TAPIOCA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA) AND MUNG BEANS (VIGNA RADIAT) AS

FEED ADDITIVE FOR CHICKENS

Kate Richelle T. Bompat

Tagbilaran City Science High School

Tagbilaran City, Bohol

1|Page
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND

Poultry is today's most radical business on poultry. It is one of the biggest and

fastest meat producers in the world. In the Philippines, poultry was a major contributor

to the agricultural sector in the region. Poultry played a very important role for mankind

through the generation of food supply, income and jobs, supplying some industries with

raw materials, encouraging research work, etc.

In addition, poultry provides food and fiber to humans in the form of eggs, meat,

and feathers. In general, humans buy and eat poultry meat and eggs. Poultry was the

second most commonly consumed meat type worldwide and, together with eggs, offers

nutritionally beneficial foods containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low fat

content

Furthermore, layer hens need a balanced diet to supply their nutrient loss during

egg production. Adequate consumption of phosphorus, calcium, trace minerals and

vitamin D3 was required for better egg quality

Farmers required feed additives to increase the production of layers of eggs,

owing to high demand in today's animal industry. Commercial layer feeds sold these

days contain substances and toxins that may alter the health of layer hens and their egg

2|Page
production. That is why an alternative which was organic, natural and practical was

deemed necessary.

On the other hand, to give the native chickens a better quality of eggs, additives

could be useful and mung beans and tapioca mixture are one of the alternative

additives. Mung beans are an excellent source of Protein, Carbobydrates, Fiber,

Manganese, Vitamin B1, Phosphorus, Iron, Copper, Potassium, Zinc, Vitamins B2, B3,

B5, B6 and selenium. While tapioca is a good source of sodium, potassium,

carbohydrates, protein, calcium, iron, Vitamin C and magnesium.

Hence, the reasearch wants to determine the efficacy of mung beans and tapioca

mixture as feed additives for native chickens in terms on the number of eggs and egg

quality of native chickens.

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of tapioca and

mung beans mixture as feed addtitive to Native Chickens.

Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions:

1) What will be the number of eggs producted that treated with:

a) 50% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca and 25% mung beans

b) 75% Commercial feeds + 12.5% tapioca and 12.5% mung beans

c) 75% Commercial Feeds + 25% tapioca

d) 75% Commercial feeds + 25% mung beans

3|Page
 e) Commercial feeds only

2) Is there a significant difference on the number of eggs produced treated with:

a) 50% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca and 25% mung beans

b) 75% Commercial feeds + 12.5% tapioca and 12.5% mung beans

c) 75% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca

d) 75% Commercial feeds + 25% mung beans

e) Commercial feeds only

3) What are the egg quality of native chickens in terms f egg mass and egg

structure treated with:

a) 50% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca and 25% mung beans

b) 75% Commercial feeds + 12.5% tapioca and 12.5% mung beans

c) 75% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca

d) 75% Commercial feeds + 25% mung beans

e) Commercial feeds only

4) Is there a significant difference on the egg quality of native chickens in terms of

egg mass and egg structure treated with:

a) 50% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca and 25% mung beans

b) 75% Commercial feeds + 12.5% tapioca and 12.5% mung beans

c) 75% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca

d) 75% Commercial feeds + 25% mung beans

e) Commercial feeds only

4|Page
 Theoritical/Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

a) 50% Commercial feeds +

25% tapioca and 25% mung a) Number of eggs
beans b) Egg quality
b) 75% Commercial feeds +  Egg mass
12.5% tapioca and 12.5%
 Egg shell
mung beans
c) 75% Commercial Feeds + structure
25% tapioca
d) 75% Commercial feeds +
25% mung beans
e) 100% Commercial feeds

Figure 1.1 Paradigm of the Independent Variables on the Effect of the Different

Treatmeant on the Number Of Eggs and the Egg Quality (Mass And Volume) on

the Hen’s Eggs

Assumptions

The following served as the bases for the purpose of the study:

1. The chickens are handled equally in terms of its shelter, ventilation, water,

exposure to the sun, cleanliness, and other environmental factors.

