Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Differentiation is the most crucial topic in calculus. In order to solve most of

differentiation questions, it is important to know the basic concept such as chain rule, product
rule and quotient rule. Let us review the fundamental concept before we can really go into the
application of differentiation.

The chain rule can be formulated as below:

dy dy du
= × where u=u ( x ) .
dx du d x

The product rule can be formulated as below:

Let u(x ) and v( x) be the function of variable x and y=f ( x )=u ∙ v then

dy du dv
=v +u ∨ y ' =v u' +u v ' .
dx dx dx

The quotient rule can be formulated as below:

u
Let u(x ) and v( x) be the function of variable x and y=f ( x )= then
v

du dv
v −u
dy dx dx ' v u ' −uv '
= ∨ y = .
dx v2 v2

Example 1 Find the differentiation of y= √ 3 x 2−4 x+ 9 .

1
Solution Let u=3 x 2−4 x +9 and y= (u ) 2

From the chain rule,

−1
du 4∧dy 1 2
=6 x− = u
dx du 2
−1
dy dy du 1
= × = u
dx du dx 2 ( ) 2
× ( 6 x−4 )

−1
dy 1
[ 2
]
= ( 3 x −4 x +9 ) 2 ( 6 x −4 ) .
dx 2

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

3 dy
Example 2 Given y=e2 x−x . Find dx .

Solution:

dy
Example 3 Given y=sin ( 2 x +1 ) . Find .
dx

Solution:

dy
Example 4 Given y=ln ( x5 + cos x ) . Find .
dx

Solution:

dy
Example 5 Given y=2 x 3 e−5 x. Find .
dx

Solution: Let u=2 x 3 and v=e−5 x .

du x∧dv
=6 =−5 e−5 x
dx dx

dy du dv
=v +u =e−5 x ∙ 6 x + (−5 e−5 x ) ∙ 2 x 3
dx dx dx

dy
=6 x e−5 x −10 x 3 e−5 x .
dx

x 2−x dy
.
Example 6 Given y= . Find
ln x dx

Solution: Let u=x2 −x and v=ln x .

du 1∧dv 1
=2 x− =
dx dx x

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

du dv 1
v −u ln x ( 2 x−1 ) −( x 2−x )
dy dx dx x
= =
dx v 2
( ln x ) 2

dy ( 2 x−1 ) ln x−( x−1 )

= .
dx ( ln x )2

3
1 1 dy 2 1 2

(
y= x + 2
x
2
) { ( dx )(
=3 2 x − 3 x 2 + 2
x x )}
2 y=tan ( 3 x 2+ 4 )
{ dydx =6 x sec (3 x + 4)}
2 2

3 y=x 3 e 5 x
{ dydx =3 x e
2 5x
+5 e 5 x x3 }
4 y=ln ( 2−x + x−3 ) −4
dy (−1−3 x )
{ =
dx ( 2−x+ x−3 ) }
5 2 √x 1
y=
1−x
{ dy √ x
=
+√x

dx ( 1−x )2 }
1.2 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

The implicit differentiation is the procedure of differentiate any implicit function, f (x , y )

with respect to desired independent variable of x while treating the other dependent variables as
unspecific function of x . The functions below are some of the example of implicit function.

x 2+ 2 xy − y 2=3 , sin xy =3 x−2∨e2 xy =ln x−x 3.

Let consider simple function in order to understand implicit differentiation.

Example 7 Differentiate these function with respect to x.

a) u= y 5
b) w=e 3 t
c) f =cos 2 θ

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

Solution:

du dy
a) =5 y 4 .
dx dx

dw dt
b) =3 e 3 t .
dx dx

df dθ
c) =−2 sin2 θ .
dx dx

Example 8 Differentiate these function with respect to x.

a) f ( t ,θ )=e 2 t sin 3θ .
1
b) w ( u , v )=u 3 v 4 .
ln y
c) z ( x , y )= 2 .
x −1

Solution:

df dt dθ 2 t dt dθ
a)
dx (
= 2 e2 t
dx )
sin 3 θ+ 3 cos 3θ
dx( )
e =( 2 e2 t sin 3 θ ) + ( 3 e 2 t sin 3θ ) .
dx dx

−2 1 −2 1
dw 1 du 4 dv 3 1 du ( )dv
b) = u
dx 3 ( 3
dx ) (
v + 4 v3
dx
u = u
3 ) ( 3
v4 ) dx
+ 4 u 3 v3
dx
.

