SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 613

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

d
he
CHAPTER 7

is
7.6.3 ò ( px + q ) a x 2 + bx + c dx .

We choose constants A and B such that

bl
éd ù
( a x + bx + c ) ú + B
2
px + q = Aê
ë dx û
pu
= A(2ax + b) + B
Comparing the coefficients of x and the constant terms on both sides, we get
be T

2aA = p and Ab + B = q
re
o R

Solving these equations, the values of A and B are obtained. T hus, the integral
reduces to
tt E

A ò (2ax + b) ax 2 + bx + c dx + B ò ax 2 + bx + c dx
C

= AI 1 + BI 2

where I1 = ò (2ax + b) ax 2 + bx + c dx
no N

Put ax2 + bx + c = t, then (2ax + b)dx = dt

3
2
(ax 2 + bx + c ) 2 + C1
©

So I1 =
3

Similarly, I2 = ò a x 2 + bx + c dx
 614 MATHEMATICS

is found, using the integral formulae discussed in [7.6.2, Page 328 of the textbook].

T hus ò ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx is finally worked out.

d
Example 25 Find òx 1+ x - x2 dx

he
Solution Following the procedure as indicated above, we write

é d 2 ù
x = Aê
ë dx
( 1 + x - x )ú + B
û

is
= A (1 – 2x) + B

bl
Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides,
We get – 2A = 1 and A + B = 0
pu
1 1
Solving these equations, we get A = - and B = . T hus the integral
2 2
be T

reduces to
1 1
ò (1 - 2 x ) 1 + x - x 2 dx + ò 1 + x - x 2 dx
re

ò x 1 + x - x dx = -
2
o R

2 2
tt E

1 1
= - I1 + I 2 (1)
2 2
C

Consider I1 = ò (1 - 2 x) 1 + x - x 2 dx
no N

Put 1 + x – x2 = t, then (1 – 2x)dx = dt

©

1 3
2 2
ò (1 - 2 x) 1 + x - x dx = ò t 2d t = t + C1
2
T hus I1 =
3

(1 + x - x 2 ) 2 + C 1 , where C1 is some constant.

3
2
=
3
 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 615

ò + -x =ò 54 -æçèx -12ö÷ø dx
2

Further, consider I2 = 1 x 2
dx

1
Put x - = t. T hen dx = dt

d
2

he
2
æ 5 ö
T herefore, I2 = ò çç ÷÷ - t d t
2

è 2 ø

is
1 5 1 5 2t
= 2t - t2 + × s i n -1 + C2
4 2 4 5

bl
1 (2x - 1) 5 1 2 5 -1 æ 2x - 1 ö
= 2 - ( x - ) + si n ç ÷ + C2
2 4 2 8 è 5 ø
pu
1 5 æ 2x -1ö
= 4 ( 2 x - 1) 1 + x - x + 8 si n ç ÷ + C2 ,
-1
be T

è 5 ø
re
o R

where C2 is some constant.

Putting values of I1 and I 2 in (1), we get

tt E

òx
1 1
1 + x - x dx = - (1 + x - x 2 ) 2 + ( 2 x - 1) 1 + x - x 2
2
C

3 8
no N

5 æ 2x-1ö
+ s in - 1 ç ÷+ C,
16 è 5 ø

C1+ C2
©

whe re C = - is another arbitrary constant.

2
 616 MATHEMATICS

Inse rt the following e xe rcise s at the e nd of EXERCISE 7.7 as follows:

12. x x + x2 13. ( x + 1) 2 x 2 + 3 14. ( x + 3) 3 - 4 x - x 2

d
Answe rs

he
( 2 x + 1) x 2 + x
3
1 2 1 1
12. (x + x)2 - + lo g | x + +2 x + x | +C
3 8 16 2

is
1 3
x 3 2 3
13. ( 2 x 2 + 3) 2 + 2x2 + 3 + lo g x + x2 + + C
6 2 4 2

-1 æ x + 2 ö

bl( x + 2) 3 - 4 x - x 2
3
1 7
- (3 - 4 x - x ) 2 + s in ç ÷+ +C
2
14.
pu
3 2 è 7 ø 2
be T

