Himalayan eco-system, (iii)
Rapid biodiversity survey, (iv) Survey of hot spots, (v) Establishment of GIS
networking, etc. In addition, some state based national R&D institutions have
been engaged in investigating various aspects of biodiversity in Sikkim. Still,
many additional studies involving different government departments, research
institutions, universities and voluntary organizations will be required for building
up comprehensive database to support biodiversity conservation in Sikkim.

Recommended Actions
a) Establish a state biodiversity information system with facilities for easy storage,
retrieval and distribution in an interactive manner.
b) Conduct intensive biodiversity surveys and inventories utilizing expertise of
local institutions and individual experts, particularly in unexplored tracts,
including assessments on quantum availability of economically important
and threatened plant in natural habitats, and providing GPS coordinates for
all sampling areas.
c) Conduct regular surveys to monitor changes in targeted species of wild and
cultivated, domesticated plants and animals using the latest technologies
and tools.

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d) Update the list of endangered flora and fauna based on national,
international criteria.
e) Assess populations and monitor species which are declining and formulate
effective species recovery plans.
f) Document and develop a database on traditional knowledge.
g) Study and document microbial diversity, including both beneficial and
harmful microbes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
h) Build the capacity of law enforcing officials for recognizing rare and
threatened species of plants and animals and provide necessary reference
materials. R&D organizations in the state may offer great services.

In Situ Conservation
Sikkim has 1 National Park (Kanchendzonga), which is also a Biosphere Reserve,
and seven wildlife sanctuaries. The geographical area of the entire PA network
represents 32% of the state area of 7,096 sq kms. This is perhaps the highest
percentage of protected areas of any state in India. The Khangchendzonga
National Park has also been proposed for inscription as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. Though there are 227 lakes in the state, many of which important
for migratory birds, none of them has been notified as a Ramsar Site so far.
Substantial biodiversity also exists outside the PAs in the reserved forests and
private land. Although the PA area percentage is quite high in the state there is
possibility of adding few small areas to the Protected Area Network which are
unique habitats for endangered spp. of flora or fauna. The 2003 amendment of
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 provides for formation of Conservation and
Community Reserves with active community participation. Establishment of such
reserves is a possibility. While Red Panda has been named as State animal, other
flagship species include snow leopard and musk deer. The Department is also
keen to preserve its high altitude pheasants, rhododendrons and orchids. There
have been several initiatives that are under way to conserve medicinal plants.

Recommended Actions

a) Explore the scope for further expansion of the PA network with stakeholders,
identifying, prioritizing biodiversity rich areas, e.g. Dombang Gymnosperm
Reserve, Nimphu Wildlife Sanctuary.

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b) Strengthen biodiversity monitoring systems in the PA network and reserve
forests.
c) Strengthen the capability of the DFEWM, Directorate of Research to
coordinate biodiversity monitoring systems in the PA network and reserve
forests.
d) Evaluate the experience of ongoing programs to address human animal
conflict and identify effective approaches to strengthen programs to prevent
human-animal conflict.
e) Initiate well-planned eco-development programmes in the fringes of PAs to
improve the livelihood of dependant community.
f) Establish and notify permanent preservation plots for monitoring biodiversity
along different altitudinal zones and in different habitats.
g) Develop a mechanism to identify and conserve sacred groves and other
religious landscapes, e.g. Devithan around springs.
h) Conduct research on different aspects of species biology and ecosystem
functioning in PAs and reserve forests.
i) Promote reintroduction and recovery of threatened plant and animal
species in their ecological niches and habitats in targeted protected areas.
j) Strengthen the capability of DFEWM and other agencies to prevent
poaching and illegal trade of wild animals, plants and their parts.
k) Identify habitat for key wildlife species outside of PAs and encourage
conservation outside the PA network on government and private property.
l) Strengthen forest fire-fighting program.
m) Conduct surveys of economically-important native bio-resources.
n) Develop strategies for conservation of unique wetlands and potential Ramsar
sites with the support of local communities and other stakeholders. The
process of their notification should be expedited.
o) Identify and recognize large and old trees and declare them as heritage
trees.
p) Link major butterfly habitats through strategic corridor development by
planting indigenous larval and nectar food plants (native) through the
involvement of various stakeholders
q) Develop approaches to conserve identified Important Bird Areas (IBA)
r) Complete proposal for inscription of KNP as World Heritage site

Ex-situ Conservation
The state has only one zoo, the Himalayan Zoological Park near Gangtok, which
houses many Schedule-I species occurring in this region. It plans to take up
conservation breeding of some endangered species to replenish the wild stock
in their natural habitat after following the appropriate protocol provided by the

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Central Zoo Authority. A rescue center is being set up to house the rescued
animals which can be released to their natural habitat after treatment and
stabilization. Though no systematic effort has been made to set up a formal
botanical garden, many places like the ‘State Biodiversity Park’, campus of Raj
Bhavan and highly established functional Arboretum of GBPIHED (Sikkim) at
Pangthang have good collections of rare and endangered species. DFEWM
and GBPIHED had jointly established a rare and threatened plant conservation
park within Himalayan Zoo. Such initiative can be replicated elsewhere.
Biotechnological interventions also may be quite helpful to support ex-situ
conservation. On useful and high value marketed wild plant species,
entrepreneurship using ex-situ approaches are moderately initiated in the state.
At the same time, prioritization of threatened and rare plant species for
immediate ex-situ conservation is an immediate need.

