Etapa 1 Trabajo Autonomo 2020 PDF

2020
Etapa 1: Material de
trabajo autónomo
área Inglés
Traductorado Literario y Técnico-Científico
en Inglés
I.E.S. “Olga Cossettini”

La ejercitación que se incluye a continuación ha sido
seleccionada teniendo en cuenta contenidos, destrezas y
estrategias fundamentales que son necesarias para el
abordaje satisfactorio de la carrera.
No debe considerarse exhaustiva sino ilustrativa.
Se espera que los ingresantes sean capaces de:

• Comprender las ideas principales y secundarias de textos complejos
sobre temas concretos, abstractos y técnicos.
• Interactuar oralmente con fluidez, flexibilidad y creatividad en situaciones
de comunicación diversas.
• Producir textos escritos precisos y claros, que tengan coherencia,
cohesión y vocabulario apropiado, sobre una amplia gama de temas.
• Expresar opinión tanto en forma escrita como oral sobre un tema
explicando ventajas y desventajas desde diferentes puntos de vista
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Instituto de Educación Superior Nº 28 “Olga Cossettini”
Traductorado: Etapa 1 - material trabajo autónomo área Inglés
WRITING SKILLS
Tips for writing

• Write notes about your ideas. Notes, not sentences –enough to help you remember the idea.
• Plan your composition before you begin writing. This involves selecting, re-arranging and
organizing the ideas you have collected. Vocabulary checking and word searching is also
included here.
• Divide your ideas into paragraphs. Think about the format of the text-type you are going to
write.
• Think about style: is it formal or colloquial?
• Give your reader new experiences. Anything that strikes you can be used by you to strike
your reader –daily life, direct experiences, thoughts, feelings, the newspaper...
• Once you have the first copy you need to check for spelling, grammar and punctuation
mistakes. You may also need to polish the vocabulary you have used (action verbs,
adjectives, adverbs...)
1- Use appropriate punctuation marks in the following sentences.

1. We had a great time in France the kids really enjoyed it ; Conecta clausulas
2. Some people work best in the mornings others do better in the evenings independientes, mas
3. What are you doing next weekend relacionadas que si hubiera
un punto
4. Mother had to go into hospital she had heart problems : explicacion, cuando la
5. Did you understand why I was upset siguiente oracion explica la
6. It is a fine idea let us hope that it is going to work anterior o enfasis
- enfatiza conclusiones
7. We will be arriving on Monday morning at least I think so ''
8. A textbook can be a wall between teacher and class
9. The girls father sat in a corner
10. In the words of Murphys Law Anything that can go wrong will go wrong
2-The following is a well-paragraphed composition. The structure is simple and clear.

Write what the idea of each paragraph is.
Paragraph 1: __________________________
Paragraph 2:_______________________
Paragraph 3: __________________________
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A CAREER: IMAGE AND REALITY

People imagine strange things about a ‘glamour career’. For example, of a business
tycoon they think he is a lucky man: he can travel, he has a lot of money, a beautiful car, he lives
in a villa with a swimming-pool. His life is busy with parties, galas, important anniversaries.
Beautiful women fall at his feet, his friends are important people like movie and TV stars,
politicians and men of the financial world. All the dreams can become reality.
This is very silly. In reality, a top business man has no
private life. Reporters, journalists are always intruding on his life,
the lights are always on his face. He has to work hard to maintain
his power; he probably risks his wealth every day as he does
business. Life is demanding: he has to be very intelligent to
understand where the wind of affairs is blowing. Quite probably
the beautiful women he meets only want his money, jewels, furs,
expensive holidays: he must have difficulties having normal
relationships with people.
However, what constitutes the glamour of such a man is
not only the reality, but the dream as well. Martinelli, in his book
‘Portraits’, says that the first money Rizzoli managed to get for his firm was from a bank
manager who believed more in the ‘glamour’ of Rizzoli’s ideas than in the reality – for Rizzoli had
no money. So is a tycoon always tired of his glamour? I think not. I think the image of any
powerful man is not simply false: it is also a part of his work and life.
3- The following story has been jumbled up. There should be three paragraphs, each of
which has an opening sentence and three other sentences. The opening sentences are
given below. Decide which other sentences (a – i) belong to each paragraph. Then put the
sentences in order. An example is given.
Paragraph 1
Disaster struck a couple of days before Tessa’s departure when she fell and broke her arm.
___C____ F
__________ __________
I
Paragraph 2
The budgie*, however, turned out to be the main problem.
________ A
__________ E
__________
G
Paragraph 3
Two hours later the plane landed and she got off.
________
H __________
B __________
D
4
A It was then that Tessa D Relieved, she walked G It protested loudly from its
started to worry. unchecked through Customs cardboard box beneath her
but made up her mind never seat causing passengers
to do it again nearby to turn round.
B She couldn’t believe her
luck when she heard the
sound of a pneumatic drill: the E She knew that it was illegal
to take animals into Britain H The budgie was still making
noise drowned everything.
without declaring them, but a lot of noise and she was
she hadn’t thought what would shaking as she walked
happen if she was caught towards Customs.
C She was in Spain when it
happened but was returning to
Britain for Christmas. I Carrying everything was
F Unfortunately, she had now going to be extremely
already bought presents for difficult.
everyone at home as well as a
budgie* for her aunt.
* a small, brightly-coloured bird

often kept as a pet.
Exercise 4. Say whether these statements are True or False

Argumentative compositions
T
1. Argumentative compositions are always written in a formal style. ____
F
2. To justify your point of view examples and reasons are not necessary. ____
3. Quotations should be avoided. ____
F
F
4. Strong feelings make argumentative compositions more interesting. ____
5. Overgeneralisations should not be used in argumentative compositions. ____
T
F
6. Linking words are not normally used. ____
7. The last paragraph should not give the reader something to consider. ____
F
8. A rhetorical question can be used either in the first or the last paragraph of an argumentative
compositions. ____
T
9 . When giving arguments for or against a topic you should not be objective____
F
T
10. Each point is introduced in a new paragraph. ____
11. When writing an opinion composition your personal opinion should be included in the main
body. ____
F
12. The other side of the argument should not be presented. ____
F
5
Exercise 5. Consider this writing task

In order to be happy you need to have plenty of possessions and a well-
paid job. Do you agree?
5.1 Match the comments (1-3) with three introductions to the essay (A-C) written by
different students.
A
1 Inappropriate- it does not focus on the topic of the essay. ____
2 Inappropriate - the style is too informal. ____
C
3 Appropriate- the style is formal, the topic of the essay is stated and the writer’s opinion is clear.
____
B
A In order to get a well-paid job, you need qualifications and
many years of experience in your career.
B Many people believe that they can only be successful if they earn
large sums of money and own plenty of luxury goods. Clearly, this is
not true.
C It’s not money that’s going to make you happy. Think about your
friends and stuff like that.
5.2 Order these sentences and arrange them into paragraphs to continue the essay
above.
5 a. Finally, you are more likely to feel happy if you choose a job or course of study you
enjoy.
2 b. For instance, a strong network of friends and a good relationship with our family
members is vital if you want to be happy.
3 c. Furthermore, being fit and healthy is definitely much more important than being
surrounded by wealth.
4 d. If you are ill, you can’t enjoy your wealth anyway, so you won’t be happy.
7 e. In my opinion, plenty of possessions and a well paid job may make your life comfortable
but they do not make you happy.
1 f. Obviously, we need some money to pay for things like rent or food but other things are
more important when it comes to happiness.
g. Some people argue that you should choose the highest-paid careers but surely, the
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happiest people do something they love rather than something that is well paid.
Exercise 6. Consider this writing task and the plan written by a student
Should famous people be given more protection from the media?
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Plan
Para 1: state viewpoint and your opinion
Para 2: first viewpoint and reasons/ examples
Para 3: second viewpoint and reasons/ examples
Para 4: opposing viewpoint and reasons/ examples
Para 5: restate topic and your opinion
Order these paragraphs to reflect the plan above and choose the correct linking word
2 A. Firstly/Secondly, facing the media is part of being famous and comes with
the job. If someone doesn't like being in the limelight and being pursued by
the paparazzi, then they shouldn't choose to follow a celebrity career.
1 B. "There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that
is not being talked about;' playwright Oscar Wilde once said. I completely
disagree/agree with him. Celebrities do not require any special treatment to
protect their privacy.
3 C. However/Additionally, many celebrities actually court the media to attract
attention to themselves. They know that the media makes them the famous
personalities they are. Therefore/On the other hand, seeking to avoid it
would work against the interests of their career.
5 D. Last but not least/To conclude, I believe that Oscar Wilde was absolutely
right. Celebrities should welcome attention from the media as part of their job.
4 E. What is more/Nevertheless, some claim that exposure to the media may
adversely affect celebrities' lives. For example/ For this reason, the children
of famous people often have to put up with undesirable publicity.
Exercise 7. Consider this writing task and the introduction written by a student.
Is it a good idea to teach science every year in secondary school?
In many countries students have to continue

studying science until they leave school, even
though they may not enjoy it. I believe this policy
should be changed.
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Order the following sentences to continue the essay. Arrange the sentences into
paragraphs.
a- If we make science subjects optional for students over fourteen, there will be more time for
3 other subjects.
5 b- In my opinion, by fourteen, students have acquired the background knowledge of science

they will need in everyday life.
4 c- Moreover, while it is true that studying science is essential for students who want to
become doctors or scientists, not everyone enjoys it.
2 d- Some people say that students need to have more time for sport, whereas others argue
they should study more languages.
e- Then they should be allowed to give up science so that they can choose different subjects
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that interest them more.
1 f- There are so many subjects on the school curriculum today that it is difficult to fit them all in.
8- The following essay has been jumbled up and linking words have been removed. Put
the sentences in order, arrange them into four paragraphs and complete the missing
linking expressions.
Is it a good idea for countries to spend substantial amounts of money on

their heritage?
3 1.Furthermore,
______ by making heritage sites attractive for tourists – for example, by putting on
entertainment – we give a very untrue picture of the past and sometimes damage the
local environment.
2 2. ______,
Firstly governments spend a lot of money on museums and keeping historic sites in
good condition when poor people need houses to live in and businesses need better
roads for transporting their goods.
On the other hand,
5 3. ______, it is important that we remember our heritage.
7 4. To______,
conclude
while there are strong arguments for not spending too much on preserving the
past, I believe it is important to protect the most famous sites for future generations but it
is not realistic to try and save everything.
6 5. Caring for important monuments helps with this. It also attracts tourists, which has an
economic benefit for everyone.
1 6. Most countries spend large sums of money protecting their
However there is strong argument that we
national heritage. _____,
should look forwards not backwards, spending less money
on preserving the past and more on securing our future.
4 7. Once it is lost, it is lost forever.
8 8. We need to invest in the future, too.
8
9- Do the tasks that follow to complete the essay below, which has been written
answering this task:
‘Museums are not necessary nowadays because we can find all

information we need on the internet.’ Do you agree?
Some people say museums are not necessary nowadays because all the information
is on the internet, but is this true? There are arguments on both sides.
Order the developing paragraphs and provide linking phrases:

On the other hand
A-.............., museums can be expensive to visit, although some are free. However,
museums are obviously good value for money, as they provide more accurate
information than the internet, which can be unreliable.
B-.............,
Secondly teachers often organise school trips to museums. Clearly this is a very
valuable experience for students, as they learn a lot outside the classroom with
their friends, and talking about the trip is very motivating.
C-..........,
Firstly museums give visitors the opportunity to experience real things from the
past, and it is impossible to get the same benefit from looking up facts online.
Without a doubt, museums bring history to life. There are also museums where
visitors can touch interactive exhibits and get a real understanding of things that
affect life today.
Now choose the correct conclusion taking into account the arguments included in the
paragraphs above:
All in all, I believe there is no need for museums today. The internet is
available to everybody practically for free, and provides access to all the
same things from the comfort of our homes.
On balance, I would say that museums are not only necessary nowadays,
but are enjoyable places to visit. We would miss them if they disappeared.
To conclude, it can be said that while the internet is not always reliable, its
widespread availability has made museums unnecessary.
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READING INTO WRITING
1- Read the text and underline the parts which give you the information in these
sentences.
1 Paula found Ireland depressing.
2 Paula is not sorry she moved to New York.
3 Paula expected to find a good job in Ireland.
4 Paula was determined to be promoted.
Ireland's brain drain

Complete with a degree from a top Irish University and ready to join the world of work Paula
McGrath struggled to find a job at home, so she decided to try her luck in the USA and escape
the doom and gloom of the Irish economy. Now she can be found working in a restaurant in New
York.
I graduated in Media Studies and came here to the US, which for many is the land of
opportunity. I haven't landed the job of my dreams yet, but the excitement of living and working
in a city like New York is like a dream come true in itself.
I always thought that I would stay in Ireland after I had graduated. The days when the country
had a thriving economy were long gone, but there were still jobs for the more educated members
of the workforce. At university I was aware that I couldn't wait for a job opportunity to spring up
though, as there were plenty of people to fill gaps in the labour market when jobs were created.
At the same time Ireland was continuing to churn out more and more highly educated and highly
motivated graduates, so I needed a plan to be able to
compete. I decided that I would study as hard as I could and
get the grades I needed to embark on a career.
I graduated with good grades and I was lucky enough to find

a job in Dublin that had really good prospects. From my first
day there I imagined myself climbing the corporate ladder
and becoming an executive in the company. It was not to be
though; after six months the company went bust and, all of a
sudden, I found myself without a job.
I spent about six months trying to find a permanent job, but apart from some freelance work I
couldn't find anything. I started to feel my work ethic disappear. It was at this point that I decided
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that it was time for a change. I came to the decision that I would try my luck in America. I applied
for and got my visa and I haven't looked back since.
2- Find words and phrases in italics from the text which match these definitions.
1-all the workers in a particular company, city, country, etc. workforce.
2 self-employed and working for many organisations ______________________
3 atmosphere of hopelessness ______________________
4 belief in the importance of work to life ______________________
5 produce something quickly and in large quantities ______________________
6 chances to be successful in the future ______________________
7 appeared suddenly ______________________
8 successful and profitable ______________________
3 Answer these questions which include phrases from the text. Use a dictionary to help
you.
1 Why are immigrants sometimes needed to fill gaps in the labour market?
___________________________________________________________________
2 What kind of people want to climb the corporate ladder?
___________________________________________________________________
4 Now read the following extracts from a website which discusses some of the most
common challenges of finding a job after college.
Finding a Job After College

A. Years of inexperience
One of the most frustrating things is reading a job description that you know you
would be perfect for and scrolling down to see that you need five years of
experience in the field. It’s almost unfair to judge someone on their experience
because you may be a perfect candidate, but can’t help that you have just
graduated from college and lack office experience.
Be patient. Look for jobs that are entry-level so you can gain the experience you
need in order to apply for your dream job later on. Things take time.
B. You’re not qualified
It’s hard to admit, but college doesn’t actually prepare you for the real world. You
won’t be talking about the roles of gender in movies while in your interview for an
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accounting position. You’ll notice that there are many qualifications that you did not
receive while in school that are required for your field.
Take some free online courses to further your education after graduating. It’s
important to always be learning something new. Once you are qualified, start
applying for your dream job!
C. Personal branding
It’s time to go through those social media accounts and
delete all of those pictures from your nights of partying
at frats and drinking at tailgates. Companies don’t want
to hire wild college students, they want to hire young
professionals.
Clean up your social media and make yourself a
website. If you have pieces published online, create a
portfolio for companies to look over and see the work
that you have done.
5 Using the information from the two texts above discuss the question
How hard is it for young people to find a job?
You should write a formal argumentative text between 90 and 120 words in length in your
own words as far as possible. Remember to use the correct punctuation and
paragraphing.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
If you have doubts about any of these topics remember the book Grammar practice for upper
intermediate students by Walker & Elsworth is available to download from the classroom.
ARTICLES
1- Fill the gaps in this story, using a, an, some, a lot of, lots of or the – or a ‘zero article’ (ø).
an
Last week I went to ____________ exhibition of ___________ paintings at___________the Tate
Gallery in London. I’m not really ____________ a great art lover but I had read _____________
some good
the
reviews of _____________ exhibition and I was keen to see it. When I arrived, there were already
a lot of
____________ people waiting outside for _____________
the the
doors to open. I joined ___________ queue
and in ___________
the end ___________
the the
doors opened and we went inside to see _________show.
Now, I must be honest and admit that many of ____________ the paintings disappointed me.
some
Although I spent ___________ time looking carefully at ___________ each one, I had __________ some
the
difficulty in understanding what ____________ artist was getting at. Finally, as I was looking rather
the
stupidly at one of ___________ paintings and trying to decide if it was ___________
the right way up or not,
an
___________ old gentleman came up behind me and started to explain __________ the whole thing to me.
He kindly answered all of _____________ my questions and we talked for over ___________ an hour. Then
an
he said he had _____________ appointment and had to go, so we shook hands and said goodbye. I went
round ___________
the gallery once more and now I found that all ___________the paintings seemed really
beautiful.
the
It was only as I was leaving ___________
the gallery that I found out who ____________old man was
– his self –portrait was on ___________
the posters advertising ___________
the exhibition!
TENSES
Exercise 1- Identify the tenses, then match them with the correct description.
a 1 They are getting married this summer. Present continuous a fixed arrangements in the near future
e 2 The robber waves his gun and everyone gets down on b personal experiences/changes that have
the floor. Present simple happened
g 3 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Pres simple c actions taking place at or around the moment of
4 The course starts on 10th October.. Present simple speaking; temporary situations
5 Clare is looking for a new flat.. Present continuous d actions started at a stated time in the past and
continuing up to the present
6 We've been sharing a flat for years.Present perf continuous
e reviews/sports commentaries/dramatic
7 They employ staff from all over the world. Present simple
narratives
8 Paula has become more independent since starting
f permanent situations or states
university . Present perfect
g permanent truths or laws of nature
9 The child has been missing since last night.
Present perf cont h emphasis on duration of an action that began in
the past and continues up to the present
i timetables/programmes (future meaning)
1 Tense: Present Continuous. 2 .............. . 3.............. 4 .............. . 5 . .............. 6 .............. 7..............

