ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD
CETA

ELECTRONICS FUNDAMENTALS - 2
ECE 364

LABORATORY MANUAL

Dr A.A. ILUMOKA Prof of ECE 1

 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

Table of Contents

Experiment Page No

1. Two Stage Bipolar CE Amplifier 3

2. Bipolar Cascode High Frequency Response 5

3. Simulation of Bipolar Differential Amplifier Stage 6
4. RC Active Filters 8
5. Sine Wave Oscillators 11
6. RC Non Sinusoidal Oscillators 12
7. Negative Feedback Amplifier 14

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

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Experiment # 1: Two Stage Bipolar CE Amplifier

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(PRELAB 19PTS, LAB 15PTS, POST LAB ANALYSIS 4 PTS, TOTAL POINTS=38)
Objective: Multistage CE amplifier analysis, design & construction (see fig 1).

PreLab(19 points)
1. Perform manual DC analysis of stage 1 in fig 1 to determine Q point (I C,
IB, IE, VCE, assume VBE = 0.7). Determine small signal parameters for
simple T model at Q point (2points)

2. Perform manual AC analysis of stage1 (decoupled from stage2) to

determine voltage gain Av1, input Ri1 and output resistance Ro1(2points)
3. Reduce stage1 to AC Thevenin equivalent as seen from output (1 point)
4. Perform manual DC analysis of stage2 to determine Q point (I C, IB, IE,
VCE, assume VBE = 0.7). Determine small signal parameters for simple T
model at Q point (2points)
5. Perform manual AC analysis of stage2 (decoupled from stage1) to
determine voltage gain (with load) A v2, input Ri2 and output resistance Ro2
(2points).
6. Using Thevenin / Norton equivalent for stage1 deduced above as
source for stage2, find the overall voltage gain A V of the circuit (load
included). (2points)
7. Perform a SPICE simulation of 2-stage amp (DC, AC and Transient)
using Q2N2222 model. Be careful not to inject too large a signal during
transient simulation to avoid output distortion! For freq domain
simulation, obtain plots of dB gain magnitude versus freq for 1 st stage
only, 2nd stage only, complete amplifier. What are simulated amplifier
bandwidths fH1, f H2 and f H? (8points)

Procedure:
1.1 Construct circuit in fig 1 measure and record DC and AC data in table 1
TABLE 1: Measured Values (15 points)
ECE364 LAB 1 DATA

STAGE 1 DC QPOINT (decoupled from stage 2)

QTY VALUE
IC
VCE
VBE
STAGE 1 AC PERFORMANCE (decoupled from stage 2)
AV
RIN
ROUT

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

STAGE 2 DC QPOINT (decoupled from stage 1)

QTY VALUE
IC
VCE
VBE
STAGE 2 AC PERFORMANCE (decoupled from stage 1)
AV
RIN
ROUT

COMPLETE AMPLIFIER - AC PERFORMANCE

AV
RIN
ROUT

2 STAGE AMP FREQ RESPONSE

1 2 .0 0 V
1 .5 4 5 m A
1 .4 5 0 m A

2 5 6 .1 u A
2 5 6 .0 u A R 6 R 8
R 3
39k 3 .9 k
R 1 3 .9 k C 5
C 2 VO U T
VO U T1 V IN 2 0V
6 .3 4 4 V 2 .0 1 3 V 5 .9 7 6 V 2 .2 u
2 .2 u
1 .4 5 0 m A R 11
39k Q 4
1 .5 4 5 m A
Q 3 8 .2 k
9 .9 2 6 u A Q 2N 3904 0A
C 1 2 .0 1 3 V Q 2N 3904
2 .0 1 8 V -1 .4 6 0 m A -1 .5 5 5 m A 12Vdc
1 .3 3 8 V VC C
0V 1 .3 4 3 V 1 0 .5 4 u A
2 .2 u
0V 1 .4 6 0 m A
V IN R 4 2 4 5 .5 u A 1 .5 5 5 m A
820 R 7 R 9
2 4 6 .0 u A 3 .5 0 7 m A
1 .4 6 0 m A 1 4 6 .0 m V 8 .2 k 680
0 VA 1 R 2 R 5
1Vac C 3 2 7 9 .9 m V
8 .2 k 100 2 .2 u 0V
0Vdc
1 .5 5 5 m A