( x 2−1 ) 1 dy −2 x ln y
c) dz = y dx
=
1 dy 2 x ln y
− .
dx 2
( x −1 )
2
y ( x −1 ) dx ( x 2−1 )
2 2

Example 9 Differentiate implicitly x 2+ 2 xy − y 2=3.

d 2
( x + 2 xy − y 2 )= d ( 3 )
dx dx

d 2
( x ) +2 d ( xy )− d ( y 2) =0
dx dx dx

dy dy
(
2 x+2 y+ x
dx )
−2 y =0
dx

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

dy dy
2x −2 y =−2 x−2 y
dx dx

dy −2 x−2 y −( x+ y )
= =
dx 2 x−2 y ( x− y )

dy
Example 10 Find if sin xy=3 x−2.
dx

Solution:

d d
( sin xy )= ( 3 x−2 )
dx dx

( y + x dydx )cos xy =3
dy
y cos xy + x cos xy =3
dx

dy 3− y cos xy
= .
dx x cos xy

Example 11 Given . Find dy .

2 xy 3
e =ln x−x
dx

Solution:

d 2 xy d
( e ) = ( ln x−x 3 )
dx dx

dy 2 xy 1
(
2 y+x
dx)e = −3 x 2
x

dy 1
2 x e 2 xy = −3 x 2−2 y
dx x

1
−3 x 2−2 y
dy x
= .
dx 2 x e 2 xy

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

1 x + x 2 y + y 3=100 dy −1−2 xy
{ =
dx x 2+ 3 y 2 }
2 2 x2 + y 2=3 e xy dy 3 y −2 x
{ =
dx 2 y−3 x e xy }
3 ln ( 3 xy )=sin x−cos y 1

{ dy
=
dx 1
cos x−

y
−sin y
x
}
2 2
4 x e x + y =5 2
dy −( 2 x +1 )
{ dx
=
2 xy }
5 2 x +3 y
x2 + y2
=9
{ dydx = 1−6
6 x−1
y}

1.3 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

1.3.1 First Order Partial Differential Equation

In calculus, partial derivative of function with several variables is its derivatives with
respect to one of those variables where others variables is held as a constant. Partial derivative
is used in approximation error, vector calculus and differential geometry.

The partial derivative of a function f with respect to the variable x is variously denoted by

∂f ∂ f (x , y)
f x∨ ∨ ∨D x .
∂x ∂x

Let say, we have a function, with two variables, x and y;

f ( x , y )=x 2+ 2 xy + y 2 .

Then, we do partial derivative on f (x , y ) , that is differentiate f (x , y ) with respect to x while

variable y must be the constant.

Then we can obtain,

∂f ∂ ∂ ∂
=f x = ( x 2 ) + ( 2 xy ) + ( y 2)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x

∂f
=2 x+ 2 y ( 1 ) +0
∂x

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

∂f
=f x =2 x +2 y .
∂x

If we differentiate f (x , y ) with respect to y, then variable x must be the constant, hence will get

∂f ∂ 2 ∂
=f y = ( x ) + ( 2 xy )+ ∂ ( y 2 )
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y

∂f
=f y =0+2 x(1)+2 y
∂y

f y =2 x+ 2 y .

Example 12 Find f x , f y ∧f z if given f ( x , y , z )=2 x e y + y ln z−x 3 z 2 .

y 3
Solution: Then f x =2 e y −3 x e z 2 , f y =2 x e y +ln z and f z = −2 z x .
z

1.3.2 Higher Order and Mixed Partial Differential Equation

Let consider a function of two variables, f (x , y ), the first order of partial derivatives can
be done with respect to x∨ y . Then, for second order partial derivatives, we can have 4 possible
cases, that is,

∂ ∂f ∂2 f
( f x ) x =f xx = ( ) = 2
∂x ∂x ∂x

∂ ∂f ∂2 f
( f x ) y =f xy= ( ) =
∂ y ∂x ∂ y ∂ x

∂ ∂f ∂2 f
( f y ) x =f yx= ( ) =
∂x ∂ y ∂ x∂ y

∂ ∂f ∂2 f
( f y ) y =f yy = ( )= 2
∂y ∂ y ∂ y

Example 13 Find f xx , f yy , f xy and f yx if given f ( x , y )=3 x 2−e 2 y +2 xy .

