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Physical and mechanical properties of maraging steels

Article · April 1985

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 PHYSfCAL AND MECHANICAL 3 ~-

PROPERTIES OF ULTRA-HIGH STRENGTH

18 °/a NICKEL MARAGING STEELS Lib '1-

A. UL HAQ, F.H. HASHMI & A.Q. KHAN

Abstract due to their very high strength, good fracture toughne$S,

Maroging steels espec1Clly 18.\'i-250, IBNi-300 and
18Ni·350 are finding new applications in sophisticated
industry . Their physical and mechanical properties are not
easily traceable in literature and some of them are totally
missing. In this short paper these properties are compiled,
missing data was measured and has been reported.
INTRODUCTION
Ma.raging steels, specially 18Ni·250, 18Ni-300 and
18Ni·350 are finding new applications (1) such as casting
and forging dies for alluminum and Zinc, gea.rs, engine
shafts etc for aircrafts structures and for rocket casings,
light weight military bridges, rotors for ultra-<:entrifuges etc
low weight to strength ratio and small work hardening co·
eCCicient. As these materials were under consideration for
rotors for ultracentri!uges, the electrical and magnetic
properties of them were required !or design purposes. But
to our astonishment either they were not available in libara·
tu re or were much too scatt.ered to be easily traceable.
Tables l, 2 and 3 present the range of chemical composi·
lion, mechanical and physical properties, respective ly
collecwd from literature (1·17, 19). However, various
physical, magnetic and electrical properties of 18Ni·350
were not traceable in lit.erature and were, therefore, invest·
igated as a function of aging temperature. The main of this
piper is to compile imponant data on manging steels for
ready reference and use by design engineers and maWlur-
gis13.

.. .. ,..
· . ·~
.. ' -·· ..
.~

TABLE 2

Prop•rty 18Nl·i50 JBNl-300 l 8N'l·350

Solution An,.Hi.d (1 hour, 82<f'C)

Yt•ld 4,,...._tll, N/mm2 800 810 830
T•Nlle .. ,,,_,..tli, N/mm2 JCJ.10 1010 Jl60
/go111aNo" "- 19 11 18
• .Reduction of .,...o 'JI. 7Z 76 10
Hord,.H1,HRC 29 32 36
SolutlOn'-Trwoted ot SIOOC for H1~sd at UOOC
1or"3hr. Normal Rant• of l'ropertia
Yt•ld 1rr.111t1i, N/mm2 .l 650·18~.J>.:i.r/.'.: .. .) .. 1790·2070 2220·3340
-:,..f;,;~.,.·r . ....... · ·. 1690·1860 1830·2100 2264-23115
Tsnati. ·1tron,ih, N/mm2
Elo"6atlon "- 6·10 6·10 7·8
Reduction of orH J. 35·60 ., 30·60 35-36

Hardn•N, HRC 48·60 51·66 56·69

Chfll'P~ V-noteh Impact ~o.lue, J 24-46 16·26 11·13
Notclitd i.n.ti. 1tron1th
(Kt•10), N/mm2 2350·2660 2700-3000 1400-1500
ModultU ofeloltlcity, GN/m2 J 83·187 188·192 191 · 199

Nodullu of rlltdlfy, GN/m2 70·72 73.74 76·79

/>olMon ratio 0.300 0.300 0.260

PloM 1troln fr«turt

tou1lint11, MN/m3t2 90·101 66-69 37-40

Fotllu• enduro,.ce limit, N / mm2 655-690 816-862 700

Mr. Haq . Mr. Hoihm i and ,\Ir /\hon~ ,. rn 1hr " '' l<.11" ')." .'!il·isio n . /Jr. A .Q /\ho" Rritorch Lobnrol <> rat• . Roiu olpinrll.
87
 TABLE-3

Ph)l•lcol Prop'1·tte1 of MarQlinl StHll

(Rrf: J to 19)

An11eawd ot 82 Cl"C, !hr , air cooled

Property 1.~Nl·2SO J BNi·.~Ov

O.mtty (pn/cm3J 8. 0 8.0
Sp•otfic heat ·(cGJ/'1'!0C) •,:•.: '.; :c .A'-ii..·"- , .·. 0.7 at IOOC 0.08 ot 200C
' . . ..·:f11.-:-:'!t·:: ..pl;..'~ •.:,:..·.::- .. ,•.:;-:...- ...... .. •
O.Jl ot 1600C 0.12 ot 1600C