Recommended Actions

a) Develop and standardize the propagation and mass multiplication protocols

for the rare, endangered and endemic plant species.
b) Develop and standardize the conservation breeding protocols for the rare,
endangered and endemic faunal species and dove-tail it with a
reintroduction programme.
c) Implement programs to conserve the genetic diversity of native land races of
cultivated plants, domesticated animals and their wild relatives.
d) Identify the seed viability and develop storage technologies for targeted
species.
e) Encourage propagation and cultivation of wild economic plants.
f) Create new botanical gardens and parks with sections for different
communities, focusing on native species.
g) Improve labeling in existing and new gardens, ex-situ conservation-
arboretums, herbal gardens, etc.
h) Develop new ex-situ conservation facilities, e.g. butterfly park, Bird Park, etc.

Agro-biodiversity Conservation
Many local varieties of agricultural crops and local breeds of livestock are still
maintained in rural areas. However, these valuable sources of germplasm are in
danger of being lost as people adopt modern lifestyles and modern agriculture.
Collection of agricultural crop genetic resources can be a great tool to preserve
this germplasm; however, improved policies and scientific interventions for agro-

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biodiversity conservation may offer better opportunities for local level
entrepreneurships.

Recommended Actions

a) Register local varieties under the Farmers Rights Act.

b) Ensure direct access to market for organically farmed local crop varieties
though appropriate certification to fetch more remunerative price to the
farmer.
c) Preserve local germ-plasm of field and horticultural crops by screening germ-
plasm for desirable characters.
d) Identify hotspots of agro-biodiversity and cropping systems and promote on-
farm conservation through training programs and use of appropriate
incentives.

Impact of climate change

The majority of the population in Sikkim still depends on various forms of
agriculture, although tourism is also gradually emerging as an important
livelihood source in the rural areas. Both these sectors are likely to be adversely
impacted by climate change unless adaptive measures are initiated.
Agricultural productivity is likely decline and cropping patterns will change.
Similarly grasslands and timberline, which form a part of natural ecosystem in the
higher reaches of the state, may be adversely affected along with pattern of
snowfall and rains. The expected rise in the ambient temperature, influencing
biodiversity pattern and ecosystem functioning, would impact consequent
changes in the forest dependent communities.

Many initiatives have started in the state and other parts of the country to assess
vulnerability due to climate change on natural ecosystems, plant productivity
and socio-economic sectors. Several institutes have been engaged in the study
of climate change, and the JICA assisted SBFP has a component to study of
climate change and suggest different mitigating measures. It is worth noting
that an ‘Expert Committee on the Impacts of Climate Change’ has been set up
by the Central Government in 2007 to study the impacts of anthropogenic
climate change and identify measures to be taken for addressing the impacts
of vulnerability. The National Action Plan on Climate Change has also been
released in 2008. The Department of Space under ISRO-Geosphere Biosphere
Program is implementing a project to estimate the vegetation carbon pool
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assessment in India, of which Sikkim is also part of the study. Also, the JICA SBFP
project has a component of study of climate change and impact of grazing on
Himalayan ecosystem. There are many other ongoing projects in the country
and the state which directly or indirectly contribute to mitigate adverse impacts
of climate change.

Recommended Actions
a) Identify the vulnerability of different sectors of the state, such as forest,
agriculture, livestock, and microbial diversity and Himalayan ecosystem
towards climatic change.
b) Identify priority habitats for species and ecosystems which are at risk due to
climate change through appropriate ecological criteria.
c) Use plant phenology as an indicator of climate change and establish
permanent phenology monitoring stations along different altitude zones.
d) Undertake other multidisciplinary research for developing appropriate
technology for monitoring changes on biodiversity and assess the adaptive
mechanisms for biodiversity components.
e) Develop adaptive management approaches for relevant activities like
change in forestry management and watershed management for soil and
moisture conservation and enhance green cover.
f) Identify activities which help hasten climate change both globally and local
and develop ways to minimize or eliminate such activities.

Biodiversity conservation and Development

Policies and laws have been framed to integrate social and economic
development with biodiversity conservation. The Environment (Protection) Act,
1986 prohibits all activity which adversely affects the biodiversity. Equity studies
in community forests have been proved effective in combating adverse
practices on existing forest resources, and in upholding socio-economic fabric.
In the Environment Impact Assessment of any project biodiversity elements are
identified and their protection recommended. Eco-sensitive areas are also
notified under the act. There are guidelines for handling of hazardous wastes,
solid wastes and chemicals and prevent other unplanned or haphazard
development. But suitable actions are required to make effective
implementation of such policies and legislations in the interest of biodiversity
conservation.