R 10 C 4
180 2 .2 u

Analysis(4 points)

1. Explain any differences between calculated and measured values of voltage

gains Av1, Av2, Av. (1point)
2. How does input impedance of 2nd stage affect voltage gain of 1st stage?
(1point)
3. The overall voltage gain of this circuit could be obtained by using a single-
stage amplifier. Explain advantages of using two stages. (2points)

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

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Experiment 2: Bipolar Cascode High Frequency Response
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(PRELAB 6PTS, LAB 7PTS, POST LAB ANALYSIS 2PTS, TOTAL POINTS=15)
Objective: To explore cascode amplifier configuration and determine bandwidth
advantages.

PreLab (6 points)

1. Perform manual DC analysis of circuit to determine Q point (I C, IB, IE VCE,

assume VBE = 0.7V). (2points)
2. Perform a SPICE Simulation of circuit (DC, AC) using Q2N2222 model
(freq range 10Hz-100MHz). (4points)

Procedure: (7points)
2.1 Construct and test circuit in fig 2.1 measuring voltage gain Vout/Vi magnitude
freq response from 10Hz to 1MHz (select 25 points/decade, log scale).

Fig 2.1

Figure 2.1
Post-Lab Analysis(2points)
Comment on advantages/disadvantages of Cascode configuration

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

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Experiment # 3: Simulation of Bipolar Differential Amplifier
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(PRELAB 7PTS, LAB 13PTS, TOTAL POINTS=20)
Objective: To investigate characteristics of bipolar differential amp stage.

PreLab(7 points)
1. Compute DC voltages and currents for each transistor. (2points)
2. Obtain small signal model parameter gm, ( = 100, neglect Early effect).
(1point)
3. Estimate small signal differential gains Vo1 / Vdiff and (Vo2 – Vo1) / Vdiff.
(2points)
4. Calculate magnitude of differential input voltage to cause 99% steering of
tail current from Q1 to Q2. (2points)

Procedure: (13points)
3.1 Set up SPICE schematic for differential amplifier shown in fig 3.1
DC Sweep (linear) V1 from –3V to +3V in 0.1V steps, keeping V2 at 0V.
Plot collector currents Ic1 and Ic2 and explain characteristics obtained(3points)
3.2 Compare simulation and manual results for magnitude of differential input
voltage to cause 99% steering of tail current from Q1 to Q2 (3points)
3.3 Construct circuit in fig 3.2 in SPICE for transient simulation.
E1 and E2 are VCVS with gains of 0.5 designed to split differential input
equally between Q1 and Q2. Apply10mV 1KHz diff input using transient
source VSIN, obtain output waveforms Vo1, Vo2. (4points)
3.4 Repeat using AC source VAC for freq domain analysis1Hz -100MHz using
decade sweep; obtain output waveforms Vo1, Vo2 and Vo1 - Vo2. (2points)
3.5 Apply 25% mismatch in RD (fig 3.3) and with zero differential input, observe
differential output offset voltage obtained. (1point)

Figure 3.1 Differential Amplifier with multiple source arrangement

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

Figure 3.2 Differential Amplifier Transient & AC Analysis

Figure 3.3: Differential Amplifier Effect of RD mismatch

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Experiment # 4: RC Active Filters
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(PRELAB 12PTS, LAB 10PTS, POST LAB ANALYSIS 4 PTS, TOTAL POINTS=24)
Objective: To experimentally examine an RC active filter.

