BA

n?i
;'rd'
b,^
td
t
0
T
J
t
J
 o
Quick Reference: Law Review Footnotes o
This table give s example s of commonly use d citation forms printed in thc type face s
uscd in law revicw footnotes (as explained in rule 2). The last page and insidc back
cover present examples in the typefaces used in court documcnts and legal memo
o
randa (as explained in the Bluepages).
o
Clsns
reporter
rule ro

lackson v. Metro. Edison Co., 348 Supp. 954, 956-58 (M.D.

o
o
F.
rutelo.j Pa.ry7z),aff'd,4gt.zd754(ldCir.rgZt),aff'd,4r9U.S.l+S
(tgt r+).

service
rule 19
/n re Looney, lrgSl-rg$g Transfer Binderl Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH)
lllz,44l (Bankr. WD. Va. Sept. 9, 1988). o
and
pending
unreported
cases
Atbrecht v. Stanczek, No. 8Z-C9515,
at *t n.t (N.D. ltt. Apr. r8, r99r).
r99r U.5. Dist. LEXIS

lackson v. Virginia, No.77-tzo5, stip op. at I (4th Cir. Aug. 3,

5o88,

o
-i.io."., rgZS) (percuriam), aff'd,443U.5. lo7 (rgtil.
Ross v. Weissman, l{o.9o-345 (0. Mass. fited Sept. r8, r99o). o
Cleary v. Rizkalla, 9z5F.zd 314 (1st Cir.19gt),petition for
cert. filed,60 U.S.L.W. l,4zz (U.5. lan. U, r9g2) (No. 9z-zrz). o
Coxsl.nuTroNs
rule 11
N.M. Coxsr. art. lV,5 Z.
o
SrATtnns
code
rule l2'3
-t. tz
Administrative Procedure Act S 6, 5 U.S.C. S 555 (zoo6). o
session laws
r2.4
zz U.S.C. g 2567 (Supp. I 1983).

Department ofTransportation Act, Pub. L. No. 89-67o, S 9, 80 Stat.

o
rule

Lncrsrnfrvn MaTnnnl,s
yt,944-47 $966).

rule r3
o
unenacted bill
rule 13.2(a)
S.5r6, ro5th Cong.5 z (1992). o
hearing
rule 13.3
Transforming the Federol Government To Protect Americo from
Terrorism: Hearing Before the H. Select Comm. on Homeland Sec., o
repoft
roTth Cong. z3-25 (zooz) (statement of.lohn Ashcroft, Att'y Gen.
ofthe United States).
S. REp. No. 95-797, at 4 GglS), as reprinted in r9Z8 U.S.C.C.A.N.
o
rule 13.4

UrupUnrrSHnO Victoria
926o,9261,.

E. Anderson, Company Outing: How Consensual

o
Mm;scnrprs Relationsh p Agreements Adve rsely Affect Homosexua I Em ployees
rule r7.2.r
i

rz (Mar. ry, zoo4) (unpubtished comment) (on file with the

University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law).
o
Lnrmns
rule 17.2.3
Letter from Pierre Arsenault, Exec. Editor, Harvard Law Review, to o
Bryan M. Killian, Supreme Court Chair, Harvard Law Review (Apr. z,
zoo4) (on fite with the Harvard Law School Library).
a
o DEBoRAH L. RHoDE, JusrrcE AND GENDER 56 G989).

O CHARLEs DrcKENs,
Penguin Books
Blelx House 49-55
r97r) (1853).
(Norman Page ed.,

I 21 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILtER, FEDERAL

PRAcrcE AND PRocEDURE S roo6 (zd ed. 1987).

I
pamphlets WoMEN's BUREAU, U.S, Dep'r oF LABoR, LEAFLET No, 55,
rulc l5 A WoRKTNG WoMAN's GU|DE ro HER ,loB RrGHrs 4 (1978).

works in Kay Deaux & Brenda Maiot, A Social-Psychologica! Motdel of

o collection
rule 15.5
Gender, ln TseonerrclL PERspEcflvEs oN SEXUAL DTFFERENcE 89,
89 (Deborah L. Rhode ed., r99o).

I OLf vER WEN DELL HoLMEs, Law

in Couecreo LEGAL PApERs
in Science and Science in Law,
zto, zro Q.gzo).
fohn Adams, Argument and Report, in 2 LEGAL PAeERS oF,oHN

I ADAMs 285,

Pemoorcer MaTERTALS mle

lz2-lS L Kinvin Wroth & Hitter B. Zobel eds., 1965).

| (r

o consecutively
paginated
David Rudovsky, Police Abuse: Can the Violence Be Contained?,
27 HARv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rrv.465, 5oo (1992).

a i-ty$t,
rulc l(t''
Thomas R, McCoy & Barry Friedma n, Conditional Spending:
Federalism'sTrojan Hors-e,1988 sup. cT. REV.45, ioo.

o nonconsecutively Barbara Ward, Progress for a Smalt Planef,

rult,
journals Sept.-Oct. 7979 , at 89,90,
pagin4ted
16.5
HARV, Bus, Rev.,

a .
sruoe nt-
*:tTl--:t* ,
Etten London, Comment,,4 Critigue of the Strict Liability Standard
for Determining Chitd Suppoft in Cases of Male Victims of Sexual
Assault and Statutory Rape, r52 U. PA. L. Rev. 1957, tgsg-61 Qoo,).

a
rule 16.7.1
Note, Ihe Death of a Lawyer, 56 CoLUM. L. Rev. 6o6 (1956).

review , Robert Bork's Grand Inquisition, 99 Ylr-e L.l.

I
book Bruce Ackerman
rulc 1(r.7.2 7479,7422-25 (rggo) (book review)'

newsPaPer Andrew Rosentha[, White House Tutors Kremlin in How a

o rulc |6.6 Presidency Works,N,Y, Ttnnes, lune r5, r99o, at Ar.

Cop Shoots Tire, Halts Stolen Car,S.F. CHRoN., Oct.70 ,1915 , at 43,

I Innnnvrsws
ruk: 17 .?.5
Telephone Interview with Michael Leiter, President, Harvard Law
Review (Oct. zz, t999),

o FonTncolrncc
PUsLrcATrous
Sarah Greenberger, Comment, Enforceable Rights, No Child Left
Behind, and Political Patriotism: A Case for Open-Minded Section

o rulc

Tnr
r7.j 1983 lurisprudence,Tsj U. PA. L. Rev. (forthcoming f an. zoo5).

t
Eric Posner, More on Section 7 ofthe Torture Convention,
Ilrrnmrnt VoLoKH CoNsprnlcv (Jan. 29,2oog, ro:o4 AM), http://www.
rulc | 11.2 volokh.com/ p osts/rz33z4r58.s htm l.

o Tn-netrrs
rule 21.4
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Japan-U.S., art. X,
Apr, z, 1953, 4 U.S.T, 2o63.

o Urvrrnl
NatroNs
OF!'ICIAL RBCORDS
U.N. GAoR, 56th sess., r st plen. mtg. at 3, U,N. Doc. Als6lPv.t
(Sept. rz, zoor).

O rul('21.7. I
 I
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Published and Distributed by
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a
With special editorial assistance on the citations of foreign
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Designed by Dynamic Diagrams

lsBN 928-0-692- 4oo79-7

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O Twentieth Edition

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I
o Preface to the Twentieth Edition

o This edition of Tbe Bluebook retains the same basic approach to legal
citation established by its predecessors. The layout of Tbe Bluebook
has been updated to make the information easier to access. Some cita-

o tion forms have been expanded, elaborated upon, or modilied from pre-
vious editions to reflect the ever-expanding range of authorities used in

o legal writing and to respond to suggestions from the legal community.

Here are some of the more noteworthy changes:

t The Bluepages, introduced in the Eighteenth Edition, have been con-

siderably overhauled for the Twentieth Edition. The Bluepages now
parallel thc Whitepages-helping practitioners cite a broader range of

o soufces and greatly improving cross-references. Typeface rules have

been relaxed to accommodate practitioner use of r.{R(;E ANr) sMAr.r- cAPs.
Bluetable BT2 has also been expanded to include more local court
I citation rules.
In addition to edits for clariry concision, and consistency, theTwentieth

o Edition contains the following significant changes: Rule 1..4(e) clari-

fies the order of authories when federal and state legislative materials

I are citecl together. In rule 1.5(b), the order of parentheticals has been
changed to reflect the removal of the "internal quotation marks omit-
tecf" and "available at" parentheticals. Rule 3.2(A> provides additional

a guidance for citing a range of pages and a single footnote within the
range in the same citation. Rule 3.5 provides guidance on the nam-
ing conventions for subdivisions that are numbered or otherwised des-

o ignated in a piece. Rule 5.2(dXi) no longer requires indicating the

omission of internal quotation marks. Rule 5.2(f) provides guidance

o on the use of internal quotation marks. Rule 1O.2.1(f) requires thc

omission of all geographical terms that follow a comma. Rule 1O.2.2
clarilies that words in a case name that would be abbreviated ie^cord-

I ing to table T6 should not be abbreviated if the words are part of a

state, country, or other geographical unit that is the entire name of a
pafry. Rule l0.9(a)(iii) provides additional guidance on the forma-

o tion of slip opinion short f<rrms. Rule 11 now provides guidance on

the citation of multiple amendments, sections within the same article,

o and clauses within the same section.Rule 12.9.4 combines former

rules 12.9.1 and 12.9.5, provides guidance on citing principles, and
revises the citation fbrmat of model codes, restatements, standards, and

o guidelines. Dean Richard Revesz and Professor Robert Sitkoff provided

valuable advice and assistance in revising this rule . Rule L3.5 clarifies
what year should be cited when a debate occurs in a different year
o from publication in the Congressional Recorcl.Rrile 14.2(b) has been
expanded to include detailed information on citing c()mments to agen-

o cies. Examples of citing guidances and manuals have been included

in rule 14.2(d> as well as detailcd information on citing opinion let-
ters. Rule 14.4 provides detailecl infbrmation on citing administra-

o tive sources found on commercial electronic databases. The citation

firrmats frrr Bar.r.nNtNe's l-tw Dlctton.tnv and Br,lcr's L,tw f)IcLIorl,,rnv
have been updated in rule 15.8(a). Rule 15.9 removes language vtl

o
 O
that requires the use of"available at" in parallel citations. New rule
15.9(c) introduces a citation format for ebooks, stipulating that the
print versions of books are authoritative , but that ebooks may be cited
a
if they are the sole media through which the book is available. Rule
t6.6(a') requires that opinion pieces in newspapers be cited as"Opin-
o
ion" rather than "op-Ed." Rule 16.6(f) clarifies that online newspa-
pers may be used in place of print newspapers. Rule lE has been
updated in a number of areas to account for the increasing use and var-
a
ied forms of Internet sources. The rule no longer separately categorize s
Internet citations as either direct or parallel; all citations are treated as O
direct. Rule 18.2.l(b)(ii) provides for the direct citation of Internet
sources that share the characteristics of a print source such that they
can be fully cited according to another rule, whether or not the source
o
is in print. Rule 18.2.1(d) provides guidance on how to cite Internet
sources using archival tools. Rule 1.8.2.2(a) provides guidance on
citing author information on social media platforms. Rules 1A.2.2(b)
o
(iii) and 18.2.2(b)(v) detail how to cite titles for blogs contained
within a larger website and titles for social media posts, respectiv€ly. O
Rule 18.3 now catalogs where within Tbe Bluebook guidance is
provided for citing various sources found on commercial electronic
databases. Rule 21 has been expanded to include new rules for citinfi
o
materials from the International Monetary Fr-rnd and the International
Criminal Court and has adopted simpler ways of citing United Nations
documents. We are grateful to the American Society of International
o
Law for its assistance with rule 2l and tables T3.T4, and T5.
The tables have been updated and expanded. Table T1 has been
a
revised to reflect the most current titles for the various statutory com-
pilations, session laws, and administrative compilations and registers.
The abbreviations following the states and f)istrict of Columbia in
o
table T1.3 have been revised to follow the abbreviation convention
for jurisdiction names in the date parenthetical of cases. The citation
o
formats for these sources have been updated to reflect as accurately as
possible the uniquc breakdown of information within each. Table T2
has been updated to reflect changes in local law and legal citation. The
O
compilers are indebted to the following experts in foreign legal cita-
tion for their help in enhancing table T2: Zsuzsanna Antal, Francisco o
A. Avalos,Annette L. Demers, Christoph Malliet,Yukino Nakashima, E.
Dana Neacsu, and Charlotte Stichter. The format of table T13 has been
changed from an inclusive list of periodicals to a more general guide
I
to abbreviating periodicals. Table T13.1 contains the abbreviations of
common institutional names and tableTl3.2 lists common words for
in periodical titles. The table also prescribes abbreviating geographi-
o
cal terms according to table T1O. If a word in a periodical title is not
included in any of the previously listed tables, revamped table 13 pre-
O
scribes including the full word. Terms have been added to tables T6,
Ta,Tl4, and T15 as appropriate. o
The compilers wish to thank our Coordinating Editor Mary Miles Prince
for working with us in revising, clarifying, updating, and improving Tbe
o
t
Bluebook. The compilers would also like to acknowledge outside com-
vill mentators who contribute d the ir expe rtise to th€ Twentieth Edition of
I
o Tbe Bluebook. The compilers are grateful to the law journal editors,
law librarians, and practitioners who responded to our call for sr.rgges-
tions with helpful advice and comments.

o Finally, the compilers request that any errors, omissions, or suggestions

for revisions be reported to the Harvard Law Review, (;annett Housc,

o 151 1 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138.

o Acknowledgements

I Tbe Bluebrxtk: A UniJbrm System of Citation is compiled by the edi-

tors of the Columbia Lau Reuieut,tlr,e Haruard Lau Reuieu,the Uni-
aersit! of Pennqtluania Laut Reuieut, a.nd Tbe Yale Laut Journal. Tbe

o Bluebrx* is published and distributed by the Harvard Law Rcview

Association. The Coordinating Editor of Tbe Bluebook is Mary Milcs
Prince , Associate Director for Library Services, Vanderbilt University

o Law School Library with special editorial assistance on the citatk)ns of

foreign iurisdictions from the Directorate ofLcgal Research ofthe Law

a Library of Oongress.

o
o
o
o
o
a
o
o
o
I
o
o
lx
 o
Contents O
..., vtl

I
Preface
Introduction .7
Structure of The Bluebook . .t
General Principtes of Citation
Cattino qt2ripd
L

2
o
The Bluepages: An Introduction to Basic LegatCitation
lntroduction 3 o
Structure of Legal Citations

o
B1 3
a2 Typeface for Court Documents 6
B3 Subdivisions 7
B4
B5
ShortCitationForms
Quotations
......
Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols
8
8
9
I
o
B6
87 Italicization for Styte and in Unique Circumstances 9
B8 Capitalization. 9
B9
810
B11
Titles ofJudges
Cases . .

Constitutions
10
10
77
o
872
813
Statutes, Rules, and Restatements
Legislative Materials
.

AdministrativeandExecutiveMaterials ........22
18
27 o
o
874
815 BooksandOtherNonperiodicMaterials. .......22
815 PeriodicalMaterials. . ..23
877
818
879
Court and Litigation Documents
Thelnternet
Services
. . . 24
. .26
. ..27
I
820
827
ForeignMaterials.....
fnternationalMaterials
.. .28
.......28 o
The Bluepages Tables
BT1 Court Documents. . .

BT2 lurisdiction-Specific Citation Rules

.29
.30
I
8T2.1 Federal Courts .
and Styte Guides
30 O
8T2.2 State Courts.
BT2.3 Territories... .56
t
Rules
Rule
1.1
1 Structure and Use ofCitations
Citation Sentences and Clauses in Law Reviews.
57
57
o
1.2
1.1
lntroductorySignals
Order of Signals
5B
60
O
1.4 Order of Authorities Within Each Signat . . ... 6"t

O
.