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Recommended Actions
a) Involve local agencies and R&D institutions in impact assessments (EIA) of
development projects in order to limit the impact on surrounding biodiversity
and habitats.
b) Enforce the guidelines so that all EIAs of major developmental projects should
be properly authenticated with herbarium specimens and other records from
project area. All RET species falling in those area should be properly
documented and action taken for ex-situ multiplication thereof
c) Monitor the preparation and implementation of Environmental Management
Plans (EMPs). Prepare rehabilitation plan in case of displacement of local
people due to any project considering their social, cultural, economic and
other livelihood needs.
d) Build capacity of the related departments to carry out mid-term assessment.
e) Avoid the development projects affecting wetlands and other biodiversity
rich and sensitive area.

Adverse impacts of pollution

Realizing that air, water and soil pollution affects the human population and
particularly the low income groups, the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986
and other legislations like Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and
water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 have been enacted to
check this menace. Soil pollution, pollution due to industrial and municipal
wastes is difficult to handle. All these affect the biodiversity adversely, directly or
indirectly. It is always better, easier and cost effective to prevent pollution or
minimize it rather than handle it after it occurs.

Recommended Actions
a) Conduct research to study the impacts of different types of pollution on
biodiversity and develop prevention measures.
b) Manage industrial effluents so that neither terrestrial nor aquatic biological
resources are adversely affected.
c) Promote the use of organic manures, bio-fertilizers, bio-insecticides or
biological control and discourage excessive use of chemical fertilizers and
biocides.

19 | P a g e
Biodiversity conservation and use of research training
and extension
Over the years capacity has been built at various levels for environmental
management of which biodiversity conservation is a part in Sikkim and the rest
of India. National institutes like the Indian Council of Forest Research &
Education, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Wildlife
Institute of India, Indian Institute of Forest Management and many other
universities, particularly agricultural universities have taken up training in
biodiversity conservation, forest, and wildlife management and related fields.
Other universities have also imparted courses in environmental management.
UGC and Ministry of Human Resources have also taken up with universities and
state governments to introduce environment education in their curriculum. The
state takes advantage of these institutions and sends officers and field staff for
training to these institutes or centers affiliated to them. Center for Environment
Education and National Museum of Natural History have taken up creation of
awareness on environment and biodiversity issues.

In Sikkim a Regional Museum of Natural History is planned near Gangtok. Many

publications on different aspects of biodiversity of Sikkim have been published
by the state government. The state is also planning a number of interpretation
centers for creating awareness about biodiversity of Sikkim under SBFP. The
DFEWM and Departments of Agriculture, Animal Resources, Fisheries and Tribal
Affairs are sensitive to conservation of biodiversity in their respective fields.
GBPIHED (Sikkim), as an expert institution, has taken many initiatives and
accomplished many tasks in conservation of endangered and rare plant
species in Sikkim, using both conventional and other biotechnological
technologies. The Sikkim Pollution Control Board is engaged in controlling
pollution due to different major activities like industries, river valley projects etc.
Still there are a number of gaps which need be addressed, particularly to take
care of relatively new and emerging issues. For this, along with use of
technologies, all forms of awareness programmes like print and electronic
media, street plays etc should be attempted. Field and supervisory personnel
should also be exposed to refresher courses and orientation exercises.

20 | P a g e
Recommended Actions

a) Use of conventional and biotechnological tools on a pilot basis for

conserving endangered species.
b) Encourage value added production from the local bio-resources using
innovative technologies as a tool for sustainable use of biodiversity for
livelihood.
c) Develop and propagate technology based awareness programmes in Sikkim
specialized through extension wings.
d) Strengthen Training and Research activities on various aspects of biodiversity
conservation

Sustainable utilization and enhancement of natural

resources
Sustainable utilization of natural resource is the most important tool for
protection of biological diversity of the state. This is particularly true in case of
non timber forest produces. The micro plans prepared to manage areas under
JFMCS and EDCS etc also undertake their decision making on this principle. But
human pressures in certain areas are likely to affect sustainability of natural or
biological resources if they are the only livelihood options. Various means of
employment generation or development projects like NREGA, afforestation,
water conservation, water harvesting, communication can effectively reduce
pressure on natural resources exerted by the dependent communities. Measures
like increasing green cover in case of Sikkim and improving the quality of green
cover shall to some extent minimize pressure on limited resources. But other
initiatives like introduction of eco-friendly substitutes, fuel efficient devices and
ease of their availability etc can reduce consumption. Propagation and
cultivation packages of high value and in demand wild resources need to be
developed and standardized; for example economic viability of cultivation of
targeted species need assessed and demonstrated in Sikkim context. Of course
awareness promotion shall be the key to their acceptance by the communities.

Sikkim has already banned grazing in the forest areas which has salubrious
effect. JFMCs/EDCs have started playing very positive role in the effort of

21 | P a g e
sustainable utilization. Their capacity is being enhanced through trainings and
they are also supported through Community Organizers appointed by SBFP.

Recommended Actions
a) Identify and document ethno-biological knowledge, including the safety
and efficacy of traditional medicinal practices.
b) Identify alternate income generating activities to divert the people from
livelihoods which negatively impact biodiversity, e.g. grazing, harvesting bio-
resources, etc.
c) Promote the management of bamboos and canes and other NTFPs,
sustainably with the participation of local communities and other
stakeholders and make a data base.
d) Promote agro-forestry on private lands.
e) Promote bee keeping for improving pollination and providing livelihood to
local communities.
f) Document, disseminate and promote best practices of traditional use of bio-
resources through proper study of traditional methods of utilization.
g) Promote ex-situ cultivation of high value trade taxa, including medicinal
plants to support livelihood of communities and ensure that wild stock is not
depleted.
h) Extend traditional sustainable land use practices which have been validated
through research.