8 .............. 9 ..............
1.. a ... 2 ....... . 3....... 4 ....... . 5 . ..... .6 ....... 7....... 8 ....... 9 .......
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1 Bill always stops to buy milk on his way to work. a past actions of certain duration having visible
2 The new serial is growing in popularity. results/effects in the present
3 There goes the last bus!. b changing or developing situations
4 Scientists have just discovered a way to prevent c recently completed actions
memory loss. d exclamatory sentences
5 Andrea has phoned me every day this week. e frequently repeated actions with 'always'
6 Laura is always criticising my appearance expressing the speaker's annoyance or criticism
7 I feel exhausted as I have been working on my f actions which happened at an unstated past
assignment all night.. time and are connected to the present
8 He's been asking to borrow money again. g emphasis on number, frequency
9 The Kellys have moved to Manchester. h repeated/habitual actions
i expressing anger, irritation, annoyance or
criticism
1 Tense: Present Simple. 2 .............. . 3.............. 4 .............. . 5 . .............. 6 .............. 7.............. 8

.............. 9 ..............
1 ... h ... 2 ....... . 3 ....... . 4 ....... . 5 ....... . 6 ....... . 7 ....... . 8 ....... . 9 ...... .
1 had read most of his novels by the end of the a action in progress at a stated past time
holiday. b complete action or event which happened at a
2 I was talking on the phone while Tim was watching stated past time
football on TV. c past actions which happened one immediately
3 We got up at half past six this morning. after another
4 They were still considering his proposal that d past action in progress interrupted by another
evening. past action
5 She jogged five miles every day when she was e action continuing over a period up to a specific
young. time in the past
6 She had a shower, got dressed quickly and left for f complete past action which had visible results in
the airport. the past
7 Reporters had been telephoning all morning. g past action which occurred before another
8 A crowd of tourists were waiting outside the hotel action or before a stated time
when the lights went out. h past habit or state
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9 He made his last film in Poland. i Past Perfect Continuous as the past equivalent
10 They had been going out for five years before of the Present Perfect Continuous
they decided to get married. j action not connected to the present and which
11 She was upset because she had just heard the happened at a definite past time not mentioned
news. k Past Perfect as the past equivalent of the
12 The police officer changed her phone number Present Perfect
because she had been receiving anonymous calls l two or more simultaneous past actions
for several weeks. m past action of certain duration which had
13 The dancer had always dreamed of becoming visible results in the past
successful..
1 Tense: Past Perfect. 2 ....... . 3 ....... . 4 ....... . 5 ....... . 6 ....... . 7 ....... . 8 ....... . 9 ...... 11 . ........ 12
........ 13 .......
1 .. g .. 2 ...... 3 ...... 4 ...... 5 ...... 6 ...... 7 ...... 8 ...... 9 ...... 10 ..... 11 ..... 12 ..... 13 .... .
1 The builders are going to start work tomorrow. a prediction about the future
2 She'll be waiting outside the station as usual. b asking politely about people's arrangements
3 I forgot to tell Jim the news. I'll ring him now. c action which may (not) happen in the future
4 By the end of the year we will have been d action which is the result of a routine
working together for ten years. e action intended to be performed in the near future
5 Be careful. You're going to fall off your bicycle. f action which will be finished before a stated future
6 The meeting starts at 9 o'clock. time
7 I'm sure things will work out in the end. g action in progress at a stated future time
8 Perhaps your mother will change her mind. h evidence that sth will definitely happen
9 Will many people be coming to the wedding? i duration of an action up to a certain time in the
10 They will have finished the plans by the end of future
the week. j timetable/programme
11 Hospital staff are beginning a two-day strike k fixed arrangement in the near future
tomorrow. I decision taken at the moment of speaking
12 By the year 2020 more people than ever will
be moving to the cities ..
1 Tense: Going to future. 2 .............. . 3.............. 4 .............. . 5 . .............. 6 .............. 7 .............. .

8.............. 9 .............. . 10 . .............. 11 .............. 12 .............. 13 ..............
1 e.. 2 ........ 3 ........ 4 ........ 5 ........ 6 ...... .. 7 ........ 8 ........ 9 ........ 10 ....... 11 ....... 12 ......
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Exercise 5. Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in
brackets. Where both are possible, write both.
Students now taking longer to finish studies
In the USA some university students nowadays a (spend) are spending more and more time in university
before graduating. In American universities, many students b (pay) …………………. pay their own fees, and
this c (mean) …………………. more time working and less studying. Alan Chester is a 25-year-old
journalism student from Ohio who d (take) …………………. six years to complete his undergraduate
degree. In order to pay tuition fees and other expenses he e (work) …………………. four days a week in
the university kitchen, while in the university holidays he f (do) …………………. a full-time job. 'I g (find)
…………………. it difficult at the moment to study and pay my
bills at the same time,' he h (admit) …………………. 'But I i
(try) …………………. my best and I j (manage)
…………………. to keep the wolf from the door.' Alan's
parents k (understand) …………………. his decision to take
longer to graduate. 'They l (know) …………………. what I m
(go) …………………. through, and they n (help)
…………………. me as much as they can. It’s hard, but I o
(learn) …………………. to look after myself and I p
(experience) …………………. stuff that might be useful one
day when I'm a journalist.' He q (point out) ………………….
that some students r (take) …………………. more time to
graduate because they s (not really know) …………………. what they t (want) …………………. to study.
'New courses of study u (develop) …………………. all the time, new subjects v (appear) ………………….
on the curriculum. Some students w (spend) …………………. time experimenting with different courses
before choosing their major. So it's not all about money. I x (think) …………………. universities y (go)
…………………. through a period of change like everything else, and students have to adapt to this
changing situation.'
Exercise 6. Complete the text using the present perfect simple, present perfect continuous or past
simple form of the verb in brackets.
The ageing population
The number of men and women in the US aged 60 or over still in work a (rise) __has been rising_ for
more than a decade. Economists b (give) __________________ a number of reasons for this trend. First,
since 1985 the US economy c (expand) __________________ so there d (be) __________________ an
increased demand for labour. At the same time, the cost of some services, such as health care, e
(increase) __________________ so workers need to earn more money in later life. In addition, changes in
social security benefits and rules f (have) __________________ a considerable effect on labour patterns.
First, in 1977 and 1983 changes to the Social Security Act g (raise) __________________ the full-benefit
age from 65 to 67 and h (introduce) __________________ other changes that make delaying retirement
more attractive. Then, in 1986 the Age Discrimination Act i (end) __________________ compulsory
retirement for all workers, allowing them to work later in life. Changes to pension laws j (also encourage)
__________________ workers to stay in employment longer, as this gives them more chance of a larger
pension when they retire.
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Exercise 7. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets and including any other
words given.
1- The restaurant __________________ (already/close) by the time we ________________ (arrive).
2- I _____________________ (try) to get hold of you for ages! Where have you been?
3- Five minutes after we ____________________ (arrive) at the beach it _____________________
(start) to rain.
4- Justin ____________________ (live) in a small apartment until he ___________________ (get)
married.
5- That has to be the worst film I _____________________ (ever/ see).
6- While Alan _____________________ (drive) home late last night he ____________________ (run
out) of petrol.
7- I _____________________ (not/invite) Richard yet.
8- They ____________________ (have) dinner in an Italian restaurant before going to the cinema.
9- Before I ____________________ (go) to live in Spain, I ____________________ (think) it was a hot
country.
10- Sorry. What did you say? I ____________________ (listen) to Carol.
Exercise 8. This is a letter from Joanna, who is staying with a family in New York, to her parents in
England. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense.
New York
Sunday 22nd
Dear Mum and Dad
I can’t believe I (1) __________________ (be) in New York for three months now. Time (2)
_______________ (pass) far too quickly. So much has happened since I last (3) _______________
(write) to you that I (4) ________________ (not know) where to begin.
I (5) _______________ (start) by telling you of my little adventure. Last Saturday I (6) _______________
(go) shopping in the local shopping mall. I (7) _______________ (look) for some new jeans for the party I
was going to that evening when suddenly I (8) _______________ (realize) that my purse (9)
_______________ (steal). The police (10) _______________ (call) immediately, but I couldn’t answer
their questions because I (11) _______________ (cry) so much. I (12) _______________ (look) in my bag
for a tissue when –guess what?- I (13) _______________ (find) my purse!. It (14) _______________ (get)
hidden underneath all the other stuff. I (15) _______________ (feel) such a fool!.
Anyway, the party that evening wasn’t much good, which was a shame as I (16) _______________ (look)
forward to it all week. When I (17) _______________ (arrive), all the food (18) ____________ (eat). The
friends I hoped to meet (19) _______________ (go) home already. After half an hour we (20)
_______________ (tell) we were making too much noise, so we (21) _______________ (have to) turn off
the music. I decided to leave at about 11.00. I (22) _______________ (give) a lift home by a guy called
Peter, who you’d really like. When I got home, I (23) _______________ (starve)!.
17
Mrs. Goldstein (24) _______________ (say) for weeks that she wants to take
me to the Statue of Liberty, so tomorrow we (25) _______________ (see) it.
They’re a very kind family, and I (26) _______________ (feel) at home here.
They (27) _______________ (teach) me to speak with an American accent, so
when I speak to you on the phone you (28) _______________ (not recognize)
me!
The course I (29) ______________ (do) in psychology is interesting. The
college (30) _______________ (situate) on the edge of Central Park, so I often
(31) ______________ (have) my lunch there as the canteen in the college (32)
_______________ (decorate) at the moment. My teachers are great. One of
them (33) _______________ (write) a book which (34) _______________
(translate) into five languages! I (35) _______________ (not read) it yet, but it’s
on my list. She (36) _______________ (study) how children learn their first language for years and years,
and I (37) _______________ (think) she’s quite well-known.
Dad, please could you send me some money? I only (38) _______________ (have) $10 to last me till I
(39) _______________ (pay) next week. I (40) _______________ (save) up for my return fare home, so
you can’t be cross with me!
Please write soon with all the news from England.
Give my love to the dog.
Lots of love,
Joanna
GERUND OR INFINITIVE
9- Complete the following conversation by putting the verbs in brackets into the gerund (going)
or the infinitive (to go).
A: Oh, I forgot (1) ........................ (tell) you, Jane’s got married.

B: Not to that dreadful man? What was his name?
A: Peter. Yes, she has.
B: Oh no. What ever made her decide (2) ......................... (do) a thing like that?
A: It's impossible (3) ....................... (say). Can you imagine (4) ..................... (be) married to him?
B: No, but I can't help (5) .................... (feel) sorry for her, though. She seemed (6) ................ (be) such a
nice girl. She really deserved (7) ........................ (have) someone better.
A: I know, I did my best to stop her. I told her (8) ......................... (give) up (9).........................(see) him,
but she refused (10) .................... (listen).
B: So did I. I asked her several times (11) ....................... (consider) (12) ...................... (put off) (13)
........................ (get ) married, but in the end I realised it wasn't worth (14) .......................... (try).
A: Oh well, she chose (15) ........................... (marry) him and she's got to learn (16).............................
(live) with it. Anyway, we mustn't go on (17) .......................... (talk) all day. I've arranged (18)
......................... (meet) Janet for tea, and don't want (19) .................................. (be) late.
18
10- Complete the sentences below with a suitable verb, using either the infinitive (to buy, to come,
etc.) Or the -ing form (buying, coming, etc.). Choose from the following and use each verb
once only.
be hurt pass stay think

buy leave play take walk
come like save talk want
get live see teach win
give meet buy come
1- Remember .....................some milk on your way home tonight.

2- I'm busy at the moment. Would you mind ..................... back later?
3- I'm sorry, Joe. I didn't mean ....................... your feelings.
4- When she was a child, her parents wouldn't allow her ......................... in the street.
5- There must be something wrong with Simon. He keeps .......................... he's being followed by M 15.
6- As they received a bomb threat, the police ordered everyone ............................... the building.
7- What with inflation and everything, it's just not worth .............................. nowadays.
8- I remember ........................... to be a pop star when I was a child.
9- Don't pretend .......................... Jazz. I know you hate it really.
10- "Mary hasn't got a car. Would you mind ............................... her a lift?"
"No, Not at all."
11- I really enjoy going to parties and ....................................... new people.
12- Her parents were very strict and wouldn't allow her ......................... out later than 10.30 at night.
11- Use either a gerund (e.g. doing) or an infinitive (e.g. to do) to complete each sentence. Notice
that sometimes, when a gerund is necessary, you have to find the correct preposition, as well.
1- My parents always helped me ..................... (study).

2- They never tried to prevent me ..................... (do) this.
3- But sometimes I saw no need ..................... (learn) some of the things I was supposed to.
4- For example, I used to say "What's the use..................... (learn) French?"
5- But then, one summer, I had a chance ..................... (go) to France.
6- At first, I had great difficulty..................... (speak or understand) French.
7- I was also very afraid ..................... (make) a fool of myself.
8- But gradually, I got used to..................... (listen) to French.
9- After a while I got better ..................... (understand and speak) it.
10- Now I'm really looking forward ..................... (go) back to France again.
CONDITIONALS
12- Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown

1- I advise you to start looking for a new job.
If I .................................................................................................
2- Why doesn't Jack work harder! He could get a promotion.
19
If he ................................................................................................
3- Don't smoke in the office. That's why nobody wants to work with you.
If you ...............................................................................................
4- I don't know the answer. That's why I can't tell you.
If I ...................................................................................................
5- I'm not very well-paid, so I don't work late.
If I ...................................................................................................
6- I haven't got a secretary, so I have to do my own typing.
If I................................................................................................
7- Lend me some money until pay day. I promise to pay you back on Friday.
If you .............................................................................................
8- You never arrive on time, that's why the boss doesn't trust you.
If you .............................................................................................
13- Put it in the right conditionals

The secret of a long life
Grygori Pilikain recently celebrated his 114th. birthday and reporters
visited him in his mountain village in Georgia to find out the secret of a
long life. "The secret of a long life," Grygori said, "is happiness. If you (be)
1- ................... happy, you will live a long time". "Are you married?" a
reporter asked. "Yes," Grygori replied. "I married my third wife when I was
102. If you are happily married, you (live) 2- ......................... for ever . But
for my third wife, I (die) 3-................. years ago". "What about smoking
and drinking?" a reporter asked. "Yes, they are important," Grygori said.
"Don't smoke at all and you (feel) 4- ............................ well. Drink two
glasses of wine a day and you (be) 5- ........................ healthy and happy.
"If you (can / live) 6-................................... your life again, what (you / do)
7-......................................... ?" a reporter asked. "I would do what I have
done. If I had had more sense, I (eat) 8- ............................. more yoghurt!"
he chuckled. "Supposing you (can / change) 9- ................................. one
thing in your life, what (you / change) 10- .................................. ?" another reporter asked. "Not, much,"
Grygori replied. "So, you don't have any regrets?" "Yes, I have one regret," Grygori replied. "If I (know)
11- ................................ I was going to live so long, I (look after) 12-................................. myself better!"
PASSIVE VOICE
14- Put these sentences into the passive form
1- People are writing fewer letters by hand nowadays.
....................................................................................................................................................
2- We have ordered a new printer for the computer.
....................................................................................................................................................
20
3- The workmen were installing central heating when the fire broke out.
....................................................................................................................................................
4- Fortunately, the fire had not damaged the office equipment.
....................................................................................................................................................
5- They printed the manual in Taiwan.
....................................................................................................................................................
6- The company might recruit several hundred new workers over the next few months.
....................................................................................................................................................
7- The committee ought to finish the report by next week.
....................................................................................................................................................
8- They would have finished the report sooner if they hadn’t been so busy.
....................................................................................................................................................
15- Rewrite this text without the words underlined. Use the passive voice, and make any other
necessary changes.
Begin: It is not really known...
Nobody really knows how people invented the game of basketball. People say that
some ancient Greek vases show the game and people playing it. People generally
think, however, that the game began in the United States quite recently.
Somebody thought of the game in a YMCA club. Nobody can prove this of course, so
perhaps it did begin earlier. Wherever people first played the game, is now very
popular, and many thousands of people play it, as people can play it outdoors and
indoors. Personally, I wish nobody had ever invented it, because people keep me
awake when a big game is on TV. The noise is terrible.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
............ ....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
21
16- Read this information about a town, and complete the guidebook entry underneath it.
Railway station - closed (to be demolished, site to become sports centre). Dobson Gallery bought from
Major Dobson (1923).Many gifts of paintings from private collectors.4,000 visitors (double this expected
this year).Local traders hold market on Tues. Town Hall (called by the Great Britain Guide “a fine example
of late Victorian architecture”). St. Mary’s Church (1472), restored to original condition.
St. Mary’s Church, which 1-................................... 1472, stands in

Wellington Square, where a fruit and vegetable market 2-
................................. . The church 3-................................... to its original
condition. On the south side of the square, the railway station (disused)
4-............................ next year, and a sports centre 5-.................................
.
Opposite St. Mary’s is the Dobson Gallery, which 6-.................................
by Major J. Dobson in 1923. It contains many paintings which 7-
.................................... to the gallery over the years. The gallery 8-
.................................. last year, and this number 9-.................................
to rise to eight thousand this year. Next to the gallery is the Town Hall,
which 10-.................................... a perfect example of late- Victorian civic
architecture.
REPORTED SPEECH
17- Report the following conversation between a mother and her teenage son. Begin by using asked.
Sam Mum! What are you doing with the tool box? (1)
María Don’t touch that electric cord! (2)
Sam I wish you wouldn’t shout at me. (3)
María Sorry! I just didn’t want you to hurt yourself. (4)
Sam What’s it for, anyway? (5)
María I’m trying to mend the CD player. (6)
Sam What happened to it? (7)
María Well, somebody knocked it off the shelf a couple of days ago and it won’t work. (8)
Sam Look! I didn’t do it! Honestly! (9)
(1) _________________________________________________________________________
(2) _________________________________________________________________________
(3) _________________________________________________________________________
(4) _________________________________________________________________________
(5) _________________________________________________________________________
(6) _________________________________________________________________________
(7) _________________________________________________________________________
(8) _________________________________________________________________________
(9) _________________________________________________________________________
22
18- Rewrite each sentence in direct speech to recreate the dialogue between the reporter and Sam.
Begin: Reporter: What’s your name? …
1- Well, first this chap asked me what my name was so I told him.
2- And then he said that he was a newspaper reporter.
3- Well, I didn’t believe him at first so I asked him whether he had any identification.
4- He showed me a card that he had and then asked me if I’d been at the pub the night before.
5- I said that I went there every night.
6- Then he asked me whether I’d seen a fight, and what had happened.
7- I told him that I hadn’t been paying much attention.
8- Then he asked me if I’d seen Jacky Dobson, the footballer, in the pub.
9- I asked him why he wanted to know.
10- He told me that his newspaper would pay me £100 if I could say that Dobson had started the fight.
1- ____________________________________________________________________________
2- ____________________________________________________________________________
3- ____________________________________________________________________________
4- ____________________________________________________________________________
5- ____________________________________________________________________________
6- ____________________________________________________________________________
7- ____________________________________________________________________________
8- ____________________________________________________________________________
9- ____________________________________________________________________________
10- ____________________________________________________________________________
19- Rewrite these sentences, choosing the correct verb from the box for each sentence and using
it with the construction shown. In some cases the verb may replace part of the sentence. Use
each verb once only:
advise invite offer promise refuse

warn concede insist on suggest agree
boast claim apologise for announce remind
1- ‘We’re going to get married in June,’ she said.