O.JSat3JSOC 0.14 ol 3J50C

0.34 ot 425oc o.:n ot 4zsoc

..
J · ' · ··Tll•rmal Conducttlllty ·rcol!cm/1ec/OCJ 0.050 ot 2QOC 0.060 at 200C
...,; . .··- 0.066 ot IOOOC 0.063 ot lOOOC

o.oss or 2oooc
'
" ' 0.054 ot 2000C

. . .. . ·-· .:·· . 0.059 at 3000C 0.061 at 3000C

.. :..· ';.:.~ .·. o. 060 ot 4oooc O. 062 ot 4000C

, .......... ,
..... 0.061 ot 4800C 0.064 ot 4800C

MeQlJ co·efficlcnt of th•rmal t1'pamlon 9 . 9 ot 20-IOOOC 11.2 at 20·/000C

(J(rti/K)
l 0.2 ot 20- JOOOC 1 l .3 ot 20·2000C

..:.: ,~ . .. '
10.6 or 20.Joooc l l .5 at 2· 3000C

,· : . ~· :.,· .p.''.l:.' 11.0 ot I0-4000C 11.3 ot 20-4000C

.~' ·.... :: ,: .. :·
J J .3 at I0-48()0C 11.3 ot 20-4800C

LJMar contraction on a1ln1 ~ (Approx) 0.06 0.08

Electrtco/ rwiltl11lty .~c'!' . 60-70 60-70

Co•rcl11• force, O•ret.d . ~formaHo11 19 ;!. 1 34 !. )

.:
Charoc t•ril tic•, oC
Ch4Jrocttril"", oc, M 1 ..... . 232 149

..
..Mt
J49 93

A, ·' 600 610

-
•. Af .. .. 770 770
• • ·-· ' t
.• 1425-1465 1425·1456

MATERIAL & METHOD:

The chemical composition of the lSNi-350 used in
this investigation is given in table 4.
Element 18Ni·250 l8Nl-300 18Nt·350