Management of invasive alien species

Invasive species menace has not been felt in alarming scale so far, though
species like Lantana camara, Rumex nepalensis, Eupatoricum odoratum,
Mikenia sp., Polygonm spp and aquatic weeds have caused problem at many
places inhibiting the regeneration and growth of indigenous species or choking
water bodies. They sometime create problem for agriculture, forestry, fishery,
health and tourism. It is necessary to have scientifically guided surveys and
quantification of the damages caused by invasive species and prevent
introduction of any new invasive species in the state without proper study.

Recommended Actions
a) Conduct research on ecological assessment of invasive species and related
habitat change, and maintain a database.
b) Strengthen measures to contain and manage any spread of invasive
species. Develop inter-sectoral approach for the same.

22 | P a g e
c) Develop system for early warning on new sightings of invasive species in the
state.
d) Support capacity building particularly at field level to control spread of
invasive species.
e) Support restoration of area affected by invasive species, including occupied
butterfly habitat, by planting or regeneration of native species.
f) Establish procedures to ensure that invasive species do not enter Sikkim
through international borders of three neighboring countries. Establish a
quarantine cell in the state.

Valuation of biodiversity
We often do not take the depletion of biodiversity or bio-resources due to any
development process seriously as we consider it free and can be exploited
without any thought about the goods and services it provides to the human
society in the form of goods directly or services which are not easily quantified. It
is absolutely necessary in the present day scenario or in future to account for the
losses or quantify the gains of adding to biological resources though definite
intervention. This will help us in decision making involving sectoral policies as
without such calculation of cost and benefits of any activity cannot be worked
out correctly or comprehensively.

Recommended Actions
a) Develop a system of natural resource accounting for Sikkim reflecting both
ecological and economic values of biodiversity, using UN guidelines,
wherever necessary.
b) Support studies to validate the valuation process.

Awareness Promotion
No action plan can be effectively implemented unless the local communities,
other stakeholders, law enforcing personnel are educated aere made aware of
the benefit of the natural resources available in their area and on understanding
the need for their conservation. This is more relevant in case of bio-resources.
Hence different methodologies should be adopted and publicity options utilized
for promoting awareness. Elsewhere in the document different approaches
have been indicated. But it is felt that this should be specifically highlighted as
this can bring about a sea change in our efforts.

23 | P a g e
Recommended Actions

a) Provide training to government and non-government agencies to strengthen

their role in biodiversity conservation.
b) Make available literature based on research and documents on best
practices to relevant functionaries and stakeholders, also using electronic
media.
c) Increase the awareness of law enforcement staff on biodiversity and
identification or endangered flora and fauna by providing training and
relevant materials.
d) Strengthen the capacity of state and local institutions for effective
enforcement of the Biological Diversity Act, including ensuring Traditional
Knowledge and Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanisms.

Policy, legislation and administrative measures and

their improved implementation
The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is a comprehensive legislation enacted in
pursuance of the CBD and rules have been framed under the said act in 2004
and National Biodiversity Authority has been formed. Other national laws which
have profound influence on conservation of biodiversity are Indian Forest Act,
1927, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Besides there are provisions in our
constitution to protect our environment that includes biodiversity and many
other legislations like Indian Penal Code can also take cognigence of different
offences committed to harm our environment. National Forest Policy 1988 and
National Environment Policy also provides some policy framework for conserving
our biodiversity.

A frame work of administrative arrangement exists in Sikkim to implement

relevant provisions of these acts relating to biodiversity conservation. Though
Patents Act, 1970 has provision for mandatory disclosure of source and place of
origin of concerned biological material and traditional knowledge associated
with the invention, the issues relating to benefit sharing and protection of
traditional knowledge, is rather hazy. Effective implementation of Biological
Diversity Act is very important for the state and its people. However, state
specific conditions and geographical setting need to be taken in to

24 | P a g e
consideration and any judicial framework can be recommended for further
debate at state and national level.

Recommended Actions
a) Review the policies and laws for conservation and management of sacred
landscapes, grasslands and other areas of importance for biodiversity
conservation.
b) Prepare Peoples Biodiversity Registers and strengthen mechanisms with the
support of technical institutions. JFMCs, EDCs and PSSs.
c) Include the evaluation of biodiversity as an integral part of any development
project, and ensure that the design of the project includes measures to
minimize any loss of biodiversity and is vetted by experts.

Regional, national and international coordination and

cooperation
Cooperation with international agencies and other countries is generally
required at the level of Government of India. But Sikkim can access such support
through the Government of India in the interest of biodiversity conservation. The
present example is a support from JICA for the 10 year SFBP which will have
many components for strengthening conservation of biodiversity. Similarly Sikkim
need support of UNESCO for inscription of Khangchendzonga National Park as
World Heritage Site and place Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve in the
World Network (UNESCO) of Biosphere Reserves. State may need technology
and support for different aspects of biodiversity conservation like re-introduction.
Cooperation with national institutions like GBPIHED (Sikkim), ICFRE, WII, BSI, CZA,
ZSI and others is required in order to assess biodiversity and develop methods for
their conservation. Universities and institutions in other neighboring states both
private and government may be of great help for this purpose.