Solution:

f x =6 x +2 y , f y =−2 e 2 y + 2 x

f xx =6 , f yy =−4 e2 y

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

∂
( f x ) y = ∂ y ( 6 x +2 y )=2 ,

∂ 2y
( f y ) x = ∂ x (−2 e + 2 x ) =2.

Example 14 Find f xx , f yy , f xy and f yx if given f ( x , y )=x 2 y + x sin y .

Solution:

Example 15 Find f xx , f yy , f xy and f yx if given f ( x , y )=8 x 2 y 3−3 x y−2 .

Solution:

Partial derivatives also can be done implicit way when you have implicit function as example
below.

∂f ∂f
Example 16 Find the value of and at the point ( 4 ,−5 ).
∂x ∂y

f ( x , y )=x 2+3 xy + y −1

Solution:

∂f
=2 x+ 3 y
∂x

∂ f ( 4 ,−5 )
=2 ( 4 ) +3 (−5 )=−7.
∂x

∂f
=3 x +1
∂y

∂ ( 4 ,−5 )
=3 ( 4 ) +1=13.
∂x

∂z
Example 17 Determine if the equation is
∂x

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

yz−ln z =x+ y .

Solution: The function is define z as dependent variable and x , y are the independent
variables.

∂ ∂ ∂
( yz )− ( ln z )= ( x+ y )
∂x ∂x ∂x

∂z 1 ∂z ∂ ∂
y − = ( x )+ ( y )
∂ x z ∂ x ∂x ∂x

( y − 1z ) ∂∂ xz =1
∂z 1
= .
∂x 1
y−
z

∂2 f
∂f ∧∂2 f
Find , ∂ f ∂2 f ∂ 2 f ∂ x ∂ y
, 2, 2 ,
.
∂x
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂ y∂x

1. f ( x , y )=( x 2−1 ) ( y +2 ) { f x =2 xy + 4 x∧f y =x 2−1 }

{ f xx =2 y + 4 , f yy=0 , f yx =f xy =2 x }
2. f ( x , y )=e (2 x +3 y+1) { f x =2 e2 x+3 y+1∧f y =3 e 2 x+ 3 y+1 }
{ f xx=4 e 2 x+3 y+1∧f yy =9 e 2 x+3 y +1 }
{ f xy=f yx=6 e2 x+3 y+1 }
3. f ( x , y )=ln ( x+ y )
{f = x+1 y ∧f = x+1 y }
x y

−1 −1
{f xx =
( x+ y ) 2
∧f yy =
( x + y )2 }
−1
{f yx=f x y =
( x+ y )2 }
4. f ( x , y )=sin ( x−3 y ) { f x =cos ( x−3 y )∧f y =−3 cos ( x −3 y ) }

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

{ f xx=−sin ( x−3 y )∧f yy =9 sin ( x −3 y ) }

{ f yx=f xy=−3 sin ( x−3 y ) }

5. f ( x , y )=e xy ln y e xy
{ xy
f x = y e ln y∧f y =x e ln y+
xy
y }
x e xy x xy
{ 2 xy
f xx = y e ln y∧f yy =x e ln y +
xy 2
2

xy
xy

xy
y
+ e
y }
{ f yx =f xy=e ln y+ x e ln y +e }

1.3.3 Applications of Differentiation.

Total differential is the derivative of a function with several variables and involved the partial
differentiation of each variables, example, let f (x , y , z) and x ( t ) , y ( t ) and z ( t );

df ∂ f ∂f ∂f
= dx+ dy + dz∨¿
dt ∂ x ∂y ∂z

df ∂ f dx ∂ f dy ∂ f dz
= ∙ + ∙ + ∙
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt ∂ z dt

Example 18 Find the total differential of w ( x , y )=x 2+ y 2 .

∂w ∂w
Solution: The total differential, dw= ∙ dx + ∙ dy .
∂x ∂y

∂w ∂w
=2 x−3 y , =−3 x +2 y
∂x ∂y

dw=( 2 x−3 y ) dx + (−3 x +2 y ) dy .

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

1.3.3.1 Optimization ( Maximum/Minimum problems )

Example 19 Determine the smallest perimeter possible for a rectangle whose area is 16 cm2.

Solution: Area of rectangle, A=xy=16.

16
y= .
x

Then, perimeter of the rectangle, P=2 x +2 y .

