1.

Basic Definitions and Principles

VOR (Very High Omni Directional Range) is one of the air navigation equipment
recommended by ICAO and is introduced as a tool to guide aircraft in short and medium
distances.

VOR (VHF omnidirectional range) is a flight navigation facility that works using radio
frequencies in the range 108 Mhz - 118 Mhz and installed at a certain location within or
outside the airport environment that serves to provide information azimuth, bearing aircraft
against VOR.

The VOR principle is the measurement of a phase angle of two 30 Hz signals emitted by
the station. One signal (reference signal) is radiated at a fixed phase in all directions. The
second 30 Hz signal (variable signal) depends on the phase change caused by the transmitted
signal surrounding the reference signal which results in azimuth.

Using the VOR receiver installed on the pilot aircraft will get DVOR information as follows

a. Azimuth plane against the ground beacon is the angle between magnetic north and the
direction of the ground beacon towards the plane.

b. Bearing that indicates the aircraft flies to the right or left

c. To / From that indicates the aircraft is approaching DVOR or away from DVOR

2. VOR METHOD

RF Signal is radiated by VOR modulated with two 30 Hz sine wave signals. The two 30
Hz signals have a phase relationship depending on which direction the signal was received.
The phase relationship is identical to the angle between the plane's North relative direction to
the Ground Beacon (azimuth). 30 Hz reference signal and 30 Hz variable signal modulated in
different ways. The reference signal modulates the subcarrier fo ± 9960 Hz with a change of
± 480 Hz.

Subcarriers are then emitted as amplitude modulation with modulated 30% polarized
horizontally with an omni directional characteristic. Carrier fo modulated also with ident
(1020 Hz) and also Voice (300 - 3000 Hz).

Variable signal For observers in distant regions, the frequency of the sideband will
change at 30 Hz (due to the Doppler effect). The sub-carrier is therefore modulated by 30 Hz
in FM. The sub-carrier is then air-stimulated to the VHF carrier. Because of this rotation of
the sideband antenna, the phase of the variable signal is different for different positions of the
plane.

This phase of the variable signal is compared with the phase of the reference signal, so
the phase difference that occurs is bearing / azimuth information. Bearing information is the
separation of two 30 Hz signals and measuring the phase difference between them. Bearings
of aircraft regarding VOR stations must be between 00 and 3600.

The phase difference between the two signals must also be between 00 and 3600. This
means that the phase difference between the two 30 Hz signals is to directly represent the
aircraft's bearings. The azimuth angle 0˚ (North) has a phase difference between 2 signals is
0˚. Azimuth 180˚ (South) angle has a phase difference of 180˚. With azimuth angle 90˚ (East)
has a phase difference of 90˚, and with azimuth angle 270˚ (west) is 270˚. Figure 2 shows the
phase difference produced by a fixed reference signal and a variable signal emitting from
different directions.

 
 3. DOPPLER EFFECT

The Doppler effect is an effect caused by changes in the frequency received by the
observer where if the source approaches the receiver then the frequency received is also
greater, whereas if the source moves away from the receiver the frequency received is also
smaller. This Doppler effect is applied to DVOR analysis.
 Ttat figure shows that the frequency with the Doppler effect. If Omni directional
antenna A orbits mechanically counterclockwise, the frequency is measured by two observers
B1 and B2 which will increase or decrease according to the Doppler effect, and also depend
on approaching or moving away from the antenna. Deviation frequency Δf is a function of
the orbital frequency fn, Diameter D of the orbit and wavelength λ, all of which have
relationships that can be formulated as

If A starts orbiting at point 1 and continues to 2 and so on, the frequency received by
observers B1 and B2 will change. If the reference signal with the same frequency is emitted
at the same time automatically, the middle antenna M, the phase angle between the reference
signal (antenna M) and the changing frequency (antenna A) will correspond to the azimuth
(observer position). The relationship of the phase signals M and A to each other as azimuth.
Magnetic north reference point, where both signals are in phase.

The general equation of the Doppler effect can be expressed in terms of

V ±V P
f P= (fS)
V ±V S

Where fp = frequency received by the listener

               Fs = source frequency
               Vp = freshener speed (m / s)
               Vs = speed of sound source (m / s)
V = velocity of sound propagation in air

The picture
above shows the source S rotates at the number of revolutions per second that remains
around the circle with radius r. The direction of movement of S always changes, the
speed also changes. (fixed speed magnitude). Regarding the state of S at point A. The
source S moves in the direction indicated by the velocity vector Vsa. The distance
between S and O does not change. It means that the frequency received by O in this
situation is not modified by the doppler effect.
The same conditions occur at position C. At position B or D, the doppler effect is
more indicated because the speed of change between S and O is greater. At B, source
S moves away from O in a straight line. At D, the source S moves towards O in a
straight line. In the general state when S is at a point on the circle, say point E. From
this analysis will produce an equation

Where: Vs = speed
  ω = angular velocity = 2πf (frequency orbitals)
 r = radius

From here the equation becomes:

                                                VSX = ω r (-sin θ)

Where: ω = 2 π f = 6.28 x frequency orbitals

             θ = the angle measured counter-clockwise from observer (O) to (S) source

Furthermore, the depth of the modulation can be measured with certain limits, with its
normal standard ie
1. 30 Hz modulation signal = 30%
2. 9960 Hz modulation = 30%
3. 9960 Hz deviation = 16
4. Voice = 30%
5. Identity code =
10%
 4. BLENDING FUNCTION
Blending Function is a method of combining RF Signal, where the waveforms are
produced separately by odd and even antennas (sequentially in a certain amount) and overlap
with each other emitted electronically switching, so that it will produce a source of RF waves
that move smoothly with each other between one antenna with another antenna. (in this case
RF is generated by Sideband Antenna DVOR).

The way the blending function is formed is, if you use Double sideband (f0 + f1 and f0 -
Vsradiation
f1), two sidebands whose = ω r focal points orbit in the same direction are emitted by
Vs = ω r
antennas opposite each other in the orbit. To achieve this effect the antenna switching unit
activates the sideband 1 USB antenna and the sideband 25 lower sidebands simultaneously.

When antenna 1 and 25 reach the peak of radiation, and before descending adjacent
antennas 2 and 26 are activated and when it reaches the peak of radiation before it falls
dramatically the antenna beams 3 and 27 reappear and so on. The method of activation of the
sideband antenna and modulation produces a sideband signal continuously, orbiting almost
all focal points of the USB beam and LSB
DESCRIPTION OF DVOR DIAGRAM BLOCK