Recommended Actions
a) Establish contact with UN bodies like UNESCO, UNEP, Ramsar secretariat,
IUCN and donor agencies through GoI regarding collaboration or obtaining
technical support for biodiversity conservation.
b) Seek the cooperation of other research institutions and universities within the
state and in neighboring states for assisting in different aspects of biodiversity
conservation including surveys and scientific studies.

25 | P a g e
c) Maintain a database of scientific and technical persons in Sikkim with
expertise in flora and fauna to facilitate collaborative work among the
organizations in Sikkim.
d) Annual brainstorming workshops to share and document the work areas of
different public sector and private institutions working in the field of
biodiversity conservation so that work is not duplicated, but may be
supplemented, and experience and lessons learned further documented
through annual newsletter.
e) Outsource research or establish joint ventures amongst research agencies in
Sikkim.

5. Responsibility and Time Frame

The broad actions to be taken and activities under each major action have
been outlined in the last chapter. But all these issues need the involvement of
various departments of government, organizations and individuals both within
the state and outside. Sometimes more than one organization may have to be
involved in the process for effective implementation of an identified
component. Unless they are clearly identified and a broad time frame is given
for their implementation this document may not serve any useful purpose for the
state. Hence, this chapter attempts to indicate the responsibility of different
organizations/departments and tentative broad time frames for different
organizations which are required to carry out different functions according to
national and state policies, laws and administrative arrangements is indicated.
The attached table outlines in fairly exhaustive details such responsibility and
time frame.

26 | P a g e
Section 5. Responsibility and Timeframe for Sikkim Biodiversity Action Plan and Strategies

Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks

Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
1. Biodiversity a) Establish a state DFEWM (SBFP, GBPIHED (Sikkim) S
database biodiversity information WP)
system with facilities for
easy storage, retrieval
and distribution in an
interactive manner.
b) Conduct biodiversity DFEWM (SBFP, GBPIHED (Sikkim), M
surveys and prepare WP, SBB), BSI, ZSI, Sikkim
inventories utilizing University, etc.
services of local
institutions, particularly in
unexplored tracts,
including an assessment
of quantum availability of
economically important
and threatened plant in
natural habitats, and
providing GPS
coordinates for all
sampling areas.
c) Conduct regular surveys DFEWM (WP, SBB) Dept. of L
to monitor changes in Agriculture, A.H.,
targeted species of wild Fishery, GBPIHED
and cultivated, (Sikkim) , BSI
domesticated plants and
animals using the latest
technologies and tools.

27 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
d) Update the list of DFEWM (WL, SBB) DFEWM (T, NTFP), S
endangered flora and Horticulture
fauna based on national, Department,
international criteria. GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,
BSI
e) Assess populations and DFEWM DFEWM (T, WL, L
monitor species which are SBFP, DREE),
declining and plan how GBPIHED (sikkim) ,
these species should be BSI, ZSI, universities,
recovered. etc.
f) Develop a database on SBB, BMCs DFEWM, Tribal M
traditional knowledge. Welfare Dept.,
GBPIHED (Sikkim)
g) Study and document DFEWM, Health ICAR, Animal M
microbial diversity, Department Husbandry
including both beneficial Agriculture (Fisheries and
and harmful microbes in Department Livestock), Sikkim
terrestrial and aquatic Govt College,
ecosystems. Sikkim University
h) Build the capacity of law DFEWM WII, BSI, ZSI, etc., S
enforcing officials for law enforcement
recognizing rare and agencies, GBPIHED
threatened species of (Sikkim)
plants and animals and
provide necessary
reference materials.

28 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
2. In-situ a) Explore the scope for DFEWM (WL) GBPIHED (Sikkim) M
biodiversity further expansion of the (BCM), BSI
conservation PA network with
stakeholders, identifying,
prioritizing biodiversity rich
areas, e.g. Dombang
Gymnosperm Reserve.

b) Strengthen biodiversity DFEWM (WL, T) GBPIHED (Sikkim) M

monitoring systems in the (BCM), BSI, WII, FSI
PA network and reserve
forests.
c) Strengthen the capability DFEWM(WP, WL, GBPIHED (Sikkim) M
of the DFEWM to Training cell) (BCM), BSI, WII, FSI,
coordinate biodiversity ZSI
monitoring systems in the
PA network and reserve
forests.
d) Evaluate the experience DFEWM (WL) NGOs, WII, S
of ongoing programs to
address human animal
conflict and identify
effective approaches to
strengthen programs to
prevent human-animal
conflict.
e) Initiate well-planned eco- DFEWM (FDA) RMDD, Agriculture, M
development AHLF&VS, Tourism,
programmes in the fringes TDCs, NGOs.
of PAs to improve the
livelihood of dependant
community.