1.5 Parenthetical Information 64

1.6 Related Authority. 65
Rute
2.1
2.2
2 Typefaces for Law Reviews
Typeface Conventions for Citations
Tvoeface Conventions for Textual Materia[ . .
67
67
69
o
O
.
o
o Rule
3.1
3.2
3 Subdivisions .

Volumes, Parts, and Supplements

Pages, Footnotes, Endnotes, and Graphical Materials
.77
..71.
..72
o 3.3
3.4
Sections and Paragraphs
Aooended Material
..75
..76

o 3.5 InternalCross-References.....
Rule 4
4.1
Short Citation Forms
"|d.".
.
..78
77
.74

O "Supra"and"Hereinafter" . . . .
Rule 5 Quotations
. ..80
. .42

o 5.7 Formatting of Quotations

5.2 Alterations and Quotations Within Quotations
<? Omissions
.
..83
.82

o
85
Rule 6 Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols . .87
6.1 Abbreviations . ..87

o
.

6.2 Numerats and Svmbols .,BB

Rute 7 ltalicization for Style and in Unique Circumstances. .. . .90

a Rule 8 Capitalization .

Rute 9 Titles of Judges, Officials, and Terms of Court

..97
. .94

o 10 Cases
Rule
10.1 Basic Citation
10.2 Case Names.
Forms .
..94
..95
.96
o 10.2.1 General Rules for Case Names
10.2.2 Additional Rules for Case Names in Citations . . .
.96
101

o 10.3 Reporters and Other Sources

10.3.1 Paratlel Citations and Which Source(s) to Cite
10.3.2 Reporters ..
.
..702
102

. 103
.704
O 10.4
10.3.3 Public Domain Format
Court and Jurisdiction
. .
. . 1,04
10.5 Date orYear. .. 106

o 10.5 Parenthetical Information Regarding Cases

10.6.1 Weight of Authority
. ..707
1,07

o 10.7
10.6.2 Quoting/Citing Parentheticals in Case Citations
10.6.3 Order of Parentheticals
Prior and Subsequent History
.
.. 108
.. 109
108

o l.0.7.L Explanatory Phrases and Weight of Authority

10.7.2 Different Case Name on Appeal
. .. 109
. . '111.

o 10.8 Special Citation Forms. . . . '11.'I

10.8.1 Pending and Unreported Cases . !1.

10.8.2 Fifth Circuit Sptit 1,1,3

o 10.9
10.8.3 Briefs, Court Filings, and Transcripts
10.8.4 Court Administrative Orders.
Short Forms for Cases
.
..775
1,13

't'15

O Rule 11 Constitutions.
..720
118

I
Rule 12 Statutes. . .

12.1 Basic Citation Forms . .. "120

12.2 Choosing the Proper Citation Form .. 1.2r

.. xl

o 12.2.1 General Rute . . 1,21

 o
72.2.2 Exceotions...
12.3 Current Officiat and Unofficial Codes. .
122
1,23 o
o
12.3.1 Additional lnformation 1,23
72.3.2 Yearof Code.. 124
12.4 Session Laws... 1,25
12.5
12.6
12.7
Electronic Media and Online Sources
Other Secondary Sources
Invatidation, Repeal, Amendment, and Prior History
726
727
728
I
o
.

'J.2.7.1. lnvalidation. . . . 728

12.7.2 ReoeaI "128
'I28

12.8
12.7.3 Amendment
1.2.7.4 Prior Historv .

Explanatory Parenthetical Phrases

1,29
129
o
12.9 Special Citation Forms.
12.9.1 Internal Revenue Code .
"12.9.2 Ordinances. . .
.

.
729
729
130
o
o
.

12.9.3 Rutes of Evidence and Procedure 130

12.9.4 Modet Codes, Principles, Restatements, Standards,
Sentencing Guidelines, and Uniform Acts . .
12.9.5 ABA Code of Professional Responsibility and
Ooinions on Ethics
. 137

733
a
12.10 Short
13
Rute
Forms for Statutes
Legislative Materials.
1.33

735
o
13.1 Basic Citation Forms .
13.2 Biltsand Resotutions......
13.3 Hearings
. 1.35
136
1.37
o
13.4
13.5
Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints.
Debates
. 138
1,40 o
13.6
13.7
13.8
Separatety Bound Legislative Histories.
Electronic Media and Ontine Sources
Short Forms for Legislative Materials
1,40
1,40
t4't
o
14 Administrative and Executive Materials
Rute
14.1 Basic Citation Forms . .
743
743 o
o
14.2 Rules, Regutations, and Other Publications '143
14.3 Administrative Adiudications and Arbitrations 't45
14.3.1 Names 746
14.3.2 Which Source(s) to Cite
14.3.3 lssuingAgency.
14.4 CommerciaI Etectronic Databases.
.
"r46
1.47
't47
o
14.5 Short Forms for Regutations . . . .
Rule 15
.

Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials.

't47

749
o
15.1 Author
15.2 Editor or Translator
15.3 Title
749
151
1,57
a
15.4
15.5
Edition, Pubtisher, and Date
ShorterWorks in Collection. . . . . .
152
1,53
o
15.6
15.5.1 Works in Cotlection Generally.
15.5.2 Coltected Documents
Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues
L53
754
"t54
o
xtl
15.7 Setial Number 1.55
o
l
lo
o 15.8
15.9
15.10
Speciat Citation Forms. .

Electronic Media and Online Sources

Short Citation Forms .
.155

.
1.56

o
. 757
15.10.1 Short Forms forWorks in Collection . . . . 157
Rule16 PeriodicalMaterials .....759
a 16.1
16.2
16.3
Basic Citation Forms .
Author
Titte
.
...
.

.....1.61.
159
767

o 16.4 Consecutively Paginated.lournats

15.5 NonconsecutivelyPaginatedJournalsandMagazines ........
. . 1.62

t
762
16.6 Newspapers..... ......1,63
16.7 SpeciatCitationForms.. ...1.65
16.7.1 Student-Written Law Review Materials . . 165

o 16.7.2 Non-Student-Written Book Reviews.

16.7.3 Symposia, Colloquia, and Surveys
16.7.4 Commentaries and Other Special Designations. . . .
.
.
.
766
L67

o . L67
16.7.5 MuttioartArticles .........767
15.7.5 Annotations.. ....168

o 1.6.7.7 Prcceedings, Regular Publications by Institutes,

and ABA Section Reoorts
16.7.8 Newsletters and Other Noncommercialtv Distributed
168

o 16.8
Periodicals
Electronic Media and Ontine Sources
1.69
169

o 16.9
Rule
17.1
17
Short Citation Forms . .
Unpublished and ForthcomingSources . .
770
772

o
Basic Citation Forms 1,72
17.2 Unpubtished Materials . . . ...1,72
17.2.1 Manuscripts..... 172

o 1.7.2.2 Dissertations and Theses .

17.2.3 Letters, Memoranda, and Press Reteases. . .

17.2.4 E-mail Correspondence and Listserv Postings
.
1.73
1,73
1,73

o 17.2.5 Interviews.....
17.2.6 SpeechesandAddresses........
17.3 ForthcomingPublications......
1.74
1.74
"t75

o 17.4 Working Papers .

17.5 Electronic Media and Online Sources . . . . .

1.75
L/O

o 17.6 Short Citation Forms .

Rule 18
.

The Internet, Electronic Media, and

........778
176

o Other Nonprint Resources.

18.1 Basic Citation Forms
LB.2 The lnternet.
........ 178
...'179

o 18.3
18.2.1 GenerallnternetCitationPrinciples
18.2.2 CitationstolnternetSources
Commercial ElectronicDatabases
......... 180
.......lB2
...186
a 1.8.4
18.5
CD-ROMandOtherElectronicStorageMedia..
Microform
......
....186
186

a 18.5.1 Microform Coltections Reproducing Preexisting

Materials.
18.5.2 Microform Cottections Containing Original Materiats. . .
....186
187

o 18.6 Fitms, Broadcasts, and Noncommercial Video Materials. . . . . . . 787

xltl
 o
18.7 Audio Recordings
18.7.1 CommercialRecordings......
..
.
188
188 o
o
18.7.2 Noncommercial Recordings . . . 188
18.7.3 Podcasts and Recordings Avaitabte Ontine. ..... . 188
18.8 Short Citation Forms . .... 188

I
.

Rule 19 Services. .. .. 190

19.1 Citation Form for Services . ... 190
....1,97
19.2 Short Citation Forms .
Rule 20 Foreign Materials . .
20.1 Jurisdiction....
.
.

. . ..
.
193
1.93
o
20.2 Non-Engtish-Language Documents.
20.2.1 Documents Appearing in More than One Language ... .
.. 1,93
1,93 o
20.2.2 Titles and Names of Documents in Languages
Otherthan Engtish .

20.2.3 Abbreviations in Languages Otherthan Engtish. . .

.... 793
.... 794 o
20.2.4 Languages That Do Not Use the Roman Alphabet
20.2.5 Citations to Translations of Non-English-
Language Documents.
. ....794
. .
o
o
1.95
20.3 Cases ... 196
20.3.1 Common Law Cases ... L96
20.3.2 Civil Law and Other Non-Common
20.4 Constitutions.
20.5 Statutes.
.. .
Law Cases . . . . .... 196
.. .. 796
.. 797
o
20.5.1 Statutes in Common Law Systems
20.5.2 Statutes in Civit Law and Other Non-Common
Jurisdictions
Law
1.97

1.97
o
20.6
20.7
Non-English-Language and Foreign Periodicals
Short Citation Forms . . ..
.
..
. 1.97
198
O
Rute
21.1
21.2
21 lnternational Materials.
Basic Citation Forms . .
200
200 o
o
Non-Engtish-Language Documents. 202
21.3 Jurisdiction Not Evident from Context 202
21.4 Treaties and Other InternationalAgreements 202
21.4.1 Name of the Agreement . . . .
21,.4.2 Parties to the Agreement , . . .
21.4.3 Subdivisions.
.

.
203
203 o
I
. 204
21..4.4 Date of Signing 204
2L.4.5 fteaty Sources 204
21.5 International Law Cases
21.5.1 The International Court ofJustice and the Permanent
CourtoflnternationalJustice,.. ....206
206
o
Eutooean Union Courts . . 209
21,.5.2
21.5.3 EuropeanCourtofHumanRights.. .. . ... 21.0
InterAmericanCommissionon Human Rights.. ...... 277
21.5.4
.
O
Inter-AmericanCourtofHumanRights.. ..... 271
21.5.5
lnternationalTribunatforthe LawoftheSea .... .... . 272
21.5.6 o
2!.5.7 lnternationalCriminalCourtand OtherTribunals.. . ... 21.2
21.5.8 Other International Courts .
21.5.9 lnternational Cases in National Courts. .
21,3
. . 214
o
xlv 21.5 lnternationalArbitrations and Claims Commissions . . . 274
o
o
o 21.7 United Nations Sources.
21.7.1 Verbatim and Summary Records
21.7.2 Resolutions and Decisions
2't5
21,5
2t5
o 21.7.3 U.N. Reports
21.7.4 Masthead Documents
21.7
278

a 21.7.5 U.N. Press Releases and Memoranda. . . . .

21..7.7 Sales Publications

. 21,9
21.7.6 Adjudicatory Bodies Established by the United Nations 21,9
21.9

o 27.7.8 Yeatbooks and Periodicals

21.7.9 RegionaI Organization Documents.
220
220
220

o
21.7.1.O U.N. Charter
21..7.77 U.N. Internet Materials 220
27.8 League of Nations 221,

o 21.9 European Union..

21,.70 Councit of Europe
21,.17 World Trade Organization
227
225
225

o
.

27.12 International Monetary Fund. . . 227

21,.73 Other Intergovernmental Organizations 228

o 21.74 International Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

27.1.5 Yearbooks
21,.1,6 .
Digests .....
229
229
..230

o 27."17

Tables
ShortCitationForms.. ....23O

I Table T1 United States Jurisdictions

T1.1 Federat Judicial and Legislative Materiats
233
233

o T1.2 FederalAdministrative and Executive Materials.

T1.3 States and the District of Columbia . .
Atabama (Ala.)
236
248
248

o
.

Ataska (Ataska) 249

Arizona (Ariz.). . 250

o Arkansas (Ark.). .
California (Cat.). .
Cotorado (Coto.) .
.

.
25L
252
253
255
O Connecticut (Conn.)
Delaware (Det.). . . 256
257

o
District of Columbia (D.C.)
Ftorida (Fta) 258
Georgia (Ga.) 259

I Hawaii (Haw.)
ldaho (ldaho)
260
loL

I
Ittinois (ltt.) . . 262
Indiana (lnd.) 263
lowa (lowa). . 264

o Kansas (Kan.) 264

Kentucky (Ky.) 265
Louisiana (La.) 266

I Maine (Me.)
Marytand (Md.). .
Massachusetts (Mass.)
.
268
268
270 xv

o
.

I
 o
Michigan(Mich.)..
Minnesota(Minn.).
Mississippi (Miss).
......277
.....272
.....271
I
Missouri (Mo)..
Montana(Mont.).
.......274
......274 o
Nebraska (Neb)..
Nevada (Nev.)
NewHampshire(N.H)..
......275
.
........276
..276 I
NewJersey(N.J.)...
NewMexico (N.M.)..
NewYork(N.Y.)...
.....277
....278
... ..279
o
NorthCarotina(N.C.)..
NorthDakota(N.D.)..
.........283
...285
o
Ohio (ohio).
Oklahoma(Okla.).
Oregon(Or.)
.. ..285
......287
....288
t
Pennsylvanialna.)...
Rhodelsland(R.1.)...
SouthCarolina(S.C.)..
...289
...290
.........29I
o
SouthDakota(S.D.)..
Tennessee(Tenn.)..
...292
.....293
o
Texas0ex.).
Utah (Utah).
Vermont(Vt.) ...
....294
. ..297 o
Virginia(Va.)...
Washington(Wash.)
........298
.....300 O
WestVirginia(W.Va.).
Wisconsin(Wis.)..
Wyoming(Wyo.)..
...300
......301
......302
I
T1.4 OtherUnitedStatesjurisdictions. ........303
AmericanSamoa.
CanalZone
......303
.....303
o
Guam ..
NavaioNation.
.......
.........3O4
303
o
NorthernMarianalstands.
OklahomaNativeAmericans....
Puerto Rico.
.......3O4
........305 o
Table T2
Virginlslands
ForeignJurisdictions ...
...305
........3O7
o
12.7
T2.2
ArgentineRepublic.
Australia
........ 31.6
T2.2.7 AustralianStatesandTerritories.
.....3O7
......310 o
.....
12.3 Austria,Repubticof
T2.3.L AustrianLiinder..
T2.4 Belgium,Kingdomof .....
.......318
......323 o
......323
T2.5 Brazil,FederativeRepublicof..... .......328
T2.6 Canada . ... . ...332
o
T2.7 CathoticChurch. .......341
..341 I
xvl ..344
I
O
o 12.70 Colombia,Repubticof
T2.71, Czech Republic
Egypt, Arab Republic of
. ... 349
J)l
354

o
T2.1.2
12J,3 France, Repubtic of. . . . 356
T2.14 Germany, Federal Republic 362

a I z.t)
12.14.7 German Liinder
Greece
r2.76 Hong Kong
. J67
j68
370

o 12.t7 Hungary, Repubtic of .

12.78 India . . .
. 373
376

I T2.19 lran, lslamic Repubtic of

T2.20 lraq,Repubticof .....
T2.21, lreland (Eire), Repubtic of
379
382
384

o 12.22 lsraeI
12.23 Itaty, Repubtic of
T2.24 J4p4n........
387
390
393

o 12.25 Kenya . .

12.26 Lebanon, Republic of

402
404

t 12.27 Mexico
T2.28 Netherlands, Kingdom ofthe.
I z.z> New Zeatand
.
406
424
429

a r2.30 Nicaragua
T2.31, Nigeria .

