MATH 2J – WINTER Overdetermined: eqs > 11.

An = 2n-12n-12n-
2010 ?? 12n-1
Matrix w/ no solns. = Underdetermined: eqs
inconsistent Symmetric Matrix
< ??
at least 1 soln = AT = A
Arithmetic
consistent Singularity
1. αA = αaij
Elementary Row Op A=
2. A + B = B + A
- Interchange rows nonsingular/invertible if
- Multiply row c≠0 3. (A + B) + C = A + (B
exist A-1 such that A-1A
- Sum of multiple + C)
= AA-1 = I
Reduced Row Echelon 4. (AB)C = A(BC)
Algebraic Rules:
Form 5. A(B + C) = AB + AC
Transposes
- 1st nonzero in row is 1 6. (A + B)C = AC + BC)
1. (AT)T = A
- following row has more 7. (αβ)A = α(βA)
2. (αA)T = αAT
0’s 8. α(AB) = (αA)B =
- row w/ all zeros at 3. (A + B)T = AT + BT
A(αB)
bottom 4. (AB)T = BTAT
9. (α + β)A = αA + βA
- 1st entry ≠ 0 in row is Partitioned Matrix
10. α(A + B) = αA + αB
only entry ≠ 0 in column 1. AB1B2=AB1AB2
2. A1A2B=AB1AB2 For every row op det(AB) = det(A)det(B)
3. done on each E, do det(A-1) = 1det⁡(A)
A1A2B1B2=A1B1+ reverse for same row Types
and column in new 1. Interchanging two rows/
A2B2 matrix “L”, but apply columns change sign
Elementary Matrixes only to digits under 2. Multiplying row/column
(En) diagonal that was by scalar α = α det (A)
Computing A-1 : (A|I) → transformed to a 3. Adding multiple of
row ops to both sides → row/column has no
zero.
(I|A-1) effect
Determinants Adjoint of a Matrix
UpperΔ (U) =
Aij (cofactor)=(- adj A = (Aij, Aij …)T take
xxx0xx00x
LowerΔ (L) = 1)i+jdet(Mij) cofactor of each
xxx0xx00x Thm: If digit, then transpose
row/column all zeros, A-1 = 1det⁡(A)adj A
A=L×U det(A) = 0
STEPS: A → U = E-1…U Cramer’s Rule
If identical
E-1… = L row/columns, det(A) x1 = det⁡(Ai)det⁡(A)
=0
STEPS: Ai obtained by X-1AX = D
replacing ith column of
A by b (solution)
Eigenvalues/Eigenvecto
rs
1. λ is eigenvalue of A
2. (A – λI)x=0 has nontrivial
soln.
3. N(A – λI)x ≠ {0}
4. A – λI is singular
5. det(A – λI) = 0
Similar Matrices
B similar to A if exists
nonsingular matrix S such
that B = S-1AS
Matrix: idempotent if A2
=A
nilpotent if Ak = 0
Diagonalization