29 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
f) Establish and notify DFEWM (WP, GBPIHED (Sikkim) S
permanent preservation DREE)
plots for monitoring
biodiversity along
different altitudinal zones
and in different habitats.
g) Develop a mechanism to DFEWM, GBPIHED (Sikkim) , M
identify and conserve Ecclesiastical BSI, RMDD
sacred groves and other Dept
religious landscapes, e.g.
Devithan around springs.
h) Conduct research on DFEWM (DREE), Universities, WII M Involve local
different aspects of GBPIHED (Sikkim) universities
species biology and
ecosystem function in PAs
and reserve forests.
i) Promote reintroduction DFEWM (HZP, Dept. of L
and recovery of P&G), GBPIHED Agriculture, Dept
threatened plant and (Sikkim) (BCM) of AH
animal species.
j) Strengthen the capability DFEWM (T, WL) Police, NGOs, FDA, L Community
of DFEWM and other mobilization
agencies to prevent
poaching and illegal
trade of wild animals,
plants and their parts.

30 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
k) Identify habitat for key DFEWM (WL) Dept. of Public M
wildlife species outside of Relation, Media,
PAs and encourage GBPIHED (Sikkim)
conservation outside the
PA network on
government and private
property.
l) Strengthen forest fire- DFEWM (T, WL) NGOs, FDA L Community
fighting program. mobilization
m) Conduct surveys of DFEWM (SBB, BSI M
economically-important NTFP), GBPIHED
native bio-resources. (Sikkim)
n) Develop strategies for DFEWM (Land RMDD, PSS, BNHS, S
conservation of unique Use & Env., SBFP) WWF, Tourism Dept.
wetlands and potential
Ramsar sites with the
support of local
communities and other
stakeholders.
o) Identify and recognize DFEWM (T, WL) DST, HRDD, IITM S
large and old trees and
declare as heritage trees
(for Hornbills, Flying
Squirrels, Fruit bats, etc).

31 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
p) Link major butterfly DFEWM (WL) Nurseries, tourist M
habitats through strategic entrepreneurs,
corridor development by FDAs
planting indigenous larval
and nectar food plants
(native) through the
involvement of various
stakeholders

q) Develop approach to DFEWM (WL) NGOs, FDAs S

conserve identified
Important Bird Areas (IBA)

r) Complete proposal for DFEWM (WL, M

inscription of KBR, KNP as SBFP), GBPIHED
World Heritage site (Sikkim)
3 Ex-situ a) Develop and standardize DFEWM (SBFP, Horticulture L
biodiversity the propagation and NTFP, SMPB) Department
conservation mass multiplication GBPIHED (Sikkim)
protocols for the rare,
endangered and
endemic plant species
b) Develop and standardize DFEWM (HZP) CZA M
the conservation
breeding protocols for the
rare, endangered and
endemic faunal species
and dove-tail it with a
reintroduction
programme.

32 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
c) Implement programs to Dept. of SBB, BMCs L
conserve the genetic Agriculture,
diversity of native land AHLF&VS
races of cultivated plants,
domesticated animals
and their wild relatives.
d) Identify the seed viability GBPIHED (Sikkim) DFEWM, Dept. of M Link to national
and develop storage Agriculture, and gene bank
technologies for targeted scientific Institutions
species.
e) Encourage propagation DFEWM (Parks GBPIHED (Sikkim) , M
and cultivation of wild and Gardens) FDAs, BMCs,
economic plants. Agriculture Dept.
f) Create new botanical DFEWM (Parks DFEWM (NTFP, T, M
gardens and parks with and Gardens) WL, FCA), SPCB,
sections for different SBFP, GBPIHED
communities, focusing on (Sikkim) , BSI,
native species. Ayurveda)

g) Improve labeling in DFEWM (Parks DFEWM (NTFP, T, M

existing and new gardens, and Gardens) WL, FCA), SBFP,
ex-situ conservation- GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,
arboretums, herbal BSI, Ayurveda)
gardens, etc.

h) Develop new ex-situ DFEWM (SBFP, M

conservation facilities, WL, HZP)
e.g. butterfly park, bird
park, etc.

33 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
4 Agro- a) Register local varieties Agriculture Dept., NBAGR,NBPGR, M link to different
biodiversity under the Farmers Rights AHLFVS, SBB ICAR, DARE, NBA gene banks,
Conservation Act. clonal
preservation
centers and
collections with
different
universities and
research
institutes
b) Ensure direct access to Agriculture DST, funding M
market for organically Department agencies. NABARD
farmed local crop
varieties though
appropriate certification
to fetch more
remunerative price to the
farmer.

c) Preserve local germ- Agriculture Dept., NBAGR,NBPGR, L

plasm of field and AHLFVS, SBB ICAR, DARE, NBA
horticultural crops by
screening germ-plasm for
desirable characters

34 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
d) Identify hotspots of agro- Agriculture Dept., NBAGR,NBPGR, M
biodiversity and cropping AHLFVS, SBB ICAR, DARE, NBA
systems and promote on-
farm conservation
through training programs
and use of appropriate
incentives.