CHAPTER 10
re

10.7 Scalar Triple Product

o R

r r r r r r
Let a , b and c be any three vectors. T he scalar
r r product of a and ( b ´ c ) , i.e.,
r r r r
a × ( b ´rc ) is called the scalar triple product of a , b and c in this order and is denoted
tt E

r r rrr
by [ a, b , c ] (or [ a b c ]). We thus have
C

r r r r
[ a, b, c ] = ar × (b ´ cr )
no N

Observations b ×c
r r r r
1. Since ( b ´ cr ) is a vector, a × ( b ´ c ) is a A

r r r
scalar quantity, i.e. [ a, b , c ] is a scalar
©

quantity. a

2. Geometrically, the magnitude of the scalar q

c B
triple product is the volume of a parallelopiped
formed by adjacent sides given by the three O
b C
Fig. 10.28
 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 617

r r r
vectors a, b and c (Fig. 10.28). Indeed, the area of the parallelogram forming
r r r
the base of the parallelopiped is b ´ c . T he height is the projection of a along
r r

d
the normal to the plane containing b and c which is the magnitude of the

r r r r r
r a .(b ´ c )

he
component of a in the direction of b ´ c i.e., r r . So the required
(b ´ c )

r r r
a .(b ´ c ) r r r r r

is
volume of the parallelopiped is r r | b ´ c | = a .(b ´ c ) ,
(b ´ c )

bl
r r r
3. I f a = a1iˆ + a 2 ˆj + a 3kˆ , b = b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ and c = c1iˆ + c2 ˆj + c3kˆ ,
then
pu
ˆi ˆj kˆ
r r
b ´ c = b1 b2 b3
be T

c1 c2 c3
re
o R

= (b 2c3 – b 3c2) iˆ + (b 3c1 – b 1c3) ĵ + (b 1c2 – b 2c1) k̂

tt E

and so
r r r
a . ( b ´ c ) = a 1 ( b 2 c 3 – b 3 c 2 ) + a 2 ( b 3 c 1 – b1 c 3 ) + a 3 ( b1 c 2 – b 2 c 1 )
C

a1 a2 a3
= b1 b2 b3
no N

c1 c2 c3
r r r
4. If a , b and c be any three vectors, then
r r r
©

r r r r r r
[ a, b , c ] = [ b , c , a ] = [ c , a , b ]
(cyclic permutation of three vectors does not change the value of the scalar
triple product).
r r r
Let a = a iˆ + a ˆj + a kˆ , b = b iˆ + b ˆj + b kˆ a nd c = c iˆ + c jˆ kˆ .
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
 618 MATHEMATICS

T hen, just by observation above, we have

a1 a2 a3
r rr
[ a,b ,c ] = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3

d
= a 1 (b 2c3 – b 3c2) + a 2 (b 3c1 – b 1c3) + a 3 (b 1c2 – b 2c1)

he
= b 1 (a 3c2 – a 2c3) + b 2 (a 1c3 – a 3c1) + b 3 (a 2c1 – a 1c2)

b1 b2 b3

is
= c1 c2 c3
a1 a2 a3

bl
r r r
= [ b , c, a ]
pu
Similarly, the reader may verify that
r r r r r r
be T

= [ a,b , c ] = [ c ,a,b ]
re

r r r rr r r r r
o R

Hence [ a,b , c ] = [ b,c, a ] = [ c ,a,b ]

r r r
5. In scalar triple product a .(b ´ c ) , the dot and cross can be interchanged.
tt E