____________________________________________________________________________
2- ‘Don’t go near that dog,’ she told him.
____________________________________________________________________________
3- After the meal, he said, ‘Please don’t argue –I’m going to pay’.
____________________________________________________________________________
4- I’m sorry I didn’t write, ‘ she said.
____________________________________________________________________________
23
5- ‘Would you like to come round for dinner on Friday evening?’ he asked them.
____________________________________________________________________________
6- ‘I think you should give up smoking,’ the doctor said to her.
____________________________________________________________________________
7- ‘Alright, yes, I was wrong and you were right,’ he said.
____________________________________________________________________________
8- ‘Yes, I’ll write every week,’ she said.
____________________________________________________________________________
9- ‘Shall I carry that suitcase for you?’ she said.
____________________________________________________________________________
10- ‘How about going to the theatre on Saturday?’ he said.
____________________________________________________________________________
11- ‘The newspaper report’s not true,’ said the Prime Minister.
____________________________________________________________________________
12- ‘Don’t forget to post that letter,’ she said to him.
____________________________________________________________________________
13- ‘Yes, it was a difficult exam,’ the teacher said.
____________________________________________________________________________
14- ‘No, I won’t give you a pay rise,’ the manager told her.
____________________________________________________________________________
15- ‘My parents have got three cars,’ she said.
____________________________________________________________________________
RELATIVE CLAUSES.
20- Add who, that, whose or where to complete the sentences. If who or that is not necessary, add
nothing.
1- Somerset Maugham was a writer .................. wrote short stories.
2- He travelled to the Far East, .................. he got ideas for his book.
3- The story .................. we read is called The Lotus Eater
4- It is about a man called Wilson, ................. gave up work.
5- Wilson, ................. wife and daughter both died, wanted to live a life of
leisure.
6- He had a pension .................. provided him with a small income.
7- For years he lived a life ................... was very pleasurable.
8- One evening, he and the writer went to a restaurant, ................ they had a
wonderful meal.
9- The wine ................ they drank came from the cook’s own vineyard.
10- The man ................ the writer spoke to thought Wilson got what he deserved.
24
21- Fill the gaps in these sentences with appropriate relative pronouns. There may be more than
one possible answer. Add commas if the clause is non-defining.
1- The 10.05 from London Liverpool Street to Norwich ..................is due to arrive at platform 1 will call at
Colchester, Ipswich and Norwich.
2- We’ll have the party next Friday .................. is the day ................. he comes out of hospital.
3- The golden eagle .................... eggs are stolen by unscrupulous collectors is now an endangered
species.
4- What’s the name of the girl ..................... got married to Chris Small? Is it Louise?
5- Can you think of any reason .................... he might have done it?
6- I don’t know of any restaurants .................... you can get a decent meal for under $ 15 nowadays. Do
you?
7- What’s the name of that singer ................... record was number 1 last month? The one ..................
writes his own songs.
8- Rangers’ second goal .................. was scored in the final minutes of the game won them the cup.
9- Sally is going out with someone .................. she met at Jason’s party.
10- Not surprisingly, we never got back the things .................. we’d reported stolen.
11- We’ll be staying at the Seaview Hotel .................... we stayed last year.
12- The best time to go to Scotland is June ................... the nights are longer and the weather is warmer.
13- I’ve decided I don’t like the shoes ..................... I bought on Saturday. I’m going to take them back.
14- The Hilton is expensive ..................... is what you’d expect. After all it is a 5-star hotel.
15- The girl over there in the red dress ................... is talking to John used to go to my school.
USED FOR, USED TO, BE / GET USED TO, WOULD.
22- Complete these sentences with used for, used to, be / get used to or would. In some sentences
more than one answer may be possible.
1-My parents hated living in a big city but they eventually........................ it.
2- Michael doesn't smoke now but he............................. .
3- When my Italian friends first arrived in this country they found it difficult to....................... the climate.
4- This cabinet was......................... filing documents.
5- Leaving home was difficult for Frank. His mother had always done everything for him and he
just........................... looking after himself.
6- ................... your brother..................... live in the USA ?
7- ................... your brother eventually.......................life in the USA ?
8- When James was a student in Paris he ........................ save up for days to go and buy a cake and a
cup of coffee in a real café!
9- The teacher never.................... be so bad-tempered!
10- It was a question of...................... a different way of life.
11- When we were children, we.................... swim in the river near where we lived.
12- Originally, the building...................... housing rare books.
25
MODALS
23- Put in am, can, can’t, couldn’t, have had to, haven’t been able to, may, must, must be or must
have.
REMEMBER ME?
There was a knock at the door. I opened it and saw a stranger. “Hullo, Fred,” he cried. “1) ..................... I
come in?” “How do you know my name?” I asked. “We met ten years ago on a ferry- boat and you gave
me your card.” “You 2)...................... mistaken,” I said. “No, I 3)..................... not,” said the stranger. He
produced my card: Fred Ames. I 4)..................... given it to him ten years ago, but I 5).......................
remember it! “I 6).....................remember you,” I said. “We exchanged cards years ago,” the stranger said.
“You 7)..................... come and stay with us for as long as
you like any time you’re in England. I’m sorry I
8)................... wait so many years before coming to visit
you. I’ve been so busy, I 9)........................, but here I am at
last! Better late than never! I’ve just arrived on the ferry. My
wife and children are in the car and we wonder if we
10)...................... stay with you for a month.”
24- Read the following conversation and put may, should, must or will into the correct space. In
some cases more than one answer may be possible.
Passenger: Excuse me! 1- ................... I leave my suitcases here for a moment?
Clerk: I’m afraid not. You 2- ................... keep your luggage with you at all times.
Passenger: But I can’t carry it round all the time. It’s far too heavy!
Clerk: You 3- .................... get a trolley.
Passenger: And where 4-..................... I find one of those trolleys?
Clerk: You 5- .................. find one just outside the main entrance.
Passenger: I suppose I 6- .................... have to go and look for one myself.
Clerk: Well, if you wait a moment, I 7- ..................... see if I can call a porter for you.
Passenger: Thank you very much. I 8- ..................... be most grateful. I really 9- ................buy myself
some wheels for my suitcases. That 10- .................... be the answer to all my problems.
25- Complete each space in the text with may, might, could, must, can, should, have to,with not,
or in the past form (+ have) where necessary.
If you wish you were taller or better looking, this 1- ............... be because you are basically insecure. You
2- ............... try to believe more in yourself. After all, you 3- ................... really change your appearance
very much. And anyone who wishes for a more exciting life, 4- ................... led a very dull one so far! You
5- .................. change in order to enjoy life; the secret is to make the most out of what you have got at the
moment. And if you think that possessions are the key to happiness, then you 6- ...................... thought
26
seriously about what happiness really means. Of course we 7- .................... all

think of occasions when other people treated us badly, but perhaps we 8-
.................... acted differently. If you want to change others all the time, this 9-
.................. be because you would like them to do exactly what you want, and
only this! Finally, don’t worry so much about how others see you. Just be yourself
as much as you 10- .......................
INVERSION
26- Complete sentences 1-5 with a suitable instance of subject / verb inversion.
1- Never .....................such a terrible storm!
2- Only by trying every single key in the key-ring ......................the right one.
3- Only when the taxi driver pulled up at his destination ..................... that his passenger was no longer in
the back seat!
4- In no way .......................... for what happened yesterday.
5- Rarely .......................... such kindness and consideration in a person.
27- Rewrite these sentences using a suitable word or phrase at the beginning followed by
inversion.
1- Remote control surgery is not only revolutionary but it is beneficial as well.
....................................................................................................................................................
2- We can only improve our technology by investing in further research.
....................................................................................................................................................
3- We can only truly benefit from these technological advances when we make them available to
everybody.
....................................................................................................................................................
4- We will not be able to take full advantage of the proposed health scheme until well into the next
century.
.......................................................................................................................................
5- Patients no longer have to put up with pain and suffering when they undergo an operation.
....................................................................................................................................................
6- Nothing like this has been invented before.
....................................................................................................................................................
COLLOCATIONS AND WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
28- Put do or make to complete the collocations

1- ................. one’s best 9- .................. a noise
2- ................. an appointment 10- .................. something for a living
3- ................. business with someone 11- .................. progress
4- ................. an experiment 12- .................. an impression
5- ................. an arrangement 13- .................. somebody a service
6- ................. research 14- .................. a journey
7- ................. one’s hair 15- .................. a fortune
8- ................. an attempt 16- .................. war
27
29- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the appropriate verb: lie or lay
1- There’s nothing more relaxing than .................................. on the beach sunbathing.
2- Lesley was furious when she discovered her boyfriend had been ................................... to her.
3- The bricks were ....................................... one on top of the other.
4- If you’re feeling so tired, why don’t you go and ...................................... down?
5- The prisoner was forced to ......................................... in order to protect his family.
6- Martha ......................................... her head on the pillow and fell asleep at once.
7- The businessman was accused of ......................................... to the investigating committee.
8- The thrill of being an archaeologist is finding objects that have ....................................buried in the
earth for centuries.
9- Don’t spend the afternoon ....................................... around doing nothing –do something constructive.
10- At the moment the children ..................................... the table for tea.
30- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the appropriate verb: arise or rise or raise
1- Our hopes ..................................... as we saw the rescuers approaching.
2- We need to ....................................... $1,000,000 for this project.
3- Prices have ....................................... by 10% this year.
4- The shopkeeper decided to .................................. his prices.
5- An opportunity has ..................................... in our Singapore office. Are you interested?
6- Some difficulties have ...................................... with the new computers.
7- I’ll ........................................ this matter at the next meeting.
8- His temperature has ............................................ by two degrees.
31- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the appropriate verb: give, cause, make or
bring. Use each verb twice.
1- Please don’t shout at her. You’ll only ............................ her cry!
2- This letter may ............................ you the news that you are expecting.
3- He ............................. a lot of problems by interfering in this affair.
4- It can’t ............................... you any satisfaction to be so unpleasant.
5- Football fans often .................................... a lot of damage after the match has ended.
6- If you said you loved me that would ................................... me very happy.
7- Wealth doesn’t always ................................. happiness.
8- Don’t forget to phone your grandmother! It always ............................... her so much pleasure to hear
your voice.
28
32- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the appropriate verb: say, tell, talk or speak.
1- How many languages can you ...........................?
2- What is the first word most children learn to ................................?
3- Stop it! Don’t ................................ nonsense!
4- Please, .............................. us another joke.
5- When do children usually learn to ..............................?
6- Please, .............................. me when to get off this bus.
7- Actions .............................. louder than words.
8- Sorry, I wasn’t listening. What did you .............................?
33- Use despite or although to complete the following sentences.

1- ...................... the place was crowded, I decided to go in.
2- ...................... the noise, I heard what the boys were saying.
3- ...................... the young tennis star's rude and insulting behaviour, a lot of the fans loved
him.
4- ...................... he could be very rude and insulting, the young tennis star was basically a very decent
fellow.
5- ....................... he earned a lot of money during his career, the boxer died a very poor man.
6- ........................ all the money he had earned during his career, he died a very poor man.
7-......................... what you say, I still think boxing should be banned.
8- ........................ I think boxing can be a very brutal sport, I still don't think it should be banned.
PREPOSITIONS.
34- Fill the gaps with a suitable preposition

1- Everyone admires him ................. his wisdom and common sense.
2- I agree ................. you ............... the need to improve public transport services.
3- Dick apologised ................ not sending us a letter.
4- I don’t approve ................ travelling first class on trains or planes.
5- We all started to argue ................. him .............. his political ideas.
6- I believe ................. government support for public transport services.
7- Everyone can benefit ................. a better road system.
8- You can’t blame me ............. your own mistakes.
9- Peter is always boasting ............... his own achievements.
10- Would you like to borrow a pen ................ me?
11- Max is capable .............. doing much better work than this.
12- We would like to congratulate you ............. getting engaged.
13- Water consists ................ hydrogen and oxygen.
29
14- The salesman tried to convince me ............... the advantage of buying the car.
15- There is no simple cure .............. hay fever.
35- Complete with the correct preposition.

1- Diane showed a complete disregard .............. her own safety.
2- I was totally baffled .............. Tim’s behaviour.
3- For Romeo and Juliet it was love ............... first sight.
4- They wouldn’t let me in the pub because I was ............. age.
5- Our house has been ............. the market for months.
6- You are perfectly capable ................ making your own bed, I wouldn’t have thought!
7- We walked on tiptoe ............. fear of being discovered.
8- This is one of the exceptions ............. the rule.
9- I am surprised ............. you, forgetting your briefcase like that.
10- We met at the hotel completely ............... coincidence.
36- Put one suitable preposition in each space.

1- Helen had great admiration .............. her history teacher.
2- I’m afraid I’m not very good ............. animals.
3- The favourite dropped out of the race .............. the early stages.
4- I was ............. the impression that you liked Indian food.
5- The minister stated that no real alternative .............. the plan existed.
6- This town is famous ........... its hand-woven carpets.
7- Your performance this term contrasts very favourably ......... last term’s.
8- Many young people become addicted ........... drugs through ignorance.
9- Apparently a number of army officers were implicated .............. the plot.
10- Carol doesn’t have a very good relationship ............... her mother.
WORD FORMATION
37- Verbs: fill in the gaps of these sentences using the correct form of the word in capital letters
1- The gunman ............................... the people in the bank. TERROR
2- The film .................................. the very young children in the audience. FRIGHT
3- Many people buy old cottages and then spoil them when they attempt to ............................. them.
MODERN
4- Mandy has to pay so much rent for her flat that she has had to ........................... on other things.
ECONOMY
5- I have dreadful neighbours -the noise they make when they have a party is ..................................
DEAF
30
6- They've tied the tree to a post in order to ...................................... it. STRAIGHT

7- The builder ................................... all the work to be done. ITEM
8- The surveyor said the wall was not strong enough and should be ............................... STRENGTH
9- It would be wrong to ..................................... about the effect of accidents on different people.
GENERAL
10- If we knocked down the wall, it would ............................... the sitting room by three meters. LENGTH
38- Adjectives: fill in the gaps of these sentences using the correct form of the word in capital
letters
1- William is always losing his temper -he's the most ................................. man I know. PATIENT
2- We apologise for the delay, but it was ...................................... AVOID
3- I won't go back to that shop again -the assistants are always so .....................................! POLITE
4- John likes giving people presents, but the things he chooses are usually quite ............................
SUIT
5- We'll have to have a new car soon. Our present one is totally .................................... RELY
6- It's a lovely jacket, but quite ............................... for work. PRACTICE
7- I wanted to get lots of information before I bought the computer, but the assistant was most
........................................ HELPFUL
8- All this packaging around the chocolates is completely ........................................ NECESSARY
9- The coat was an ....................................... bargain in the sale. EXPECTED
10- He had put on so much weight that it was just ............................... for him to get into the trousers.
POSSIBLE
39- Fill in the gaps of these sentences using the correct form of the word in capital letters
1- If someone faints you should ............................. their clothing, not ............................. it.
LOOSE TIGHT
2- The ............................... needed an ............................. to help with the experiment.
SCIENCE ASSIST
3- After the road had been ..................................., every ............................... drove faster.
WIDE MOTOR
4- A good .................................. pays all his .................................... well.
EMPLOY EMPLOY
5- The knife may need ....................................... before it is used. SHARP
6- Milk can be ...................................... by ............................... it to boiling point.
STERILE HOT
7- A motorbike ................................. can go much faster then a ......................................
RIDE CYCLE
8- The city has over a million .................................... INHABIT
31
40- Fill in the gaps of these sentences using the correct form of the word in capital letters
1- He said "good morning" in a most .................................. way FRIEND
2- In India in the wet season the average monthly ...................................... is over 200 mm
RAIN
3- For such a young man, the prince showed great .............................. and concern for his people.
WISE
4- What old people fear most is ...................................., according to the Social Service Report.
LONELY
5- "This is not a good essay", said the lecturer. Ï find your arguments ........................................."
CONVINCE
6- Travelling in an aeroplane for the first time was a ..................................... experience. MEMORY
PHRASAL VERBS
41- Fill the gaps with these phrasal verbs
look up to sort out put down

go along with let down face up to
talk over look down on live up to
1- Stop running away from the situation. It's time you ...................... it.
2- He promised to pick me up from the station but he didn't. That's the second time he has .................. me
.................. this week.
3- She was never able to .......................... her mother's high expectations of her.
4- I don't know why you .................. that boy. You agree with everything he says and copy everything he
does.
5- Why do you ..................... her ................. every time she speaks? I'm not surprised she has no self-
confidence
6- Don't be such a snob, Marcia. Just because she doesn't have as much money as you that's no reason
to ......................
7- After he had spent all evening ................... the problem ..................... with his best friend, he felt much
better about things.
8- You can't expect me to ............................... the plan before I've had an opportunity to study it carefully.
9- Oh, no! It's going to take ages to ............... these documents ....................... .
32
42- Put in about, down, down on, in, in on, up, up on, up to, up with or to.
A CURE FOR SNORING
It's very difficult for people who sleep silently to (1) put ....................... the sound of snoring. Some
people are asleep the moment they (2) lie ................ , others (3) stay ..................... half the night waiting
for the miracle of sleep to (4) come .................. . Insomniacs are the ones who need to (5) lie ..................
in the morning to (6) catch ................... lost sleep. Snorers will never admit to snoring. They know the rest
of the world (7) looks ................... them and they just can't (8) face
................ reality. My friend, Henry, a champion snorer, has just found
a cure and he (9) let me ................ his little secret.
He has just (10) coughed ...................... good money for a
band with a stud on it. He wears the band round his head at night and
if he tries to sleep on his back, the stud gives him a jab. I'm sure this
news will (11) cheer ............... all snorers, who now have a new
experience to (12) look forward .................. . With one of these on
their heads, all they have to lose is their sleep!
TRANSFORMATIONS
43- Finish each sentence in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed
before it, using the word given. You must use up to five words.
1- We were in Venice a week ago today. time
We were in Venice .........................................................................................................................
2- Joe had financial problems, but bought a new motorbike. despite
Joe bought a new motorbike ..........................................................................................................
3- I couldn't drink the soup, as it was too hot. to
The soup ...........................................................................................................................................
4- Susan was tired, so she decided to go to bed. that
Susan was ......................................................................................... to go to bed.
5- We spoke in whispers as we didn't want to wake the baby. not
We spoke in whispers ........................................................................ to wake the baby.
6- I kept looking for my missing watch, but I knew it was no use. even
I kept looking for my missing watch ...........................................................................it was no use.
7- There were a lot of people, and I couldn't see the screen properly. that
There were .............................................................................. I couldn't see the screen properly.
8- The weather is fine, but my flowers haven't come out. of
My flowers haven't come out ............................................................................... weather.
9- It was a cold night, so we stayed indoors. that
It was ..............................................................................................we stayed indoors.
10- The swimming pool wasn't deep, so you couldn't dive into it. to
The swimming pool .........................................................................................dive into.
33
44- Finish each sentence in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed
before it.
1- I haven't enjoyed myself so much for years.
It's years .........................................................................................................................................
2- We haven't had heavy rain for over a month.
It ....................................................................................................................................................
3- There are more men than women working for this company.
There aren't ....................................................................................................................................
4- "Whose magazine is this?", asked the teacher.
The teacher wanted to know ..........................................................................................................
5- The Browns say they'd like to have stayed in a better hotel.
The Browns wish ............................................................................................................................
6- I think it will be another sunny day today.
It looks ............................................................................................................................................
7- "Can you repair my watch by next Saturday?", I asked.
I asked whether ..............................................................................................................................
8- Physics is a harder subject than Geography.
Geography .....................................................................................................................................
9- This suitcase is so light that a child could carry it.
This suitcase is light .......................................................................................................................
10- I'll get ready before your arrival.
By the time .....................................................................................................................................
45- Complete the second sentence with between two and five words, including the word given, so
that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence(s).
1 I gave up tennis when I was 16. Now I regret it. WISH
I ______________________________ up tennis when I was 16.
2 I'm so sorry I said those awful things to her. IF
______________________________ said those awful things to her.
3 I don't want you to go out tonight. RATHER
I ______________________________ go out tonight.
4 I felt like I was flying. THOUGH
It ______________________________ flying.
5 I worked late last night. That's why I'm so tired today. IF
______________________________ late last night, I wouldn't be so tired today.
6 My wallet was stolen last week. HAD
I ______________________________ last week.
7 I've asked him to send me the files by the end of the day. HAVE
I've told him I need to ______________________________ me by the end of the day.
8 A friend repaired my car after the accident. GOT
I ______________________________ my car after the accident.
34
9 Someone's painting the house while we are away. PAINTED