16
Substitute y= into perimeter;
x

32
P=2 x + =2 x +32 x−1 (i)
x

Differentiate Equation (i),

dP
=2−32 x−2 (ii)
dx

dp
Find the critical point, =0 ;
dx

2−32 x−2=0

32
=2
x2

x 2=16

x=± 4

Differentiate once again Equation (ii) to determine whether the critical value is the maximum or
the minimum one,

d2 P −3
2
=64 x
dx

If x=−4,

d2 P 64
2
= =−1
dx (−4 )3

If x=4,

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

d 2 P 64
= =1
d x 2 ( 4 )3

d2 P
Since >0 then we choose x=4 as the minimum critical point.
d x2

Find the y-dimension of the rectangle when x=4,

16
y= =4 .
4

Therefore, the smallest possible perimeter is

P=2 x +2 y=2 ( 4 )+ 2 ( 4 )=16 cm.

Example 20 As a designer, you are asked to design a 1 l can shaped like a right circular
cylinder. Determine the dimensions will use the least material.

Solution: Volume of a can, V =π r 2 h=1 l=1000 cm3 .

Surface area of a can, A=2 π r 2 +2 πrh .

From the volume, we obtain,

1000
h=
π r2

500
Then, substitute h= into the surface area, we get
π r2

A=2 π r 2 +2 πr
( 1000
πr )
2

A=2 π r 2 + ( 2000
r )
2
=2 π r +2000 r −1

Differentiate the surface area function,

dA
=4 πr−2000 r −2
dr

Find the critical point of r variable,

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

dA
=4 πr−2000 r −2=0
dr

2000
4 πr =
r2

2000
r 3=
4π

2000
r=
√
3

4π
≈ 5.42 .

To determine which is the minimum or maximum critical point, differentiate once again;

d2 A −3
2
=4 π +4000 r
dr

2000
If r =
√
3

4π
=5.42, then

d2 A 2000
2
=4 π + ,(+ve value )
dr (5.42 )3

Therefore, we choose r =5.42,

1000
h= =10.84 cm.
π ( 5.42 )2

1 Find the smallest perimeter possible for a rectangle which area is 16 cm 2. Determine the
dimension. { 16 cm ; x=4 , y =4 }

2 An open-top is to be made by cutting small congruent squares from the corners of a

12 cm by 12 cm sheet of tin and bending up the sides. How large should the squares cut
from the corners be to make the box hold as much as possible?
{ 12 8 cm3 ; 2 cm }
3 A rectangular plot of farmland will be bounded on one side by a river and on the other
three sides by a single-strand electric fence. With 800 m of wire at your disposal, what is
the largest area you can enclose and what are its dimensions?
{ 80,000 m2 ; lenght =400 m ; width=200 }
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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

4 You are designing a rectangular poster to contain 50 cm 2 of printing with a 4 cm margin

at the top and bottom and a 2 cm margin at each side. Determine the overall dimensions
will minimize the amount of paper used. { 9 cm ×18 cm }

5 Your iron works has contracted to design and build a 500 ft 3 , square-based, open-top,
rectangular steel holding tank for a paper company. The tank is to be made by welding
thin stainless steel plates together along their edges. As the production engineer, your
job is to find dimensions for the base and height that will make the tank weigh as little
as possible. What dimensions do you tell the shop to use?
{ edges of the base=10 ft∧depth=5 ft }

1.3.3.2 Rates of change

Generally we can obtain the rates of change of many problems by using the total
differential equation where if given that z=f ( x , y , z ) then the rates of change is

df ∂ f dx ∂ f dy ∂ f dz
= + + .
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt ∂ z dt

Example 21 The height of a right circular cone is increasing at 3 mm/ s and its radius is
decreasing at 2 mm/ s. Determine the rate at which the volume is changing , correct to 3
significant figures, when the height is 3.2 cm and the radius is 1.5 cm.

Solution:

1 2
Volume of a right circular cone, V = π r h .(i)
3

From the total differential, the rate of change in volume is

dV ∂V dr ∂ V dh
= + .(ii)
dt ∂ r dt ∂ h dt

dh
Given that the height is increasing, =+3 mm/ s=+0.3 cm/s .
dt

dr
Also, the radius is decreasing, =−2 mm/ s=¿−0.2 cm/s ¿.
dt

From Equation (i), use partial derivative;

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

∂V 2 πrh∧∂V 1 2
= = πr .
∂r 3 ∂h 3

Then substitute into Equation (ii),

dV 2 πrh
= (−0.2 ) + π r 2 ( 0.3 )
dt 3

When r =1.5∧h=3.2 ;

dV −0.4
= π ( 1.5 ) ( 3.2 )+ 3 π ( 1.5 )2=−1.304 cm3 /s .
dt 3

Therefore, the rate of change of volume is decreasing at 1.304 cm 3 / s .