1232 Pakistan, lslamic Republic of

434
436
439

o
... .

1233 Phitippines 441.

r234 Roman Law 444

o r235
12.36
Russian Federation
SouthAfrica.....
1237 SouthKorea.....
444
451.
454

o r238 Spain .
12.39 Sweden ..
. 457
460

o T2.40 Switzerland 464

T2.40.1 SwissCantons. ........468
T2.41 Taiwan, Republic of China ... . 469

o T2.42 UnitedKingdom
I2.42.I EnglandandWales
... ....472
.....480
T2.42.2 Northern lretand (and lreland Until 1'924)......... 485

o 12.42.3 Scotland
T2.43 Tambia,Republicof .....
......487
... 489

o TableT3
T3.1
T3.2
IntergovernmentalOrganizations. . . .
United Nations
League of Nations
.. 497
.. 497
.. 491
o T3.3
T3.4
Eurooean Union . .

European Commission of Human Rights .

.. 497
.. 492
.. 492
o T3.5
T3.5
T3.7
European Court of Human Rights.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
.

. ..
..
492
493

o T3.8
T3.9
InternationalTribunal forthe Law of the Sea
Intergovernmental Organizations. ..
493
493

o 494
Table T4 Treaty Sources XVll

I
 a
T4.1
T4.2
T4.3
U.SSources
Offficiat .....494
lntergovernmentalTreatySources ........495
UnofficialTreatySources ........495
I
TableT5 ArbitralReporters ......495 O
T6
I
Tabte Case Names and lnstitutional Authors in Citations 496
TabteTT CourtNames ...498
TableTS ExplanatoryPhrases .... 500
TableT9 LegislativeDocuments.
TabteTr0 GeographicalTerms....
......... 501
........ 502
I
T10.1 U.S.States,Cities,andTerritories ........502
T10.2 Austratian States and Canadian Provinces and Territories. . . . 503
T10.3 Countries and regions
o
o
.. . 5O4

TableTll JudgesandOfficials. ....509

TableTr2 Months. .......510
TableTr3 Periodicals
TableTl4 PublishingTerms......
.....510
........517
o
TabteTl5 Services
TabteTl6 Subdivisions
..... .. 518
..522
o
I
.

Index
lndex .. ......525
t
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THE
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BLUEBOOK
A Uniform System of Citation'
a Twentieth Edition

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o Introduction

o Welcome to The Blueboo&, the delinitive style guide for legal citation in the
Llnitcd States. For generations, law students, lawyers, scholars, iudges, and other
legal professionals have relied on Tbe llluebook's uniform system of citation. In a

o diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, Tl:e Bluebook continucs to provide
a systematic mcthod by which members of the profession communicate impor-

o tant information about the sources and legal authorities upon which thcy rcly in
their work.

o
Tbe Bluebook can oftcn be intimidating for new users. This introduction is meant
to assist yru as you begin what will likely become a lifelong relationship with the
Blueboctk system of legal citation.

o Structure of The Bluebook

o The Bluebook contains three major parts. The lirst part contains the Bluepages,
a how-to guide for basic legal citation. tlnlike the remainder of Tbe Bluebook,

I which is clesigned in a style and at a lcvel of complcxity commensuratc with

the nceds of the law iournal publication process, the Bluepagcs provide casy-to-
comprehend guidance fbr the everyday citation needs of first-year law studcnts,

o sllmmer associates, law clerks, practicing lawyers, and other lcgal professionals.
The examples used throughout the Bluepages arc printed using simple typcface

o convcntions common in the legal profcssion.

The second part, printcd on white paper, is the heart of the Bluebook system
of citation: the rules of citation and style . This pan is subdivided into two main

o sections. The tirst scction, consisting of mles I through 9, cstablishcs general stan-
dards of citatkrn and style for use in all forms of legal writing. 'l'hc second section,

o consisting of rules 10 through 21, prescnts mles for citation of specific kinds of
authority such as cases, statutcs, books, periodicals, and foreign ancl internationd
materials. Thc examples used throughout this part arc printed using typeface

O convcntions standard in law journal footnotcs.

The third part consists of a series of tables to be used in coniunction with the

o rules. Thc tables show, among other things, which authorit,v to cite and how to
abbreviate propedy. Individual tables arc refcrenced throughout the b<xrk. Finally,

o
there is a comprehensive indcx.

General Principles of Citation

o The cenral ftlnction ofa legal citation is to allow the relder to efliciently klcate
the cited source. Thns, the citation forms in The Bluebttok are designed to pr<>

o vidc the information necessary to lcad the reader directly to thc specific items
cited. Because of the ever-incrcasing mnge of authorities cited in legal writing, no

o systcm of citation can be complete. Thcrefore , when citing material of a type not
cxplicitly discnsscd in this book, try to locate an analogous type of authority that
is discussed and use that citation form as a model. Always be sure to providc suf-

o ficient information to allow the reacler to find the cited material quickly and easily.

o
Getting Started o
The Bluepages provide the best place to begin your study of Tbe Bluebook ry*
tem of legal citation. Indeed, first-year legal writing professors may wish to rely
on the Bluepages as a teaching aid. The Bluepages provide only an abbreviated
o
introduction to Tbe Bluebook system, however, and do not contain answers to
more difficult citation questions. For this reason, the Bluepages contain references
o
to related rules and tables found in other parts of the The Bluebook.
o
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 nri; lr:

[-
o INTRODUCTION
The Bluepages are a guide for practitioners and law clerks to use when citing

o authority in non-academic legal documents. Please keep the following in mind:

Local Rules. Many courts have their own rules of citation that differ

a in some respects from The Bluebook. Make sure to abide by any

citation requirements of the court to which you are submitting
your documents. An index of jurisdiction-specific citation rules is

I contained in Bluepages table BT2.

Typeface. The Bluepages keep the tradition of

I underscoring certain text. So long as you are consistent, however,

you may substitute itol'cs wherever underscoring is used in the

o
Bluepages. The remainder of The Bluebook employs a more
complex array of typeface conventions, including ordinary roman
type, italics, and Lnncr AND SMALL Cnps. These differences are

a explained in Bluepages 82.

The Whitepages. Where the Bluepages and local court rules are

I silent regarding the citation of a particular document, you may use

the other rules in The Bluebook. referred to as the "Whitepages," to
supplement the Bluepages. Keep in mind the typeface differences

O between academic documents and non-academic leqal documents

as explained in Bluepages 82.

o The Elements of a Citation. Generally, a legal citation is composed

of three elements: (1 ) a signal; (2) the source or authority; and (3)

t parenthetical information. The Bluepages explore each of these

elements in detail.

Special Note for Law Students: The Bluebook is primarily written for two

o types of users: academics and practitioners. The Whitepages provide rules

for academic publications such as law review articles and research papers.

I The Bluepages set forth permissible deviations from the Whitepages that are
designed to accommodate the needs of lawyers and law clerks. The Bluepages
are used primarily for briefs, motions, memoranda, and opinions. For the most

o part, the Bluepages only provide examples of how a citation should look. For
comprehensive discussions of the elements of a citation, you should refer to the
corresponding Whitepages as crossreferenced in the Bluepages.

o Bluepages Tip: The Bluepages parallel the Whitepages in numbering and

content. You may use a Whitepage Rule to supplement a corresponding

I Bluepage Rule.

o Structure of Legal Citations B1

a Citation Sentences and Clauses

In non-academic legal documents, such as briefs and opinions, citations
81.1

I generally appear within the text of the document immediately following the
propositions they support. Footnotes should only be used in non-academic legal
documents when permitted or required by local court rules.
o 3
 ,,:
A citation may be inserted into the text of a document in one of two ways: as a
stand-alone citation sentence or as a citation clause.

Citation sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a period. One
citation sentence may contain multiple citations separated by semicolons.
Use citation sentences to cite sources and authorities that relate to the entire
preceding sentenc€:

The U.S. Supreme Court has the power to invalidate statutes that
are repugnant to the U.5. Constitution. Marbury v. Madison. 5 U.S.
(1 Cranch) 137 , 177-79 (1 803) (federal laws); Fletcher v. Peck, 1 0
U.S. (6 Cranch) 87 ,'139 (1 81 0) (state laws); Dred Scott v. Sandford,
60 U.S. (19 How.) 393, 395 (1856), superseded by constitutional
amendment. U.S. Const. amend. Xlll. The U.S. Supreme Court also
has the power to review state court decisions. Martin v. Hunter's
Lessee, 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 304,377-78 (1 81 6) (civil cases); Cohens v.
Virginia. 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264,350 (1821) (criminal cases).

Citation clauses are set off from the text by commas and immediately follow
the proposition to which they relate. Do not begin a citation clause with a capital
letter unless the citation clause begins with a source that would otherwis€ be
capitalized. Do not end a citation clause with a period, unless it is the last clause
in the sentence. Use citation clauses to cite sources and authorities that relate
to only ea4! of a sentence:

The Supreme Court adopted a broad reading of the Commerce

Clause during the New Deal, seeWickard v. Filburn, 317 U.5. | 1 1,
128-29 (1 942), though in recent years the Supreme Court has
reined in its broad reading somewhat, see United States v. Lopez,
514 U.5. 549,624 (1 995); United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598,
612-13 (2000); Nat'l Fed'n of lndeo. Bus. v. Sebelius, 1 32 S. Ct. 2566,
2587 (201 2); but see Gonzales v. Raich. 545 U.S. 1, 39 (2005).

Br.2 IntroductorySignals
A signal is a shorthand message to the reader about the relationship between
a proposition and the source or authority cited for that proposition. Refer to
rule L.2 for more information on how to use these signals.
. Bluepages Tip: Signals are capitalized when used to begin a citation
sentence but are lower case when used to begin a citation clause.

Signal Use

[no signal] The authority directly states the proposition, is the

source of a quotation, or was mentioned in the
proposition

E€- The authority is one of multiple authorities directly

stating the same proposition
Accord The authority is one of multiple authorities directly
stating or supporting the proposition, and one
of the other authorities was mentioned in the
proposition
l
o
o See The authority supports, but does not directly state,
the proposition

o See also The authority provides additional material

supporting the proposition

t cf. The authority is different from the main

proposition but sufficiently analogous to lend
suppon

I Compare..
:-@.,- [9!!]:::
. [and] The authorities are similar or different in important
l9!"c1! ,.-
t Contra

But see
The authority directly states a proposition contrary
to the main proposition
The authority clearly supports a proposition

o contrary to the main proposition

t
But cf. The authority supports a proposition analogous to
the contrary to the main proposition
See qenerally The authority is helpful background material
related to the proposition

a . Bluepages Tip: You may combine "e.g.," with "see" and "but see" to form
"see, e.g.," and "but see, e.q.," respectively.

o When using more than on€ type of signal in a citation sentence, the signals

t (together with the authodties they introduce) should appear in the order in
which they appear in the table above . For more information about the grouping
and ordering ofsignals, see rule 1.3.

I Separate authorities within each signal with semicolons. If certain authorities are
considerably more helpftrl or authoritative than the other authorities, you may

a
list the more helpfrrl authorities fi-rst. Otherwise, cite authorities in this order:
l. Constitutions (first federal, then state, then foreign)
2. Statutes (first federal, then state, then foreign)
o 3. Federal cases (in order ofdescending authority)
4. St^te cases (alphabetically by state, in descending order of authority

I within states)
5. Legislative materials (first bills, then hearings, then reports, then

o
debates)
6. Administrative materials (first executive orders, then regulations,
then proposed rules)

I 7. Courrt documents (first records, then briefs, then petitions)

8. Secondary materials (first restatements, then books, then articles,

a then Intemet sources)

For further guidance on the order of authorities, see rule 1.4,

I Explanatory Parentheticals Bl.f

a Regardless of the type of authority you cite, it may be helpful to include

additional information to explain the relevance of the cited authoriry. Append

I
ri;
lt
' i",f
L
-
a
this information parenthetically at the end of your citation Out before any
subs€quent history). I
Explanatory parentheticals should begin with a present participle unless the
parenthetical contains a quoted senteoce or a short statement. You may omit I
I
extraneous words such as "the" unless doing so would cause confusion. Do not
begin with a capital letter or end with a period unless the parenthetical consists
of a quotation that reads as a frrll sentence:

See Flanaqan v. United States.465 U.5. 259,264 (1984) (explaining

that the finaljudgment rule reduces potential for parties to "clog I
the courts" with time-consuming appeals).
Atl. Richfield Co. v. Fed. Energy Admin..429 F. Supp. 1052,1061-62
(N.D. Cal. 1976) ("Not every person aggrieved by administrative
t
action is necessarily entitled to the protections of due process.").
I
t
5 U.S.C. 5 553(b) (2000) (requiring agencies to publish notice of
proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register).
Such standards have been adopted to address a variety of
environmental problems. See. e.9.. H.B. Jacobini, The New
lnternational Sanitary Regulations, 46 Am. J. lnt'lL.727,727-28
(1952) (health-related water quality); Robert L. Meyer, Travaux
I
Preparatoires for the UNESCO World Heritaqe Convention.2 Earth
L.J.45, 45-81 (1 976) (conservation of protected areas). I
For further guidance on explanatory parentheticals, see rule 1.5.
I
82 Typeface for Court Documents
Court documents and legal memoranda use two typefaces: ordinary type and I
lfalics (or underscoring).

While the Bluepages use underscoring rather than italics, keep in mind that t
underscoring is the equivalent of italics. For citations appearing in non-academic
legal documents, follow these general des:
I
I
Italicize (or underscore) the following information in a citation clause:
Case names, including procedural phrases introducing case names;
Titles of books and articles;
Titles of some legislative materials;
Introductory signals; I
Explanatory phrases introducing subsequent case history;
Cross references, such as id. and supra; and o
Words and phrases introducing related authority, such as
"Sualedl!." I
I
Italicize (or underscore) the following information in the text of a legal
document:

Titles of publications, such as the New York Times:

Words italicized in the original source of a quotation; and
Any other word that would otherwise be italicized, such as
I
uncommon foreign words.
I
o
a Key differences between academic citations (the Whitepages) and non'
academic citations (the Bluepages):

o Academic (,itations
(Whitepages)
Norr-Academic Citations
(Bluepages)

a Typeface:
Italics
The following are
italicized:
The following ate italicized
or underscored:

I Introductory signals Introductory signals

Short form case names Full and short case names

I
Procedural and explanatory Procedural and explanatory
phrases in case citations phrases in case citations
"1d." "1d.." ot "ld."

o Titles of articles in
periodicals
Titles ofbooks. articles. and
essays

t Titles of congressional
committee hearings
Punctuation that falls within
Titles of some legislative
materials
Punctuation that falls within

o italicized material
Introductory phrases for
italicized or underscored
material

t
related authority Introductory phrases for
Internal crossreferences related authority
Internal cross-references

o Typeface:
Caps
The following are in Lancr
ero Sluu Ceps:
LARGE AND Srr,r.lu Ceps
required Out may be used
are not

t Authors and titles of books,

including institutional
authors
for stylistic purposes)

I Titles of periodicals

t Subdivisions
Give page numbers before date parentheticals, without any introductory
B3

o abbreviation such as "p." or "at." Cite nonconsecutiv€ pages by giving the

.
individual page numbers separated by commas (e.g., l01 , I03").

o To cite a footnote or endnote, give the page on which the note appears, 'n.,"
and the footnote number:

o United States v. Carolene Prods. Co' 304 U.5. 144, 152 n.4 (1938).
When the volumes are numbered, cite the volume number in Arabic numerals. If

o the author of the entire work is cited, the volume number precedes the author's
name:

o
3 Ronald E. Mallen, Jeffrey M. Smith, & Allison D. Rhodes, Legal
Malpractice 1 01 -02 (201 4).

If an authority is organized by section (5) or paragraph (fl), you may cite to

o these subdivisions.

Most subdivisions (such as columns or sections) in citations are abbreviated. See

a
# t.''.',""'

table T16 for a list of subdivision abbreviations.