2. The chickens are of the same maturity.

5|Page
Hypotheses

The researcher formulated the following hypotheses:

1) There will be no significant difference on the number of eggs produced treated

with:

a) 50% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca and 25% mung beans

b) 75% Commercial feeds + 12.5% tapioca and 12.5% mung beans

c) 75% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca

d) 75% Commercial feeds + 25% mung beans

e) Commercial feeds only

2) There will be no significant difference on the egg quality of native chickens in

terms of egg mass and egg structure treated with:

a) 50% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca and 25% mung beans

b) 75% Commercial feeds + 12.5% tapioca and 12.5% mung beans

c) 75% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca

d) 75% Commercial feeds + 25% mung beans

e) Commercial feeds only

Significance of the Study

It has been observed that the eggs on the market are often of low quality, as

determined mostly by their shells. Additionally, there is a shortage of poultry supply on

the market that has resulted in a sustained price rise for both chicken and eggs. It is for

this logical reason that the researcher is attempting to determine whether Tapioca and

6|Page
Mung beans can be an effective feed additive for improving egg quality and production

of eggs.

As an answer to is problem, the researcher will perform this study in which

Tapioca and Mung beans are purchased and used as a feed additive for commercial

later feed. The results of this study would be of great benefit to farmers and poultry

raisers in search of more natural and organic feed additives for later commercial feed in

order to produce better egg quality.

Hence, the results of this study would benefit the people who are health

cognizant and those people who would like to eat fresh and safer eggs. It would also be

a great benefit for farmers and poultry raisers in searching for more natural and organic

feed additives to commercial layer feeds to produce better quality for eggs.

Scopes and Limitations of the Study

This study will be conducted at the researcher’s residence at 0161-F, Bukid

Drive, Booy, Tagbilaran City, Bohol.

This study focused solely on the efficacy of Tapioca and Mung beans Mixture as

feed additive for native chickens in terms on the number and quality of eggs.

Fifteen (15) native chickens will be collected and divided into 5 set-ups namely:

Set-up A with 50% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca ang 25% mung beans, Set-up B

with 75% Commercial feeds + 12.5% tapioca and 12.5% mung beans, Set-up C with

75% Commercial feeds + 25% tapioca, Set-up D with 75% Commercial feeds + 25%

7|Page
mung beans and Set- up E with Commercial feeds only. The treatment period will last

for about eight (8) weeks.

The effectiveness of the treatments will be determined by the aggregation of all

the chickens' eggs and acts as the end of the treatment duration. Then, proceed to the

determining of the number, mass and volume of the eggs.

Definition of Key Terms

Acclimatization. The physiological adaptation, process by which an organism

becomes better adapted to exist in an environment different from one which it was

indigenous.

Calcium. A silver-white divalent metallic element of the alkaline earth group

which is usually found in most plants and animals and is essential for better eggshell

quality.

Eggs. These are hens laying oval hard-shelled reproductive cells. The basic

structure of eggshells, which varies widely between species, is a protein matrix lined

with mineral crystals.

Egg Mass. The mass of a single egg expressed in grams.

Egg Production. It refers to the production of eggs through organic means.

Egg Quality. Standards which define both internal and external quality of an egg.

Egg Shell. The external appearance of an egg. The egg should not have any

cracks.

8|Page
 Feed Additive. It is a food supplement for farm animals which can not obtain

enough nutrients from regular meals supplied by farmers, including vitamins, amino

acids, fatty acids and minerals.

Layer feeds. Designed to provide optimal nutrition for egg-laying birds..

Mung Beans. Are small, green beans that belong to the legume family. They are

high in nutrients and believed to aid many ailments.

Mung Beans and Tapioca Mixture. A mixture that will be added on the layer

feeds of native chickens.

Native Chicken. A specie of chicken that can be easy to raise because of its

sturdy characterisitcs even with minimum attention. They are commonly raised and

found in backyard farms. There are also lots of different breeds for rasing.

Number. The quantity of eggs that can be individually counted.

Potassium. It is a mineral that in adequate amounts of it in ration of laying hens

assures good egg production, egg weight, and shell thickness.

Protein. It is a vital nutrient for poultry and all other classes of animals. In virtue

of its amino acid constituents, protein plays a significant role in growth, egg production,

immunity, adaptation to the environment, and in many other biological functions.