PreLab (12 points)

1. Calculate the cutoff frequency of the filter in Figure 4.1. (1point)
2. What is the roll-off rate in dB/decade? (1point)
3. For an input signal of 1Vpeak-peak what is the output signal at cut-off
frequency and at 15KHz? (2points)
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 for Figure 4.2 (3points)
5. Obtain frequency domain SPICE simulation for both circuits. (5points)

Procedure: (10 points)

4.1 Construct circuit in Figure 4.1. Use + 12V supplies for op amps.
Experimentally verify frequency response of circuit. Adjust input amplitude for
an output signal of 10Vpeak-peak at 100KHz. Complete the table 4.1 by adjusting
the frequency of the generator to the values shown. Be sure to monitor the
input to make sure it maintains constant amplitude. (5points)

Freq Vout Vout/Vin (dB)

100Hz
f(cutoff) / 10
250Hz
500Hz
750Hz
1KHz
f(cutoff)
2.5KHz
5KHz
7.5KHz
10KHz
25KHz
50KHz
75KHz
100KHz

Table 4.1

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

Fig 4.1
SECOND ORDER HIGH PASS CIRCUIT
FREQ SWEEP 1HZ - 100KHZ

5 .6 k VD D

U 2

7
3 5
+ O S2

V+
0 .0 2 2 u F 0 .0 2 2 u F VO U T_H P
6
5 .6 k O U T
V IN _ H P 2 1
- O S1

V-
10k
uA741
VS S

4
5 .6 k

10k 0

Fig 4.2
SECOND ORDER LOW PASS CIRCUIT
FREQ SWEEP 1HZ - 100KHZ

0 .0 1 u F
VD D

U 1 7
3 5
+ O S2
V+

2 .2 k 2 .2 k 6 V O U T_LP
0 .0 1 u F O U T
V IN _ L P 2 1
- O S1
V-

uA741 VSS 10k

4

5 .6 k

10k 0

4.2 Construct circuit in Figure 4.2

Adjust input amplitude for output signal of 10V peak-peak at 100Hz. Complete
table 4.2 by adjusting frequency of generator to values shown. Be sure to
monitor input to make sure it maintains constant amplitude. (5points)

Post-Lab Analysis (4 points)

For each filter, draw graph of frequency-response using measured values
( dB Gain v freq). Calculate experimental roll-off rate of filter circuit using
measured values and compare measured response with simulation

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

Freq Vout Vout/Vin (dB)

100Hz
250Hz
500Hz
750Hz
1KHz
2.5KHz
5KHz
f(cutoff)
7.5KHz
10KHz
25KHz
50KHz
10 f(cutoff)
75KHz
100KHz

Table 4.2
HIGH PASS FILTER FREQ RESPONSE
50

-0

-50
HIGH FREQ GAIN=3.83DB CUT OFF FREQ=1.3K

-100

-150
1.0Hz 3.0Hz 10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
DB(M(V(VOUT_HP)/V1(VIN_HP)))
Frequency

LOW PASS FILTER FREQ RESPONSE

20

-0

LOW FREQ GAIN=3.83DB CUT OFF FREQ=8.4KHZ

-20

-40

-60
1.0Hz 3.0Hz 10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
DB(M(V(VOUT_LP))/V1(VIN_LP))
Frequency

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

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Experiment # 5: Sine Wave Oscillators
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(PRELAB 5PTS, LAB 7PTS, POST LAB ANALYSIS 3PTS, TOTAL POINTS=15)
Objective: To calculate and experimentally determine the output frequency of a
Wien-bridge oscillator.

PreLab: (5points)
1. Calculate theoretical output frequency of circuit in Figure 5.1. (3points)
2. Obtain PSPICE simulation of circuit. (2points)

Procedure: (7points)
(1) Construct circuit and adjust potentiometer until circuit oscillates with
minimum distortion.
(2) Use an oscilloscope to examine the wave shape and a frequency counter
to measure the frequency of the output signal. Sketch waveforms(4points)
(3) Turn power off and then back on. Note if circuit was self-starting (re-adjust
potentiometer until output is sinusoidal) (1point)
(4) Measure resistance of potentiometer (2points)

Fig 5.1

Post-Lab Analysis. (3points)

Calculate closed loop gain of Op-Amp with applied negative feedback using
value of potentiometer resistance. Compare simulation results with lab
observations.