84 Short Citation Forms

You may use "id." when citing the immediately preceding authority, but only
when the immediately preceding citation contains only one authority. Always
indicate when a subsequent citation refers to a different page number in the
same source (e.g., "id. at 5").

You may use "supra" and "hereinafter" to r€fer to legislative hearings; court
filings; books; pamphlets; reports; unpublished materials; non-print resources;
periodicals; services; treaties and international agreements; regulations,
directives, and decisions of intergovernmental organizations; and internal
cross-references. You should not use "supra" and "hereinafter" to refer to cases,
statutes, constitutions, legislative materials (other than hearings), restatements,
model codes, or regulations, except in extraordinary circumstances, such as
when the name of the authority is extremely long.

B5 Quotations
85.1 Generally
Enclose all quotations, except block quotations, with quotation marks. Place
commas or periods inside the quotation marks, but place all other punctuation
outside the quotation marks unless such punctuation is part of the quoted text:

"When, as here, the plaintiff is a public figure. he cannot recover

unless he proves by clear and convincing evidence that the
defendant published the defamatory statement with actual malice,
i.e.. with 'knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of
whether it was false or not."'Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc.,
501 U.5.496, 510 (1991) (quoting N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S.
2s4,279-80 (1964D.
"We refused to permit recovery for choice of language which.
though perhaps reflecting a misconception, represented'the sort
of inaccuracy that is commonplace in the forum of robust debate
to which the New York Times rule applies."' Masson v. New Yorker
Magazine. Inc.. 501 U.S. 496, 519 (1991) (citation omitted).
. Bluepages Tip: A quotation appearing within another quotation can
either be parenthetically attributed to its original source or otherwise
acknowledged by indicating that a citation has been omitted.
For further guidance on quotations, including omissions and alterations of
quoted material, see rule 5.

85.2 Block Quotations

Quotations of fifty or more words should be single spaced, indented on
both sides, justified, and without quotation marks. This is known as a block
quotation. Quotation marks within a block quotation should appear as they do
g in the quoted material. The citation following a block quotation should not be
indented but should begin at the left margin on the line following the quotation:
o
t fl |his presumptive privilege must be considered in light of our
historic commitment to the rule of law. This is nowhere more

t profoundly manifest than in our view that "the twofold aim

[of criminal justice] is that guilt shall not escape or innocence
suffer." We have elected to employ an adversary system of

o criminal justice in which the parties contest all issues before a

court of law. . . . To ensure that justice is done, it is imperative to
the function of courts that compulsory process be available for

o the production of evidence needed either by the prosecution

or by the defense.

I United States v. Nixon, 418 U.5. 683. 708-09 (1974) (citation

omitted). The Court then balanced this interest against the evils
of forced disclosure. ld. at 71 0.

o Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols B6

o Tables at the end of this book contain lists of specific abbreviations for arbitral
reporters (T5), case names (T6), court names (T|, explanatory phrases (T8),

o legislative documents (T!), geographical terms (T1O), judges and officials

(T11), months (T12), periodicals (T13), publishing terms (T14), services
(T15), and subdivisions (T16).

o Close up adiacent single capitals (U.5.), but do not close up single capitals with
longer abbreviations (S. Ct,). Every abbreviation should be followed by a period

o (Univ.), except those in which the last letter is set off by an apostrophe (Soc'y).

Spell out the numbers zero to ninety-nine. Use numerals for larger numbers

o (unless they begin a sentence).

For more information about abbreviations. numerals. and svmbols. see rule 6.

o Italicization for Style and in Unique Circumstances 87

t Words and phrases may be italicized (or underscored) for emphasis.

You may italicize (or underscore) non-English words and phrases unless they

o have been incorporated into common English usage. Most Latin words and
phrases that are used in legal writing are in common English usage. Obsolete
or uncommon Latin words and phrases, however, should be italicized (or

o underscored).

"Id." is always italicized (or underscored).

o For more information about italicizing for style, see de 7.

o Capitalization
In addition to capitalizing "Court" when naming any court in full or when
B8

o referring to the U.S. Supreme Coun, also capitalize "Court" in documents when
refering to the court that will receive your documents:

o This Court has already ruled on Defendant's Motion To Dismiss.

But The court in Watkins was attempting to distinguish earlier

o precedent pointing in the other direction.

 I
Only capitalize party designations such as "Plaintifl" "Defendant," "Appellant,"
and "Appetlee" when ref-erring to parties in the mattcr that is the subiect of I
your document:

Plaintiff denies Defendant's baseless allegations of misconduct. t

But: In 5mith, the plaintiffs alleged that the defendant acted in bad
faith. o
Capitalize the titlc of a court document only when: (1) thc docuntent has becn
filed in the mattcr that is the subject of your document; and (2) the reference
is to the document's actual title or a shortenecl form thcreof. Do ttot capitalize
a
references to the gencric name of a court document:

In their Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to

I
Defendant's Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiffs argue that Defendants are
strictly liable for Plaintiffs' injuries. o
The Cou rt's Order of May
production immediately.
7 ,2004, directed Plaintlffs to cease

But:There is no doubt that the initial temporary restraining order was

o
within the bounds of this Court's discretion.
Bluepages Tip: Do not abbreviate the titles of court documents in
a
+^.,+.,-l
tt tudt -^^+^^-^..
)ct ttEt tLE).

For all of the above reasons, Appellant's Petition for Rehearing

o
ought to be granted.
Not: For all of the above reasons, Appellant's Pet. Reh'g ought to be
o
oranted.
o
89 Titles of Judges
Justices are referred to as "Justice Story" and "(,hiefJustice Jay." Parenthetical
ref'erences are to "Holmes, J.," "Cardozo,.f.," and "lllack & Vhitc, JJ." Judges
o
are referred to as 'Judge Wisdom," "Juclgc Hand," and "Chiefludgc Friendly."
o
t
For more inlbrmation on how to refcr to iudgcs ancl othcr oflicials, scc rule 9.

B1O Cases

Bl0.l Full Citation o

A full case citation includcs five componcnts: (1) the namc of the case; (2)
thc published or unpublished sourcc in which thc casc can be founcl; (3) a
parenthetical indicating the court and year of decision; (4) other parenthetical
o
information, if any; and (5) the subsctluent history of thc case, if any:
Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 ,430 (1962) ("The Establishment
a
Clause, unlike the Free Exercise Clause, does not depend upon any
showing of direct governmental compulsion . . . ."). O
Thompson v. Hanson, 174 P.3d 120,125 (Wash. Ct. App. 2007)
(holding that a creditor may obtain a judgment against a transferee
even in the absence of intent to defraud), aff'd,239 P.3d 536,
o
ru fig-41(wash.2oo9).
o
a 1
"i'i ' l.:,rrill

I Bluepages Tip: lf an opinion is only available through a court's website,

the opinion's webpage URL may be included at the end of the citation.

I Case Name
(i) Omit all parties other than the first party listed on each side of the "v.":
810.1.1

o Dow Jones & Co. v. Harrods. Ltd.

a Not: Dow Jones & Comoanv. Inc.. Plaintiff. v. Harrods. Limited and
Mohamed Al Faved. Defendants

I (ii) For names of indMduals, use only last names, omitting first names, middle
names, and initials:

a
Darwin v. Dawkins

Not: Charles Robert Darwin v. Clinton Richard Dawkins and Edward

Osborne "E. O." Wilson

o (iii) Omit words indicating multiple parties (such as "et al.") and alternative
names (such as "a.k.a."):

o Kant v. Bentham

I Not: lmmanuel Kant. et. al. v. Jeremv Bentham. a.k.a. The Father of
Utilitarianism
(iv) Some case names may include a procedural phrase. Abbreviate "in the

o matter o{" "petition of," and similar procedural phrases to "In re ." Abbreviate
"on the relation o{" "on behalf of," and similar procedural phrases to "ex rel."

t tWhen adversary parties are named, omit all procedural phrases except 'ex rel.":

Dombroski ex rel. Dombroski v. Chi. Park Dist.

o Not: Michael Dombroski, as Administrator of Estate of His Minor Child,

5amuel Dombroski v. Chicago Park District, et al.

I Ex parte Zeidner
Not: Ex parte Richard Zeidner

o ln re Fairfax

Not: ln the Matter of J. Fairfax

I (v) Abbreviate words listed in table T6, unless the citation appears in a textual
sentence as explained in (vi) below. Abbreviate states, countries, and other

I geographical units according to table T10 unless the geographical unit is a

named party. Never abbreviate "United States" when it is a named party. Omit
"The" as the first word of a party's name unless it is part of the name of the

o object of an in rem action. You may abbreviate any words with eight letters or
more if substantial space is saved and the result is unambiguous. You may also

o
abbreviate entities with widely recognized initials, such as NAACP and FCC:

Seattle Times v. Univ. of Wash.

Not The Seattle Times v. The University of Washington
o United States v. Haskell

a Not: U.S. v. Erin Haskell, et al. 1t

€-ii, 1 ,;l'i t \ t
Indus. Chems.. Inc. v. City of Tuscaloosa
Not: Industrial Chemicals, Inc. v. The City of Tuscaloosa I
Laidlaw Corp. v. NLRB
Not: The Laidlaw Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board I
For more guidance on abbreviation, see rule 10.2.
Bluepages Tip: Underline the entire case name up to but not including
o
the comma that follows the case name.
(vi) When referring to the full name of a case in a textual sentenc€, as opposed I
to a citation sentence or clause, underline the case name and only abbreviate
widely known acronyms and the following eight words: "&," "Ass'n,' "Bros.,'
"Co.," "Corp.," 'lnc.,' "Ltd.,' and "No." The first time you mention a case in the
I
text, follow the case name with the remaining elements of a fi.rll citation, set
off by commas: I
In Penn CentralTransportation Co. v. City of New York.366 N.E.2d
1271 (N.Y. 1977),the court applied a version of the diminution in I
I
value rule.

Not: ln Penn Cent. Transp. Co. v. City of New York. 366 N.E.2d 1271

t
(N.Y. 1 977), the court applled a version of the diminution in value
rule.

In a subsequent reference to the case within the same general discussion, you
may simply refer to one party's name (or a readily identifiable shorter version of
one pafty's name) if the reference is unambiguous: I
The Supreme Court's recent takings jurisprudence has gradually
moved away from the New York Court of Appeals's formulation in t
I
Penn Central.

Not The Supreme Court's recent takings jurisprudence has gradually

I
moved away from the New York Court of Appeals's formulation in
Citv of New York.

810.1.2 Reporters and Pinpoint Citations

Cite a reporter by listing: (l) the volume number of the reporter in which the
I
case is published;(2) the abbreviated name of the reporter (isted ia table TL);
and (3) the page on which the case report b€gins. I
To point your reader to the specifc pages that relate to th€ cited proposition,
you must also include a pinpoint citation, often called a "pincite." Place
I
t
pincites after the page on which the case report begins, separated by a comma.

A pincite may consist of a page range, in which instance you should indicate
the first and last page of the range separated by a dash. Where the page
numbers consist of three or more digits, drop any repetitive digits other than
the final two digits (e .9., 102-06; 1020-30). To cite multiple pages that are I
not consecutive, list each page or page range, separated by commas (e.g.,
103, 106-08, 132). If the material you wish to reference appears on more
nonconsecutive pages than is convenient to list in one citation, you may use t
12 passim in lieu of a pincite. To cite a footnote, give the page on which the

I
o
o footnote appeafs, "n.," and the footnote number, with no space between "n."
and the footnote number (e.g., 199 n.4):

o Baker v. Carr, 369 U.5. 186,195 (1962).

Newdow v. U.S. Cong.. 328 F.3d 466,471 n.3 (9th Cir. 2003).

I .
guez v. Holder, 7 02 F.3d 504, 529-30 (9th
Ga rfi as-Rod ri
("Chief Judge Kozinski, disagreeing with everyone.")
Ci r. 20 1 2)

a Bluepages Tip: lf the pincite

the page number:
is the first page of the case, simply repeat

o United States v. Baxter. 492F.2d 150, 150 (9th Cir. 1973).

For further guidance on pincites, see rule 3.2.

o Court and Year of Decision 810.1.3

I Indicate parenthetically the deciding court followed by the year of decision

(immediately following the page reference). When citing decisions of the United
States Supreme Court or the highest court of any individual state, however,

o do not include the name of the deciding court. Table T1 lists the coffect
abbreviations for courts in U.S. lurisdictions.

I (i) The United States Supreme Court: Cite United States Reports (U.S.) if th€
opinion appears therein; otherwise cite to Supreme Court Reporter (S. Ct.):

o
Meritor Sav. Bank v. Vinson, 477 V.5.57, 60 (1986).
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores. Inc., 134 5. Ct. 275'1,2782(2014\.

o (ii) Federal Courts ofAppeals: Cite Federal Reporter (F., F.2d, F.3d) and indicate
the name of the court parenthetically:

I Envtl. Def. Fund v. EPA, 465F.2d 528, 533 (D.C. Cir. 1972).

United States v. Jardine, 364 F.3d 1 200, | 203 (1 Oth Cir. 2004).

a (iii) Federal District Couns: Cite Federal Supplement (F. Supp.,

Supp. 3d) and indicate the name of the court parenthetically:
F. Supp. 2d, F.

I W. 5t. Group LLC v. Epro, 564 F. Supp. 2d 84,91 (D. Mass. 2008).

Harris v. Roderick. 933 F. Supp. 977 ,985 (D. ldaho 1 996).

o . Bluepages Tip: The correct abbreviation for each state is listed in

table T10. Some state names are abbreviated with two capital letters
(e.9., N.Y.), while others are abbreviated with one capital letter and

o several lower case letters (e.g., Mich.). Do not include a space between
adjacent single capital letters (e.9., S.D.N.Y.), but do include a space

o between a single capital letter and a longer abbreviation (e.9., "D. Conn."
for "District of Connecticut" and "S.D. Cal." for "Southern District of
California"). For more guidance on abbreviations, see rule 6.1.

a (iv) State High Courts: Cite the regional reporter for the region in which the
court sits, if the opinion appears therein; otherwise cite the state's official

o reporter, as listed in table T1. Indicate the state parenthetically, unless it is

unambiguously conveyed by the reporter title:

1999).
o Peoole v. Armour. 590 N.W.2d 61 (Mich. 13
-.=.''.,
,lir".i+; '

Chaudhary v. Gen. Motors Corp., 649 P,2d 224 (CaI.1982).

Bates v. Tappan. 99 Mass. 376 (1 868).

(v) Other State Courts: Cite the regional reporter for the region in which the
court sits, if the opinion appears therein; otherwise cite the state's official
reporter, as listed in table TL. lndicate parenthetically the state and court of
decision, unless unambiguously conveyed by the reporter title. Do not indicate
the department or district of intermediate state courts:

Kaolan v. Ziff. 530 N.W.2d 807 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995).

Rusk v.State,406 A.2d 624 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1979), rev'd. 424 A.2d
720 (Md. 1981).

Campbell v. Sellers-Morris Corp., 82 Cal. Rptr. 2d 202 (Ct. App. 1 999).

Parallel Citation in State Court Documents

In documents submitted to state courts, all case citations should be to the
reporters required by local rules. To find local des for the court in which you
are submitting a document, refer to Bluepages table BT2.
Local rules sometime s require citation of both the offrcial state rcportet and t}rc
unofficial regional or state-specific reporter. This is called parallel citation.
IJflhere a pincite is necessary, include one for each reporter citation. when
the state or court is clear from the official reporter title, omit it from the date
parenthetical:

Pledger v. Halvorson. 324 Ark.302,921 S.W.2d 576 (1996).

Kenford Co. v. County of Erie, 73 N.Y.2d 3'12,537 N.E.2d 176, 540

N.Y.S.2d 1 (1e89).

Bl0.l.4 Pending and Unreported Cases

(i) tDffi and Vestlaw cases: Cite to the LnilS or'Westlaw electronic report of
the case when one is available.

