Derivation of Speed of Sound

• Mach-Number is a key parameter in gas dynamics

GAS DYNAMICS

• Compressibility is defined by Mach-Number

M≤ 0,3 incompressible flow (gas flow can be incompressible)
M≥0,3 compressible flow
• We are dealing in gas dynamics with wave phenomena
• Waves are measured by the amplitude of the disturbance

Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik

E1 1
Prof. Dr. -Ing. E. von Lavante
 Derivation of Speed of Sound

Consider a tube with piston at one end

Assumption
1− D ∂ =0 ∂ ≠0
∂y ∂x
GAS DYNAMICS

du
p+dp
 +d

c u=0 y
p, 
x

Because of unsteady flow it's difficult to derive the speed of sound!!!

Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik

E1 2
Prof. Dr. -Ing. E. von Lavante
 Derivation of speed of sound

Flow field has a constant velocity

Wave is stationary
CV
GAS DYNAMICS

c-du y
c
p,  p+dp
 +d x

To get the speed of sound

We use
a control volume of infinitesimal thickness
Continuity
Momentum

Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik

E1 3
Prof. Dr. -Ing. E. von Lavante
 Derivation of speed of sound

Continuity

for steady one-dimensional flow

m = ρAV = cont
GAS DYNAMICS

A = const ρV = cont

ρc   ρ + dρ c  du  = 0

ρc   ρc  ρdu + dρρ  dudρ  = 0

ρdu + dρρ = 0

du dρ
 (1)
c ρ

Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik

E1 4
Prof. Dr. -Ing. E. von Lavante
 Derivation of speed of sound

Momentum

 Fx  m(Vout  Vin )
GAS DYNAMICS

pA  ( p  dp) A  ρccA  (c  du )(c  du )( ρ  dρ) A

du dp
 2ρ  dρ   2 (2)
c c

(2) – (1)
dρ dp
 2ρ  dρ   2
ρ c
dp
 dρ  
c2
dp
c2 
dρ

Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik

E1 5
Prof. Dr. -Ing. E. von Lavante
 Derivation of speed of sound

Assume: isentropic process

dp
c2  ( ) s const
dρ
For ideal gas
GAS DYNAMICS

pv  const.

p cp p  
 const   p (  )  p0
 cv p0  0  0

dp d      1 p p
c2  ( ) s const   0
p   p  
d   0   0  
0
dρ

p
c2   p  RT


c  RT

Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik

E1 6
Prof. Dr. -Ing. E. von Lavante
 Relationship Mach-Number and Varying-Area

Mach-Number
V V: the velocity of the medium
M
a a: sonic velocity throug the medium
GAS DYNAMICS

dA
 
A dx  1.0 0 0
x
A r x

Assumption
1) Isentrop
2) 1-D Flow

Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik

E1 7
Prof. Dr. -Ing. E. von Lavante
 Relationship Mach-Number and Varying-Area

Konti: uA  K1
u2
Energy: h0  h   K2
2
Isentrop: s  K3
GAS DYNAMICS

 ( K1 )   ( uA)   ( u ) A  udA  0

 A u
  0 (1)
 A u
u2 1
 ( K 2 )  0  h  ( )  h  2uu
2 2
dp
dh  (2)

dA dp
combine (2) and (1)  2 (1  M 2 )
A u

Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik

E1 8
Prof. Dr. -Ing. E. von Lavante