Tapioca. A starchy product derived from cassava tubers, available in a variety of

forms including flour, meal, flakes, and pearls.

9|Page
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LTERATURE

Native chicken. (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a type of domesticated fowl, a Red

Jungle fowl subspecies. It is a hybrid of various breeds. Native chickens are typically

raised in the backyards of rural households. They are commonly grown in small

numbers of up to about 24 hens for egg production. Some farmers raise native chickens

for meat, barter, or sale as an additional source of income for the household. Native

chickens are brought up under the management system of the Free Range. Under this

management system, the chickens are allowed to drill and search for their own food.

Native chickens are known for their adaptability to local agro-climatic conditions,

ruggedness, ability to use farm-by-products, and disease resistance. They often require

minimal care, management, and inputs.

Many Filipinos prefer the processing of native chickens that are meat and eggs

over the same commercial poultry products because of their flavor, leanliness,

pigmentation, and sustainability to many Filipino dishes. In comparison, the quality of

native chicken meat and eggs is higher than those that come from commercial poultry.

Most Filipinos prefer meat from native chickens even if they have a slower growth rate

to Filipino dishes because of their taste, leanliness, pigmentation and sustainability.

10 | P a g e
 Tapioca. Tapioca is a starch drawn from the root of cassava. It consists of nearly

pure carbs, with very little protein, fiber, or nutrients. Tapioca has recently become

popular as a gluten-free alternative to wheat and other cereals. There is plenty of

speculation about it though. Many people claim it has many health benefits, while others

suggest it's dangerous. Tapioca is a dried plant that is usually sold as white flour, pearls

or flakes.

Production varies by location but always includes the squeezing out of the

ground cassava root of starchy liquid. The water is allowed to evaporate once the

starchy liquid is out. When all the water has evaporated it leaves behind a fine tapioca

paste. Next, the powder, such as flakes or pearls, is processed into the preferred form.

The most common form is pearls. These are often used in bubble tea, puddings, and

desserts as well as in cooking with a thickener. The flakes, sticks and pearls must be

soaked or boiled before consumption, due to the dehydration process. They can double

in size and they can become leathery, bloated and transparent.

Tapioca is high in carbs and calories so it is not a food that is traditionally

healthy. It can however help an individual meet the recommended daily allowance of

several important nutrients. It can also be a tasty, nutritious choice of food for people

needing to gain weight. (Bjarnadottir, 2016)

Mung Beans. Mung beans are a type of pulse with a good nutritional balance

and plenty of minerals and vitamins. Some early research suggests there may be a

variety of health benefits to these beans. Mung beans are a type of pulse, meaning they

are an edible seed of the family of legume plants. Mung beans are nutritionally balanced

11 | P a g e
as is the case with all pulses. They include vitamins, minerals and beneficial enzymes,

making them an excellent part of a healthy diet.

Mung beans are also a good source of B vitamins required for a variety of bodily

functions and help to maintain the health of the brain. Mung beans in particular are an

excellent source of vitamin B-9, also known as folate, which helps make DNA from a

person's body. Folate is essential before and during pregnancy, as it helps to prevent

certain birth defects.

Mung beans are a good source of protein, and are rich in minerals and vitamins.

Early research also suggests that mung beans may have a range of potential health

benefits, but to confirm these findings, further studies are required. Eating more

legumes can be part of a healthy eating pattern and an effective way to incorporate

more vegetable-based foods into the diet of a person. Mung beans are easy to prepare,

and can be added to many different dishes by people. (Huzar, 2019)

Feed Additive. The diet of animals and humans contain a wide variety of

additives. However, in poultry diets these additives are primarily included to improve the

efficiency of the bird’s growth and/or laying capacity, prevent disease and improve feed

utilisation. Any additives used in feed must be approved for use and then used as

directed with respect to inclusion levels and duration of feeding. They are also specific

for the type and age of birds being fed. Common feed additives used in poultry diets

include antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, binders, pH control agents and

enzymes. Within each one of these classes of additives there can be dozens of specific

additives manufactured and distributed by a wide variety of companies. Again, all

ingredients and additives must be noted on the label and their use and inclusion levels

12 | P a g e
meet the standards as defined by law. In some instances additives are added to the

animal’s diet in order to enhance their value for human consumption, but mostly this is

accomplished by use of natural ingredients containing significantly higher levels of these

nutrients that can be deposited directly into meat and eggs.