The proper format is as follows: (l) case name; (2) case docket number; (3)
database identifier and electronic report number; (4) star page number; and (5)
court and full date parenthetical:
Albrecht v. Stranczek, No. 87 C 9535, 1 991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5088, at
*1, *3 (N.D. lll. Apr. 1 5, 1 991).

Kvass Constr. Co. v. United States, No. 90-266C, 1991 WL47632, at

*2-3 (Cl. Ct. Apr. 8, 1991 ).

Bluepages Tip: Different courts and publishers use different formats

for case docket numbers (e.9., CIV-A, Civ. A., Civ., No.). Cite the case
docket number exactly as it appears. lf more than one docket number
is assigned to a case, the lead-in language (e.9., CIV-A, Civ. A., Civ., No.)
may be omitted after the first reference:
PKFinans Int'l Coro. v. IBJ Schroder Leasing Corp., Nos.93 Civ.5375,
96 Civ. 1816 (SAS) (HBP), 1996 WL 525862 (S.D.N.Y.Sept. 17, 1996).

14
t
o (ii) SIip opinions: When a case is unreported, but is separately available as a slip
opinion, give the docket number, the court, and the full date of the most recent

I
maior disposition of the case:

Groucho Marx Prods. v. Plavboy Enters.. No. 77 Civ. 1782 (S.D.N.Y.

Dec.3Q,1977),

o For further guidance on slip opinions, see rule 10.8.1(b).

t (iii) Opinions only available online, but not in an electronic database: Some
cases, particulady ones that are pending, can only be accessed through a
website. In this situation, the webpage URL may be included:
court's

o Kaye v. Trump. No. 5128, slip op. at 1 (N.Y. App. Div. Jan. 29, 20Q9),
http://www.nycou rts. gov/reporter/3d series / 2009 / 2009

t
-00452.
htm.

Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parentheticals 810.r.5

o To add information indicating the weight of the cited authority to a citation,

insert an additional parenthetical following the date parenthetical. Indicate

o when you are citing a concuffing or dissenting opinion:

Bush v. Gore. 531 U.5. 98,'144 (2000) (5-4 decision) (Breyer, J.,

o dissenting) ('The political implications of this case for the country

are momentous.").

I Zuni Pub. Sch. Dist. v. Dep't of Educ.. 550 U.S. 81, 1 1 3 (2007)
(Scalia, J., dissenting) ('The sheer applesauce of this statutory

I
interpretation should be obvious.").
Webb v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.. 57 F.3d 1067 (4th Cir. 1995)

t
(unpublished table decision).
Wersba v. Seiler,393 F.2d 937 (3d Cir. 1968) (per curiam).

I An explanatory parenthetical may also be added to explain briefly the

proposition for which the case stands:

Green v. Georgia. 442U.5.95,97 (1979) (per curiam) (holding that

I exclusion of relevant evidence at a sentencing hearing constitutes

denial of due process).

o For further guidance on explanatory parentheticals, see Bluepages 81 and

rule L0.7.1.

I Prior or Subsequent History 810.1.6

a A full citation should include the prior or subsequent history of the case,
subiect to several exceptions discussed in rule 10.7. Use one of the abbreviated
explanatory phrases listed in table T8 to introduce the prior or subsequent

o history. Include commonly used explanatory phrases such as "aff'd," "aff'g,"

"cert. denied" (subject to a two-year limitation per rule 10.7), "cert. granted,"
"rev'd,' and "rev'd on other grounds" forevery applicable citation. Underscore

o or italicize the explanatory phrase:

Gucci Am.. Inc. v. Gold Ctr. Jewelry.997 F. Supp. 399 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. l5
o 29,1998),rev'd,158 F.3d 631 (2d Cir. 1998).
 I
Cooperv. Duonik,924F.2d 1520, 1530-31 (9th Cir. 1991)(holding
that police officers'actions did not rise to level of due process
o
violation), rcv'd_en bale, 963 F.2d 1 220 (9th Cir. 1 992).
cent. lll. Pub. serv. co. v. westervelt, 342 N.E.2d 463 (lll. App. ct. o
o
1 97 6), aff' d, 367 N.E.2d 661 (tll. 1 97 7 ).
. Bluepages Tip: Explanatory parenthetical information about a case
should immediately precede information about subsequent case history.
'When
the case has a differcnt namc in thc subsequent history, providc the new
casc name, prcceded by thc phrase "sub nom." ("under thc name ot''). There is
o
no nccd to providc the new case nirmc if the partics' names are mercly rcversed
or if the subscqucnt history is simplv r clcnial of ccrtiorari or rchearing: I
Great W. United Corp. v. Kidwell, 577 F.2d 1 256 (sth Cir. 1 978), rev'd
sub nom. Lerov v. Great W. United Corp., 443 U.S.173 (1979). o
810.2 Short Form Citation I
Once you have provided a ftlll citation to an authorityJ you lnav use a "shott
form" in latcr citations of thc same authority, so long as (1) it is clear to the
rcadcr which authority is relbrenced; (2) the full citation falls in the same
I
general discussion; and (J) the reader will have little trouble krcating the full
citation. Therc arc sevcral acccptable short forms for case citations. All ofthese o
frrrms include "at" followcd by a pincite .

'I'hc firllowing arc all acceptable short ftrrm citations of page 100 of Palsgraf v.
Long lsland Railroad Co., 162 N.E. 99 (N.Y. 1928) (Cardozo, J.):
t
Palsgraf, 162 N.E. at 100. o
162 N.E. at 100.

ld. at '100. o
When using only one partv name in a short form citation, use the name of the
lirst parry, unless that party is a geographical unit, a govcrnmental entity, or
another typc ()f common litigant. YOu may also shorten a long party name,
o
frrr example fiom First Nat'l Trust & Inv. Corp. to First Nat'l, so long as thc
rcference remains unambiguous. I
Short citations take a slightlv rlifftrcnt form firr cases with parallcl citations.
Chalfin v. Soecter,426 Pa.464,465,233 A.2d 562,563 (1967), bccomcs onc o
o
of the fblkrwing:

Chalfin, 426Pa.at465,233 A.2d at 563.

td.
426Pa.at465.233 A.2d at 563.
o
.
"1d." is the short firrm used to refer to the immediatcly preceding authorit)

Bluepages Tip: The "i" in "id." is only capitalized when it begins a citation
o
sentence. The underline always r uns under the period.

(i) Vhen used alone, "id." rcf'ers to the identical pincite refcrenced in the o
16 immediatellpreccclingcitation:
o
o
a The Supreme Court has stated unequivocally that "apprehension
by the use of deadly force is a seizure subject to the reasonableness
requirement of the Fourth Amendment." Tennessee v. Garner,471

o U.5. 1, 7 (1 985). By contrast, minimal police interference will not

always constitute a "seizure" for Fourth Amendment purposes. ld.

I (ii) To refer to a different page or footnote within the immediately preceding

authority, add "at" and the new pincite:

I To determine whether a particular exercise of non-lethal police

force was reasonable, courts engage in a balancing process that

t (iii)
weighs the nature of the intrusion against the "governmental
interests." ld. at 8.
"1d." may only be used when the preceding citation cites only one source:

a This process weighs the nature of the exertion of force against the
governmental interests at stake. See Heath, 854 F.2d at 9. This is an

I "objective reasonableness" test. ld.

In the example above, it is clear that "1d." refers to Heath. By contrnst, the use

a of "id." in the following example is improper because it is not clear to which

authodty "id." refers:

I Not: To determine whether a particular exercise of non-lethal police

force was reasonable, courts engage in a balancing process.
Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.5.1, 8 (1985); see also Heath v. Henninq,

I 854 F.2d 6,8(2d Cir. 1988). This process weighs the nature of the
exertion offorce against the governmental interests at stake. See
id. at 9.

o Bluepages Tip: 5ources identifi ed in explanatory parentheticals,

explanatory phrases, and prior or subsequent history are ignored for the

o purposes of this rule.

(w) The "id.' form for cases requiring parallel citations is as follows:

o The Pennsylvania Supreme Court grappled with a similarly

complicated issue in an election dispute in 1967. See Chalfin v.

o Soecter, 426 Pa. 464, 477,233 A.2d 562, 568 (1967). In Chalfin.
the court was forced to reach a decision under a severelv rushed

t schedule. See id. at 468, 233 A.2d at 564.

(v)'ld.'can be used for various types of authoriti€s-not only for cases. For
further guidance on the use of "id.," see de 4.1.

a Constitutions 8L1

t U.S. Const. art. l, 5 8, cl. 10.

U.S. Const. amend. XVlll, 5 1.

o Wash. Const. art. l, 5 32.

I Bluepages Tip: Do not use a short citation form (other than id.) for
constitutions.
For further guidance on citing constitutions, see rule 11. 17

O
 I
Bl2 Statutes, Rules, and Restatements t
Bl2.l Full citation
o
Bl2.1.l Federal Statutes
A full citation of a federal statute includcs three clemcnts: (l) the official name t
of the act; (2) the published sourcc in which the act can be found; and (3) a
parenthetical indicating either (i) the year the sourcc was published (used firr
codcs) or (ii) the year the statute was passed (used for session laws):
I
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. 5S 9601-9675 (2012). o
Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. No. 89-670,5 9,80 Stat.
931,944-47 (1966). I
Bluepages Tip: Nothing is underlined in a statute citation. "Section"
is indicated by the "5" symbol, the plural of which is "55." For further I
t
guidance concerning citation of individual sections and subsections, see
rule 3.3.
Codes and Session Laws
For statutcs, cite a current official or unofficial code, an oflicial or privately
published collection of session laws, or a secondary source. Rule l2
o
provides l full explanation of thesc sourccs and how to decide which one to
inclucle in your citation. I
Whenever possible, cite thc current oflicial code for statutes curently in
forcc. The official code for federal statutes is the United States Code. which is
abbreviated .U.S.C.'
o
A citation of an official or unofficial code will tell the rcader where a statute can
be found by listing: (1) the title mrmber; (2) the abbreviated name of the cocle;
o
(3) the section numbcrs in which the act is codilied; and (4) the year of the
cited code edition (not the ycar the act was passed). Citations of an unofficial I
I
codc, such as an "annotated code," must also include the name of the publisher
in thc date parenthetical:
'r u.s.c.s 1(2012).
15 U.S.C.A. 5 205 (West 2008).
I
Bluepages Tip: The _U.-njled Slales eode is codified once every six years.
Therefore, citations of the "U.S.C." should identify the appropriate
codifying year, such as 2012.
I
To cite an indiviclual provision of a statute, include thc original section number
of the provision you wish to cite following thc statutc name. Note that the o
"original section numbcr" ref'ers to a particular section of the act, not to the
scction of thc code in which that provisiol"r has been codified. Thus, in the lirst o
t
example below, "5 6" refers to scction 6 of the Administrative Procedure Act,
while "5 555" refers to section 555 of Title V of the United States Code:

Administrative Procedure Act 5 6, 5 U.S.C. S 555 (20'l 2).

18

o
I '1i riir:'.: ilr-rlr.,, :i::;i :i. rr r;r::::j';::. qlili

o National Environmental Policy Act

(20't2).
of 1969 5 102,42U.5.C. 5 4332

t Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 5 1 03, 1 7 U.S.C.A. S 1 201

(West 2008).

I Cite the session laws if the official or unofficial code is unavailable or

insufficient, for example, when the statute does not yet appear in a code or
when you need to refer to the historical fact of the statute's enactment.

o The official compilation of federal session laws is the Statutes at Large,

abbreviated as "Stat." A citation ofthe Statutes at Large includes the following

o elements: (1) the official or popular name of the statute; (2) the public law
number, abbreviated "Pub. L. No."; (3) the section number, if any; (4) the

I
volume number, followed by "Stat." and the number of the first page of the act;
and (5) the year the statute was passed. Session law citations may also pincite
the particular provision of the act cited and the particular page of the session

o laws on which that provision appears:

Department of Transportation Act, Pub.

931,944-47 (1966).
L. No. 89-670, S 9, 80 Stat.

T Health Professions Education Extension Amendments of 1992. Pub.

I
L. No. 1 02-408, 1 06 Stat. 1 992.

Bluepages Tip: Omit the year parenthetical if the name of the statute
includes its year of enactment.

I For guidance on how to indicate a statute 's prior or subsequent history, see

t
ruJ,e12.7.

State Statutes Bl2.l.2

I For state statutes, cite an official code whenever possible. Table T1.3 lists the
official and unofficial statutory compilations of each state, with the preferred

o official code listed first. Although the citation form for individual state codes
varies, a full citation of most state codes includes the following elements: (l)
the abbreviated name of the code, as listed in table T1.3; (2) the cited section

I number(s); and (3) the year of the cited code edition (not the year the act was
passed). Citations of an unofficial state code must also include the name of the
publisher in the date parenthetical:

o Wash. Rev. Code 5 288.20.020 (2014).

o Cal. Penal Code 5 181 (West 201 1).

N.Y. Bus. Corp. Law S 717 (McKinney 2000).

a For guidance on citing state session laws, see rule 12.4.

o Procedural Rules, Restatements, Uniform Acts, and

Materials
Similar Bl2.l.3

I Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(bX6).

Fed. R. Evid.401.

1981).
o Restatement (Second) of Contracts 5 90 (Am. Law Inst. tg
 I
a(AmLaw'ns'i1e75)
l::::ff;:;::J::1,:il,"l t
U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual S 2D1.1(c) (U.S. Sentencing
Comm'n 2004). O
on citing proccdural n:les, restatcments, ancl uniform
i:l:::,:iil Hnce O
Brz.l.4Federal Tax Materials O
:#1i""::T:f['ffi:::l]J'fl:T[",1.']',n:li;Hifi::':ilill,[
only the current ve rsion of f'cdcral tax larvs, you may omit the year ancl publishe r
o
from citations of thc Intemal llcvenue (irde ("|'R'C.'') and Treasury
fffit,::T:t t

ff:::ffi::,,::, Rcvenue corre, you may rcrrace .,26 U.s.c.,,with a

"t.R.c.":

26 u.s.c. s 6r (2012). I
becomes: l.R.C. 5 61 (2012).

TreasuryRegulations O

l'".' l"l Z',',1',2',,i'r,e&A(3xa) I

Treasury Determinations
I
Whcn citing Trclsury determinations in court documcuts and legal memoranda,

l,}frxH\:ff11';ll:.fi.;:T'[: l].*:ii::xi:::;'i;1ffi;iJi: o
;*:J; ;:ffi: ;i;.H;ff:il Xil;;.Tlli ;:l:l;::: r',,ll:',1,T'l'Xl
omit the dashes from thc mling number:
I
Rev. Rul. B3-137,1g83-2C.8.41.
I
l.R.S. P.L.R. 8601012 (Sept. 30, 'l 985).

l.R.S. G.C.M.39,417 (5ept".30, 19Bs). J

- Bluepages Tip: Tax Court and Board of Tax Appeals decisions are cited
as court decisions, not agency decisions. For further guidance, see table
T1.1.
a
For guiclance on citing matcrials from othcr arlministrativc agencics, sce table
T1.2 t

nr2.2 sh; F;;; iiiutio,, a

ili.Hl,;:1ixillJ.j.l"i,'iilll;ili'l*'.ffi ::"'.TT'xil:,:['JT[::*;;,i
:rny short form that clearly idcntifies the sourcc. Rules I2.10, l3.a,,rnrl 11.5
o
20
o
I
t includc tablcs illustrrting acccptablc short firrms f<rr statutcs, rcgulations, and
legislativc nrirtcrills.

I Yon ml1' usc "id." to rclcr to r statutc or rcguhtion codificcl s'ithin tht: sxnlc titlc
as the statutcor reguhtior] citecl in thc inrmcdiatcly p|ccccling citation:

t l'Lrli (italion itatiorr

ldL.ntical
Provision
ld. (
for
ld. Citation lor
Dff"r"ut Provisron
within

I
S:rnre Titk:

28 U.S.C. 5 331 (2006).

1 ld= rd. 5 1 332.

s0 C.F.R. 5 10.12 (2006). ld.

