Light

A zero shadow day is a day on which the Sun does not cast a shadow of an object at noon, when
the sun will be exactly at zenith. Zero shadow day happens twice in a year for the places
between +23.5 and -23.5 degrees of latitude. Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium is making
arrangements to observe an astronomical event called ZERO SHADOW DAY on 24th
April 2019 at 12:17 hrs.

The magnification equation states that M = Hi/Ho = - Di/Do, where M is the magnification,

Hi is the height of the image, Ho is the height of the object, Di is the distance from the lens to
the image and Do is the distance of the object to the lens. The minus sign signifies the fact
that the image will be inverted.

A refracting telescope (also called a refractor) is a type of optical telescope that uses a

lens as its objective to form an image (also referred to a dioptric telescope). The refracting
telescope design was originally used in spy glasses and astronomical telescopes but is
also used for long focus camera lenses.

A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is a telescope that uses a single or

a combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image. ... Almost all of
the major telescopes used in astronomy research are reflectors.

A radio telescope is a form of radio receiver used in astronomy. In contrast to an

"ordinary" telescope, which receives visible light, a radio telescope "sees" radio waves
emitted by radio sources, typically by means of a large parabolic ("dish") antenna, or arrays
of them.

Indian Space Research Organisation, formed in 1969, superseded the erstwhile

INCOSPAR. ... Throughout the years, ISRO has upheld its mission of bringing space to the
service of the common man, to the service of the Nation. In the process, it has become one
of the six largest space agencies in the world.
 Light

Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different.
The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends
the light ray toward the normal to the boundary between the two media.

Refractive index, also called index of refraction, measure of the bending of a ray of light

when passing from one medium into another. ... Refractive index is also equal to the
velocity of light c of a given wavelength in empty space divided by its velocity v in a
substance, or n = c/v.

The density of the atmosphere is not even and decreases with increasing altitude. At a
result, when sunlight passes through the atmosphere, successive refraction occurs and
bends the sunlight towards the ground.

Total internal reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon that involves the reflection of all the
incident light off the boundary. ... the light is in the more dense medium and approaching the
less dense medium. the angle of incidence is greater than the so-called critical angle.