We ______________________________while we are away.
10 The computer needs checking as soon as possible. HAVE
We should ______________________________ as soon as possible.
CLOZE TESTS
46- Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage. Use only one word in each space.
When Laszlo Biro first produced his revolutionary ball-point pen in his native Hungary in 1938, he
................................. (1) his main market to be the army. Biro, who was himself an
..................................(2) officer, wanted to make a pen ............................. (3) could be relied on
to............................... (4) in difficult situations. As the pen could work at high altitudes, where
any................................ (5) in air pressure make an ordinary pen, filled with............................... (6), start to
leak, the air force also............................. (7) interested in buying the new ‘biro’. The navy, too, ordered the
pen ............................... (8) it worked underwater and............................... (9) wet paper, which was very
useful for writing on the open bridge................................ (10) a warship or a small torpedo boat.
Laszlo Biro was ...................................(11) by his brother Georg, a skilled chemist, who invented the
special quick-drying ink .................................. (12) in the new pen. The brothers ...................................
(13) Hungary shortly before the outbreak of the Second Word War and
................................... (14) a brief period in Paris, they settled in Argentina.
Here, they ................................... (15) selling their product.
At first, the biro was quite expensive - originally one would
.................................... (16) cost the equivalent of a week’s wages for many
people. But in the 1950s the price ............................... (17) dramatically as
new plastics and modern factory equipment made the cost of production
................................... (18). Nowadays, most people
..................................... (19) easily afford a ball point pen. One company
sells more than twelve million ...................................... (20) day.
Many of the people one reads about in fiction are based on a real historical
person. For example, the man who ....................................(1) Robert Louis
Stevenson the idea for his Dr. Jekyll was William Brodie, a Scottish
businessman, who ...............................(2) in Edinburgh in
.......................................(3) eighteenth century.
Brodie, who was born in 1741, was the ...................................(4) of a rich
furniture maker. Quite early in his career he showed his ability for hard work
and ........................................(5) a leader of the community and a high-ranking
official of the city of Edinburgh.
But Deacon Brodie, ....................................(6) he was called , had a secret life
which nobody knew about . By day he was a well-known and respected citizen
.....................................(7) by night he became ...............................(8) thief.
35
His life of crime started .................................(9) the age of 27, ....................................(10) he robbed a
bank of $ 800. For the next eighteen years he carried out robberies without being
.....................................(11) out. But, .....................................(12) most thieves, he finally
.....................................(13) a mistake.
In 1786 he joined up with two others and together they planned to ....................................(14) into the
office of the Scottish Customs Department. Their plan .................................(15) wrong: they were
surprised by a Customs official, who sounded the alarm. His companions were caught but Brodie got
....................................(16)
He ................................(17) to get to Amsterdam, intending to make his way from there to America. But,
unfortunately for him ...................................(18) of the others informed the ...........................................(19),
who caught up with Brodie the night before he was due to leave for America. He
...................................(20) taken back to Scotland and sent for trial in Edinburgh.
Although all major life changes, even positive ones 0) ...such... as getting married
or moving house, are difficult to cope with, perhaps none is 1) ............ traumatic
than unexpectedly losing your job. While people are in work, they constantly
complain 2) ............ stress, lack of freedom and 3) ............ on. When, however,
they find themselves without employment they suddenly realise 4) ............ lucky
they were to have a monthly pay packet to depend 5) ............. Money isn't the
main problem either. To a certain extent we all define 6) ............ by what we do.
A job, no 7) ............ how menial, gives us a feeling of self-respect, while providing
a dependable structure for our day. Many people who lose their jobs find
themselves wondering who they are and 8) ............ the purpose of their life is. This is, of 9) ............, an
illogical reaction since you are still the same person you 10) ............ while employed. it's best not to 11)
............ your dismissal personally because companies all 12) ............,the world are making drastic labour-
cuts. Therefore, if you happen to be one of 13) ............ employees dismissed, it is probably not 14)
............ of your personality or the quality of your work. Also, keep in 15) ............,that when you succeed in
finding suitable work, your self-confidence will get an enormous boost. A positive attitude is the key to
coping with this very difficult and increasingly common problem.
Reach for the stars - or the sci-fi book?
Would scientists bother (0) .............. to ....... read science fiction? We often imagine
them (1) ................................ hard-headed people who would find fiction like this
frivolous but, apparently, many enjoy (2) .............................. . They claim to love the
possibilities that science fiction presents - (3) .............................. aliens might look like
or the development of new life forms. Science fiction (4) ................................. us out of
our comfort zones, our familiar and known environment, and encourages us to think
(5) ............. the box. Science fiction also provides an alternative perspective, giving
fresh insights into life in general. The act (6) ................................ creating a new
society peopled with strange beings enables science fiction writers to raise issues of
morality in a meaningful yet unthreatening way. This, in turn, allows those of us who read their work to
question (7) ................................. and the values we hold dear. And the issue of whether the science in
fiction is really far-fetched is debatable - who knew (8) .......................... things as mobile phones were
possible when Star Trek came up with them?
36
Why is it that 0) ...when... you look around the streets all the young people seem to 1) .....................
wearing the same clothes? Why does every single one of them appear to have 2) .............. their hair
cut – or not cut – at the same hairdresser's? Just watch a few music videos and you will begin to
understand 3) ............ it all works. Popular music seems to 4) ............ become the most important
means of self-definition 5) ............ young people. Whether they prefer heavy metal, grunge 6) ............
pop, the musicians they see on TV soon become their role models. They not 7) ............ want to hear the
sound, they want to become the sound as well, and the most obvious way to do this is to copy the
musician's style. The result is long, straggly hair which 8) ............ shaved at the sides, multiple earrings,
baggy shirts and trousers and trainers as big 9) ............ shoe boxes. Comfort is not essential 10)
............. Big shoes may be easier to slip out of 11) ............ to actually walk in, but
if you want to keep 12) ............ with the trends you wear them anyway. Peer
pressure is another influence. To most young people, dressing to 13) ............ like
their friends seems to be the surest way to be accepted. Unfortunately, the first
victim of "fashion victimisation" is individuality. While style should ideally be a way
of showing people 14) ............ you really are, following the trends means that you
end up 15) ............ - or seeming to be - exactly like everyone else.
Cyber history for sale
In the spring of 1946, J. Presper Eckert and John Maunchly sent out a business plan for a company that 1
_______ sell 'electronic computors'. In their eight-page proposal for financing of this enterprise, sent to a
small group of prospective backers, the two engineers predicted that the market for 2 _______ a machine
might consist 3 _______ scientific laboratories, universities and government agencies. Such 4 _______
the beginnings of the Electronic Control Company of Philadelphia, which produced the Univac, the first
computer to be commercially sold in the United States.
Recently, Christie's in New York auctioned the original typescript of the Eckert-Maunchly proposal 5
_______ $72,000 to a private buyer. It was sold 6_______ part of a collection called 'The Origins of
Cyberspace', which contained about 1,000 books, papers, brochures and 20 artefacts from the history of
computing.
'It's becoming the new frontier in scientific collecting,' said Thomas Lecky, who 7 _______ in charge of the
auction. Mr Lecky said two items 8 _______ particular had generated interest among bidders: the Eckert-
Maunchly business plan and a technical journal
containing the idea for TCP / IP, the standard
system for the transmission of information over
the Internet. 9 _______ someone had
approached him 10 years ago with the May 1974
issue of the engineering journal in 10 _______
the TCP / IP paper appeared, he would have
thought that it would have been of absolutely 11
_______ interest to anyone. 'You don't really
know when history is 12 _______ made,' he said.
37
VOCABULARY WORK
Exercise 52.
A) Choose the correct words to complete the first part of this text.
Celebrities have immense social capital: they have many social perks and get jobs that are (I) rarely I
readily available to ordinary people. Long after they are at the peak of their career, celebrities can still get
(2) expensive I lucrative work in areas unconnected to their (3) benefits I talents. A former footballer, for
example, might be paid to attend a public (4) appearance I entrance and speak on a subject totally
unrelated to their accomplishments. The mass (5) medium I media plays a key role in promoting the (6)
exposure I exposé of celebrities and this has led to celebrity becoming a sought-after status. While many
people aspire to achieve fame and envy celebrities, the lifestyle is not without its drawbacks. Some stars
who have (7) attained I undergone celebrity often suffer from life in the public eye and the risk of being (8)
stalked I obsessed by fans.
B) Complete the second part of the text with words from the box.
attaining - rewards - consultancy - credibility - non-famous - reality -

talented -royalty – sectors - value
Celebrity culture has pervaded almost all (1) _______ sectors of society. It is
no longer restricted to (2) _______ , film stars and singers. However, only a
small number of people can achieve celebrity. For those who do, the (3)
_______ can be huge. (4) _______ work is often a lucrative area, as is
advertising branded products. Watch any (5) _______ TV show and you will
find contestants who dream of (6) _______ celebrity. However, any fame they
achieve is likely to be fleeting and with limited social or economic (7) _______ .
In many industries, such as the arts, celebrity can be advantageous. Many (8)
_______ people working in the arts are likely to be relatively poorly paid even
though they may be as (9) _______ as their more famous counterparts. This
results in resentment amongst colleagues, with people actually facing a loss of
(10) _______ .
Exercise 53. Complete the text with words and phrases from the box.
access to – directly - expert analyst - media channels - mobile devices -

reported - stay up to date - subscribe to - targeted information - tuning in
Information sources of the future

The first and most dramatic change is the advent of social news. Social news is rapidly becoming the
means by which we (1) _______ with what is going on in the world. News is no longer (2) _______ solely
by journalists. News can now come from anyone – bypassing the traditional (3) _______ Instead of
having an edited version of what a(n) (4) _______ is saying, we hear it straight from the source. Social
news is about getting information (5) _______ and unfiltered.
38
A new wave of entertainment has also arrived, one dominated by games, video and audio streams.
Instead of (6) _______ to a TV channel, we decide what to watch and when to watch it. We no longer
have to (7) _______ channels on which other people choose what we see. We control everything
ourselves. And a new concept in the form of (8) _______ is slowly
emerging. We are already seeing an increasing number of services on (9)
_______ which provide information for the particular area that you are in.
For example, there are so-called `geo-targeting services' which provide
you with a list of restaurants within reach of your location rather than
showing you establishments worldwide.
The number of these services is going to explode in years to come. In a
world where we have (10) _______ more information than we can
consume, selecting that which is relevant will be a very important element
of delivery. And this will expand far beyond the simple geo-targeting that
we see today.
Exercise 54 Complete the text using a phrase from the list in each gap
an effect on - annoyed by - at fault - aware of - better at - by mistake - different from - in

business - without exception - wrong about
Effective communication:
a In business how staff communicate with each other and with customers is vitally important. Not
everyone is b _________ the importance of using both the right language and the appropriate tone of
voice. You can give someone the right information, but be c _________ the way you have chosen to
express yourself when you do this. In this case, you could be sending the wrong message d _________,
by putting it in an inappropriate way. The same issues apply to writing. The way you come across in an
email may be very e _________ the way you speak on the phone, or talk to someone face to face. Some
people may even be f _________ what you say if you appear too friendly or too distant. In writing, the
organization of a letter or email, its typeface and general appearance can also have g _________ how the
message is understood. In this case your style of writing may be h _________ and you may need more
practice. It may be true that some people are naturally i _________ communicating than others, but all
staff, j _________, need training in this area, and their performance should be monitored.
Exercise 55 Work and studies: Choose the correct word or phrase from the pair in brackets to
complete each sentence.
1 If you work longer than your contract stipulates, you will be paid ________. (flexitime/overtime)
2 Every year there are at least 50,000________ for that particular examination. (applicants / candidates)
3 People who are unable to find work may be eligible for unemployment________ . (payment / benefit)
4 Dr Brewer decided to spend his________ year on research into comparative religions, (secondment /
sabbatical)
5 As the shipyard had run out of orders, all the workers were made ________ (redundant /sacked)
6 Chris really is very talented, but he can’t possibly expect to make a ________ from his painting,
(profession / living)
39
7 University students who take out a ________ to pay for their studies may be seriously in debt when they
graduate. (loan /mortgage)
8 I hope Jane Eyre will be on the_________ again next year. (studies/syllabus)
Exercise 56 Work and studies: Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space
1 When Lucinda graduated, she had no idea which_________ to choose.
a) living b) business c) career d) work
2 The sales manager failed to negotiate a suitable ____________with his Japanese counterpart.
a) deal b) transaction c) business d) accord
3 The job you’ve applied for isn’t ________ . It’s only temporary, I’m afraid.
a) long-lasting b) permanent c) eternal d) durable
4 Pete has a well-paid position with a local________ .
a) firm b) association c) house d) society
5 When you send in your application, remember to supply
the names of two________ .
a) umpires b) judges c) supporters d) referees
6 The day-to-day running of the school is handled by the
headteacher, who is responsible to the________ of
governors.
a) board b) table c) committee d) meeting
7 Silvio was the first member of staff ever to be ______ for
gross professional misconduct.
a) dispatched b) sacked c) released d) shot
8 Employers are often less interested in an applicant’s academic ________ than in his or her experience.
a) papers b) certificates c) qualifications d) degrees
9 Gary accepted the job in Lisbon, although he would only be ________ half his previous salary.
a) winning b) gaining c) deserving d) earning
10 Depending on their circumstances, university students live on a ________ from the bank, an allowance
from their parents or income from part-time jobs.
a) loan b) pension c) fund d) purse
Exercise 57. Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space.
Ask most people for their Top Ten fears, and you'll be sure to find being burgled fairly high on the (1)
________ An informal survey I (2) ________ among friends at a party last week revealed that eight
of them had had their homes broken into more than twice, and two had been burgled five times. To
40
put the record (3) ________ , none of my friends owns valuable paintings or a sideboard full of family
silverware. Three of them are students, (4) ________ .
The most typical burglary, it seems, (5) ________ the theft of easily
transportable items - the television, the video, even food from the freezer.
This may have something to do with the fact that the (6) ________ burglar
is in his (or her) late teens, and probably wouldn't know what to do with a
Picasso, (7) ________ selling an I-pod or a vacuum cleaner is a much
easier (8) ________ . They are perhaps not so much professional criminals,
as hard-up young people who need a few pounds and some excitement.
Not that this makes having your house (9) ________ upside down and
your favourite things stolen any easier to (10) ________ . In most (11)
________ , the police have no luck (12) ________ any of the stolen goods.
Unless there is definite evidence, they are probably unable to do anything
at all. And alarms or special locks don't (13) ________ to help either. The
only advice my friends could (14) ________ . was 'Never
live on the ground floor' and 'Keep two or three very fierce dogs', which reminded me of a case I
read about, where the burglars' (15) ________ included the family's pet poodle.
1) A rank B rating C grade D list

2) A called up B held with C set about D carried out
3) A straight B right C correct D steady
4) A as well B however C in fact D at any rate
5) A means B involves C affects D covers
6) A common B medium C average D middle
7) A whereas B as yet C much as D as soon as
8) A concern B event C situation D matter
9) A put B turned C stood D pulled
10) A submit B receive C accept D admit
11) A examples B cases C items D occasions
12) A taking B making C tracking D recovering
13) A sound B look C show D seem
14) A come up with B make do with C go through with D get off with
15) A takings B profit C loo t D receipts
Exercise 58. Complete the description of childhood holidays with words and phrases from the box.
destination – entertainment – isolated beach – local cuisine – pack - self-catering - spectacular

scenery – tropical resorts – two-week – international flights
When I was a child it was fairly unusual to go on a foreign holiday. The prices of (1) international.
flights were exorbitant compared to those offered by today's budget airlines. Package holidays to (2)
_______________ were pretty much unheard-of. Instead my parents would (3) _______________ our
41
aged car with the necessary belongings, and our family holiday would begin with a twelve-hour drive
through the night. Our (4) _______________ was always the same: exotic Scotland.
Each year, my parents booked a different (5) _______________
cottage, usually next to an (6) _______________ and invariably with no
mod cons whatsoever. The beds were always lumpy and damp. There
wouldn't even be a washing machine, never mind a television.
No doubt we were surrounded by (7) _______________ but this meant
little to me or my sister. Plastic buckets and spades were the basis of
all our holiday (8) _______________ . Armed with these and a towel,
we would tear down to the beach every morning. We built extravagant
castles, we buried my father alive, we saved the lives of stranded
jellyfish, we collected jewels, and we dug to Australia. Summer holidays
lasted at least a year back then.
I pity the kids today with their (9) _______________ breaks in the sun. Who wants all-inclusive resorts
boasting restaurants serving authentic (10) _______________? Who needs artificial lagoons featuring
wave machines and plastic waterfalls? Show me an eight-year-old girl on a Scottish beach with a bucket
and spade and I'll show you what real holiday fun is all about.
Exercise 59. Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best completes each gap.
Ecotourism is a (1) ____ business that many tour operators cite as being helpful to nature. Every year,
millions of people (2) ____ on protected and pristine natural areas to observe rare species. However, a
new report (3) ____ doubt on the value of this form of tourism. In fact, it suggests that ecotourism is more
damaging than helpful to nature. Details are in a report published in the journal 'Trends (4) ____ Ecology
and Evolution'. Researchers believe tourists are disrupting animals in their natural (5) ____. They pointed
to a recent event where sea turtles in Costa Rica had problems laying their eggs because of the hordes of
tourists who had (6) ____ to watch the turtles' nesting habits.
The report says that ecotourism is making animals bolder and that this could (7) ____ the animals. A
regular human presence might make animals tamer and (8) ____
cautious about other animals around them, and this could put them
at risk of being attacked by their natural (9) ____. "Then they will
suffer higher mortality when they encounter real predators," the
report says. It added: "When animals interact in 'benign' ways (10)
____ humans, they may let down their guard." The report said it
was essential, "to develop a more comprehensive understanding of
how different species in different situations respond (11) ____
human visitation and under what precise conditions human
exposure might put them at (12) ____."
1. (a) brimming (b) booming (c) blooming (d) bombing

2. (a) rescind (b) descend (c) decant (d) reside
3. (a) lurches (b) spirals (c) peels (d) casts
4. (a) by (b) in (c) at (d) to
42
5. (a) habitual (b) habitat (c) cohabitate (d) inhabit

6. (a) congealed (b) congested (c) congregated (d) congratulated
7. (a) engender (b) danger (c) endanger (d) endemic
8. (a) lessen (b) lesser (c) less (d) lessening
9. (a) threatens (b) threads (c) treats (d) threats
10. (a) with (b) by (c) at (d) of
11. (a) to (b) for (c) as (d) on
12. (a) riskiness (b) risky (c) risk (d) risked
Exercise 60. Choose the best words to complete the text..