I
ld. 5 10.13(c)(1).

Legislative Materials 813

a A firll citltion to legislative matcrial includcs the lbllorving componcnts. tlx)ugh
not ncccss:uilv in thc firllorving orclcr: (l) tl"lc titlc <>f tlre r.uateriul; (2) the

a abbrevilted name of thc legishtivc boch': (J) tltc numbcr ussigned to tltc materiall
( 1) thc nunrbcr of thc (irngress ancl/ol legislative sessiorr, lnd (5) tltc )'car of

t publication.

H.R. Rep. No. 99-253, pt. 1, at 54 (1 985).

t S. Rep. No. 84-2,

Enacted Federal Bill

at 7 (1 955).

I When citing fcderal bills. inclucle (hc nxme of thc bill (if relcvxttt), thc
abbreviltecl name of thr Oongressionul chamber, the number ol tltc lrill. thc
number of thc (iongrcss, thc scction (il rny),

I
ancl the ycar of pLtblic:ation:

5.1983,93rd Cong.5 10 (1973).

t H.R. 8638,gsth Cong. S2(1977).

Freedom of Information Act, S. 1 160, BSth Cong. 5 1 (1965).

o Digital Millennium Copyright Act,

Unenacted Federal Bill

H.R. 2281, 105th Cong. 5 6 (1997).

I Protection from Personal Intrusion Act, H.R. 2448, 105th Cong. 5 2(a)
(1997).

t Federal Congressional Hearing

Toxic Substances Control Act: Hearings on S. 776 Before the

o Subcomm. on the Env't of the Senate Comm. on Commerce,94th

Cong. 343 (1 97s).

t Federal Congressional Report

H.R. Rep. No.99-253, pt. 1, at 54 (1985).

a 5. Rep. No. B4-2,at7 (1955).

State Bills and Resolutions

o When citing stlte bills and rcsolutious, iuclude : (1) thc r-rame ol'thc lcgislativc
bodv, (2) the numbcr of thc bill or rcsolution, (J) thc number ol the lcgislativ"

I ,",
 t
body; and (4) the number ofthe legislative session. Parcnthetically indicrte the
name of thc state and thc ycar of enactnrent or publication: I
H.D. 636, 1999 Leg.,
'l
413th Sess. (Md. 1999).
H.R. 89, 145th Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. (Ga. 1 999).
I
For further guidance on citing legislativc materials, sec rule 13.
o
Bl4 Administrative and Executive Materials
Cite fbderal mles and regulations to the (i)dc of F'ede ral Regulations (C.F.R.) by
I
title, section or part, and vcur:

46 C.F.R. 5 166.01 (2009). o

(litations to rules or regulations in the Fcdcral Register (Fed. Reg.) should give
the commonly used nirmc of the mle or rcgulation, the volume and ptgc on t
which thc mle rtr rcgulation begins, ancl the date of the rulc or regulirtion:
Federal Acquisition Regulations for National Aeronautics and Space
Administration,55 Fed. Reg.52,782 (Dec.21, 1990) (to be codified
t
at 48 C.F.R. pt. 1).

For administrative adjudications, cite b1' tlte reportetl name of the lirst-listed
o
private party or by the oflicial subiect-mattcr ritlc:

Trojan Transp., lnc., 249 N.L.R.B. 642

o
t
(1 980).

For arbitrltirxr awards, cite xs court cases if adversan, Darties are named and as
administrative adjudications if they are not:

Kroger Co. v. Amalgamated Meat Cutters, Local 539, 74 Lab. Arb.

Rep. (BNA) 785,787 (1980) (Doering, Arb.). o
Charles P. Ortmeyer,23 Indus. Arb.272 (1980) (Stern, Arb.).

For further guidance on citinli administrativc rules and rcgulations, see mle 14.
I
815 Books and Other Nonperiodic Materials a
Bl5.l Full Citation I
(litationst<r b<xlks, treatiscs, pamphlets, and other nonpcriodic materials should
include the firllowing elemcnts: (1) thc volume numbcr (firr multi-volumc sets);
(2) the full nlme(s) of the author(s) as writtcn in the publication; (3) rhc ritle of
o
the publicrtion (underscorccl or italicized); (,1) a pincitc; and (5) a parenrherical
indicating the year of publicirtion, rhe namc of the editor (if any), and the edition I
o
(if more than one).

l'wo authors should appcar scparated by an ampersand ("&") in thc ordcr in

I
which they arc listed ol-r thc publication. lf a work has morc than two authors,
you may either list all <tf the authors' nanles or list the first author's name
fbllowed bv 'et al."

Matthew Butterick, Typography for Lawyers 54 (2010).

McNeill & William H. McNeill, The Human Web: A Bird's-Eye View
J.R.
t
22 of World History 319 (2003).
o
I i {".
"

I David Hunter et al., International Environmental Law and Policy 555

(3rd ed.2006).

t A Bentham Reader 101 (Mary Peter Macked., 1969).

t
21 Charles Alan Wriqht & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and
Procedure S '1006 (3d ed. 1998).

There are special citation forms for a few frequently cited works:

I Good-Faith Eargaining, Black's Law Dictionary (1Oth ed.2014).

7 Am. Jur. 2d Contracts S 74 (1964).

c
1

88 C.i.S. Trial S 192 (1 9s5).

I For fuither guidance on citing to books and other nonperiodic material, see
de 15.

I Short Form Citation 815.2

t
Use "id." to refer to a book or other nonperiodical material cited in the
immediately preceding citation. Otherwise, use "supra." The "supra" form
consists of (1) the author's last name; (2) "supra," underlined or italicized up

I to but not including the comma; and (3) a new pincite:

Full Cite ld. Cite Supra Cite

o Richard Posner, How Judges

269 (2010).
Think ld. at 204-05. Posner, supra,
at 204-05.

t Mary L. Dunnewold et al., Judicial See id. at

Clerkshios: A Practical Guide 77
(2010).
80. See Dunnewold
et al., supra,
at 80.

I Fleming James, Jr. & Geoffrey

Hazard, Jr., Civil Procedure 5
C.
2.35
ld. S 1.7. James &
Hazard, supra.

t -
(sth ed. 20ol ).
Bluepages Tip: For further guidance on short forms, see rules 4, 1 5.10,
s 1.7.

I 16.9.17.6,and 18.8.

I Periodical Materials 81.6

I Full citation
A full citation of periodical material includes the following elements:
name(s) of the author(s) aswritten in the publicatioq (2) the title of the article
(l) the full
816'1

(undedined or italicized); (3) the abbreviated name of the publication; (4) a

: pincite; and (5) the date of publication. The basic citation may differ depending

I on the type of periodicat cited. For further guidance , see rule 16.

PaginatedJournals
a Consecutively 816.1.1

Most law ioumals are paginated consecutively throughout an entire volume (i.e.,
individual issues within a volume do not begin at page " I " but rather pick up

o
,
23
where the previous issue left ofD. To cite material appearing in a consecutively
 t
paginated periodical, fbllow this frrrmat: <author(s)>, <tille,afurygrk>, <vol-
ume number> <abbreviated periodical name> <first page of article>, t
o
<pincite> (<year of publication>).
Fred R. Shapiro & Michelle Pearse, The Most-Cited Law Review
Articles of All Time, 1 I0 Mich. L. Rev. 1483, 1489 (2012).

R.H. Coase, The Problem of Social Cost, 3 J.L. & Econ. 1, 1 (1960). t
For appropdate abbrcviations of periodicirl namcs, sec table T13.

816.r.2 Nonconsecutively Paginated Journals and Magazines

I
Christopher Hitchens, The New Commandments, Vanity Fair, Apr.
201 l, at 1.
o
816.r.l Student-Wriffen Work I
Natalie Cotton, Comment, The Competence of Students as Editors
ofLaw Reviews: A Response to Judge Posner,154U. Pa. L. Rev.951, a
982 n.1 04 (2006).
For guiclance on citing student-written work, consult nrle 16.7.1. I
816.1.4 Newspaper Articles t
I
Abigail Sullivan Moore, This ls Your Brain on Drugs, N.Y. Times, Oct.
29. 201 4. at A1 .

Doug Esser, UW Library Freezes Bedbugs Off Infested Books, Seattle

Times, Dec. 7,2012, at 42.
I
816.2 Short Form Citation
Altcr providing a full citation of a pcrioclical, you ma_y usc "id." or
"supra" in subscqucnt citations. Iise "id." to refcr to pcriodical matcrial
I
cited in the immediately prececling citation. ()therwise , use the "SUga"
fonn intnrduccd in Bluepages Iil5.2. o
- Bluepages Tip: When your document includes citations of more than
one source by the same author, include an abbreviated reference to the t
title of the cited source in any suora citation.
Llewellyn, Remarks, supra, at 401-06. I
817 Court and Litigation Documents I
This rule f<rcuses on citltions to court documents that have becn liled as part of
thc samc case. For citations of court documcnts liled in a diffcrent case. consult
rule 1O.8.3.
I
817.1 Full Citation I
A hlll citation of a court docurncnt includes the following elements: (l ) the name
of the document, abbrcviated whcrc appropriatc; (2) the pinpoint citation; and a
24
o
o : '' :l ' ;t Lr::-

o (3) the date of the document, if required. The citation should also include the
Electronic Case Filing (ECF) number found on PACER.

I) Abbreviation
Abbreviate the titles of court documents according to Bluepages table BT1.
817.1.1

o Where there is an official record, such as the Record on Appeal in appellate

litigation, always abbreviate "Record" to "R." Do not abbreviate, however, when

I doing so will confuse the reader:

Petitioner admits filing suit more than one year after knowledge of

I the facts underlying its claim, Pet'r's Br.6, and further admits the
applicability of a one-year statute of limitations, Pet'r's Br. 7.
ln Defendant's Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support

I of Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment, Defendant asserts

that the dangerous conditions giving rise to the accident resulted

o from someone else's negligence, Def.'s Mem. Supp.5umm. J. 6, 9,

implying that Defendant was, indeed, aware of the risk. Yet, in his
Affidavit filed in support of the Motion, Defendant explicitly states

I that he had no knowledge of the rising water level. Def.'s Aff. lltl
5-7; see also Jones Aff. Ex. A, at 2.

I Bluepages Tip: You may enclose citations of court documents in

parentheses:
(Def.'s Resp. to Pl.'s lnterrog. No. 3.)

o Pinpoint Citations Br7.r.2

t Provide a precise reference to the cited document, such as to the page and line
on which the material appears in a deposition or fiial transcript. Us€ commas

t only to avoid confusion. Separate page and line references by a colon. Page
references should not be preceded by "p.," but other subdivisions should be
identilied. You are generally not required to precede pincites with "at," though

? it is customary to use 'at" in references to certain sources such as appellate

records (e.g., R. at 5):

I Hawkins Aff.6.
Trial Tr. vol. 2, 31.

o Pet'r's 8r.6.
Clark Dep. 1 5:21 -'l 6:4.

t Pls.'Am. Answer to Def.'s Countercl. 3-4.

Travis Decl. Ex. B, at 3.

c R. at 9.

r Date
Provide the date of the cited document when: (1) more than one document
Br7.t.,

c has the same title; (2) the date is relevant to the discussion; or (3) ifthe date is
needed to avoid confusion:

Plaintiff alleged that Defendant was driving at a rate far in excess of

o the posted speed limit. Compl. fl 7. However, her sworn testimony 25

 o
is to the effect that she never saw the Defendant before the
accident and was thus unable to gauge his speed. Perryman Dep.
34:1 5-'18, Aug. 7, 2002;frial Tr. vol. 2, 51-52, Dec. 12, 2002.
o
Mr. Svensson attests that Plaintiffs president cared not about the ;
age of the inventory but only about its marketability. Svensson
Aff. f 5. In addition, Ms. Beatrice swears that Plaintiffs president
had the authority to waive the condition concerning the age of
o
the inventory, Beatrice Aff. tl 9, May 1 0, 2003, and that no other
corporate official had such authority, Beatrice Aff.n 2, June 2, 2003. o
rtt7.I.4 Electronic Case Filings (ECF)
Court documcnts lilccl with thc electnrnic case managcment system emplol'cd
o
by PAOER for fcderll cases are assigned ckrcumcnt nuntbers. Adcl this Electronic
Casc F'ilir-rgs (ECF) number to thc citntions of electror-rically filed documents. a
Feder Dep.5:30-12:10, ECF No.6.

Def.'s Mot. Summ. J. 2, ECF No. 15.

o
Bluepages Tip: Documents filed on PACER are imprinted with an ECF
header. lf these page numbers are different from the page numbers of
o
the filed document, use the page numbers of the original document.

817.2 Short Form Citation

o
Aficr providing a full citation, you may usc I short firrm if: (1) it will be clelr
to thc reader what you are citing; (2) thc firll citation falls in the same general
o
discussion; and (l) the readcr will hlve littlc trouble krcating the firll citation:
a
First Reference
App. to Pet. Cert. 137-39,ECF
No.15.
Succeeding Reference
App. 137-39,
137-39.
ECF No. 'l 5. or App.
t
Bluepages Tip: For court documents, id. should only be used if
significant space will be saved. o
The liquid left on the floor by Defendant caused Plaintiff to lose her
balance, slip, and fall. Leach Aff. 33-39. This fall led to numerous o
hospital visits costing well over 5l0,000. ld. at 52.

But: The liquid left on the floor by Defendant caused Plaintiff to lose I
her balance, slip, and fall. R. at 5. This fall led to numerous hospital
visits costing well over 510,000. R. at 12. t
818 The Internet
c
Blri.r Full citation
Bl8.r.r Direct Citations
I
A Full citation ofan Internct source includes: (1) thc name ofthe author(s) (if
applicrblc); (2) thc titlc of thc specilic page of the wcbsirc, such as I posring or
c
26 comment (underlinccl or italicizcd) (if applicable); (l) the ritle of thc main pa15c
o
a
o of the website; (4) the date and time (if applicable); and (5) the URl. For funher
guidance on citing Intemet sourc€s, see rule 18.2:

o David Lat, Movie Nioht with Justice Breyer. Above the Law (Oct.
27, 2A1 4, 3 :3 1 P M), http://a bovet h el aw.com / 201 4 / 1 O /
movie-ni g ht-with-justice-breyer/.

o Fabrizio di Piazza, SCOTUSbIog on Camera: Laurence H. Tribe (Part

one), SCOTUSblog (Oct. 22, 201 4,9:53 AM), http://www.scotusblog.

t com/med ialscotusblog-on-ca mera-la u rence-h-tribe-part-one/.

Eugene Kontorovich, ltaly Adopts Supreme Court's View of

I
ICJ Authority, Volokh Conspiracy (Oct. 28, 2014), http://www.
washin gton post.com/news/volokh-conspir acy /w p / 201 4/ 1 0 /28 /
italy-adopts-su preme-courts-view-of-icj-a uthority/.

o Bluepages Tip: lf a source is available in both HTML and PDF (which

preserves the pagination of the print version), then you should only cite

I to the PDF. Whenever possible, provide a pincite for Internet sources:

Ulrich Cubasch et al., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science

I
Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 121 (2013),
http://www.i pcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/a r5lwg l AffG i AR5-
Chapter0l _FlNAL.pdf.

I If there is no date associated with the specific webpage, then the citation should
list the date when the website was "last modified" or "last updated" after the
URL lfthese indicators are unavailable, use the date on which you "last visited"

; the webpage:

Yahoo! Home Page, http://www.yahoo.com (last visited May 16,

o 20't4).

t Parallel Citations
For printed material, you may provide a parallel citation to an Intemet source :
BlE.l.2

I Am. Mining Cong. v. U.S. Army Corps of Enq'rs. No. ClV. 4.93-1754
55H (D.D.C. Ja n. 23, 1997), http://www.wetlands.com/fed/tullochl.

o htm.