Calcium. The body needs calcium to keep its bones healthy. Without enough

calcium, eggshells may be faulty, causing desertion of the clutch, as the hatchlings

never hatch. In large amounts calcium is required for the production of egg shells and

for the healthy growth of newborn chicks. Eggshells are approximately 40 per cent

calcium, which provides 381-401 mg (2,3) per gram. Young birds can get sick,

deformed or even die without it. The thickness of some bid's egg shells, such as song

thrushes and predatory fish-eating prey birds, was significantly decreasing. Soil

acidification can have a similar effect on the shells of the bird's eggs due to lack of

calcium and even a lack of snails that need calcium for their shells.

In order to produce calcium rapidly for the laying of eggs and provide them with

calcium for a few weeks or if while their young birds develop a strong skeleton, it would

require a huge number of insects or seeds from which the extra calcium would be

produced, which are simply not available in sufficient quantities to provide the much-

needed calcium boost that the birds would need. While research has found that only

insects and seeds can provide 10 percent of the calcium online.

Vitamin D3. Vitamin D3 is essential for the proper absorption and use of calcium

and phosphorus needed for normal growth, bone development and formation of

eggshells. Vitamin D3 may be created when the skin of a bird is hit by sunlight. Lack

leads to rickets. The birds develop thin shelled eggs with reduced hatchability, show leg

13 | P a g e
weakness , and the penguin like sitting posture. The beak, the paws and the ribs

become very flexible.

Protein. It is the primary concern in feeding chickens, since when they grow

eggs they lose a huge proportion of their own protein. Proteins are complex amino acid

compounds. Feed proteins are digested into amino acids and processed into proteins

for the body. Body proteins are used to construct body tissue. Muscles, nerves,

cartilage, skin, feathers, and beak are tissues which consist mainly of protein.

Whenever chickens grow, or produce eggs or sperms as in the case of the rooster, they

use a lot of protein. This protein is to be provided by diet. Since living organisms are

extremely complex, there are literally billions of different protein molecule forms (Jung

and Batad, 2009 as Avilla, 2016 states). Chickens need a balanced diet with enough

protein and calcium to sustain the optimum production of eggs over a given period of

time. Improper nutrition may cause the hens to cease laying eggs. Imbalanced protein,

energy, and calcium levels can drop the production of eggs.

Potassium. In the first eight weeks, it is important for chickens and turkey diets.

The required rates may be higher during heat stress, or when there is some diarrhea.

Adequate potassium in the laying hens process ensures good production of eggs, egg

weight and shell thickness. Suitable potassium in starting chicks and poults increases

weight gain, improves feed quality and decreases mortality.

Egg Production. Native Hen starts laying between 18-20 weeks of age. The

average mass of a native chicken egg is about 40-45 grams. The average chicken lay

per year is 60-100. Hens normally lay eggs from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Egg collection

should be done on a daily basis, with just one egg left in the nest to encourage hens to

14 | P a g e
lay more eggs. This encourages the hens to take better care of the eggs. Regular

collection will decrease the incidence of cracked and dirty eggs. It has also been proven

to increase the rate of egg laying prior to incubation.

Egg Mass. A native chicken egg's average mass is about 40-45 grams. The

average chicken layers per year are 60-100. Eggs are rated as No Weight (< 40 g),

Pewee (40-45 g), Pullets (45-50 g), Small (50-55 g), Medium (55-60 g), Large (60-65),

Extra Large (65-70), and Jumbo (70 g and above).