Urban sprawl is the unchecked spreading of a city or its (1) suburbs/ residences. It often involves the (2)
demolition / construction of residential or commercial buildings in (3) rural / environmental areas or
otherwise undeveloped land on the (4) outskirts /
neighbourhoods of a city. Typical (5) residents /
commuters of these areas live in single-family
homes and travel by car to their jobs in the city.
Concerns over urban sprawl largely focus on
negative (6) costs / consequences for residents
and the local (7) environment / space. The
tendency of people living in these neighbourhoods
to commute to work means that urban sprawl is
sometimes associated with increased air (8)
pollution / pollutant from car exhaust fumes.
Find words in the text above which match these definitions.
1 related to towns and cities ________________________
2 related to trade or business ________________________
3 particular part of a place ________________________
4 not previously built on ________________________
5 people who live in a place ________________________
Exercise 61. Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best completes each collocation
or fixed phrase.
Very few popular (1) ________ sports today remain amateur in any sense of the word. In the past,
even in cases where payment to players or athletes was forbidden, many sports tolerated what
became known as 'shamateurism', and even the sports governing (2) _____ turned a blind eye to
such (3) _____ as the paying of 'expenses'. More recently, sport has become, in effect, a (4) _____
of the entertainment industry, and the elite (5) _____ in sports such as swimming, tennis, football
and track athletics can expect to become very rich. This worries some people, who complain that the
old Olympic ideal has been lost, but the fact is, sport has become more and more professional in the
43
wider sense, not only requiring total dedication from (6) _____ champions, but also expensive
facilities, training and nutritional advice.
1) A audience B watching C spectator D viewing

2) A associations B confederations C authorities D bodies
3) A practices B occurrences C acts D operations
4) A branch B division C wing D limb
5) A doers B players C makers D performers
6) A hopeful B aspiring C striving D wishful
Exercise 62. Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space.
Ours is a vanishing world, one in which the familiar is constantly disappearing and technological change
is often difficult to cope with. So it should come (1) ________ no surprise to most of us to hear that yet
another part of everyday life is about to go for ever. Apparently, within the next decade, money as we (2)
___________ it will probably (3) __________ to exist in technologically advanced countries. (4)
__________ Professor Gerry Montague of the Institute for Economic Reform, the familiar coins and
banknotes will soon be replaced entirely by credit cards of various kinds. And the shop of the future will
be linked directly to the network of banking computers. The assistant will simply key in your bank account
code number and the amount you have spent, and thank you politely. You won't have to dig (5)
___________ in your pockets for change. You may not even have a
number for your account as such, as the computer may by then be able to
read your handprint. So no more instances of credit card (6). ________ .
But I am afraid that I shall miss money. I have felt (7) ________
attached to it, ever since I received my first pocket (8) ________ when I
was five, and kept it in a money-box. Even if my credit card of the future
will be able to tell me exactly how much spending (9) ________ I have
left in the computer files, even if it lights up and plays a happy (or sad)
tune at the same time, nothing will be able to replace the (10) ________
pleasure I gained from rattling the coins in my money- box.
1) A with B as C to D in
2) A have B see C know D believe
3) A cease B stop C fail D conclude
4) A With reference to B Further to C According to D Owing to
5) A far B long C tall D deep
6) A deceit B trickery C pretence D fraud
7) A heavily B strongly C widely D largely
8) A cash B coins C money D gold
9) A capacity B potential C capability D power
10) A sheer B complete C entire D downright
44
Exercise 63. Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best completes each collocation
or fixed phrase.
Whenever we read about the natural world nowadays, it is generally to be given dire predictions
about its (1) ....... destruction. Some scientists go so (2) ________ as to assert that from now on,
the world can no longer be called 'natural', insofar as future processes of weather, climate and all
the interactions of plant and animal life will no longer carry on in their
time-honoured way, unaffected by humans. There will never be such a
thing as 'natural weather' again, say such writers, only weather affected
by global warming. It is hard to know whether to believe such (3)
________ of doom, possibly because what they are saying seems too
terrible to be true. There are other equally influential scientists who
argue that climate, for example, has changed many times over the (4)
________ , and that what we are experiencing now may simply be part
of an endless (5) ________ of change, rather than a disaster on a
global (6) ________ .
1) A coming B close C imminent D nigh

2) A much B deep C long D f ar
3) A prophets B champions C warriors D giants
4) A generations B millennia C centuries D eras
5) A revolution B circle C round D cycle
6) A measure B scale C proportion D extent
45
READING SKILLS
READING TEXT 1
Before you do the exercises on this Reading passage, work on the tips below
TIPS: MATCHING HEADINGS/ summary sentences. Mark each sentence with a tick or a
cross.
a) ________ Read instructions carefully. They include some information about the text
b) ________ Skim the text quickly for its general meaning.
c) ________ Read the text word by word.
d) ________ Read the list of possible headings for each section of the text.
e) ________ Read the text section by section and underline any words which go with a heading.
f) ________ You must be able to understand every word.
g) ________ Check that each heading fits before you make a final choice of answer. You might
need to read some sections more carefully.
[ KEY: a. Tick b. Tick c. Cross d. Tick e. Tick f. Cross g. tick]
TIPS: YES, NO, NOT GIVEN OR TRUE, FALSE, NOT GIVEN QUESTIONS.
Fill in the gaps with only one word/ phrase from the list below.
●Read the (1) .................................... carefully.
●Quickly read through all the (2)................................... to get an idea about the topic.
●Read the (3) .................................. more carefully. (4).......................... the
(5) ............................... so you understand the main point.
● (6) ..................... for the section of the text which deals with the idea or fact.
●Once you have found (7) .............................., read it carefully. For the
(8) ................................. type,if the statement disagrees with the writer’s opinion, then select
‘no’ and if the author doesn’t give an opinion, select ‘not given’. For the
(9)................................... type, if the statement is the opposite to the information in the text,
then select ‘false’ and if there is no mention of it, select ‘not given’.
Underline - the relevant section - Yes, No, Not Given - Statements - key words -
instructions - Search - True, False, Not Given - first statement
[ KEY 1. Instructions 2. Statements 3. First statement 4. Underline 5 key words 6. Search 7. The relevant section 8.
yes/no/not given 9. true/false/not given]
46
Read the following text and work on the exercises below.
First Impressions Count

A
Traditionally uniforms were – and for some industries still are – manufactured to
protect the worker. When they were first designed, it is also likely that all
uniforms made symbolic sense – those for the military, for example, were
originally intended to impress and even terrify the enemy; other uniforms
denoted a hierarchy- chefs wore white because they worked with flour, but the
main chef wore a black hat to show he supervised.
B
The last 30 years, however, have seen an increasing emphasis on their role in
projecting the image of an organization and in uniting the workforce into a
homogeneous unit- particularly in ‘customer facing’ industries, and especially in financial
services and retailing. From uniforms and workwear has emerged ‘corporate clothing’. “The
people you employ are your ambassadors,” says Peter Griffin, managing director of a major
retailer in the UK. “What they say, how they look, and how they behave is terribly important.”
The result is a new way of looking at corporate workwear. From being a simple way of identifying
who is a member of staff, the uniform is emerging as a new channel of marketing
communication.
C
Truly effective marketing through visual cues such as uniforms is a subtle art, however. Wittingly
or unwittingly, how we look sends all sorts of powerful subliminal messages to other people.
Dark colours give an aura of authority while lighter pastel shades suggest approachability.
Certain dress style creates a sense of conservatism, others a sense of openness to new ideas.
Neatness can suggest efficiency but, if it is overdone, it can spill over and indicate an obsession
with power. “If the company is selling quality, then it must have quality uniforms. If it is selling
style, its uniforms must be stylish. If it wants to appear innovative, everybody can’t look exactly
the same. Subliminally we see all these things,” says Lynn Elvy, a director of image consultants
House of Colour.
D
But translating corporate philosophies into the right mix of colour, style, degree of branding and
uniformity can be companies supplying the workwear and corporate clothing market. Of these,
22 account for 85% of total sales- £ 380 million in 1994.
E
A successful uniform needs to balance two key sets of needs. On the one hand, no uniform will
work if staff feel uncomfortable or ugly. Giving the wearers a choice has become a key element
in the way corporate clothing is introduced and managed. On the other, it is pointless if the look
doesn’t express the business’s marketing strategy. The greatest challenge in this respect is time.
47
When it comes to human perceptions, first impressions count. Customers will size up the way
staff look in just a few seconds, and those few seconds will colour their attitudes from then on.
Those few seconds can be so important that big companies are prepared to invest years, and
millions of pounds, getting them right.
F
In addition, some uniform companies also offer rental services. “There will be an increasing
specialization in the marketplace,” predicts Mr Blyth, Customer Services Manager of a large UK
bank. The past two or three years have seen consolidation. Increasingly, the big suppliers are
becoming ’managing agents’, which means they offer a total service to put
together the whole complex operation of aging the inventory, budget
control and distribution to either central locations or to each staff member
individually. Huge investments have been made in new systems,
information technology and amassing quality assurance accreditations.
G
Corporate clothing does have potential for further growth. Some banks
have yet to introduce a full corporate look; police forces are researching a
complete new look for the 21st century. And many employees now
welcome a company wardrobe. A recent survey of staff found that 90 per
cent welcomed having clothing which reflected the corporate identity.
1.1 The passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Which paragraphs discuss the following
points? Write the appropriate letters A-G
1. Different types of purchasing agreement ______
2. The original purposes of uniforms ______
3. The popularity rating of staff uniforms ______
4. Involving employees in the selection of a uniform ______
5. The changing significance of company uniforms ______
6. Perceptions of different types of dress ______
1.2 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer of the passage? Write:
YES if the statement agrees with the writer’s views
NO if the statement contradicts the writer’s views
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1. Uniforms were more carefully made in the past than they are today. ______
2. Uniforms make employees feel part of a team. ______
3. Using uniforms as a marketing tool requires great care. ______
48
4. Being too smart could have a negative impact on customers. ______

5. Most businesses that supply company clothing are successful. ______
6. Uniforms are best selected by marketing consultants. ______
7. Clothing companies are planning to offer financial services in the future. ______
READING TEXT 2
TIPS: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS. Match the Do's and Don'ts
DO'S DON'TS
1. Read the text quickly from beginning a) Don't guess. Look for real evidence.
to end.
2. Read the questions very carefully. b) Don't be too confident about the
Work out whether they are asking for answer you have chosen until you have
specific or general information. evidence that the others are not correct
3. Read the text again, this time more c) Don't stop to think about individual
carefully. Look for the parts that contain words you do not understand.
the information you need.
4. Choose the answer you think is d) Don't hurry in your second reading.
correct. Make sure whether only one Understanding individual words is more
answer is expected or if several can be important now.
chosen.
5. Try to eliminate the other answers by e) Don't rush this process or guess the
finding reasons why they are wrong. answers yet.
[ Key: 1.C 2.E 3.D 4.A 5.B]
Read the text and answer the questions.
Why do we fall in love?

Everyone does it at one time or another, but why? We’re talking about falling in love. Professor
Arthur Aron from State University of New York at Stonybrook has been exploring the dynamics
of what exactly happens when two people are falling in love.
He claims that our primary motivation as human beings is to expand the self and to increase our
abilities and our effectiveness. One of the ways we accomplish this is through our relationships
with other people. He says, ‘We have learned in our research that it is important to feel that you
have the ability to be an effective person, especially in relationships.’
But how does this theory of self-expansion explain the process of falling in love? Usually, we fall
in love with a person who we not only find attractive and appropriate for us but is also someone
who demonstrates that they are attracted to us. According to Professor Aron, this creates a
49
situation with great scope for self-expansion. The fact that they are attracted to us offers a
significant opportunity –when we perceive this, we feel a surge of exhilaration!
However, his studies show that it does not always work this way. An interesting exception to this
occurs if we feel badly about ourselves. The process gets thrown off if we can’t believe that
another person is interested in us –like the Groucho Marx joke where we don’t want to belong to
a club that would have us for a member. We tend to miss out on opportunities for falling in love if
we don’t feel good about ourselves.
Professor Aron has also managed to define the conditions which are best for meeting someone
and falling in love. He claims that when you meet someone under conditions that are highly
arousing–a political demonstration, turbulence on a plane, a stimulating performance- a time
when the body is stirred up and excited, we tend to experience attraction at a heightened level.
This effect is well documented, but the explanations for it are very controversial. Professor Aron
believes that we come to associate the arousal of the situation with this person and our own self-
expansion.
It’s also interesting to look at when people fall in love. How long
do you have known someone before you realise you are in love
with them?
Contrary to what most people think, the statistics show that most
people fall in love with someone that they have known for a while.
People only report falling in love quickly about 30 to 40 percent of
the time,’ says Professor Aron. He also points out that this varies
from culture to culture –falling in love happens differently between
cultures, but it does occur in most cultures.
I think most of us think that appearance must factor into the
equation of falling in love. Professor Aron says, ‘This is interesting. We have found that if you are
very unattractive, it can hurt you a lot in forming romantic relationships. However, being
attractive doesn’t help that much.’ The professor has found that two important characteristics,
kindness and intelligence, are vital to the process of falling in love. And attractiveness is not
connected to these things. These two attributes are things that people learn about someone
from knowing them over time. Intelligence is critical in all aspects of life, especially in love. But
kindness is the strongest indicator for a successful long-term relationship.
Other research confirms what we all know –that love can make you mad or sad. Some people
suffer from a form of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder when they are in love, which means that
they are, for example, constantly checking things. At the same time, this disorder can also make
you depressed as it affects serotonin levels in the brain. Levels can drop so low that they trigger
anxiety and depression. But it doesn’t last for ever –after a year levels usually return to normal. It
may be that we need this chemical response for relationships to survive as some have
suggested that you have to be mad to fall in love!
50
Choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
1) In the first paragraph, we learn that Professor Aron has been researching
A -the uniqueness of human motivation.
B -how humans achieve success.
C -the forces behind human relationships.
D -different ways in which humans are effective.
2) Professor Aron’s theory explains that we fall in love when we find somebody who
A -we think is good-looking.
B -is the right kind of person for us.
C -gives us a chance to like them.
D -shows that they like us.
3) The Groucho Marx joke is mentioned in the fourth paragraph to show

A -how some people think when they lack self-esteem.
B -that we all want to be part of a group.
C -how people behave when they find someone unattractive.
D -that we can miss opportunities for falling in love.
4) According to Professor Aron, people easily fall in love when

A -they are engaged in doing something else.
B -they are affected by a particular situation.
C -they are frightened and need protection.
D -they share an experience with another person.
5) In the sixth paragraph, what does professor Aron say is a mistaken belief?
A - That people fall in love with old friends.
B -That many people fall in love at first sight.
C -That love is the same in most countries.
D -That there are different varieties of love.
6) Professor Aron claims that being attractive

A -can cause problems in a relationship.
B -can hide other more important qualities.
C -is less of an advantage than other qualities.
D -makes other people think you are unintelligent.
51
7) Other research into chemical response to love shows that

A -depression can be a normal part of falling in love.
B -love can cause unnecessary suffering and illness.
C -certain chemical levels are raised in the brain.
D -the response can vary depending on the time of year.
READING TEXT 3
TIPS: GAPPED TEXT QUESTIONS: Missing sentences or paragraphs. Put these

actions in order from 1 (what you should do first) to 5 (what you should do last).
a) _____________ Check for language and topic links before and after the gap.
b) _____________ Read the text around each gap carefully and try to predict the missing
information.
c) _____________ Read the whole text again. Does it make sense?
d) _____________ Read the whole of the gapped text carefully. Think about what
information might be missing.
e) _____________ Read the paragraphs or sentences that have been removed and look
for the one that fits the meaning. Remember: there may be one more than you need.
Remember to pay special attention to:

● Pronouns such as he, it, they, them, etc
● Words such as this, that and these
● Words or phrases which make no sense unless something mentioned
earlier is taken into account: another, still, also, such, etc.
● Logical sequence of ideas
[Key 1. D 2.B 3.E 4.A 5.C]
You are going to read an article about herons. Seven sentences have been removed from
the article. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap. There is one
extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning.
52
HERONS
Herons are beautiful birds. Years ago, as I walked to work in a fish factory in Aberdeen, herons
would always bring a little bit of light to the dark winter mornings. Usually there would be a
couple of them standing on the river’s edge. 0) ____H_____
This natural cautiousness is usual in herons. They prefer to spend the day in
areas where they can hunt for fish in peace. They seldom allow close
approach and are quick to take to the air when they sense humans are
about. 1) __________.
This cruel treatment is now on the decline and consequently the latest Bird
Atlas estimates there are probably twice as many herons breeding in Britain
today than in the late 1960s. 2)__________ This means herons can feed
and survive in areas which were previously unavailable because they were
either too cold or ruined by poisonous substances in the water.
Weather is probably the single most important factor in the improvement in the heron population.
In effect, new areas of habitat have been opened up. 3) _________ The one of 1963 had a
notable impact, but surprisingly there is little to suggest that the same happened in the freezing
temperatures of 1979 and 1892.
4)_________ As well as the UK, similar increases have been recorded throughout Europe. By
the early 1970s, the heron had become threatened in many parts of central Europe, but has
since recovered dramatically. And if not persecuted, will even breed in city centres, such as
happens in Amsterdam.
5)_________ There are still numerous threats, mostly to do with habitat degradation, and which
certainly affect populations on a local scale. Drainage of fields and excavation reduce food
supplies. The planting of forests, while providing nesting sites, may also reduce the water flow in
some water courses and hence fish availability.
The heron lives on fish. 6)__________ On other occasions a different tactic is adopted, this time
slowly stalking through the water, looking intently at any stirrings. If the need arises, the heron
will wade deep until the body is afloat and it can even swim for a short distance. They are such a
delight to watch, particularly on the morning when they go hunting in the frost-draped winter
semi-darkness.
A) Another reason for this increase can be found in the milder winters and the reduction in
water pollution.
B) Further north the bird is equally widespread, although it is absent from areas of high
ground.
C) Such nervousness is understandable, given that they have suffered from persecution
from fish farmers.
D) While heron numbers have increased, it is important not to be complacent.
53
E) However, a hard winter will temporarily set numbers back.

F) The commonest hunting technique is to stand still by the water’s edge, with only the eyes
twinkling as it carefully scans for fish.
G) It appears, however, that all is well for the heron at the moment.
H) But once dawn broke, the herons would move upstream to quieter stretches of the river.
READING TEXT 4
TIPS: SUMMARY COMPLETION. Order the steps below.

A___________Skim through the summary to get an idea of the topic.
B___________Quickly read through your completed summary to check that it makes sense.
C__________ Read through the summary, referring to the list of words each time you reach a
gap. Select one or more possible words from the list to fill each gap. Reject any words that do
not fit grammatically,even if the meaning seems correct. Confirm your choice by referring to
the relevant sections of the text.
D_________ Decide whether the summary covers the whole text or only one section.
Identify which section of the text the summary covers if applicable.
E_________ Read the instructions carefully.
[ KEY: 1. E 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B]
TIPS: SUMMARY COMPLETION. Order the steps below.

A___________Skim through the summary to get an idea of the topic.
B___________Quickly read through your completed summary to check that it makes sense.
C__________ Read through the summary, referring to the list of words each time you reach a
gap. Select one or more possible words from the list to fill each gap. Reject any words that do
not fit grammatically,even if the meaning seems correct. Confirm your choice by referring to
the relevant sections of the text.
D_________ Decide whether the summary covers the whole text or only one section.
Identify which section of the text the summary covers if applicable.
E_________ Read the instructions carefully.
[ KEY: 1. E 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B]
54
Read the text and do the exercises below.
‘Salty’ rice plant boosts harvests

British scientists are breeding a new generation of rice plants that will be able to grow in soil
contaminated with salt water. Their work may enable abandoned farms to become productive
once more, writes Sean Hargrave.
Tim Flowers and Tony Yeo, from Sussex University’s School of Biological Sciences, have spent
several years researching how crops, such as rice, could be made to grow in water that has
become salty.
The pair have recently begun a three-year programme, funded by the Biotechnology and
Biological Sciences Research Council, to establish which genes enable some plants to survive
saline conditions. The aim is to breed this capability into crops starting with rice.
It is estimated that each year more than 10 m hectares of agricultural land are lost because salt
gets into the soil and stunts plants. The problem is caused by several factors. In the tropics,
mangroves that create swamps and traditionally form barriers to sea water have been cut down.
In the Mediterranean, a series of droughts have caused the water table to drop, allowing
seawater to seep in. In Latin America, irrigation often causes problems when water is
evaporated by the heat, leaving salt deposits behind.
Excess salt then enters the plants and prevents them functioning normally. Heavy concentration
of minerals in the plants curbs the process of osmosis and stop them drawing up the water they
need to survive.
To overcome these problems, Flowers and Yeo decided to breed rice plants that take in very
little salt and store what they do absorb in cells that do not affect the plant’s growth. They have
started to breed these characteristics into a new rice crop, but it will take about eight harvests
until the resulting seeds are ready to be considered for commercial use.
Once the characteristics for surviving salty soil are known, Flowers and Yeo will try to breed the
appropriate genes into all manner of crops and plants. Land that has been abandoned to nature
will then be able to bloom again, providing much needed food in the poorer countries of the
world.
4.1 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD FROM THE PASSAGE for each
answer.
Aim of research:
to identify a) ____________________ that promote growth in salt water
Problem:
b) __________________ inhibits plant growth
Causes of problem:
• Natural c)____________________ to seawater have been destroyed (in tropics)
• Water levels have gone down after d) _______________________ (in
Mediterranean)
• Salt remains after e) _______________________ (in Latin America)
55
4.2 Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS, complete the following sentences WITH
WORDS FROM THE PASSAGE.
Some farms have been a) ______________________________ because the soil is
too salty. The research team hope to assist in the adaptation of other b)
________________________________ to salt water. c)
___________________________________ of farmland are ruined annually. The
team aims to develop rice plants that d) __________________________________
excess salt. The team must wait for e)
______________________________________ before they know whether they have
been successful.
READING TEXT 5
TIPS: MULTIPLE MATCHING QUESTIONS. Put these actions in order from 1 (what
you should do first) to 6 (what you should do last).
a) ________ Read the questions carefully. You need to know exactly what
information you are looking for.
b) ________ Read the first section of the text and go through all the questions/
prompts checking which ones refer to that section. (Look for key words).
c) ________ Have a quick look at the instructions, as well as the title and opening
sentences of the text, to see what it is about.
d) ________ Repeat the same with the other sections.
e) ________ Underline key words in the questions and predict words and ideas you
might find in the text.
f) ________ If there are any points you are not sure about, read the sections again
concentrating on those topics.
[KEY: 1) C 2) A 3)E 4)B 5)D 6)F ]
56
You are going to read a magazine article about the best way to see certain artistic
masterpieces in various buildings. For questions 1-10 choose from the buildings (A-D)
The buildings may be chosen more than once.
Of which building are the following stated?
1. Different categories of visitor are anxious to view the masterpiece. ________

2. Some people have the wrong idea about when the building is open. ________
3. You may have some difficulty making your arrangements for your visit. _______
4. On your return journey through the building, you can look at works of art you missed
earlier. ________
5. You will be able to get to the masterpiece before other visitors, because they will stop to
view other works of art. ________
6. Holidaymakers do not normally visit the building but it’s an excellent place. ________
7. A rule prevents people from viewing the masterpiece for too long. __________
8. Make sure you remain in front of the crowds of people as you go through the building.
________
9. There is a period when most visitors have left the building. _________
10. One suggestion for visiting the building is not as unrealistic as it may appear. _________
Smart Art: The queue-busters’ guide to the world’s greatest

masterpieces
Early openings, private viewings- here’s everything you need for a magic moment with the
world’s most famous masterpieces.
A The Birth of Venus

Uffizi, Florence, Italy.
The Florentine master Sandro Botticelli created one of the most graceful and joyful images of the
modern age, and the single most popular painting in the Uffizi. To see it at its best, you need to
pre-book a ticket for timed entry at 8.15 a.m., courtesy of the Firenze Musei booking service;
don’t be put off if you can’t get through on the phone first time. Once inside, head straight for the
suite of rooms 10-14 , where the Botticellis are displayed. Then take in the other highlights of the
collection- the Da Vincis in room 15, the Raphaels in room 26, and the Caravaggios in room 43-
staying ahead of the hordes as you go. If there are any gaps you want to fill in, work backwards
towards the entrance: by now, the crowds will be unavoidable, but you’ll have already had the
masters to yourself.
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B The Death Mask of Tutankhamun.

Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt.
It is, of course, impossible for one object to embody the vigour
and sophistication of ancient Egypt’s culture. But the funerary
mask of the boy-king Tutankhamun comes close. Eleven kilos of
solid gold. Inlaid with lapis lazuli, glass paste and semi-precious
stones, it’s the undisputed star of the Egyptian Museum- which,
given the array of mummies, colossi, thrones and jewellery on
show here, gives you an idea of its charisma. Whatever the
season, there are people clamouring to see it.: hefty groups from
the cruise liners and Red Sea resorts in the summer and a steady stream of culture-vultures on
Nile tours in the cooler months. At least the museum’s policy of not allowing guides to stop and
talk in front of its display case, in room 3 up on the first floor, means that the flow of visitors
doesn’t get too congested. But if you want some proper quiet, you need to come at lunchtime.
There are fewer independent travellers about, and it’s changeover time for the tour parties too.
The quietest time is between 11.30 a.m. and 2 p.m. on midweek days in July and August, when
the bus tours take all the tourists away for their lunches.
C The Sistine Ceiling

Vatican Museums, Rome, Italy
The really smart way to see Michelangelo’s masterwork is on a private tour. At first sight, this
looks prohibitively expensive. But form a group of like-minded friends, and suddenly you have
the experience of an art-loving lifetime for the price of dinner for two in a posh restaurant. If
that’s not an option, then you’ve got to be first in, which means arriving at the vast Vatican
Museums complex at least an hour before the doors open, armed with a good map (most Rome
guidebooks have them) and a pair of binoculars. Once you’re inside, hurry to the chapel- it’s at
the far end of the complex, and most people will be distracted by some of the other world-class
exhibits. The binoculars, by the way, are essential. Michelangelo’s forms hover some 20m
overhead.
D Girl with a Pearl Earring

Mauristshuis, The Hague, The Netherlands
Vermeer’s delicate, deeply ambiguous portrait is one of the most finely
observed in all western art. Its home, the Mauristshuis, is some way off the
tourist map- even though it’s one of the best small museums in Europe- but
Dutch school kids make the pilgrimage in droves. A Monday in summer is
your best bet for a private view- it’s closed that day in winter, and locals
assume it’s a year-round day off.
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READING TEXT 6
TIPS: CROSS-TEXT MULTIPLE MATCHING. Fill in the blanks using these words
identify different underline negative similar all read attitude subject
evaluated opinion positive key aspect option
1-________ the texts to gather the general 2- ________ of each writer on the 3- ________
being discussed.
4- ________ the part or parts of a text that express an 5-________ or attitude. Determine
whether this is 6- ________ or 7-________ .
Look at each question and underline the 8- ________ words. If a question asks you for 'a 9-
________ or 10- ________ opinion to' for example, writer B on a subject, underline what 11-
________ of B's opinion is being 12-________ and then find and underline that opinion in 13-
________ B. Then look at 14-________ the other writers and 15-________ a similar or
different opinion.
[KEY: 1-Read 2-attitude 3- subject 4- Underline 5- opinion 6- positive/ negative 7- negative/ positive 8- key 9-
similar/ different 10- different/ similar 11- aspect 12- evaluated 13-option 14- all 15-identify ]
You are going to read four reviews of visiting Venice during Christmas time. For
questions 1-4, choose from reviews A-D. The reviews may be chosen more than once.
Venice for Christmas

Which reviewer
1. disagrees with the other three reviewers, finding Venice over-crowded and unpleasant?
_________
2. like D, refers to the understated way that Venetians celebrate Christmas? _________
3. like C, refers to the captivating nature of Venice? _________
4. comments on the lack of tourists at Christmas time in the city? _________
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A I first saw Venice in June 1984. It was a B My dream has always been to spend
sewer. I had arrived in Rome with an insane Christmas in Venice, during the off-peak
man (a misanthropic friend with all the season. This was brought on by reading a
composure of a bag of cats), his new wife, and travel article about a writer who did lust that
an image of myself sitting in a white suit in the years ago - it sounded just magical. This year
Piazza San Marco listening to violins while my dream came true. I have always had a real
pigeons flew. Lord knows where this image passion for Venice and with my love of
came from. I had never read Thomas Mann's photography, it's a totally unique destination.
Death in Venice nor seen Katharine Hepburn My husband Brian and I spent 12 days in
in Summertime. I picked up the suit in Rome, Venice for Christmas and New Year and we
ditched my friends and drove to Florence and revelled in the absence of ostentatious
on to Venice. At a mediocre trattoria on my first decorations that are, unfortunately, so
evening, I met a photographer, a young common, back home. We left home on the
woman from Mexico travelling through Italy. 21st of December arriving in glorious sunshine
After snapping a picture of me in the suit, that lasted for the whole holiday. There is
standing among the pigeons in the Piazza San nothing more pleasurable than arriving by
Marco while violins whined the Beatles, she water taxi, especially with the light streaming
skipped town. Following a quick tour of the onto the palazzi of the Grand Canal, turning
Doge's Palace, I also fled the hordes for an them to burnished gold with the light once
Orient-Express train through the quiet Tyrol. again reflected back into the canal streaked
gold and blue; just divine, and the thing of
Venice legends. Speeding along towards the
Grand Canal it's the light that seduces you
C Venice at Christmas time is truly magical.
every time and makes you feel so very alive
The misty grey weather makes Venice
hauntingly beautiful and absolutely enchanting. D True to its authentic nature, Christmas is not
Canals seem to belong, once again, to those a big commercial event in Venice. Typical
long lost centuries; past and ancient palaces Christmas decorations such as lights, garlands
seem to float upon white clouds. Ancient and trees are confined to the busiest parts of
history and magical kingdoms meet in a the city: the Merceria, the Rialto and San
delightful experience you'll never forget. Marco - mercifully not thronged with masses of
Venice at Christmas is surprisingly lacking the tourists at this time of year. Occasionally, one
tourist crowds. lnstead you'll find it full of locals can see a window or a balcony timidly
and Christmas markets. Most of the main decorated. Nativity scenes, or presepi, on the
squares or campos have a market. Plenty of other hand, are much dearer to the Italians.
delightful Christmas concerts are held After all, the first Nativity scene is said to have
throughout Venice. They are easily discovered been the creation of Saint Francis. lt was a
by reading the posters around the city or living one and took place in Greccio, a small
asking your hotel for advice. La Pieta church town south of Assisi in 1223. Christmas trees,
on the Riva degli Schiavoni, where Vivaldi was Germanic in origin, came to ltaly, and the rest
once choir master, hosts some of the best. lf of the world, via England and the United States
you would like to experience Venice in all its and much later than the presepi. You can find
magnificence and you have a big budget for Christmas trees in Venice, even natural ones,
sumptuous luxury, then the following hotels are but only rarely in public areas.
the ones I can recommend.
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READING TEXT 7
1) You are going to read a text about someone who worked as a waiter for a week.
Waiter for a Week

1______________________________________________________________
There are 50 waiters. Commis waiters and waiters work as a team. The waiter is the front man,
taking orders, chatting to the customers; the commis, rather less glamorously, runs to the
kitchen to bring up the orders and assist in serving them at the table. Although the commis will
actually do more physical work, they share the tips equally. All in all this is fair, as it must be
pointed out that the senior waiter is usually responsible for keeping a running account of the bills
and if he makes a mistake, or undercharges, the fault is rectified through his wage packet. It’s an
important working relationship.
2______________________________________________________________
That may sound like a relaxed time to start the day, but the hours, I was soon to learn, are hell.
The last client at lunchtime may not leave until half past three, or later, and the evening shift
starts at 6 p.m. What can you do in 2 ½ hours, especially if you don’t happen to live in central
London? Once or twice I didn’t get home until 4 a.m. The hours, it was generally agreed, are the
worst thing about waitering.
3______________________________________________________________
He places the order for hot food under the nose of the sous-chef
who is shouting out orders to the cooks, while orders for cold
dishes and salad go to a separate counter, and desserts are
from yet another area. The kitchen is two flights of stairs away
from the restaurant. The commis then comes up to see if any
more orders have been taken while the previous one is being
prepared. At the same time, dishes have to be cleared or put on
the table, glasses refilled, ashtrays emptied, and somehow there
always seems to be a new table with six or eight new orders to
be filled – two flights away in the kitchen.
4______________________________________________________________
Yelling chefs, endless banging of pots and crockery, steaming casseroles, hissing frying pans,
men with red shining faces, trays with loads heavy enough to break your wrists. And running.
Always running. Up and down, down and up. And since everyone is running, and always with
loaded trays, you need the co-ordinator of a gymnast to stay out of trouble.
5______________________________________________________________
I noticed that wearing a uniform somehow transformed me into a role. It wasn’t play-acting.
Customers become sir or madam. Deference, a quality I usually lack, became the order of the day. I
became very sensitive about the way I was treated. I hated being summoned by the click of the finger
or the bend of the index finger. It was hurtful if conversation deliberately stopped as I served the
meal, and yet unkind if it continued as if I didn’t exist. I began to notice if people said please and
thank you, and then whether they looked at me when they said it.
From The Sunday Express Magazine
61
2) In the text, the first sentence of each paragraph is missing. As you read through it
again, choose from the sentences (A- E) below and write it in each space.
A Hell, I rather imagine, is like the kitchen of that restaurant.
B I spent as much time as possible in the dining room itself.
C The commis takes the orders from the table down to the kitchen.
D I was to be a commis waiter for my week at the restaurant.
E I reported for work at 11 a.m.
3) Now answer these questions.

1) What exactly did the writer’s job involve?
2) What seems to be the worst part of a waiter’s job?
3) What made his job more difficult?
4) What did he dislike about the customers’ behaviour?
4) Choose the most likely meaning (A, B or C) for the following words or expressions:
1 glamorously (para. 1): A glamorous job is
A an active, energetic one.
B an exciting, attractive one.
C a difficult one.
2 rectified (para. 1): ‘ … the fault is rectified through his wage packet’ means
A the money is taken from his earnings.
B he has to pay a fine for his mistake.
C he must pay back the money to the customer.
3 yelling (para. 4):

A working
B singing
C shouting
4 co-ordination (para. 4):

A skill
C courage
C strength
5 deference (para. 5):

A being tidy
B showing respect to people
C fighting back
6 the order of the day (para. 5):

A the most popular dish of the day
B the programme of work for the day
C the normal way of behaving
7 summoned (para. 5):

A answered
B touched
C called
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5) Say whether the following statements are true or false, and why.
1. A commis waiter has to be careful to add up bills correctly. ________

2. The senior waiter earns more in tips than the commis waiter. ________
3. It was hard for the waiter to make use of his free time. ________
4. The commis waiter has to wait in the kitchen while the food is prepared. ________
5. The kitchen was extremely noisy. ________
6. There was a danger that waiters would crash into each other. ________
7. The writer normally finds it easy to be respectful to people. ________
8. He felt that some customers behaved rudely to him. ________
READING TEXT 8
1 - Do you think the following statements are true or false? Then read the text to find out
whether your answers were correct. Be prepared to justify both cases underlining parts
of the text.
a- Most people have better memories than they think. ________

b- Drinking black coffee can help people to remember information. ________
c- We learn better at certain times of the day than at others. ________
d- When you’re studying, it’s better not to take many breaks. ________
e- Our memories are bound to get worse as we get older. ________
f- We learn best when we’re relaxed. ________
g- It’s possible to learn while you sleep. ________
h- When studying a book, it’s best to remember information in the author’s own words.
________
YOUR MIND: DO YOU MAKE THE MOST OF IT?

Lifeplan psychology adviser John Nicholson explains how to reveal the hidden potential
of your mind, and how to improve your mental efficiency.
1 PSYCHOLOGICAL research shows we consistently underestimate our mental powers. If
you think this does not apply to you, then here is a simple test to show you are wrong.
2 Write down the names of all the American states you can remember. Put the list away
and then set yourself the same task a week later. Provided you have not cheated consulting an
atlas, you will notice something rather surprising. The two lists will contain roughly the same
number of states, but they will not be identical. Some names will have slipped away, but others
63
will have replaced them. This suggests that somewhere in your mind you may well have a record
of virtually every state. So it is not really your memory letting you down, just your ability to
retrieve information from it.
3 We would remember a lot more if we had
confidence in our memories and knew how to use them
properly. One useful tip is that things are more likely to be
remembered if you are in exactly the same state and
place as you were when you learnt them.
4 So if you are a student who always revises on
black coffee, perhaps it would be sensible to prime
yourself with a cup before going into the exam. If
possible, you should also try to learn information in the
room where it is going to be tested.
5 When you learn is also important. Lots of people swear they can absorb new information
more efficiently at some times of the day than at others. Research shows that this is not just
imagination. There is a biological rhythm for learning, though it affects people in different ways.
For most of us, the best plan is to take in new information in the morning and then try to
consolidate it into memory during the afternoon.
6 But this does not apply to everyone, so it is essential to establish your own rhythm. You
can do this by learning a set number of lines of poetry at different times of the day and seeing
when most lines stick. When you have done this, try to organise your life so that the time set
aside for learning coincides with the time when your memory is at its best.
7 Avoid learning marathons –they do not make the best use of your mind. Take plenty of
breaks, because they offer a double bonus: the time off gives your mind the chance to do some
preliminary consolidation and it also gives a memory boost to the learning which occurs on either
side of it.
8 Popular fears about the effect of ageing on intelligence are based on a misconception.
Research shows that although we do slow down mentally as we approach the end of life,
becoming stupid or losing your grip in the world is not an inevitable consequence of the ageing
process. On some measures – vocabulary, for example- we actually improve in the second half
of life. In old age, intellectual functioning is closely related to physical health. But there also
seems to be a lot of truth in the old adage: if you do not want to lose it, use it.
9 Learning goes well when people feel challenged and badly when they feel threatened.
Whenever a learning task becomes threatening, both adults and children feel anxious. Anxiety
interferes with the process of learning because it is distracting. In order to learn effectively you
have to be attending closely to the task. An anxious person is likely to be worrying about what
will happen if he fails, to the detriment of his attempts to succeed. If his mind is full of thoughts
such as “I’m sure I’m going to fail this test”, or “What are my parents going to say?”, he will not
do as well as he should.
64
10 Learning is an active process. Despite claims to the contrary, you cannot learn when you
are asleep. “Sleep learning” (accomplished by having a tape recorder under the pillow, playing
soothing but improving messages while you are recharging you tissues) is unfortunately a myth.
Any learning that seems to have occurred in this situation will actually have been done after you
woke up but were still drowsy.
11 Other people can provide you with information but only you can
learn it. It also has to be “chewed over” before it can be integrated into
your body of knowledge. That is why just reading a book is no way to
acquire information unless you happen to possess photographic
memory. Parroting the author’s words is not much better. You have to
make your own notes because this obliges you to apply an extra stage of
processing to the information before committing it to memory. Effective
revision always involves reworking material, making notes on notes, and
perhaps re-ordering information in the light of newly-observed
connections.
12 As a general rule, the greater your brain’s investment in a body of information, the better
its chances of reproducing it accurately and effectively when you need it.
2) What’s the article about? Tick the best alternative.

a-Several different aspects of memory and learning.
b-Memory and learning rhythms.
c-Advice on how to be successful at exams.
3) Find words or phrases in the text to match the dictionary definitions below.
a-V: to deceive; used showing disapproval. If you ____________, you behave dishonestly in
order to get what you want. (para. 2)
b-V: a fairly formal word. If you ____________ something, you succeed in getting it back from
a place where you have hidden it or where it should not be. (para.2)
c-V: to prepare. If you ____________ a gun, a bomb, etc., you prepare it so that it is ready to
explode.(para 4)
d-V: to reinforce. If you ____________ something that you have, you strengthen it so that it
becomes more effective or secure.(para 5)
e-V: If two or more events ____________, they happen at or around the same time. (para.6)
f-N: A ____________ is something good that you do not expect to get in addition to something
else, although you are very glad to get it. (para.7)
g-N: When something is given a ____________ it increases and improves by a large amount.
(para 7)
65
h-Phrase: If you ____________ you become less efficient and less confident and less able to
deal with things. (para 8)
i-N: An ____________ is something which people often say and which expresses a general truth
about some aspect of life; an old-fashioned word. (para 8)
j-Phrase: If something happens ____________ of something or someone, it causes harm or

damage to them. (para 9)
k-V + preposition: If you ____________ something such as a problem, you think carefully
about it; used in informal English. (para 11)
l-V: If you ____________ something that someone else has said, you repeat it, often without
understanding what it means, rather than thinking what to say yourself. (para 11)
4) Skim through the text fairly quickly and write the numbers of the paragraphs which
deal with each topic in the second column. Include all the paragraphs. Leave the last
column empty for the moment.
TOPIC PARAGRAPH(S) TIP
Memory
Learning rhythms
Effects of ageing on
intelligence
Learning: Psychological
factors
Learning strategies
5) Now look at these tips which correspond to what the writer says. Match them to the
topics above by writing the correct letter in the third column. For the topic that has no
specific tip, write your own ideas.
A Make your own notes.
B Find out what the best time for learning is.
C If you want to remember something, try to reproduce the conditions you were in when you
were learning it.
D Keep mentally active.
66
6) Try to answer these questions without looking back at the text. If you need to check,
scan through it till you find the information you need, then read more carefully.
1. If you try the memory test suggested, how much time should pass between the first and
second test?
2. What two conditions should be the same if we want to help our memories to recall
something that has been learnt?
3. How can learning poetry help us understand how we learn best?
4. What are the advantages of taking breaks during study?
5. What aspects of intelligence gets better as we get older?
6. Why can’t we learn effectively if we are anxious?
7. Why doesn’t ‘sleep learning’ work? If you try it, when will learning actually take place?
8. You can only learn by just reading if you have a very special quality. What is it?
READING TEXT 9
1) You are going to read a text about ‘motivation’. Read the article and decide which of
the following topics are mentioned:
1. the causes of high levels of motivation

2. problems with getting promoted at work
3. ways that parents affect their children’s attitudes to sports
4. strategies for achieving your goals
5. ways that people cheat in sports
Motivation: the key to success