Short Form Citation BlA.2

o After providing a full citation to an Intemet sourc€, you may use "id." or "supra"
in subsequent citations per rules 4 and 18.8(a):

I Lat, supra.

o Services
Cite services by volume, abbreviated title, publisher, subdivision, and date. If
819

o the source is a case, include the abbreviated name of the court in the same
parenthetical as the date:

o ln re Smithfield Estates. Inc., [1985-1986 Transfer Binder] Bankr. L.

Rep. (CCH) [i70,707 (Bankr. D.R.l. Aug. 9, 1985).

o SEC v. Tex. lnt'l Airlines ,29 Fed. R. Serv. 2d (West) 408 (D.D.C. I 979). 27
 o
Kovacs v. Comm'r,74 A.F.f .R.2d (RlA) 354 (6th Cir. 1994).

Whcn citing loosclcaf matcrial that will cvcntullll, be tround, nclcl the nlme of
o
thc bountl firnn in parcntltcses il'it is cliffl'rent fiom thc name of the l<xrseleaf
form; inclucle thc volume of the bouncl firrm if avail:rble o
Marietta Concrete Co., 3 Lab. Rel. Rep. (BNA) (84 Lab. Arb. Rep.)
1 158 (May 7,1985). o
Iror hrrthcr gr.riclance on citing scfl/iccs, sec rule t9.
t
B2O Foreign Materials
Whcn citinla to anl'non-[].S. suurcc, whethcr in Iinglish or in another language
indicate the jurisdiction ptrcnthetically tt the cn(l ofthe citation.
, t
For fbreign commou law clses, indicate the court parcnthetically: a
R v. Lockwood , (1782\ 99 Eng. Rep. 379 (K.8.).

Oitc forcign statutes front comr.non luw countries like statutes of the o
Ilnited Kingcbm (table 'f 2.42 United Kingdom), noting rhc iuriscliction
parcntheticxlly at thc end of thc citation:
o
a
Emergency Powers Act (Act No.3/1976) (lr.).

For firrthcr guidancc on citir-rg fbrcign sourccs, sec rule 20.

B2l International Materials t

Founding Documents:

U.N. Charter art. 94, fl r.e. o

Statute ofthe International Tribunal for the Law ofthe Sea art. r, fl
2, Dec.10, 1982,l'833 U.N.T.S.56r. o
Multilateral Treaties:

United Nations Convention on the Law ofthe Sea, Dec. ro, 1982, I
r833 U.N.T.S. 397.
Organization of American States, American Convention on Human o
Rights, Nov. 22,t969, O.A.S.T.S. No. 36, rr44 U.N.T.S. rz3.
Bilateral Treaties: I
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Japan-U.S., art. X,
Apr. z, t953,4 U.S.T. eo63. o
Agreement Concerning Payments for Certain Losses Suffered
During World War ll, Fr.-U.5., Jan. r8, 2oo1, Temp. State Dep't No. o
ot36,2ootWL 4t6465.
International Cases:
o
The stlndard citation fbr an intcrnational law casc include s: ( I ) thc name of casc;
(2) thc case number; (J) the reportcr (if an)); (.1) thc charactcrization of the o
2g dccision (iudgmcnt, provisional mcasurcs, crc.); (5) a pincite (using paragrlph

t
o E ,r J! r .i.""::' *'"i +
[^,",u,,].-

o numbers, if available, rather than page numbers); and (6) a parenthetical with
the date, prefaced by name of court if not otherwise evident from the citation:

I Delimitation of Maritime Boundary in Gulf of Maine Area (Can./U.S.),

Judgment, 1982 l.C.J. Rep. 560, tl 22 (Nov. 5).

o
Prosecutor v. Katanga, ICC-01 /04-01 /07 -3436- Anxl, Minority
opinion of Judge Wyngaert, fl 320 (Mar. 7 ,2014).
For more on how to cite intemational sources. see rule 21.

o THE BLUEPAGES TABTES

o
t Court Documents
This table provides suggested abbreviations for words commonly found in
the titles of court documents. Use these abbreviations in citations to court
BT1

o documents according to Bluepages Bl7.l.l ancl 817.2. This table also

indicates certain words that should not be abbreviated. Unless otherwise

o indicated, plurals are formed by adding the letter "s."

Words of seven or more letters not appearing in this table may also be

t abbreviated, so long as the abbreviation is unambiguous.

Omit all articles and prepositions from an abbreviated title, unless the result will
confuse the reader. Other extraneous words may also be omitted, so long as the

o reader can unambiguously identi$ the cited document.

o Admission
Affldavit
Affirm
Admis.
Aff.
Affirm
Defendant ['s]
Defendants [']
Demurrer
Def. ['s]
Defs. [']
Dem.

o Amended
Answer
Am.
Answer
Deny [ing]
Deposition
Den.
Dep.

o Appeal
,4LpS]tj"t- _ __4 s
Appeal
pllgl t
oirygygll___Dlsc.
Dismiss Dismiss
__
o _4lq_q!19.
1pegq=_ --
- -4PP-"]9",--
App.__
_ ___
Docket
Document
Docket
Doc.

I Application
Argument
Appl.
Arg.
Evidence
Exhibit
Evid.
Ex.

I Attachment
Attorney
Brief
Attach.
A,.',y
Br.
Grant
Hearing
Injunction
Grant
Hr'g
Inj.

a Certiorari
Compel
Cert.
Compel
Instruction
I!|..qgltgE,*-
lnstr.

I
lI-el"l9_sj_ _
Complaint Compl. J"T!4pp91.1* _L4
Counterclaim Countercl. Judgment

o Court
Cross-claim
ct.
Cross-cl.
Limine
Memorandum
Minute
Lim.
Mem.
Min. 29
 O
Nl()tk)n
()bicction
Mot.
obj.
Ileport and
Ile comme nclation
R.&R.
t
()pinion
()pposition
Op.
opp'n
Ii.eport(]
l{cqucst
r Rep.
Req. o
o
()rcler Order l{esponclent Resp't

tition
l)e Pet. Response Resp.
Stay

I
Ste_v
Pctitioncr I'sl Pet'r ['s]
Pcririo[efs ['l Pet'rs ['] Subl;oena Subpoena
PlaintilT l'sl Summaq Summ.

I
Pl. ['s]
I']laintifl.s l'l Pls. ['] Sr.pplnrcnt Ial] Suppl.

Points ancl P.&A. Srrl)p()ft supp.

Authoritics
Prcliminary Prelim.
)uppfcss
T'cmp<-lrary
Restraining
Su

TRO
ppress
t
l)rocluc lc, tionl
Quash
Produc.
Quash
()rcler
1'estimot'r,v Test. o
r:rtion

t
l{e corrsicle Recons. 'fr
'l-ranscript
Rccord R.
Vcrihccl v.5.
Rehcadng Reh'g
rncnt

o
Stilte
llcply Reply

BT2 Jurisdiction-Specific Citation Rules and Style Guides

This tablc lists krcal court mlcs lrrcl othcr ruthorities govcrning legal citntions. o
o
Whilc this list is interrcled to l)c as ac:cumtc lncl comprchensive as possible, it
is inrprxtant filr practitirlncrs to check thc most rccent vcrsioll of krcal rules on
ofticial couft websites.

BT'2.1 Fecleral Courts o

United States Court ofAppeals for the First Circuit
1st Cir. R. Notice to Litigants (cite as "Loc. R. ")
o
1st Cir. R. 32.1.0 (citation of unpublished opinions)

st Cir. R. 32.2 (citation to State or Commonwealth Courts and to

'I
o
unpublished articles)
Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the First Circuit
o
l st Cir. Bankr. App. Panel R. 8001-1(a) (shall cite as "1 st Cir. BAP L.R.
t
_")
United States Court ofAppeals for the Second Circuit
"(LR
t
t
2d Cir. R. 1.1 (cite as ")

2d Cir. R. 32.'l .1 (citation of summary orders)

o
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
3d Cir. R. 1.2 (shall cite as "3d Cir. L.A.R. _ (2008)")

30 3d Cir. R. 28.3 (citation of various types of legal authority)

o rl

o 3d Cir. R. 1 13.13 (citation of Internet sources)

o
United States Court ofAppeals for the Fourth Circuit
4th Cir. R. 32.1 (citation of unpublished opinions)

o United States Court ofAppeals for the Fifth Circuit

5th Cir. R.28.7 ,47.5 (citation of unpublished opinions)

o United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

6th cir. R. 1 (cite as "6 cir. R. _")

o 6th Cir. R. 32.1(a) (citation of unpublished opinions)

Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Sixth Circuit

o 6th Cir. Bankr. App. Panel

LBR _")
R. 8018 - 1 (shall cite as "6th Cir. BAP

o 6th Cir. Bankr. App. Panel

opinions)
R. 8010 - 1(c) (citation of unpublished

o United States Court ofAppeals for the Seventh Circuit

7th Cir. R. 32.1 (citation of unpublished opinions)

o United States Court ofAppeals for the Eighth Circuit

8th Cir. R. 32.1A (citation of unpublished opinions)

o United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

9th Cir. R.36-3 (citation of unpublished opinions)

o Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit

8018-2 (shall cite as "9th Cir. BAP

o
9th Cir. Bankr. App. Panel R. R.
-")
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit

o 1 Oth Cir. R. 1 .3 (should cite as

1Oth Cir. R. 32.1
" loth Cir.
-")
(citation of unpublished opinions)
R.

o Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Tenth Circuit

l Oth Cir. Bankr. App. Panel R. 8018-1 1 (may cite as "1 Oth Cir. BAP L.

o R. _")
1Oth Cir. Bankr. App. Panel R. 8018-6
opinions)
(citation of unpublished

o United States Court ofAppeals for the Eleventh Circuit

o
1 1 th Cir. R. Title Page (cite as "1 I th cir. R.

1 1th Cir. R. 28-1

-")
(k) (citations shall comply with The Bluebook or the
ALWD Citation Manual)

o 1 1th Cir. R. 36-2 (citation of unpublished opinions)

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia

o D.C. Cir. R. 28(b)

D.C. Cir. R. 28(aXl XB)
(citation of various types of legal authority)
(citation of rulings under review)

o D.C. Cir. R. 32.1(a) (citation of published opinions and statutes) 31

 o
D.C. Cir. R. 32.1(b)
D.C. Cir. Handbook
(citation of unpublished opinions)
of Practice and Internal Procedures LD (cite local
o
rules as "D.C. Cir. Rule
D.C. Cir. Handbook
_")
of Ptactice and Interna
(citation of various types of legal authority)
lX.A.8 o
United States Court ofAppeals for the Federal Circuit o
Fed. Cir. R.

Fed. Cir. R. 32.1

2B(e) (citation of cases)
(citation of nonprecedential opinions or orders) o
United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama
M.D. Ala. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (should cite civil rules as "M.D. Ala. LR _") o
\
o
(should cite criminal rules as "M.D. Ala. LCrR

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Alabarna

Bankr. M.D. Ala. R. 1000-1 (shall cite as "LBR

United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama

_, Bankr. M.D. Ala.")
o
S.D. Ala. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "SD ALA LR
S.D. Ala. Adm. R. 1 (may cite as "SD ALA LAR
_")
_") o
United States District Court for the District of Alaska
D. Alaska Adm. R. (a)-1 (may cite as "D.Ak. LAR _")
o
D. Alaska Civ. R. 85.1 (may cite as "D.Ak. L.R.
D. Alaska Civ. R. 7.1(c)
_")
(citation of unpublished opinions) o
D. Alaska Crim. R. 61.1 (may cite as "D.Ak. LCrR.
D. Alaska Habeas Corpus R. 1 .1
_")
(b) (may cite as "D.Ak. HCR _'l o
D. Alaska Mag. R. i (a) (may cite as "D.Ak.LMR

United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Alaska

_")
o
Bankr. D. Alaska R. 1001-1(e) (may cite as "AK LBR

United States District Court for the District of Arizona

_")
o
D. Ariz. R. Foreword (may cite
criminal rules as "LRCrim _")
civil rules as "LRCiv _") (may cite
o
United States Bankmptcy Court for the District of Arizona
D. Ariz. R. Foreword (may cite as "LRBankr _") o
United States District Court for the Central District of California
C.D. Cal. R. 1 1-3.9 (citation of various types of legal authority)
o
C.D. Cal. Adm. & Mar. R. A.3 (may cite as "LAR
C.D. Cal. Bankr. App. R.
_")
Footnote 1 (should cite as C.D. Cal. L. Bankr.
o
R. _")
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California o
Bankr. C.D. Cal. R. 1001-1(a) (may cite as "LBR
Bankr. C.D. Cal. R.
_")
9013-2(c) (citation of various types of legal o
32 authority)
o
o frll r,r r i

o United States District Court for the Eastern District of California

E.D. Cal. R. 1 -100(a) (may cite as "1.R. _")

o E.D. Cal. R. 5-1 33(i) (citation of various types of legal authority)

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District ofCalifornia

o Bankr. E.D. Cal. R. 1 001-1 (a) (may cite as "LBR

United States District Court for the Norrthern District of California

-")

o N.D. Cal. Adm. & Mar. R. 1-1 (should cite as

N.D. Cal. Civ. R. 1-1 (should cite as "Civil L.R.
"Admir. L.R.
-'l
o N.D. Cal. Civ. R. 3-4(d)
-') of legal authority)
(citation of various types
N.D. Cal. Civ. R.3-4(e) (citation of uncertified opinions)

o N.D. Cal. Crim. R. 1-1 (should cite as "Crim. L.R.

N.D. Cal. Habeas Corpus R.2254-1 (should cite as "Habeas L.R.
-")

o N.D. Cal. Pat. R. 1-1 (should cite as "Patent L.R.

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of

-")
-")

o California
Bankr. N.D. Cal. R. 1001-1(b) (cite as "B.L.R.

o United States District Court for the Southern District of California

5.D. Cal. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "CivLR
-")

o 5.D. Cal. Civ. R. 5.1 (l)

-") and regulations)
(citation of federal statutes
5.D. Cal. Crim. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "CrimLR

o United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of

California
-")

o Bankr. 5.D. Cal. R. 1001- l (shall cite as "LBR

United States District Court for the District of Colorado

-")

o D. Colo. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "D.C.COLO.LCivR

D. Colo. Civ. R. 7.1(e) (citations in motions)
-")

o D. Colo. Crim. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "D.C.COLO.LCrR

United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Colorado

-")

o Bankr. D. Colo. R. 1001-1(b) (shall cite as "L.B.R.

-")
o United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
D. Conn. Civ. R. 1(a) (may cite as "D. Conn. L. Civ. R.
-")
o D. Conn. Crim. R. 1(a) (may cite as "D. Conn. L. Cr. R.

United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Connecticut

-")

o Bankr. D. Conn. R. 1 001-1 (a) (may cite as "D. Conn. LBR

United States District Court for the District of Delaware

-")

o D. Del. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "D. Del. LR

D. Del. R.
-")
7.1.3(aX5) (citations shall be made in accordance with The

o Bluebook) 33
iii:i=
lq;trlifit!;::;l,\{r{', r1i; i.ri;jlra:}{i litrJ;:r lllti :r;iit: {irnri..r o
D. Del. R. 2.1.3(aX6) (citation of earlier-filed papers)
D. Del. R. 7.1.3(a)(7) (citation of unpublished opinions) t
United $tates Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware
Bankr. D. Del. R. 1001 -1 (a) (may cite as "Del. Bankr. L.R. _")
O
Bankr. D. Del.
with The Bluebook)
R. 7007-2(aXv) (citations acceptable if in accordance
o
Bankr. D. Del. R. 7007-2(aXvi) (citation of earlier-filed papers)
Bankr. D. Del. R. 7007-2(a)(vii) (citation of unreported opinions) o
United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia
Bankr. D.C. R. 1001-1 (a) (may cite as "LBR _" or "D.C. LBR _") a
United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida
M.D. Fla. R. 7.01(b) (shall cite supplemental rules for certain o
admiralty and maritime claims as "Supplemental Rule _") (shall
cite local rules as "Local Rule _") (shall cite local admiralty and
maritime rules as "Local Admiralty Rule _")
o
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Florida
o
_")
o
Bankr. M.D. Fla. R. 1001-'l (e) (shall cite as "Local Rules

United States District Court for the Northern District of Ftorida

N.D. Fla. R. 1.1 (may cite as "N.D. Fla. Loc.
N.D. Fla. Adm. & Mar.
R.