Indeed,
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
a .(b ´ c ) = [ a , b , c ] = [ b , c, a ] = [ c, a , b ] = c .( a ´ b ) = ( a ´ b ). c
C

r r r r r r
6. = [ a , b , c ] = – [ a , c, b ]. Indeed
no N

r r r r r r
= [ a , b , c ] = a .(b ´ c )
r r r
= a .(– c ´ b )
©

r r r
= – (a .(c ´ b ))
r r r
= – éë a , c , b ùû
 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 619

r r r
7. [a , a , b ] = 0. Indeed
r r r r r r
[a , a , b ] = [a , b , a, ]
r r r

d
= [b , a, a ]
r r r

he
= b .(a ´ a )
r r r r r
= b .0 = 0. (as a ´ a = 0)

is
Note : T he result in 7 above is true irrespective of the position of two equal vectors.

10.7.1 Coplanarity of Three Vectors

bl
r r r r r r
The ore m 1 T hree vectors a, b and c are coplanar if and only if a × ( b ´ c ) = 0.
r r r
Proof Suppose first that the vectors a , b and c are coplanar..
pu
r r r r r r r r
If b and c are parallel vectors, then, b ´ c = 0 and so a × ( b ´ c ) = 0.
r r
be T

r r r r r
If b and c are not parallel then, since a , b and c are coplanar,, b ´ c is
re
r
perpendicular to a .
o R

r r r
So a × ( b ´ c ) = 0 .
r r r r
tt E

r
Conversely, suppose that a × ( b ´ c ) = 0 . If a and b ´ cr are both non-zero,
r r r r
then we conclude that a and b ´ cr are perpendicula r vectors. But b ´ c is
C

r r r r r
perpendicular to both b and c . T herefore, a and b and c must lie in the plane, i.e.
r r
no N

they are coplanar. If a = 0, then a is coplanar with any two vectors, in particular with
r r . If r r r r are parallel vectors and so, r , br and r
b and c (b ´ c ) = 0 , then b and c a c
are coplanar since any two vectors always lie in a plane determined by them and a
©

vector which is parallel to any one of it also lies in that plane.

Note : Coplanarity of four points can be discussed using coplanarity of three vectors.
uuur uuur uuur
Indeed, the four points A, B, C and D are coplanar if the vectors AB, AC and AD
are coplanar.
 620 MATHEMATICS

r r r r r r
Example 26 Find a .(b ´ c ), if a = 2iˆ + jˆ + 3kˆ, b = – iˆ + 2 j + k and c = 3iˆ + jˆ + 2kˆ .

2 1 3
r r r
Solution We have a .(b ´ c ) = - 1 2 1 = –10.

d
3 1 2

he
Example 27 Showthat the vectors
r r r
a = iˆ - 2 jˆ + 3kˆ, b = – 2iˆ + 3 j - 4 kˆ and c = iˆ - 3 jˆ + 5kˆ are coplanar..

is
1 -2 3
r r r
Solution We have a .(b ´ c ) = - 2 3 - 4 = 0.

bl
1 -3 5
r r r
Hence, in view of T heorem 1, a , b and c are coplanar vectors.
pu
Example 28 Find l if the vectors
r r r
a = ˆi + 3 ˆj + kˆ , b = 2 ˆi - ˆj - kˆ and c = l iˆ + 7 ˆj + 3kˆ are coplanar..
be T

r r r r r r
Solution Since a , b and c are coplanar vectors, we have éë a , b , c ùû = 0 , i.e.,
re
o R

1 3 1
2 -1 -1 = 0.
tt E

l 7 3
C

Þ 1 (– 3 + 7) – 3 (6 + l) + 1 ( 14 + l) = 0
Þ l = 0.
no N

Example 29 Show that the four points A, B, C and D with position vectors
4iˆ + 5 jˆ + kˆ, - ( jˆ + kˆ ), 3iˆ + 9 jˆ + 4kˆ and 4(–iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) , respectively are coplanar..
©