Have you ever wondered why you have such trouble keeping your New Year’s
resolutions, or why you can’t get that promotion1 you want? In fact, it could all be down to a
problem of motivation2.
(1 ______)
So, what are the causes of these differences? Cary Cooper, a psychology professor, has
written several books about people who have really pushed themselves to make it to the top in
the business – one pretty reliable4 indicator of high motivation levels. ‘We found that for quite a
few people who’ve achieved success5, the motivation comes from some adverse life event early
in the childhood.’ Cooper concludes that this motivation is not to achieve power6 over others, but
to gain control over events – something most of the people surveyed lacked when they were
younger.
(2 ______)
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Another area where good motivation can make the difference between triumphant
success and abject failure7 is sport. Dr Stuart Biddle, of the University of Exeter, is a sports
psychology expert. He’s found that athletes have two main types of motivation: a motivation to
win regardless of whether they’ve played well; and a motivation to play well regardless of
whether they win or lose.
(3 ______)
Like Cooper, Biddle has also found that these two kinds of motivational style develop8 at
a young age. ‘It could be a socialisation thing,’ he says. ‘Kids come home from school after
sport and some parents will say, “How did you enjoy it?” or “Did you improve9 ?” It’s an attitude
which is going to enforce that what’s important is taking part. Others might say, “Did you win?”
and may even give their children a hard time if they didn’t. That tells the kid there’s nothing
valuable in playing sport unless they win and they get socialised into that mentality’
(4 ______)
Take New Year’s resolutions. While most people make them, hardly anyone actually
sees them through. Marie Mosely, a freelance psychologist, suggests that what you need to do
to be successful is to focus on the outcome of what you want and how that will affect your life. In
other words, instead of obsessing about all that chocolate and ice-cream you resolved to give
up, try thinking about how good you’ll look a few months after you’ve given them up.
(5 ______)
Another important factor as to whether you succeed or not is to do with determination10 .
Do you really want to lose weight, or learn that language? This may sound obvious, but
sometimes it can be hard to know your own motives. ‘People who don’t achieve their resolutions
often don’t because they feel pushed into it by others or feel that they “should” do it for some
reason or other.’
(6 ______)
Use anything that works, no matter how strange. But above all, keep focused on your
future success. Imagining it can really help, so picture what you want and who knows, one day,
it might actually become reality!
2) Now read the article again and insert the missing paragraphs below in the correct
place. Parts of the text and missing paragraphs are underlined. These parts give clues
as to where each paragraph goes. Also, say how the underlined parts of the text relate to
the previous or following paragraphs.
A. Other ways to improve your motivation levels include improving your diet and doing more
exercise. Volumes of research show that exercise can increase overall energy11 levels,
which will help with motivation.
B. Apart from adjusting your mental attitude, you might also find a few other useful hints in
some of the countless self-help books cramming bookshops’ shelves. There are plenty
68
on motivation and they’re full of advice: everything from taking some extra training to
burning energising essential oils on your desk.
C. Cooper believes that this may even apply to more moderate levels of success. ‘Say you
take someone motivated to be successful at university – that would probably stem from
teachers making them feel that they weren’t very good at an early age. Basically, they
need to prove that they can do it.’
D. And research backs up this view of gender differences. A recent study of 36 British
Telecom employees found that the women were far more likely to want to be seen as
‘experts’ who did their jobs well, while the men were more likely to be ‘climbers’,
motivated principally by a desire to scale the career ladder and achieve the most senior
management level possible.
E. So, that’s the theory12 of where your motivational style comes from.. But what can you
actually do about improving your motivation levels? When it comes down to success at
specific tasks or objectives, all kinds of factors can come into play. For example, how you
think about a problem can seriously affect your motivation to resolve it satisfactorily.
F. Of course, many people are fairly motivated to succeed at school and work. But there’s
a big difference between the person who simply wants to move steadily forward in their
career and the mega-achievers like Richard Branson or Bill Gates* who push themselves
towards ever greater success.
G. ‘These two styles have proved very illuminating,’ says Biddle. ‘We generally find that you
must have the second “task” or “mastery” motivation to play your best – it seems to be
essential. Top sports people will probably have both. They don’t just want to win, they
want to win well, and they get motivated by improvement.’
3) Read the text again with the paragraphs in the correct order and answer the following
questions.
1. Why are some so highly motivated to achieve success according to Cary Cooper?
2. What kinds of motivation do athletes have?
3. When Biddle says ‘It could be a socialisation thing’, what does he mean?
4. What different ideas are given in the text to help you achieve success your goals
4) Look back at the text. Find the numbered words and put them in the following
sentences in the correct form.
EXAMPLE: promotion1 They decided to promote him because of his amazing results.
1. Sometimes it’s very difficult to ……………………… students to study enough.
69
2. I’m afraid he’s been having some ……………………. problems. He may need to see a
specialist.
3. You can’t ……………… on Peter, he never does what he says
4. She made an ……………………… attempt to break the word record. She was two
seconds short of the existing time.
5. There’s nothing I can do. I’m afraid I am utterly…………………. in this situation.
6. This is the fourth time I have………………… my driving test. I may give up trying.
7. There have been some new ………………………….. in the current Middle East crisis.
8. He’s made a lot of ……………………………………. at school. The teachers are very
pleased with him.
9. She’s …………………………..to leave school even though her parents want her to stay.
10. He’s a very ………………………. little boy. He never stops running about.
11. ………………………speaking you are right. But what happens in practice is rather
different.
READING TEXT 10
1) You are going to read a passage about dancing. Decide whether the sentences below
are True or False according to the text. Justify in both cases using your own words.
1-Dancing is inherent to human beings and pleasant.

2-The writer thinks it’s a pity that the British are not known worldwide for good dancing.
3-The character of Tony Manero revived social dancing.
4-Dancing is more advantageous than other kinds of physical exercise.
5-The DJ is bitter about not having enough space to move in discos.
Let’s Dance
A Who really doesn’t like dancing? Can even the most bad-tempered dance-floor-avoider last
an entire lifetime without shameless display at a wedding, a triumphant jig after the birth of a
child – or a particularly good goal – or refrain from a secret shuffle around the privacy of their
living room? Dance can take many forms: whether it comes as an impulsive release of energy
and emotion, or within a skilful display of practised artistry, alone or in company, to dance is as
fundamental to humans as breathing. The great dancer Martha Graham wasn’t overstating it
when she said, ‘Dance is the hidden language of the soul, of the body.’ The first human art form,
dancing is an instinctive celebration of physical existence, a language that can be spoken by
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anyone and understood by everyone. Beyond speech, learnt behaviour, or even conscious
thought, we do it when we feel good, and we feel good when we do it.
B It’s a little sad, then, that as a nation, our reputation as dancers has historically earned us no
points and no recognition. Always ever-so-slightly embarrassed by fun, Britain has failed to give
dancing the status and support it deserves. But times, and dance-floors, are changing. More and
more of us are returning home but with glowing memories of cultures in which dance is a vital
part of life, and musical cross-pollination has accustomed our ears to exotic dance rhythms from
all over the world.
C Cinema too is having an effect. Evita, The Tango Lesson and Strictly Ballroom all celebrate
traditional dance artistry, and expect the profile of the incredible Argentine style to skyrocket
after several new releases. For many years, the pop music played in night clubs consigned
ballroom, Latin and rock’n’roll to the laughably middle-class scrapheap. And while the faithful
kept old-fashioned floorcraft alive in schools and competitions, within 20 years social dancing,
that is dancing with a partner or partners, was perceived in Britain as a slightly bizarre cultural
quirk practised by people in shiny spangly outfits.
D Lyndon Wainwright, of the British Dance Council, lays the decline of social dancing squarely
at the fast feet of the actor John Travolta, who as disco dancer ‘Tony Manero’ in Saturday Night
Fever struck an iconic, swaggering solitary figure up on the stage. But now dancing in all its
different styles has made a revival. Behind its rebirth lies a confluence of factors: the global
village, delight in the accessories – the glittery hair and the extravagant costumes, and boredom
with the loud unfriendliness of modern dance clubs.
E On an average week in London, the entertainment guide Time Out
usually lists around 50 Latin dance nights, many of them offering tuition.
Meanwhile, traditional dance schools too have started to report significant
attendance rises. ‘Just across traditional ballroom and Latin styles, we
know that 240,000 amateur tests were taken last year,’ Wainwright says.
‘The schools tell me business is booming, with salsa and Argentine tango
especially on the rise.’ For those unconvinced, he points to the following:
‘An evening’s dancing is as good for you as a three-hour hike. It pumps
blood up to your legs, so it’s good for your heart, and it helps posture and
breathing, too. And you don’t get that kind of fun on an exercise bike.’
F Dance is also good therapy too, busting stress, promoting relaxation and, with the mastery of
a new skill, brings self-confidence and a sense of achievement. ‘There is nothing more notable
about the Greek philosopher Socrates that he found time, when he was an old man, to learn
music and dancing, and thought it well spent,’ the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne once
mused. Professor Cary Cooper, of UMIST, says that dancing allows people to have physical
contact in a safe, sanctioned environment, that it literally puts people in touch. All humans need
tactile contact. The touch of another person affirms that we are real, that we are alive.
G Whether you’re in it purely for the social contact or the romance, there’s no denying that
social dancing offers unparalleled opportunities to encounter a range of partners, in a forum
where ability an enthusiasm transcend age, gender and class. ‘We live extremely insecure,
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isolated lives,’ Cooper says. ‘More and more of us leave our native communities, work long
hours, sacrifice our relationships, neglect our social lives. Clubbing, with its deafening music,
solo dancing and heavy competitiveness, provides less and less social contact, and becomes an
avoidance activity. Now people are embracing the old forms again. Social dancing is a ritualistic
reaching out. People want to reconnect with others.’
H However, one step forward, another back; not all are happy with recent developments. One
venue in Suffolk has banned line-dancing at its Country and Western nights. The DJ Vic Stamp,
77, fumed: ‘I’m not against line-dancing but I resent their gate-crashing and taking up all the
dance floor. There is nothing worse than dancing round the floor and bumping into people doing
a line dance. It stops your rhythm.’ Oh dear. Perhaps he should follow the advice offered by the
Indian sage, Krishnamurti: ‘You must understand the whole of life, not just one little part of it. (...)
That is why you must sing, and dance, and write poems, and suffer, and understand, for all that
is life.’
2) Find words in the text that mean:

1. someone who is not fond of dancing – noun – para. A.
2. a fast traditional dance that involves a lot of small jumping steps – noun – para. A.
3. to stop yourself from doing something – verb – para. A.
4. talking about something in a way that makes it seem more important, impressive, or
severe than it really is, exaggerating – verb – para. A.
5. to rise quickly to a very high level – verb – para. C.
6. a strange habit – noun – para. C.
7. in a clear and definite way, directly – adverb – para D.
8. power or control over someone or something – noun – para F.
9. to say something in a way that shows that you have been thinking carefully about it – verb
– para. F.
10. a style of dancing from the western US done by a group of people who stand in rows and
all do the same movements – compound – para H.
11. to go to a party or other social event although you have not been invited – verb – para. H.
12. someone who is wise and shows good judgment – noun – para. H.
3) The words in italics in the sentences below appear in the text. Choose the correct
meaning, a or b.
1. There is evidence that social dancing is becoming more popular.

a- It’s my opinion that more people like dancing.
b- I have seen several new dance clubs open in my area.
2. I appreciate dance for the way it helps me relax.

a- I understand how dance works.
b- I recognize the good qualities of dance.
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3. He told us a very amusing story.

a- funny and enjoyable
b- interesting and complicated
4. The use of gestures is a fundamental part of communication.

a- We cannot communicate without gestures.
b- Gestures are an additional part of communication.
5. When he went to university, he was exposed to different ideas.

a- He was able to hear about and experience new ideas.
b- He was alarmed by different ideas.
6. Although James was intelligent, he shows contempt for anyone he feels is uneducated.
a- James shows sympathy to uneducated people.
b- James has no respect for uneducated people.
7. I was frustrated by my lack of progress when I tried to learn Italian.
a- surprised and disappointed
b- annoyed and impatient
8. There are certain flowers that bees find irresistible.
a- Bees avoid certain flowers.
b- Bees cannot stay from certain flowers.
9. What is the reason for the decline in the number of children who regularly read books?
a- rise
b- fall
10. Many people refrain from smoking while having a meal with non-smokers.
a- They don’t smoke although they want to.
b- They limit the number of cigarettes the smoke.
11. Cats have an instinctive dislike of dogs.

a- Cats have learned to dislike dogs.
b- Cats have a natural dislike of dogs.
12. I eventually got accustomed to the foggy weather in San Francisco.

a- The weather became familiar and normal.
b- The weather finally became enjoyable.
13. He is laughably supposed to be a good mechanic.

a- It’s ridiculous that people say he’s a good mechanic.
b- It’s amusing that he became a mechanic.
14. Sarah takes great delight in her grandchildren.

a- Sarah makes all her grandchildren happy.
b- Sarah gets pleasure from her grandchildren.
15. There has been a significant boom in house prices.

a- House prices have risen dramatically.
b- House prices have fallen dramatically.
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16. I resent the fact that Julie got the promotion before I did.
a- I am disappointed that Julie was promoted.
b- I think it’s unfair that Julie was promoted.
4) Answer questions 1-15 by choosing from the different sections on dance (A –H). Some
of the choices may be required more than once. You should be able to account for your
choices.
In which section of the article are the following mentioned?
Evidence for the growing interest in traditional forms of dancing 1 …………

People also appreciating traditional dance for its amusing aspects 2 …………
Dancing being a fundamental part of human behaviour 3 …………
A reason why people may not appreciate traditional dance 4 …………
The fact that modern forms of dance block communication between people 5 …………
Travel allowing people to become more exposed to foreign dance 6 …………
Dance allowing interaction between people who would otherwise be
unlikely to meet 7 …………
Contempt for dance as a group activity 8 …………
Some people being frustrated with dance venues today due to their
anti-social nature 9 …………
Dance being irresistible to everyone at some point 10 …………
The health benefits that dance can bring 11 …………
A psychological advantage of learning to dance 12 …………
The British having never been acclaimed as good dancers 13 …………
A particular individual being responsible for social dancing’s
decreasing popularity 14 …………
Dance being a spontaneous form as well as a rehearsed one 15 …………
5) Say what these words refer to. They are underlined and in bold in the text.
1. it – para. A
2. it - para. B
3. it- para. G
4.he – para. H
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READING TEXT 11
READ THIS EXTRACT CAREFULLY

On 27 January 1960 I was due at the Albert Hall,
London, where Sir Adrian Boult was to conduct a
programme including the Elgar and the
Mendelssohn Violin Concerti. Diana and I left
New York on the evening of the twenty-fifth, with
enough time, as we presumed, to keep our
appointment. With everyone secure in their safety
belt, the plane shot down the runway, then halted
with a tremendous screeching of brakes just short
of takeoff. This was twice repeated before the shaken passengers were unloaded and told to
return to the airport in the morning.
Next day we set off for England again. To begin with, so thick was New York’s traffic that we
almost missed the plane, which might have saved everyone a great deal of trouble. Eventually,
we took off at eleven-thirty, and shortly afterwards the pilot made his rounds. Wanting to
reassure Diana, I stopped him and said that the unusual incident of the day before hadn’t been
too serious. In that wonderful calm English way, he answered, “Airplane engines, you see, are
made up of thousands of individual parts, and it is quite impossible to tell when any one of them
may cease to function.”
A short while later one of those many parts did indeed cease to function: oil began blowing over
the wings, and back we went to the Airport. At the third try, later that afternoon, we succeeded in
crossing the Atlantic, making one stop to refuel in Newfoundland and another at Shannon in the
Irish Republic.
Here the English weather blocked further progress: fog had closed London Airport. It was about
6.30 a.m. local time when we arrived at Shannon, too early to despair of reaching our
destination. We telephoned my agent, Harold Holt, and I borrowed an airport office to practise in.
Finally, after more endless hours, we took off in the transatlantic plane at four-fifteen. All hopes
of rehearsing had long been abandoned, but the concert itself still seemed safe.
The fog had yet a couple of tricks up its sleeve, however. After circling over Heathrow a few
times in a vain attempt to find a break in the blanket below, the pilot landed at Manston on the
east coast. Diana and I were delivered to the earth through the luggage shaft in the plane’s belly,
hustled through Customs at a trot and thrust into a waiting car, which roared off the airfield with
most gratifying drama. One mile farther on, the gentle fog of the countryside rolled toward us in
thick, soft, totally opaque clouds, and we crawled the rest of the way at hardly more than walking
speed, Diana shivering in the unheated car.
We were of course late.
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Find evidence in the text to support or disprove these statements. Write True or False and
justify your choice quoting key words or phrases from the text. Do not quote whole
paragraphs. The first one has been done for you.
0- Sir Adrian Boult was the conductor of a concert at the Albert Hall.
True – was to conduct a programme … The Mendelssohn Violin Concert …
1- After the first attempt to take off, the narrator and his wife were asked to come back on 26th
January.
___________________________________________________________________.
2- The pilot’s remarks, shortly after taking off from New York, were not meant to ease Diana’s
distress.
___________________________________________________________________.
3- When they arrived in Ireland at 6.30, they were feeling absolutely desperate.
___________________________________________________________________.
4- When they finally landed in Manston, they were held up while going through Customs.
________________________________________________________________.__
5- On their way to London the fog came down thicker than ever, which delayed their arrival
even more.
___________________________________________________________________.
6- It is evident from the passage that other people were concerned about the narrator’s delay.
___________________________________________________________________.
READING TEXT 12
The following four sentences have been taken from the text below them. There is a
sentence missing in each one of the paragraphs of the text, and you have to decide where
the sentences have been taken from. Write the number of the right sentence where this
sentence should go.
1. Once books are converted to digital form, patrons can retrieve them in seconds rather than
minutes.
2. Expanding library buildings is increasingly costly.
3. For armchair scholars, the work promises to bring such a wealth of information to the
desktop that the present Internet may seem amateurish in retrospect.
4. The British Library, for example, holds the only medieval manuscript of Beowulf in London.
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GOING DIGITAL
Electronic libraries will make today’s Internet pale by comparison.
But building them will not be easy.
All over the world, libraries have begun the Herculean
task of making faithful digital copies of the books, images
and recordings that preserve the intellectual effort of
humankind. _____
Librarians see three clear benefits to going digital. _____
First, it helps them preserve rare and fragile objects
without denying access to those who wish to study them.
_____ Only qualified scholars were allowed to see it until
Kevin S. Kiernan of the University of Kentucky scanned
the manuscript with three different light sources
(revealing details not normally apparent to the naked
eye) and put the images up on the Internet for anyone to peruse. ____ Tokyo’s National Diet
Library is similarly creating highly detailed digital photographs of 1,236 woodblock prints, scrolls
and other materials it considers national treasures so that researchers can scrutinize them
without handling the originals. ____
A second benefit is convenience. ____ Several people can simultaneously read the same book
or view the same picture. Clerks are spared the chore of reshelving. _____ And libraries could
conceivably use the Internet to lend their virtual collections to those who are unable to visit in
person. ____
The third advantage of electronic copies is that they occupy millimeters of space on a magnetic
disk rather than meters on a shelf. ____ The University of California at Berkeley recently spent
$46 million on an underground addition to house 1.5 million books – an average cost of $30 per
volume. ____ The price of disk storage, in contrast, has fallen to about $2 per 300-page
publication and continues to drop. ____
From “Going Digital” by Michael Lesk.
READING TEXT 13
Here is a text with some phrases missing. Choose from the list A-I the best phrase to fill
each of the spaces. Each correct phrase may only be used once. Some of the suggested
answers do not fit at all.
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The pen-and-paper signature is dying. In fact, it may soon be dead. There is a current rash of
laws being passed worldwide 1)________ to digital signatures on digital documents as to pen
signatures on paper ones. A digital signature can be one of many things. It may mean a unique
physical attribute, for example, your face, iris or fingerprint, 2)________ at the entrance to a
secure building before you are allowed access. But where financial affairs are concerned, it
generally means a string of numbers 3)________ . Eventually, once the right background checks
have been carried out, and 4 )________ , we will all be able to ‘sign’ electronic forms and
correspondence with our personal digital signature.
But the real death blow to the manual signature is likely to come 5 ) ________ with cards that
carry built-in digital signatures. In future, your signature will no longer be held in your brain but in
your pocket. It will be a signature invented by a computer, and lent to you for use only 6 )
____________ and no longer.
A while you are creditworthy F with the arrival of the paperless office
B with the help of the appropriate software G which are allocated exclusively to you
C which give the same legal status H which is a modem invention
D while they check your bank details I which is electronically scanned
E when banks start replacing the old-style
plastic cards
READING TEXT 14
Read the text below and do the exercises that follow.
DO MEN AND WOMEN SPEAK THE SAME LANGUAGE?