5. Impact of a) Identify the vulnerability DST DFEWM, Dept. of L Included in 2011

climate change of different sectors of the Agriculture, RMDD, State Climate
state, such as forest, Animal Resources Change Action
agriculture, livestock, and Plan
microbial diversity and
Himalayan ecosystem
towards climatic change.

b) Identify priority habitats GBPIHED (Sikkim) DFEWM, Sikkim S

for species and (BCM), BSI University
ecosystems which are at
risk due to climate
change through
appropriate ecological
criteria.

c) Use plant phenology as DFEWM (WP), L

an indicator of climate GBPIHED (Sikkim)
change and establish
permanent phenology
monitoring stations along
different altitude zones.

35 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
d) Undertake other Universities and DFEWM. DST, M Need better
multidisciplinary research Research Centers GBPIHED (Sikkim) , linkages to
for developing WII ensure that
appropriate technology research results
for monitoring changes are shared.
on biodiversity and assess
the adaptive mechanisms
for biodiversity
components.

e) Develop adaptive DFEWM (T, Land Dept. of M

management Use & E, WL), Agriculture, Animal
approaches for relevant RMDD Resources, DST,
activities like change in ICFRE
forestry management
and watershed
management for soil and
moisture conservation
and enhance green
cover.

6. State a) Involve local agencies in DFEWM (T, WL, CWC; GBPIHED L Guidelines from
Development impact assessments (EIA) SBFP, Land Use & (Sikkim) , BSI, GSI MoEF
Activities and of development projects Env), State
Biodiversity in order to limit the Pollution Control
Conservation impact on surrounding Board
biodiversity and habitats.

36 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
b) Enforce the guidelines so DFEWM (T, WL, CWC; GBPIHED L Guidelines from
that all EIAs of major SBFP, Land Use & (Sikkim) , BSI, GSI, MoEF
developmental projects Env), State DST
should be properly Pollution Control
authenticated with Board
herbarium specimens and
other records from project
area. All RET species
falling in those area
should be properly
documented.

c) Monitor the preparation DFEWM (T, WL, DFEWM (T, WL, L Guidelines from
and implementation of SBFP, Land Use & SBFP, Land Use & MoEF, Govt of
Environmental Env), State Env), CWC; India
Management Plans Pollution Control GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,
(EMPs). Prepare Board BSI, GSI, DST,
rehabilitation plan in case Revenue
of displacement of local Department
people due to any
project considering their
social, cultural, economic
and other livelihood
needs.

d) Build capacity of the DFEWM L

department to carry out
mid-term assessment

37 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
e) Avoid the development DFEWM (FCA, T, Development
projects affecting WL) agencies, Tourism
wetlands and other Dept & other Line
biodiversity rich area. Deptts.

7. Impact of a) Conduct research to DFEWM (SPCB), Research

pollution study the impacts of Fisheries Dept. institutions and
different types of pollution universities
on biodiversity and
develop prevention
measures.

b) Manage industrial DFEWM (SPCB) Industries, PCB L

effluents so that neither
terrestrial nor aquatic
biological resources are
adversely affected.

c) Promote the use of Agriculture NGOs L

organic manures, bio- Department
fertilizers, bio-insecticides
or biological control and
discourage excessive use
of chemical fertilizers and
biocides.

8. Biodiversity a) Use of conventional and GBPIHED (Sikkim) Sikkim university M

conservation biotechnological tools on , DFEWM (SBFP)
with use of a pilot basis for
technological conserving endangered
interventions species.

38 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
b) Encourage value added RMDD Agriculture M
production from the local Department,
bio-resources using Animal Husbandry,
innovative technologies DST, Dept. of Small
as a tool for sustainable , Cottage
use of biodiversity for Industries, Tribal
livelihood. Welfare, DFEWM

9. Sustainable a) Identify and document GBPIHED (Sikkim) DFEWM (T, SBFP), S

utilization of ethno-biological , DFEWM (NTFP) Ayurveda, BSI
biodiversity knowledge, including the
resources safety and efficacy of
traditional medicinal
practices.

b) Identify alternate income RMDD, DFEWM DFEWM (T, WL, M

generating activities to SBFP), Tourism
divert the people from Department, NGOs
livelihoods which
negatively impact
biodiversity, e.g. grazing,
harvesting bioresources,
etc.

39 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
c) Promote the Agriculture Dept., Industries Dept., M
management of DFEWM (NTFP) RMDD, DHH,
bamboos and canes and Tourism
other NTFPs, sustainably
with the participation of
local communities and
other stakeholders and
make a data base.

d) Promote agro-forestry on Agriculture RMDD M

private lands. Dept/DFEWM.

e) Promote bee keeping for RMDD, Khadi & DFEWM, Dept. of M

improving pollination and Gramodyog Agriculture,
providing livelihood to Industries and Tribal
local communities. Welfare, GBPIHED
(Sikkim)
f) Document, disseminate RMDD, DFEWM Dept. of Tribal M
and promote best (SBFP) Welfare,
practices of traditional Agriculture Dept,
use of bio-resources Ayurveda Dept,
through proper study on GBPIHED (Sikkim)
traditional methods of
utilization.

40 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
g) Promote ex-situ GBPIHED (Sikkim) DFEWM (T, Wildlife, M
cultivation of high value , DFEWM NTFP), RMDD,
trade taxa, including Ayurveda,
medicinal plants to Agriculture Dept.
support livelihood of
communities and ensure
that wild stock is not
depleted.

h) Extend traditional Agriculture Dept RMDD, DFEWM M

sustainable land use (social forestry)
practices which have
been validated through
research.

