Assessment of Learning 2 Assignment # 3

A. Self-Report

A self-report study is a type of survey, questionnaire, or poll in which respondents read the question and
select a response by themselves without interference.[1] A self-report is any method which involves
asking a participant about their feelings, attitudes, beliefs and so on. Examples of self-reports are
questionnaires and interviews; self-reports are often used as a way of gaining participants' responses in
observational studies and experiments.

Self-report studies have validity problems. Patients may exaggerate symptoms in order to make their
situation seem worse, or they may under-report the severity or frequency of symptoms in order to
minimize their problems. Patients might also simply be mistaken or misremember the material covered
by the survey.

It is common practice in education research to use self-reports of student grades in research studies.
Since a widely cited meta-analysis by Kuncel, Credé, and Thomas (2005), many researchers have argued
that self-reported grades are generally accurate (i.e., Ratelle & Duchesne, 2014) and can be safely used
as measures of student performance in studies of educational outcomes and interventions. Today, the
practice of using self-reports of grades and scores remains typical even among very well-known
researchers writing in the top educational research journals (i.e., Guo, Marsh, Morin, Parker, & Kaur,
2015; Yeager et al., 2016).

B. Rating Scale

Rating Scale Definition

Rating scale is defined as a closed-ended survey question used to represent respondent feedback in a
comparative form for specific particular features/products/services. It is one of the most established
question types for online and offline surveys where survey respondents are expected to rate an attribute
or feature. Rating scale is a variant of the popular multiple-choice question which is widely used to
gather information that provides relative information about a specific topic.

Types of Rating Scale

Graphic Rating Scale: Graphic rating scale indicates the answer options on a scale of 1-3, 1-5, etc. Likert
Scale is a popular graphic rating scale example. Respondents can select a particular option on a line or
scale to depict rating. This rating scale is often implemented by HR managers to conduct employee
evaluation.5 point Likert scale for satisfaction

Numerical Rating Scale: Numerical rating scale has numbers as answer options and not each number
corresponds to a characteristic or meaning. For instance, a Visual Analog Scale or a Semantic Differential
Scale can be presented using a numerical rating scale.

Descriptive Rating Scale: In a descriptive rating scale, each answer option is elaborately explained for
the respondents. A numerical value is not always related to the answer options in the descriptive rating
scale. There are certain surveys, for example, a customer satisfaction survey, which needs to describe all
the answer options in detail so that every customer has thoroughly explained information about what is
expected from the survey.

Comparative Rating Scale: Comparative rating scale, as the name suggests, expects respondents to
answer a particular question in terms of comparison, i.e. on the basis of relative measurement or
keeping other organizations/products/features as a reference.

The Ordinal Rating Scale

An ordinal scale presents the response input options to the participant as an ordered set of categories,
but with the distinction that the "distance between the categories [is] unknown". This just means that
the response options can be ordered and ranked (i.e. strongly agree is greater than somewhat agree),
but there is no known quantifiable distance between the intervals.

A common example of an ordinal rating scale is what's known as the likert scale, which is named after
it's inventor, psychologist Rensis Likert. This type of scale is usually presented with a statement, or set of
statements, and the participant is asked to rate how much they agree or disagree.