Corban 0·0.03 0·0.03 . 0·0.03 TABLE-~

Mono1on•H O·O.JO 0 -0.10 0..().10 Cllemlcol compo•ltlon of 18Nl·360

Pho1phorou1 0· 0.01 0.0.01 .·D·0.005

El•rrwnt Wt~ Elem•nt Wt ~
S;,lphur 0·0.01 O·O.Oi 0-0.005
Car.lion 0.006 Aluminum o. 13
Silicon 0·0.10 V · 0.10 .0·0.100
Pho1phorou1 0.005 Mol)ll>dtnum 3 .90
Nlclrtl 17.0· 19.0 18.0-19.0 17.0· 18.0
Sulphur 0.005 Nlclr~l 18. 30
Col>alt 7.0-8.6 , 8.6-9,6 12.0·13.0
Chromtum 0.01 Co bolt ']2. 00
Mol)ll>denum 4.6·5. 2 :. ~.f-6.Z · . ··: , ·U6-4.Z5 .. -..;.;:~~
~~~:~·;'"-' -: . -·:: i.~~:~.80
h

7Honlum 0.3.0.5 . "'~- 0.01 Tltallium J. 10

Silicon 0.01 Iron Bolan
Aluminum 0.05·0.16 . 0.6.0..16 0.160 '"
Boron 0.003 .(),003 0.002

Zirconium 0.020 0.020 0.015 Material usrd was in as annealed condition and in the
fonn of 10 mm thick strips cut from extruded tubes. Elec·
Calcium 0.050 0.050 0.040
trical resistivity at room temperature was measured (18) by
Iron . Bolonoe . Boloncr &tandard four probe method using samples of size 25 mm x
2.5 mm x 0.01 mm. The voltage drop across 7 .5 mm

88
 length of sample was measured for 300 and 400 mA. An· that austenite and martensite phases arc not re$ponsiblc for
nealed (8200C, lhr, air cool) samples were maraged at high hardness values in these steels.
4800C for 3 hours in inert atmosphere. Modulus of elas·
ticity and Poisson'& ratio was detennined by ASTM El32·
61 (1965). For this purpose sheets of 0.5 mm thickness and
3 strain guages were used. Co-efficient of thennAI expansion
110
and dimensional changes during aging were detennined by
Netzsch dilatometer on round bars, 50 mm long and 6 mm
diameter. ThennAI conductivity was detennincd according
to ASTM method C518·70. Reference sample was pun
copper. The percentage of retained austenite was estimated
from the comparison o! the lnteerated Intensity ot the most O, 110 'c, lh., 011 COOied
intense peaks of each b.c.c. and f.c.c. phases using X·taY OU\ ten.It I 0 I • not dtltt..., I" d I
diffraction method. ~ 211
~ 200 220
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..
0
~
'A
11, 12o'c,1..,.,,o·c.>h'l.• <OCllrd
Before presenting our results regarding I 8Ni-350, we ..( a• "d
would like to make following remarks on the general behav· -.
iour of maraging steels: .
~

!
c, 120
0.
'c. t hr •
< 2 .,.
\70 'C,thr, 011 c-o

Helli to heat variability of these steels within compo-

s1tion limits is higher than normally encountered in lou· ftl
o, aio·c. th•. ~so 'c. ohr , •• cooi.o
alloy steels. Therefore, annealing and mara;ing tempera· o s 4S •1,
lures should be selected carefully keeping in view the chem·
-:al composition and the thermo-mechanical history of the
particular heal. Special attention is required for badly
segregated structures due to the austenite reversion. 0 '° 50
2 e
70
I dcg•tU I - -
tO

Fig.I, presents the specific electrical resistii.;ity and
Vickers hardness of' I 8Ni-350 as a function of ausaging
temperature~. In each casf a new, annecJled sample wa.1
used. Specific electrical resistivity of these samples was
80µ./1., cm. The curve shows that the investigated electrical
resistivity decreased between 400 and 5700C and appeared
to attain a minimum ualue of 44.U/'\.. cm around 57ooc.
Further increase in ausaging temperature resulted an
increase in resistivity values upto 80.(.)A cm around 7500C
and appears to saturate at higher ausaging temperatures .
F•9 _2 X · "'Y d>ttraciov,_ "' a lvnctoan ot hoot trtcrl"""' · .. .......,..,..
Figure 3 shows specific electrical resistivity and
vickers hardness of J8Ni-350 as a function of maraging
temperature. Jn each case a new sample was used. As
maraging temperature is increased from 400 to SSOOC, the
electrical resistivity has decreased from 70 to 42µ.f\. cm.
Further increased in this temperature (i.e. above 550oC)
caused increase in electrical resisti~·ity due to the fonna-
tion of austenite. It is interestmg to mention that in this

90
• 700 2- l'lotdtlUS
E
v
C\
~
70
' .
.. ;:~~~~~· ../.:;:-~ ·J·
.... • ' . Ji .. .
.... .r
M>O
·' :c .. t
·'·
100
•: .r'~ ·.;..

.: ". ,,.:;(:~~>:t ·~.o,;-,

:". .

,.,.... Bec~-

....::'. '"'""ity
E
u
q >
:c
.·.~.
:a. 80 soo ..
l:
:! j
)()()
"'
;. .2
!'
60 ~
400 .:
lOO 0
·'
.....
lempcl'Ol\ll'c ·c- ~ >

Fog 1 Elcctri(at rn1\11Y1ty ond Vicllcn ~u oa o f\aftctton

~
..
v

• of, aw•-ogiftg ~ _, ""' '" •octl COM I lcmpetOt\n . 40 300'

Cun•c 2 (Fiji. I) shou•s Vic hers hardness as a funcl 1011

