GROUP 8 Continuous Belt
Trash racks- (40-150 mm) to prevent logs, stumps and
large heavy debris from entering
treatment process.
Bar racks or coarse screens
- (6-75mm) to remove large solids, rags,
and debris. Typically used in WWTP
Fine Screens
- (1.5-6mm) to remove small solids.
Typically follows a coarse screens.
Very fine screens
- (0.25-1.5mm) To reduce suspended
solids near primary treatment level.
Micro screens
- (1micrometer-0.3mm) Used in
conjunction with very fine screens for
effluent polishing.
BAR RACK CLEANING MECHANISMS
Chain-Driven – front-cleaned, front return chain
driven screens are more efficient in
retaining captured solids.
- Seldom used for plants receiving
combined sewage
Reciprocating Rake
- Front cleaned, front return. Effective
in capture and discharge of screening
without carryover.
- Advantage: all parts requiring
maintenance above the water line.
- Disadvantage: requirement for a high
overheard clearance to accommodate
the raking mechanism.
Catenary Screen
- Front cleaned, front return chain-
driven screen.
- It has no submerged sprockets.
- It can handle heavy object and it has a
large footprint.
- Can handle both fine and coarse
solids.
- No submerged sprocket.
BAR RACK DESIGN PRACTICE
Capacity and Redundancy
- Two or more mechanically cleaned
screens provided so that one unit may
be taken out of service without
impairing performance
- Design should provide that each unit
can be isolated from others.
Location
- Screens should be installed ahead of
the grit chambers to prevent fouling of
the grit chamber equipment.
Velocities
- Approach velocity should be 0.4m/s to
minimize deposition of solid in the
channel.
- Velocity should through the screen
should be less than 0.9 m/s at peak
flow rates to minimize forcing of
material through the screen.
- Sizing the channel for velocity control
by widening the channel at the screen.
Channels
- Dual channels must be provided,
typically constructed in concrete.
- Must capable of being isolated by the
use of slide gates or recess in the
channel walls for the insertion of stop
plates or stop logs.
- Stop log is derived from the early use
of wooden logs set in groove to stop
the water flow.
- Modern stop plates are made of
extruded aluminum.
- Channel invert should be 75-150mm
below the invert of incoming sewer
- Fillets are provided to minimize the
accumulation of solids.
 grind the solids and return them to
Fine Screen the flow.

Fine Screen Options

- Screen size (opening ) is often based n Coarse solids reduction common devices
the downstream process to be
employed. Comminutors

Band Screens – uses a stationary horizontal screen to

intercept the solids in the flow
- Perforated panels attached to a drive
chain act as screening mechanism. Macerators

Bar Screens - Slow-speed grinders that typically use

- Similar to bar racks but with finer
openings.
Grinders
Drum Screens
- Screening medium is mounted on a
cylinder that rotates in a flow channel.
Step Screens
- Design consists of two step-shaped
sets of thin vertical plates.
Fine Screen Design Practice
Location
- Placed downstream of coarse screens.
Velocities
two sets of counter rotating blade
assemblies.
- Pulverize the solids by a high-speed
rotating assembly.
Design Considerations
- Located downstream of grit chambers
- Placed ahead of grit chambers to
prevent rags, bags and other debris
from fouling the grit removal
equipment.
- Typical headloss is 100-300mm can
approach 900mm in large units at
max.flows.
- Sold as stand-alone devices.

- Average approach velocity= 0.6-

1.2m/s
- Should be greater than 0.3m/s at low
flow and less than 1.4m/s at peak
flow.

Channels

- Depth is 7.5-9m.

Materials

- Typically made of stainless steel (bars,

mesh or wedge wire)

Coarse Solids

Coarse Solids Reduction

- An alternative to capturing coarse

solids on bar racks and/or screens is to
use a mechanical device to shred or
 Group 9
Grit Removal
- Provided to protect mechanical
equipment from abrasion and wear.
- Reduce the formation of deposits in
pipelines and channels
- Reduce the frequency of digester
cleaning that is required because of
accumulated grit
- To separate the grit from organic
material in the wastewater.
Four general types of grit removal system
Horizontal-flow grit chambers
- Velocity-controlled channel.
- Velocity is controlled by a proportional
weir or Parshall flume
Detritus Tanks
- Square horizontal flow grit chamber
- The tanks Is basically a sedimentation
basin with a very short detention time.
Aerated Grit Chambers
- Air is introduced along one side of the
tank near the bottom and causes a
spiral roll pattern perpendicular to the
flow though the tank.
Vortex-flow Grit Chambers
- Rely on a mechanically induced vortex
to capture grit.
Aerated Grit Chambers
Advantages
• Efficiency constant over wide range of flow
• Headloss is minimal
• Organic content can be controlled by air rate
• Chamber can be used to add and mix chemicals
Disadvantages
• Power consumption is high
• Labor required for air system maintenance
• Labor for grit removal equipment maintenance
• Odor may be an issue
Vortex Grit Chambers
Advantages
• Efficiency constant over wide range of flow
• Energy efficient
• Headloss is minimal
Disadvantages
• Proprietary design
• Compaction of grit
• Turbine blades may collect rags
Factors to be considered in Grit Chambers
1.Capacity and Redundancy
- Aerated grit chambers must be able to pass the
extreme peak hydraulic flow rate with the largest
unit out of service.
2.Location
- grit chamber is placed downstream of coarse
screens or mechanical coarse solids reduction
devices.
3.Detention Time
- Detention times ranging from 3.6 to 7.8 minutes
at average flow conditions have been reported to
achieve efficiencies. Longer detention times
improve grit removal.
4.Geometry
- The shape of the grit chamber is designed to
enhance the spiral roll of the wastewater as it
passes through the chamber.
5.Baffles
- Four types of Baflles; Inlet, Outlet, Intermediate,
and Longitudinal The first three types of baffle are
used to prevent short circuiting of the flow
through the tank while the Longitudinal is used in
conjunction with the air supply to control the roll
pattern.

6.Air Supply

- They are typically placed 0.6 to 1 m above the

bottom of the chamber. The air supply should be
isolated from other treatment plant aeration
requirements to facilitate process control.

7. Velocities

– for efficient removal of grit the velocity across

the bottom of the tank should be less than 0.15
m/s

8. Quantities and Characteristic of Grit

- The type of sewer system (separate or

combined), and characteristics of the drainage
area, including soil type, industry type, use of
garbage grinders, and so on, will affect both the
quantity and character of the grit.

9. Grit Sump

- The volume of the grit sump at the bottom of the

grit chamber should be designed based on the
anticipated maximum load, efficiency of collection,
and grit removal frequency.

10.Grit Removal Equipment

-Four Methods of Removing Grit; Inclined Screw -

These systems discharge a very dry grit. Clamshell
buckets - This system provides inconsistent grit
removal and requires discontinuing flow to the
chamber during grit removal, lacks effective
dewatering and washing. Pumping System - Offers
the advantage of a small footprint. However, the
piping and valves require intensive maintenance.

11.Residual Management

12.Design Criteria for Aerated Grit Chambers

13.Design Tools