10. Management of a) Conduct research on GBPIHED (Sikkim) BSI, Agriculture L

invasive ecological assessment of , DFEWM (T, WL, Dept., NCBS, IBSD.
species invasive species and SBFP)
related habitat changes,
and maintain a
database.

b) Strengthen measures to DFEWM (T, WL) Fishery , L

contain and manage any Agriculture, Animal
spread of invasive Husbandry
species. Develop inter-
sectoral approach for the
same.

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Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
c) Develop system for early DFEWM (T, Fishery , M
warning on new sightings WL)/Agriculture Agriculture, RMDD,
of invasive species in the GBPIHED (Sikkim)
state.

d) Support capacity building DFEWM (T, WL) Agriculture , S

particularly at field level Fishery Dept.,
to control spread of Animal Husbandry
invasive species. Dept.

e) Support restoration of DFEWM Agriculture , M

area affected by invasive Fishery Dept., BSI,
species, including other
occupied butterfly developmental
habitat, by planting or agencies, GBPIHED
regeneration native (Sikkim)
species.

42 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
f) Establish procedures to DFEWM (SBB) Fishery Dept. L
ensure that invasive Agriculture Dept
species do not enter
Sikkim through
international borders of
three neighboring
countries. Establish a
quarantine cell in the
state.
DFEWM State Pollution
g) Help retard climate Control Board
change both globally (SPCB)
and locally and
develop ways to
minimize or eliminate
such activities which
enhances climate
change.

11. Valuation of a) Develop a system of GBPIHED (Sikkim) DST and related M

Biodiversity natural resource DFEWM( WP) organizations
Resources accounting for Sikkim
reflecting both ecological
and economic values of
biodiversity, using UN
guidelines, wherever
necessary.

43 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
b) Support studies to DFEWM (SBFP) DFEWM with M
validate the valuation support of GBPIHED
process. (Sikkim) and
related
organizations and
experts in Sikkim
12. Promotion of a) Provide training to DFEWM, (trainers GBPIHED (Sikkim) , M
Awareness on government and non- will be identified) BSI DIET, AATI,
Biodiversity government agencies to RMDD, SIRD, etc.
strengthen their role in
biodiversity conservation.

b) Make available literature DFEWM RMDD, NGOs, S

based on research and (Extension wing, GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,
documents on best SBFP) IPR
practices to relevant
functionaries and
stakeholders, also using
electronic media.

c) Increase the awareness DFEWM (HR wing BSI, GBPIHED S

of law enforcement staff ) (Sikkim) and
on biodiversity and related
identification or organizations and
endangered flora and experts in Sikkim
fauna by providing
training and relevant
materials.

44 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
13 Policy, a) Strengthen the capacity DFEWM (SBB) State Biodiversity M
legislation and of state and local Board, Home
administrative institutions for effective (Police)
measures enforcement of the
Biological Diversity Act,
including ensuring TK and
ABS mechanisms.

b) Review the policies and DFEWM (T, WL, GBPIHED (Sikkim) , M

laws for conservation and SBB) BSI, DST,
management of sacred Ecclesiastical and
landscapes, grasslands Cultural Deptts, etc
and other areas of
importance for
biodiversity conservation.

c) Prepare Peoples DFEWM (SBB, State Biodiversity S

Biodiversity Registers and BMC, ENVIS) Board
strengthen mechanisms
with the support of
technical institutions.
JFMCs, EDCs and PSSs.

45 | P a g e
Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
d) Include the evaluation of DFEWM (FCA, T, Line Departments, L
biodiversity as an integral WL) GBPIHED (Sikkim) ,
part of any development BSI
project, and ensure that
the design of the project
includes measures to
minimize any loss of
biodiversity and is vetted
by experts.

14. Regional, a) Establish contact with UN DFEWM (Land R&D institutes like S
national and bodies like UNESCO, Use & E., T, WL) GBPIHED (Sikkim)
international UNEP, Ramsar secretariat, (with MoEF, Govt
coordination IUCN and donor agencies of India)
through GoI regarding
collaboration or obtaining
technical support for
biodiversity conservation.

b) Seek the cooperation of DFEWM (DREE) R&D organizations S

other research institutions and relevant
and universities in universities
neighboring states for
assisting in different
aspects of biodiversity
conservation including
surveys and studies.

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Sl Lead Agency Time Remarks
Category Recommended Actions Partner Agencies
No frame
c) Maintain a database of DFEWM (ENVIS, S
scientific and technical SBB, Research
persons in Sikkim with wing), DST
expertise in flora and
fauna to facilitate
collaborative work
among the organizations
in Sikkim.

d) Annual brainstorming DFEWM (SBFP, GBPIHED (Sikkim) M

workshops to share and SBB) and other
document the work areas Research
of different public sector Institutions
and private institutions
working in the field of
conservation so that work
is not duplicated and
experience and lessons
learned further
documented through
annual newsletter.

e) Outsource research or DFEWM Other research S

establish joint ventures organizations
with research agencies.

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