0 1.00 ~00 600
of ausaf{ing temperature. Tl is interesting to mrnlion that at
4800C maximum hardness is achieved as a result of 011.<.()f;· Tcmpcrorure 'c
ing. Al 5700C, the formation of austcnitc has just sta•trd
(Fig.2,c). As ausagifl8 temperature is incrca.~£'d, the aus!rn· Frg l El«l••col rnl\tlY•t'y 011d Vock•• hor<l"tr» 01 o funcllo11
ite perce111.1Jge has also further increased upto 6.'iOOC ol rnorag1119 I) hour~ "' COCll COM) ''"'P''°'"..'·
(Fig.2,d) but hardness value has decreased. This indicates
89

·"'
 tempera lur·r range ( 400 to SSOOC) hardness has increased to the increase in austenite content. He also mentioned tha t
from 5 !.' :~ to C:7U Hu. Thu.<martensite aging is responsible the contribution due to the age hardening precipitatts
for incrco <c ;n hardness, and possibly the formation ot appeared to be quite small at peak hardnus, and 1mal/
som r ordered phase (1 ,2,1 results decrease in clrctrica i compared lo that of the austen ite formed due to oueragiiv:
resistivity . Further wor/1 1s in hand to ( ind out the nature of Hou•euer, I BNi-250 has a coercit•e force of 28 Oe in an·
th ese phases nealed condition which has increased to 30 Oe by aging at
5400C (o r 3 hrs (19 ). In aged condition J8Ni·2SO has about
Ta ble 5 presen ts summary o( physical, magnetic and IOo/c austenitc whereas in case of IBNi-350, no au1ttnilc
elec trical propert ies of l BNi-350. Most of these ualuC$ are could be detected.
no t auailab le in literature. It is worth mentioning that
coerciue force in annealed and maraged condition is the
some within experimental errors. This indicates that precipi· ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
tates formed during maraging do not contribute to magnet·
ic properties. Pe ter (1 9) has noticed, in case of JBNi-250, Thanks are due to Mr. M. Farooq and Mr. F . Habiby
that increase in coerciue force u•ith maraging time is re lated for technical assistance.

REFERENCES ·
TABLE-5
J. A . ul Hoq : l•lamabad J. Sc. ( J 986) In pre•
Phy1ical , MQ6netic and £ltctncol propert-.1ofJ8Nf·360
2. R.P. Wei: Atro1poce StnlcNrol handbooll (Sept. l 978 )

,m i ce 8.1
4. G . W. Tuffne l , D . L . PMqulne, J.H . 016on Tron. . AS/II ~
Specific neat at 2ooc

Tn~al conductiv ity

col!1T11°.c .

col / cm / Hcl°C
, .' ..
.. .; .
..
·-· ·~ -. .... 0.1l

6.
(1966) 769 .

l 8" Nicllt/ Marat Int Stuu lNCO dotabool< ( 1916).

at 200C 6. VASCO, Penn1y l11anla , Spec. No1 . NB 260 CVN•MS·26 0

CVM (No. 16, 196'1-).
, · at 600C
7. International Nlcll•I Company " Summmy dote" (Morell JO,
· .. otJOOOC 1966).

Mton Co ·efftclen t of 8. U S Steel Corporation , "USS Marat l rit Steel" ADUSS 94034
thermal expan• i on (1964 ).

20· 1000 C 9. A . F. Ho1nie, J .A . Lumm ti al : APML· TR·66 · 191 (J11/y

1966).
2 0.i°rJ&JDc
JO. R.F. Decller, J .T . EMh, A . J. Goldman : TroM. ASlll il
2 0·3000C ~:~·; JI .3 t. .2 (1962) .68.
·.~:~·
·.-. f •••

...... ,. ....... . . •· #
1J . D . H . Yate1, J. C. Hamoittr Jr. : Me tal Pro1. !,1 (JUI) 'n.

20·4800 C 12. S. Flornn, R.F. Decller: Tron. ASM !§_ (1962) 518.

Electrical l'91'6t lvity µ ..n. •cm 13. F.E . Brtne , D. Webber. H . G . Baro" : Source boolr on N""'lnt
Stuu . ASM (1919) POlt 94.
Coercive forc f
14. A. uJ Haq, F.H. H!Uhml, A . Q . KhOll : Metou • Mot•rloU 1
Trani f orm ot Ion Chal'V': teri1tlc1 (J 986 ) 22 7. -

M, 16 . C.R. Honeycutt , E.A. Btfl#trwold : TroM. ASN 69 (l9HJ

113. -

16. Al~d Ooldb•r1: Tron1 . ASM !J (1 968) 26 .

. ·· 640
J 7. G. Soul, J .A. Ro1Hrt1on, A.M. "'do lr: Mii . Trani l.. (1910)
. 710 l 16 .

ll-'o'* Hordenm1 co -efficient 0.01 18. A. ul Hoq : KFK Report No . 3312 (1982).

Meltln1 ron1e J9 . D . T . Prteri: Source booll o n Moro1 tn1 Steel• (19 19 ) P°'' J04

Anneo l l'd ot s zoo c , lh r . oir cooled• MarQlftd at 4800C, 3 hrt, oir

cooled
POSCO Cuts Plate Export
µ .n. cm 56:. 2 Price To Japan By¥ 3,100
Co P. r c H' t' f o rc e" 34 ! 2
Pohang Iron and Steel Co. (POSCO) of South Korea
0.08 has cut the export price for July-September plate export s
T !; cr moJ conduc tit:i ~y callcm /uc/OC
to Osaka , western .Japan, by Y 3 , 100 per ton C&F from the
prev ious quarter.
Q.048 ~ J
T he price fo r shipme nts to Osaka is now set at
0 .049 !. l
~ 53,660 per ton C&F. The shipment volume w ill be
reduced by about 10,000 tons from the April -June quarter .
J f) (.)OC 0.061 !. J

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