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

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Experiment # 6: RC Non Sinusoidal Oscillators
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(PRELAB 4PTS, LAB 10PTS, POST LAB ANALYSIS 2PTS, TOTAL POINTS=16)
Objective: To investigate characteristics of RC Non sinusoidal Oscillators.

Introduction: Multivibrators are circuits whose outputs are bi-state; their outputs
are always at one of two voltage levels. Multivibrators can be divided into three
groups; astable, monostable, and bi-stable. Figure 6.1 shows an astable
multivibrator and Fig 6.2 multivibrator waveforms. Astable multivibrators are free-
running, monostables are one-shots, and bistables flip-flops. Astable stands for
“not stable” since output constantly switches between two states. Output of
astable is a rectangular waveform, no trigger input required. Monostables are
stable in one of two voltage levels - when trigger input is applied, output switches
to unstable state for period of time and then returns to stable state

Prelab: (4points)
1. Calculate time period of circuit (1point)
2. Obtained PSPICE simulation of circuit in time domain and perform Fourier
analysis(2points)
3. Obtain info on 555 timer chip and research its ability to shape
waveforms(1point)

Procedure: (10 points)

6.1 Construct circuit shown below.
Inject a little noise to initiate oscillation if necessary and observe oscillation
at output. Measure frequency of oscillation (5points)
6.2 Obtain a 555-timer chip and connect it as an astable multivibrator of freq
2.67KHz with 41/59 DUTY CYCLE. (see separate handout) (5points)

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.1 (a)

Post-Lab Analysis(2points)
How would you modify circuit to obtain monostable, bistable behavior?

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

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Experiment # 7: Negative Feedback Amplifier
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(PRELAB 13PTS, LAB 14PTS, POST LAB ANALYSIS 3 PTS, TOTAL POINTS=30)
Objective: To design and study characteristics of a negative feed back system.

PreLab: (13 points)

1. Design two-stage amplifier to have an overall gain of A o = 100  xx where xx
are the last two digits of your social security number. Each stage is to supply
√Ao (a tolerance of 5% is permitted). (3points)
2. Simulate in frequency domain to verify design. (2points)
3. Apply negative feedback by selection of Rf to generate closed loop gains of
(a) 0.1Ao
(b) 0.3 Ao
Simulate closed loop case (a) to verify your design. Compute Gain-
Bandwidth product in each case. Examine magnitude and phase plots
in each case and comment on stability. (6points)
4. Examine rise and fall times of output when a square wave input is applied in
the open loop case and the 3 closed loop cases. Comment on and explain
results. (2points)
Procedure: (14 points)
7.1 Connect and verify circuit in Figure 7.1
For Figure 7.1 and for closed-loop cases of Figure 7.2 measure the system
gain and bandwidth. Does the system maintain a constant gain-bandwidth
product? (5points)
7.2 Change gain of open-loop amplifier by 20%. Measure gain of open-loop
and the 2 closed-loop cases. Why is closed-loop system less sensitive to
open-loop gain variations? (3points)

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 ECE364 LAB SPRING 2020

7.3 Excite your nominal design with a square wave input. Measure rise and
fall times of output waveform for open-loop and 2 closed-loop cases.
Under what circumstances does system better reproduce input wave
shape at output? (3points)
7.4 Extra credit: If time permits, introduce noise source at inverting input of
second stage. Design feedback circuit to reduce output noise by factor of
100. What is SNR improvement in dB (Compared with open-loop case)?
(3points)

Post-Lab Analysis: (3 points)

Comment on the benefits of negative feedback in amplifiers

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