A Do men and women understand the same things from the spoken word? Judging by the
misinterpretation, misunderstanding and general mystification that can arise from a single simple
sentence, there are grave reasons for doubt. In fact, I would put it even stronger. Do we even
speak the same language?
 First – and contrary to the general impression – men use language more. “Like everyone
else, I used to believe that women were the talkative sex,” says Dale Spender, a sociolinguist.
“But when I analysed the results of over one hundred and forty recorded conversations between
men and women, the result was quite the opposite. Whether we’re talking about social
gatherings or business meetings, one element never changes: in any conversation with a man, a
woman who talks more than a third of the time is seen as talking too much.
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 Nowhere is this more obvious than on radio or TV talkshows. One host, Robert Robinson,
once said, “It’s difficult to find the right kind of woman to participate in my programme. Most of
them can’t stand up to me and so stay silent. They also find interrupting a bit tricky.” On one
occasion, a well-known female thinker became so cross and unhappy at being what she
regarded as “shouted down” that she remained silent for the last fifteen minutes of the
programme. Even those women who are perfectly capable of holding their own are notably less
talkative than their male counterparts.
 Another female characteristic is the belief that conversation should be a reciprocal

exchange rather than an attempt to dominate the other person. According to sociologist Jennifer
Coates, “When a woman in a group raises a topic, the others will encourage, sympathise or
elaborate. The next female speaker may enlarge on some point, add a personal anecdote, or
simply make ‘Go on’ interjections. But one thing she won’t do is flatly contradict the previous
speaker and abruptly change the subject. But men in a group with women often get bored with
what they see as the slow build-up of a topic.” The tried and tested method of avoiding this
hazard is by doing what most women hate: interrupting.
 “The effect constant interruption has on women is that they

become silent,” says Dr Coates. It isn’t solely that men regard
conversation as a contest; there is also a clash of styles.” We all
think we know what a question is. But with men and women it
triggers different reactions. Men think questions are requests for
information, whereas women think they are part of the way in
which a co-operative conversation works. If a woman asks a man
a question, she’s trying to keep the conversation going, while the
man thinks this is a request for information, so he gives her a
lecture.” In social situations, this different view of the polite
enquiry can often cause bad feeling. “The woman thinks, ‘What is
he on about? I didn’t want a run-down on company accountancy,’
and the man thinks, ’Why is she looking so cross? If she didn’t
want to know, why did she ask?’ “
 Although women have much greater sensitivity to what the other person is feeling, it is
equally true that, in situations where power is concerned, the men’s cut-and-thrust style is the
norm. “Male language allows them to have clear goals, stick to decisions, answer directly
without fudging and assert themselves,” says Natasha Josefowitz, author of Paths to Power.
“Women say ‘I think I can’, where men say, ’I can’. And though the woman may be right – who
knows if she can carry out a particular task until she is doing it? – what employers go for is
confidence.” In female conversation, this general tentativeness emerges in the use of ‘soft’
phrases such us ‘ I wonder if I might ...?’, and ‘ Perhaps this isn’t the moment to disturb you but
...’ instead of the simpler expressions ‘Please may I ...?’ or ‘Can I come in?’.
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 Dr Coates believes female politeness involves other factors as well. “Partly it is a

recognition that other people may not be imposed on. If I go next door, I say, ‘ I hope you don’t
mind, but could you possibly lend me a pint of milk, please?’ not ‘ Can I have some milk?’, which
allows my neighbour the freedom to say ‘Yes, of course’ or ‘ I’m sorry, I haven’t got one.’ What it
is doing is giving the other person a chance to get out of an obligation without losing face. Partly,
too, it is a question of giving what Dr Coates calls ‘positive face’, which means reassuring others
about their own value.
 The reason for such discrepancies is something that frequently makes male English a
rather different language from the female version of English: most men use language to conceal
their feelings whereas women see it as means of revealing their emotions
1- For questions 1 – 5, choose the answer which you think fits best.
1) Before Dale Spender undertook her research, she
A intended to show what made women aggressive.
B thought she knew what the outcome would be.
C realised men tended to speak more than women.
D wanted to discover the situations where women spoke most.
2) When women appear on his chat show, Robert Robinson
A is delighted they have agreed to appear.
B provide special support.
C has found their behaviour inappropriate.
D has thought them to be impolite.
3) According to Dr Coates, in a mixed group of speakers
A men tend to contradict.
B women concentrate on talking about themselves.
C women discuss boring topics.
D men experience feelings of frustration.
4) Dr Coates considers that questions can cause bad feelings if
A the reason behind the question is misunderstood.
B a sensitive subject has been raised.
C there is a desire to hide the truth.
D an uninteresting topic has been introduced.
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5) Dr Coates thinks that the politeness of female language

A works against women.
B is helpful to other people.
C could easily be modified.
D allows others to be assertive.
2- For each of the eight paragraphs, choose the sentence that best summarises the main
idea. The first one has been done for you.
a) Usual misunderstandings between men and women hint that their

1. __a___ use of language in conversation is different.
2. ______ b) Women regard male interruptions as an offensive strategy.
3. ______ c) The incompatibility between men and women lies in the way they
choose to reveal their emotions.
4. ______
d) In an employer-employee relationship, the men’s style shows self-
5. ______
assurance whereas the women’s shows caution.
6. ______
e) Research beats the belief that women are the talkative sex.
7. ______
f) Women’s co-operative style vs. men’s tendency to dominate.
8. ______
g) The female tactful style encourages freedom of choice in the
interlocutor.
h) Women want to keep the flow of the conversation while men just
inform.
Explain the following expressions in your own words.

1. “Most of them can’t stand up to me ...”: ..................................................................
2. “... the slow build-up of a topic...” ..................................................................
3. “... co-operative conversation...” ..................................................................
4. “ ... the men’s cut-and-thrust style...” ..................................................................
Suggest an alternative for:

a) “ shouted down ” ..................................................................
b) “ flatly ” ..................................................................
c) “ hazard ” ..................................................................
d) “ a run-down “..................................................................
e) “ fudging “..................................................................
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READING TEXT 15
Read the text below and do the exercises that follow.

The state of the world
If your view of the world comes from watching
the news and reading newspapers, you could
be forgiven for lying awake at night worrying
about the future. Apparently, rising violence
and population rates mean humans are both
killing each other in ever larger numbers and
being born at rates the world’s resources
can’t sustain. To make matters worse, all the
wealth is concentrated on a handful of people
in the world’s richest countries. People in low-income countries live in poverty while the
West gets richer. Depressing, isn’t it?
But do the statistics support our negative world view or is the world actually improving?
Let’s take global population first. It’s around 7 billion now, in line with figures predicted by
the UN in 1958. By the year 2100, the same experts predict it will be around 11 billion. But
did you know that 11 billion is probably as high as that number will get? The rate of increase
will slow down in the second half of this century thanks to falling birth rates today.
Falling birth rates? Yes, that’s right.
In the last two centuries, improvements in technology and health meant fewer children died
young, fuelling rapid population growth. These large families produced even more children
who survived into adulthood and had their own children. But with the wider availability of
contraception in the 1960s, the global average number of babies per woman has declined
from six babies per woman to as low as two.
The biggest factor in child mortality is poverty. And while it’s still true that only 20 per cent of
the world takes about 74 per cent of the world’s income, 60 per cent of the world now falls
into a middle-income group, with 11.6 per cent – the smallest amount of people in history –
still living in conditions of extreme poverty. If the majority of the world’s people have money,
international aid could realistically achieve the UN target of eradicating poverty by 2030. As
poverty goes down, life expectancy goes up, birth rates go down because parents can
expect their existing children to survive, and the global population stabilises.
As for news stories that make us think the world is an increasingly violent place, there is
cause for some optimism too. Between the end of World War II and 1990, there were 30
wars that killed more than 100,000 people. Today there are still civil wars, but countries are
mostly co-existing more peacefully than in the past. However, terrorism has shot up in the
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last few years and, since World War II, wars have killed many more civilians than soldiers.
Even for civilians, though, the statistics are not all bad. Although deaths are nine times more
likely to be a result of violent crime than political conflict, the global murder rate fell slightly,
from 8 per 100,000 people in 2000 to about 5.3 in 2015.
Of course, none of this means the world is perfect, and whether you personally are affected
by war and poverty is often down to the lottery of where you’re born. Also, we still face huge
problems of our own making, particularly environmental ones like global warming, and
wealth and natural resources need to be distributed more fairly. But not all the news is bad
news, whatever the TV and newspapers might say.
1- Match the numbers with the facts they represent.

60% - 11.6% - 20% - 11 billion - 5.3 -74%
1. ……………………………… the expected peak global population
2. ……………………………… the size of the richest group of people
3. ……………………………… the amount of the richest group’s income
4. ……………………………… the amount of people who are neither rich nor poor
5. ……………………………… the amount of people with the least money
6. ……………………………… the number of murders per 100,000 people in 2015
2 - Choose the best answer.

1. What does the word ‘apparently’ in the first paragraph tell us about the rise in violence we see
in the news?
a. The rise is obviously true.
b. The rise seems to be true but evidence might show it isn’t.
c. The rise seems false but evidence might show it’s true.
2. Which statement about population levels is correct?
a. About two hundred years ago, the child mortality rate dropped significantly.
b. The rate is growing steadily now.
c. The rate will start to drop in the year 2100.
3. Which factor does NOT cause the birth rate to fall?
a. Improvements in healthcare
b. The availability of contraception
c. Poverty
4. One of the UN’s targets for 2030 is to …
a. end poverty.
b. increase life expectancy.
c. make population levels stable.
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5. People are more likely to be killed …

a. by soldiers.
b. by politicians.
c. by criminals.
6. There is reason to be optimistic because …
a. you might win the lottery.
b. there are some positives despite what the newspapers report.
c. we’re making progress with environmental problems.
3 – Find words in the text that mean the following.

a. to support .........................................
b. to make something increase or become stronger .........................................
c. methods of preventing pregnancy .........................................
d. to make something disappear forever .........................................
e. how long a person is expected to live .........................................
f. positive thinking .........................................
g. someone who is not a soldier .........................................
h. to be the result of .........................................
READING TEXT 16
Read the reviews of books on travel writing A-F below and answer these questions. Some
of the choices may be required more than once. When more than one answer is required,
these may be given in any order.
In which review does the reviewer
say that the reader is put in an unfamiliar role? 1 ___
elaborate on the author's reason for a particular journey? 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 ___
say that the author is attempting to popularise his/her subject? 5 ___
appreciate the book despite its shortcomings? 6 ___ 7 ___
feel that the writing would benefit from a narrower focus? 8 ___
recognise the effectiveness of an original idea? 9 ___
admire the author's clever use of a separate narrator? 10 ___
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In which review is the following point made?

The author uses information from different sources to examine the subject. 11 ___
The author's mode of transport enables him/her to see the country in a certain way. 12 ___
The author realised a long-held ambition. 13 ___
The author turns a potential limitation into a strength. 14 ___15 ___
The author tries to enliven the descriptions with details of personal difficulties. 16 ___
A - Chris Martin reviews 'IN NEVADA' by DAVID THOMSON
David Thomson is better known for his film writing than his travel world, so it is no great surprise
that he brings a film-maker's eye to this sweeping and vivid portrait of America's 'empty' state.
the barren and beautiful desert of Nevada The book is the result of a series of disconnected
journeys across the desolation, loosely slung together by Thomson over a period of years. He
warns his readers at the outset not to expect chronology from a desert journey. The result of this
fragmentary philosophy is highly successful: each short chapter has captured a moment in time
and history. This may sound slightly dramatic, but so is Nevada.
B - Holly Smith reviews 'HOKKAIDO HIGHWAY BLUES' by WILL FERGUSON

Will Ferguson was living on Japan, teaching English for two years when he came to realise how
important the flowering of the cherry blossoms was as
a national symbol. He made up his mind to follow the
front of flowers from when they first blossomed in Cape
Sata, the most southern tip of Japan, right through to
Cape Soya. on the far north. where they blossom
about one month later. The planning for his trip was
very basic: he wanted to hitchhike. 'Guidebooks are
great for surface-skimming and I'd be lost without them
but to really find out about life on the back country, to
really worm your way into off-track Japan. you need to
travel in the company of the people who live there:
C - Julio Bueno reviews 'TEA FOR TWO' by POLLY BENGE

Just as the author is starting to get worn down by the competitive world of dancing she inhabits.
she is made an offer that is to turn her life upside down. Tom, her boyfriend, a New Zealander. is
planning to return home after four years away – stopping en route. to fulfil a lifelong dream of
cycling around Northern India.
Desperate to delay a painful parting with him, Benge agrees at the eleventh hour to forego her
auditions, and join him on his mission. So begins another tale of life on the road. But apart from
charting a two-month journey from Kathmandu to Guwahati, 'Tea for Two' also attempts to spice
85
up the story with much more. In the early chapters we learn much about Benge's aching limbs
as her two male travelling companions pedal fast ahead of her.
What the story lacks in any gripping action, it more than makes up for with some amusing
reactions to an India that can delight, bemuse and confuse. Benge is a wonderfully enthusiastic
writer, but clearly sets herself an over-ambitious task. Part autobiography, part up-beat
travelogue. and part historical overview: in less than 250 pages.
D - Jamie Corstoirs reviews 'MY GRANDMOTHER'S FOLK TALES' by ROBERT ANTONI
This well-presented book is a joyous. bubbling stream of short

stories speckled with sunny asides and lush Caribbean vitality
personified by the grandmother of the title. The reader is put more
in the position of a listener being entertained as the tales tumble out
and, indeed, ostensibly she is telling her stories to her young
grandson as part of his education. Some stones are rose-tinted
memories of the bizarre adventures of a young widow, told on the
first person on a remote Trinidadian island. Others are traditional
Caribbean folktales of magical animals and even stranger people
glorying in names like On the Eggs and the Kentucky Colonel. The
author is one of the Caribbean's leading young novelists. He has
drawn on his family links in the area to produce a likeable novel that
paints a cheerful picture of Caribbean life, history and folklore.
E - Paul Deegan reviews 'MY QUEST FOR THE YETI' by REINHOLD MESSNER
In his latest book. Reinhold Messner has attempted to separate fact from fiction in order to
discover the true Yeti behind the legend of the giant creature prevalent in many Central Asian
countries. Messner widely regarded as the world's most accomplished mountaineer has
diligently researched the subject since 1985. His explorations have taken him to almost every
corner of Central Asia, including Nepal, Tibet and Bhutan.
The book is compulsive reading. The opening chapter
describes Messner's first encounter with an unidentifiable
being and reads like the opening scene of a Hollywood
film. As someone prepared to court publicity in order to
fund his adventures. Messner has once again succeeded
in latching on to a subject that is every bit as exciting to
the lay reader as his famous conquest of all fourteen
8,000 metre-plus peaks.
Throughout 'My Quest for the Yeti', Messner uses his many conversations with hill people as a
vehicle for describing the various legends, and layers this with written accounts from other
explorers. Out of this jumble of apparently useless fairy stories, Messner has uncovered
seemingly plausible evidence that the Yeti myth stems from a rare animal known in Tibet as the
'chemo'.
86
F - lan Jackson reviews 'JOHNNY GINGER'S LAST RIDE' by TOM FREMANTLE
In 1829, Captain Charles Fremantle sailed to Western Australia and the port that was later
named after him – Fremantle. 170-odd years later, his great great great nephew, Tom, left the
family home in Swanbourne, UK to follow in the Captain's footsteps
and fulfil a childhood dream by reaching the Western Australian
suburb of the same name, two miles from Fremantle – but by bicycle.
From Swanbourne, sleepy English village famed for its Norman
church, to Swanboume, antipodean suburb famed for its sunbathers:
20,540 km, 16 months and 56 punctures.
While not offering any great insights into different cultures, the
characters Fremantle meets along the way, the discovery of his own
personality, and his stubborn desire to reach his goal no matter what
the obstacles, make the book worthwhile. And the continual
'flashbacks' to how things might have been in the time of the writer's
distant relative are certainly novel and work perfectly.
87

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2020

I.E.S. “Olga Cossettini”

No debe considerarse exhaustiva sino ilustrativa.

Se espera que los ingresantes sean capaces de:

Tips for writing

1- Use appropriate punctuation marks in the following sentences.

2-The following is a well-paragraphed composition. The structure is simple and clear.

A CAREER: IMAGE AND REALITY

* a small, brightly-coloured bird

Exercise 4. Say whether these statements are True or False

Exercise 5. Consider this writing task

In many countries students have to continue

5 b- In my opinion, by fourteen, students have acquired the background knowledge of science

Is it a good idea for countries to spend substantial amounts of money on

‘Museums are not necessary nowadays because we can find all

Order the developing paragraphs and provide linking phrases:

READING INTO WRITING

Ireland's brain drain

I graduated with good grades and I was lucky enough to find

Finding a Job After College

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

1 Tense: Present Continuous. 2 .............. . 3.............. 4 .............. . 5 . .............. 6 .............. 7..............

1 Tense: Present Simple. 2 .............. . 3.............. 4 .............. . 5 . .............. 6 .............. 7.............. 8

1 Tense: Going to future. 2 .............. . 3.............. 4 .............. . 5 . .............. 6 .............. 7 .............. .

A: Oh, I forgot (1) ........................ (tell) you, Jane’s got married.

be hurt pass stay think

1- Remember .....................some milk on your way home tonight.

1- My parents always helped me ..................... (study).

12- Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown

13- Put it in the right conditionals

St. Mary’s Church, which 1-................................... 1472, stands in

advise invite offer promise refuse

1- ‘We’re going to get married in June,’ she said.

USED FOR, USED TO, BE / GET USED TO, WOULD.

Clerk: You 3- .................... get a trolley.

Passenger: And where 4-..................... I find one of those trolleys?

Passenger: I suppose I 6- .................... have to go and look for one myself.

seriously about what happiness really means. Of course we 7- .................... all

COLLOCATIONS AND WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED

28- Put do or make to complete the collocations

33- Use despite or although to complete the following sentences.

34- Fill the gaps with a suitable preposition

35- Complete with the correct preposition.

36- Put one suitable preposition in each space.

6- They've tied the tree to a post in order to ...................................... it. STRAIGHT

look up to sort out put down

9 Someone's painting the house while we are away. PAINTED

attaining - rewards - consultancy - credibility - non-famous - reality -

access to – directly - expert analyst - media channels - mobile devices -

Information sources of the future

an effect on - annoyed by - at fault - aware of - better at - by mistake - different from - in

1) A rank B rating C grade D list

destination – entertainment – isolated beach – local cuisine – pack - self-catering - spectacular

1. (a) brimming (b) booming (c) blooming (d) bombing

5. (a) habitual (b) habitat (c) cohabitate (d) inhabit

Exercise 60. Choose the best words to complete the text..

1) A audience B watching C spectator D viewing

1) A coming B close C imminent D nigh

[ KEY: a. Tick b. Tick c. Cross d. Tick e. Tick f. Cross g. tick]

Read the following text and work on the exercises below.

First Impressions Count

4. Being too smart could have a negative impact on customers. ______