1
Example 22 The area A of a triangle is given by A= ac sin B, where B is the angle
2
between sides a and c. If a is increasing at 0.4 units /s, c is decreasing at 0.8 units /s and
B is increasing at 0.2 units/ s, find the rate of change of the area of the triangle, correct to
π
3 significant figures, when a is 3 units, c is 4 units and B is rad .
6

Solution:

Given the area of a triangle,

1
A= ac sin B .(i)
2

da dc s∧dB
Also, =+0.4 units /s , =−0.8 unit / =+ 0.2unit / s .
dt dt dt

From the formula of area, we obtain the total differential

dA ∂ A da ∂ A dc ∂ A dB
= + + (ii)
dt ∂ a dt ∂ c dt ∂ B dt

Use the partial derivative,

∂A 1 ∂A 1 ∂A 1
= c sin B , = a sin B , = ac cos B .
∂a 2 ∂c 2 ∂B 2

Substitute into Equation (ii),

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

dA 1 1 1
= c sin B ( 0.4 ) + a sin B (−0.8 )+ ac cos B ( 0.2 )
dt 2 2 2

π
When a=3 units , c=4 units∧B= ,
6

dA 1 π 1 π 1 π
= ( 4 ) sin
dt 2 6()
( 0.4 ) + ( 3 ) sin
2 ()
6
(−0.8 ) + ( 3 ) ( 4 ) cos
2 6()
( 0.2 )=0.839 unit 2 /s .

1.3.3.3 Small Increment and Approximation

The approximation or small increment (small changes) of any model or function, let say
f ( x , y , z ) can be obtained by

∂f ∂f ∂f
δf ≈ δx + δy + δz .
∂x ∂y ∂z

Example 23 Pressure p and volume V of a gas are connected by the equation

p V 1.4=k .(i)

Determine the approximate percentage error in k when the pressure is increased by 4 % and the
volume is decreased by 1.5 %.

Solution:

From the total differential, we can obtain the approximate percentage error equation,

∂k ∂k
δk ≈ δp+ δV .(ii)
∂p ∂V

Use partial derivative on Equation (i),

∂ k V 1.4 ∧∂ k 0.4
= =1.4 p V
∂p ∂V

There is 4% of pressure increased, then the changes in pressure is δp=+ 4 %p=0.04 p .

There is also 1.5% of volume decreased, then changes in volume is δV =−1.5 %V =−0.015 V .

Substitute in Equation (ii),

δk ≈V 1.4 ( 0.04 p ) +1.4 pV 0−4 (−0.015V )

≈ p V 1.4 [ 0.04+1.4 (−0.015 ) ]

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 Chapter 1 Advanced Differentiation

≈ 0.019 pV 1.4 ≈ 0.019 k .

Thus, the approximate error in k is increased by 1.9%.

Example 24 Modulus of rigidity

R4 θ 4 −1
G= =R θ L ( i)
L

where R is the radius, θ is the angle of twist and L is the length. Determine the approximate
percentage error in G when R is increased by 2 %, θ is reduced by 5 % and L is increased by
4 %.

Solution:

From the total differential, we can obtain the approximate percentage error equation,

∂G ∂G ∂G
δG ≈ δR + δθ + δL .(ii)
∂R ∂θ ∂L

From Equation (i), use partial derivative to get

−1
∂G 3 −1 ∂ G 4 L ∧∂ G 4 −2
=4 R θ L , =R =−R θL .
∂R ∂θ ∂L

There is 2% of radius increased, then the changes in radius is δR=+ 2%R=0.02 R .

There is 5% of the angle decreased, then the changes in angle is δθ=−5%θ=−0.05θ .

There is 4% of the length increased, then the changes in the length is δL=+ 4 %L=0.04 L.

Substitute into Equation (ii),

δG ≈ 4 R3 θ L−1 ( 0.02 R ) + R4 L−1 (−0.05 θ ) + (−R 4 θL−2 ) ( 0.04 L )

δG ≈ 0.08 R 4 θ L−1 −0.05 R 4 θ L−1−0.04 R 4 θ L−1

δG ≈−0.01 R4 θ L−1 ≈−0.01 G

Thus, the approximate error in G is decreased by 1%.

17