Egg Shell. The eggshell is an important structure for two reasons. Firstly it

forms an embryonic chamber for the developing chick, providing mechanical protection

and a controlled gas exchange medium. Secondly it is a container for the market egg,

providing protection of the contents and a unique package for a valuable food. Smooth,

without ridges or tiny lumps of calcified material (pimples) are the high quality hatching

egg shells. The color of eggs is uniform within a batch. Young flocks grow thicker shell

eggs, and the shell becomes thinner when the flock ages, and the occurrence of

irregular shells increases. Inadequate content of calcium or vitamin D3 in feed may

create thin shells of the eggs. The salty drinking water and high chlorine levels will also

cause problems with shell consistency. A variety of diseases (IB, NCD, EDS) that

indicate irregular white, thin-shelled eggs

Embryo. The embryo is floats above the yolk. The embryo is visible in the

incubated egg as a doughnut-as an opaque ring with a translucent center. A good

quality embryo has a diameter of 3 to 5 mm.

15 | P a g e
 Candling. Candling is a method used in the embryology to study an embryo's

growth and development within an egg. The method uses a bright light source behind

the egg to reveal information through the shell, and is so-called because candles were

the original light sources used. In the egg industry the method of using light to test eggs

is used to assess the quality of edible eggs. Candling was traditionally done by using

candle, but today bright artificial light sources are also used. When an egg is candled, it

is brought into a dark room and placed on top or in front of the light source, acandle,

flashlight or any artificial light used. (Limboy, 2019)

16 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Materials

15 native chickens

Tap Water

Layer Feeds

Tapioca

Mung Beans

Equipments

Feeding Trough (5)

Waterer (5)

Cages (5)

Flashlight

Weighing Scale

Chopping Board

Tray for Collecting

17 | P a g e
Procedure

A. Preparation of Subjects

Fifteen (15) native chickens will be used as subjects of the study. The chickens

were divided into 5 groups and was separated into 5 cages namely Set up A comprises

three chickens as well as set-up B, C, D and E respectively. The cages were equipped

with feeding and water troughs. The hens are of the same maturity.

B. Preparation of treatments

The tapioca are washed and grinded and the Mung beans are freshly washed.

The desired amount of Tapioca and Mung Beans was determined by using the weighing

scale.

C. Construction of the Chickens’ Cage

The chickens’ cage will be constructed by the researcher’s uncle at the

researcher’s residence.

D. Application of Treatments

a) (50%) Commercial feeds, (25%) tapioca and (25%) mung beans

The mung beans and tapioca will be placed in a bowl to be cleaned with warm water.

After washing the tapioca and the mung beans will be grinded. The grilled tapioca and

mung beans will be added to the commercial feeds.

18 | P a g e
 b) (75%) Commercial feeds, (12.5%) tapioca and (12.5%) mung beans

The mung beans and tapioca will be placed in a bowl to be cleaned with warm

water. After washing the tapioca and the mung beans will be grinded. The grilled

tapioca and mung beans will be added to the commercial feeds.

c) (75%) Commercial feeds and (25%) tapioca

The tapioca will be placed in a bowl to be cleaned with warm water. After washing

the tapioca beans will be grinded and will be added to the commercial feeds.

d) (75%) Commercial feeds and (25%) mung beans

The mung beans will be placed in a bowl to be cleaned with warm water. After

washing, the mung beans will be grinded and will be added to the commercial feeds.

e) Commercial feeds only

The commercial feeds will be bought at the store and will be weighed. The feeds

will be fed to the hens.

E. Measurement of Egg Quality Traits

The egg that will be collected from the treatment will be subjected to the

evaluation of external egg quality traits of the flock under the study.

F1. Evaluation of Eggs’ Mass

All collected eggs from each set-up that will be used will be weighed separately

in grams. The measured mass will be reffered to as the total egg mass.

19 | P a g e
F2. Evaluation of Egg Shell Structure

To determine the egg shell structure such as cracks due to thin shells and pimple

or toe holes. The researcher used the candling method. In this method, the researcher

will use a home-made candled device using a flashlight. To ensure the success of the

test, the researcher will conduct the experiment in a dark room.

G. Statistical Treatment

 One- way ANOVA Analysis of Variance – The One – way Annova will be used to

determine wether there will be any significant differences between the hens treated

differently

 Post Hoc (Turkey Test) is designed for situations in which the researcher will obtain

a significant omnibus F – Test with a factor that consists of three or more means and

addtional exploration of differences among means is needed to provide specific

information form each other.

20 | P a g e