Solution We know that the four points A, B, C and D are coplanar if the three vectors
uuur uuur uuur
AB, AC and AD are coplanar, i.e., if
uuur uuur uuur
é AB, AC, ADù = 0
ë û
 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 621
uuur
No w AB = – ( ˆj + kˆ) – (4iˆ + 5 jˆ + kˆ ) = – 4iˆ - 6 jˆ - 2kˆ )
uuur
AC = (3ˆi + 9 ˆj + 4 kˆ) – (4iˆ + 5 ˆj + kˆ ) = – iˆ + 4 ˆj + 3kˆ
uuur

d
and AD = 4(- iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) – (4iˆ + 5 ˆj + kˆ) = – 8iˆ - ˆj + 3kˆ

he
-4 - 6 - 2
uuur uuur uuur
T hus é AB,AC, AD ù = - 1 4 3 = 0.
ë û
-8 -1 3

is
Hence A, B, C and D are coplanar.
r r r r r r r r r
Example 30 Prove that éë a + b , b + c , c + a ùû = 2 éë a , b , c ùû .

bl
Solution We have
r r r r
é ar + b , b + cr, cr + ar ù = (ar + b ).((b + cr ) ´ (cr + ar ))
pu
ë û
r r r r r r r r r r
= (a + b ).(b ´ c + b ´ a + c ´ c + c ´ a )
be T

r r r r r r r r r r r
= (a + b ) . (b ´ c + b ´ a + c ´ a ) (as c ´ c = 0 )
re
o R

r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
= a .(b ´ c ) + a . (b ´ a ) + a . (c ´ a) + b . (b ´ c ) + b . (b ´ a ) + b . ( c ´ a)
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
tt E

= éë a , b , c ùû + éë a , b , a ùû + [ a, c , a ] + éë b , b , c ùû + éë b , b , a ùû + éë b , c , a ùû

r r r
C

= 2 éë a , b , c ùû (Why?)
r r r r r r r r r r
Example 31 Prove that éë a , b , c + d ùû = éë a, b , c ùû + [a , b , d ]
no N

Solution We have
r r r r
é ar , b , cr + d ù = ar .(b ´ (cr + d ))
ë û
©

r r r r r
= a .(b ´ c + b ´ d )
r r r r r r
= a .(b ´ c ) + a . (b ´ d )
r r r r r r
= éë a , b , c ùû + éë a , b , d ùû .
 622 MATHEMATICS

Exercise 10.5
r rr r r
1. Find éë a b c ùû if a = iˆ – 2 ˆj + 3kˆ, b = 2iˆ – 3 ˆj + kˆ and c = 3i + j – 2 kˆ
(Ans. 24)
r

d
r r
2. Show that the vectors a = iˆ - 2 jˆ + 3kˆ , b = - 2iˆ + 3 ˆj - 4 kˆ and c = iˆ - 3 ˆj + 5kˆ
are coplanar.

he
3. Find l if the vectors iˆ - jˆ + kˆ,3iˆ + jˆ + 2kˆ and iˆ + ljˆ - 3kˆ are coplanar..
(Ans. l = 15)
r r r
4. Let a = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ, b = iˆ and c = c1 iˆ + c2 ˆj + c3 kˆ Then

is
r r r
(a) If c1 = 1 and c2 = 2, find c3 which makes a , b and c coplanar (Ans. c3 = 2)
r r

bl
r
(b) If c2 = –1 and c3 = 1, show that no value of c1 can make a , b and c coplanar..
5. Show that the four points with position vectors
pu
4 iˆ + 8 ˆj + 12kˆ, 2ˆi + 4 ˆj + 6kˆ,3ˆi + 5 ˆj + 4kˆ and 5 iˆ + 8 ˆj + 5kˆ are coplanar..
6. Find x such that the four points A (3, 2, 1) B (4, x, 5), C (4, 2, –2) and
be T

D (6, 5, –1) are coplanar. (Ans. x = 5)

r r r r r r r r r
Showthat the vectors a , b and c coplanar if a + b , b + c and c + a are coplanar..
re
7.
o R
tt E
C
no N
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