A(2Xa) (shall cite supplemental rules for

R.
certain admiralty and maritime claims as "Supplemental Rule _")
_")
o
N.D. Fla. Adm. & Mar. R. A(2Xb) (shall cite local rules as "Local Rule
o
-,)
N.D. Fla. Adm. & Mar. R. A(2Xc) (shall cite local admiralty and
maritime rules as "Local Admiralty Rule _") o
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Florida
Bankr. N.D. Fla. R. 1001 -1 (A) (may cite as "N.D. Fla. LBR _") o
United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida
S.D. Fla. R. 1.1(a) (cite as "S.D. Fla. L.R. _")
o
5.D. Fla. Adm. & Mar. R. 2(a) (shall cite supplemental rules for certain
admiralty and maritime claims as "Supplemental Rule _") t
S.D. Fla. Adm. & Mar. R. 2(b) (shall
rules as "Local Admiralty Rule _")
cite local admiralty and maritime
o
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Georgia
Bankr. M.D. Ga. R. Title Page (shall cite as "M.D. Ga. LBR _") o
United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia
N.D. Ga. Civ. R. 1.1 (may cite as "LR --- NDGa") o
N.D. Ga. Crim. R. 1.1(A) (may cite as "LCrR
N.D. Ga. Patent R. 1.1 (may cite as "Patent L.R. - _")
NDGa")
o
34
o
o ,i1l,ri,'t{irXillt.\iiIr'{llir {. it;liiaiii }il,ilo,i 1liui .'tl;iri'trrririr"r f,lffiitl
irii,l.Jt
ilrtrili,

o United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Georgia

Bankr. N.D. Ga. R. 1001-1 (may cite as "BLR _")
o United States Banftruptcy Court for the Southern District of Georgia
Bankr. S.D. Ga. R. 13 (citation of Internet sources)

o United States District Court for the District of Hawaii

a D. Haw. R. 1.1 (should cite as "LR_" or "CrimLR-")

United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Hawaii

o Bankr. D. Haw. R. 1001-l (a) (may cite as "LBR

United States District Court for the District of Idaho

_")

o D. ldaho Civ. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "Dist. ldaho Loc. Civ.

D. ldaho Crim. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "Dist. ldaho Loc. Crim.
R. _")
R. _")

o United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Idaho

Bankr. D. ldaho R. 1001.1(a) (shall cite as "LBR _")
o United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois
C.D. lll. R. 1.1 (may cite as "CDIL-LR _")
o United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District oflllinois

o C.D. lll. R. 1.1 (may cite as "CDIL-LR _")

United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois

o N.D. lll. Crim. R. 1.1 (may cite as "LCrR. _")

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois

o Bankr. N.D. lll. R. 1 001-2(A) (cite as "Local Bankruptcy Rules")

United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois

o S.D. lll. R. 1.1(a) (encouraged to cite as "SDIL-LR

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of lllinois
-")
o Bankr. 5.D. lll. R. 1001(A) (shall cite as "5.D. lll. LBR _")

t United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana

N.D. Ind. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "N.D. Ind. L.R.
-")
o United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Indiana
Bankr. N.D. lnd. R. 1001-1(a) (may cite as "N.D. Ind. L.B.R. B--")

o United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana

5.D. Ind. R. i -1(a) (may cite as "5.D. Ind. L.R.

o United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Indiana

Bankr. S.D. Ind. 9029-1(a) (may cite as "S.D. Ind.
-")
B--")
o
R.

United States District Court for the Northern District of lowa

o N.D. & 5.D. lowa Civ. R. I (a) (shall cite as "LR

-") lS
 o
N.D. & S.D. lowa Civ. R. 10(e) (citation of statutes)
N.D. & S.D. lowa Crim. R. 1(a) (shall cite as "LCrR
o
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Iowa
Bankr. N.D. lowa 9004-1(a) (may cite as "Local Rule
-")
or "1.R.
o
United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa
N.D. & S.D. lowa Civ. R. 1(a) (shall cite as "LR
-" -")
o
N.D. & S.D. lowa Civ. R. 10(e)
-")
(citation of statutes)
o
t
N.D. & 5.D. lowa Crim. R. 1(a) (shall cite as "LCrR
-")
United States District Court for the District of Kansas
D. Kan. R. 1.1(d) (should cite as "D. Kan. Rule _")
D. Kan.
D. Kan.
R.

R.
7.6(c) (citation of unpublished opinions)
83.1.2(a) (citation of standing orders)
a
United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Kansas
o
o
Bankr. D. Kan. R. 1001.1(b) (should cite as "D. Kan. LBR
Bankr. D. Kan. R.
-")
9013.1(d) (citation of unpublished opinions)
Bankr. D. Kan. R. 9029.2(a) (citation of standing orders)

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky

Joint Ky. Civ. Prac. R. 85.1 (may cite as "LR _")
o
Joint Ky. Crim. Prac. R. 60.1 (may cite as "LCrR _") o
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky
Bankr. E.D. Ky. R. 100'l -1 (may cite as "KYEB LBR ") o
United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky
Joint Ky. Civ. Prac. R. 85.1 (may cite as "LR _") o
Joint Ky. Crim. Prac. R. 60.1 (may cite as "LCrR _")
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Kentucky o
Bankr. W.D. Ky. R. 5001-1(b) (shall cite as "W. D. Ky. L.B.R.

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana

_")
o
E.D. La. Civ. R. Preamble (may cite
admiralty rules as "LAR _")
civil rules as "LR ,__") (may cite
o
E.D. La. Crim. R. Preamble (may cite as "LCrR ")

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana o

Bankr. E,D. La. R. 1001-1(B) (may cite as "1.R. _" or "Local Rule

United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana

-") o
M.D. La. R. Preamble (may cite civil rules as "LR -, ") (may cite
admiralty rules as "LAR _") (may cite criminal rules as "LcrR
o
United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Maine
Bankr. D. Me. R. 1001-i (mav cite as "D. Me. LBR ")
-")
o
36
a
t
I United States District Court for the District of Maryland
D. Md. Adm. R. A(2) (may cite as " LAR _")
o United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Maryland
D. Md. Admin. Order 07-02 (cite as "MD LOCAL BANKRUPTCY

a RULES')

United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts

I D. Mass. R. 1.1 (shall cite as "LR, D. Mass _" or "LR _")

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan

o E.D. Mich. R. 1.1(a) (may cite civil rules as "E. D. Mich.

cite criminal rules as "E.D.Mich. LCrR _")
LR _") (may

o United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan

I _")
Bankr. E.D. Mich. R. 9029-1(b) (shall cite as "E.D. Mich. LBR

United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan

o W.D. Mich. Civ. R. 1.2 (may cite as "W.D. Mich. LCivR

W.D. Mich. Crim. R. 1.2 (may cite as "W.D. Mich.
_")
LCrR-")

I United States Bankruptcy Court for the Westem District of Michigan

Bankr. W.D. Mich. R. 1001(b) (may cite as "LBR
-")
o United States District Court for the District of Minnesota
D. Minn. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "LR
-"
or "D. Minn.
-")
LR

o United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Minnesota

Bankr. D. Minn. R. 9029-1(d) (may cite rules as "Local Rule (may

o cite forms as "Local Form _")

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri

-")

o E.D. Mo. R. 1.01 (may cite as "E.D.Mo. L.R.

E.D. Mo. R. 2.16
-")
(citation of Internet sources)

o United States Bankruptcy Court for the Easterar District of Missouri

Bankr. E.D. Mo. R. 1001(A) (shall cite as "1.R.

o -"
United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri

o W.D. Mo. R. Preface (should cite as "Local Rule

United States District

-"
Court for the District of Montana
or "1.R.
-")

o D. Mont. R. 1.1(a) (may cite civil rules as "1.R.

rules as "1.R. CR _") -")
(may cite criminal

o
D.Mont. R. 1.5(c) (citations shall comply with The Bluebook or the
ALWD Citation Manual) (citation of cases and Internet sources)

United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Montana

o Bankr. D. Mont. R. 1001 -1 (a) (shall cite rules as "Mont. LBR

cite forms as "Mont. LBF ") -")
(shall

o 37
 I
Bankr. D. Mont.R. 5005-2(aX7) (citations shall comply with The
Bluebook or the ALWD Citation Manual) o
United States District Court for the District of Netrraska
D. Neb. Gen. R. 1.1(a) (cite as "NEGenR
o
D. Neb. Civ. R. 10.1(aX4)
D. Neb. Civ. R. 85.1 (may cite as "NECivR
-") sources)
(citation of Internet
o
D. Neb. Crim. R. 61.1 (may cite as "NECrimR
-")
D. Neb. Crim. R. 49.2(a)(4) (citation of Internet sources)

-")
t
United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nebraska
Bankr. D. Neb. R. 1001-'l (A) (shall formally cite as "Neb. R. Bankr. P o
") (may also cite as "Local Rule _")

United States District Court for the District of Nevada I

D. Nev. Civ.
D. Nev. Crim.
R. 7-3 (citation of various types of legal authority)
R. 47-B (citation of various types of legal authority) o
United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nevada
Bankr. D. Nev. R. 1001 (a) (may cite as "LR _")
o
United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire
D.N.H. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "LR _")
O
D.N.H. Civ. R. 5.3 (citation of cases)
D.N.H. Crim. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "LCrR _")
o
D.N.H. Pat. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "SPR _")

United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Hampshire

o
Bankr. D.N.H. R. Preface (shall cite as "LBR
Bankr. D.N.H. R. 1050-1 (citation of cases)
_")
I
Bankr. D.N.H. R.9029-2 (cite administrative orders)

United States District Court for the District of New Jersey

t
D.N.J. Civ. R.9.2(aX2) (may cite
"LAMR _")
admiralty and maritime rules as
o
D.N.J. Civ. R. 85.1 (may cite as "L.Civ.R.
D.N.J. Crim. R. 60.'l (may cite as "L.Cr.R.
_")
_") o
United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Jersey
Bankr. D.N.J. R. 1001-1 (shall cite as "District of New Jersey Local
o
Bankruptcy Rules, D.N.J. LBR _")

United States District Court for the District of New Mexico o

D.N.M. Civ. R. 1.1 (cite as "D.N.M.LR-Civ.
D.N.M. Crim. R. 1.1 (cite as "D.N.M.LR-Cr.
_")
_") I
United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Mexico
Bankr. D.N.M. R. Preface (cite as "NM LBR \
O
38
o
a ,$lilr'i:;*{itil,'r,l h$rr:rtlrt {"ilirrllrrrt iilrl, ,r,r{ l'[1 {' ;i{fi":1r, ;;rliill

I United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of New York
Bankr. E.D.N.Y. R. 1001-1(bxii) (shall cite as "E.D.N.Y. LBR
-")
o United States District Court for the Northern District of New York
N.D.N.Y. R. 1.1 (shall cite as "1.R.

I N.D.N.Y. R.

N.D.N.Y. Adm. & Mar. R. (aX3) (may cite as "LAR

-")
Crim. P. 1.1 (shall cite as "1. R. Cr. P.
-")
-")
o N.D.N.Y. Patent R. 1.4 (shall cite as "1. Pat. R.

United States
-")
Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of New

I York
Bankr. N.D.N.Y. R. 1001-1(a) (may cite as "Local Bankruptcy Rule
-"
I or "LBR
-")
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New

o York
Bankr. S.D.N.Y. R. 1 001 - l (a) (shall cite as "LBR
-")
I United States District Court for the Western District of New York
W.D.N.Y. Civ. R. 1.1 (shall cite as "1.R. Civ. P.
-")
o W.D.N.Y. Civ. R.56(aX3) (citation of evidence)
W.D.N.Y. Crim. R. 1(a) (shall cite as "L.R. Crim. P.
-")
United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina
O E.D.N.C. Civ. R. 1.1 (shall cite as "Local Civil Rule
-")
I E.D.N.C. Civ.R.7.2 (citation of opinions)
E.D.N.C. Crim. R. 1.1 (shall cite as "Local Criminal Rule
-")
o E.D.N.C. Crim. R. 47.2 (citation of opinions)
E.D.N.C. Pat. R. 301.1 (should cite as "Local Civil Rule
E.D.N.C. Adm. & Mar. R. A(1) (shall cite as "Local
-") Rule
Admiralty

o United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District ofNorth

-")

I
Carolina
Bankr. E.D.N.C. R. Preface (will cite as "E.D.N.C. LBR
-")
o United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina
M.D.N.C. Civ. Title Page (cite as "LR
R.
-")
t M.D.N.C. Civ. R. 7.2 (citation of opinions)
M.D.N.C. Crim. R. Title Page (cite as "LCrR
M.D.N.C. Pat. R. 101 l (should cite as "LR -")
o
.

-")
for the District of North Dakota
United States District Court

o D.N.D. R. Preface (may cite general rules as "D.N.D. Gen. L. R.

(may cite civil rules as "D.N.D. Civ. L. R.
as "D.N.D. Crim. L. R.
(may cite criminal rules
-")
-")

o -")

I 39
 I
United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio
N.D. Ohio Civ. R. 1.1(b) (shall cite civil rules as "Local Rule or "LR
t
_")
"LSuppR
(shall cite admiralty rules as "Local Supplemental Rule
_")
-" or
-"
_" or
o
o
N.D. Ohio Crim. R. 1.1(b) (shall cite as "Local Criminal Rule
"LCrR

N.D.
-") Pat. R. 'l .'l (should cite as "1.
Ohio P. R. ")

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Ohio

Bankr. N.D. Ohio R. 1001-1(b) (shall cite as "Local Bankruptcy Rule
o
_" or "LBR _")
United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio
O
S.D. Ohio Civ. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "S. D. Ohio Civ. R. _")
5.D. Ohio Civ. R. 7.2(b) (citation of various types of legal authority)
o
S.D. Ohio Crim. R. I.l(a) (may cite as "S. D. Ohio Crim. R.

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District ofOhio

_")
I
Bankr. S.D. Ohio
_")
R. 9029-1(a) (may cite as "Local Rule _" or "LBR
o
Bankr. S.D. Ohio R. 9013-2(b) (citation of unpublished opinions)

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma

I
E.D. Okla. Civ. R. 1.2(e)
E.D. Okla.
(may cite as
Crim. R. i.1(A) (cite as "LCrR
"LCvR
_")
")
o
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma
Bankr. E.D. Okla. R. 1001-1 (B) (may cite as "Bankr. E.D. Okla. LR _" or
o
"LR _" or "Local Rule ')
United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma
o
N.D. Okla. Civ. R. 1.2(e) (may cite as "LCvR
N.D. Okla. Crim. R. 1.1 (may cite as "LCrR
_")
_")
o
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of
Oklahoma
o
Bankr. N.D. Okla. R. 1001-1(B) (may cite as "Bankr. N.D. Okla. LR
or "LR _" or "Local Rule _")
_" o
United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma
o
t
W.D. Okla. Civ. R. 1.2(d) (may cite as "LCvR _")
W.D. Okla. Crim. R. 1.2(e) (may cite as "LCrR _")
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Oklahoma
Bankr. W.D. Okla. R. 1001-1(B) (may cite as "Local Rule _") o
o
United States District Court for the District of Oregon
D. Or. R. 1.3 (will cite as "LR ')
40
o
o ".

o United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Oregon

Bankr. D. Or. R. 1001-1(a) (must cite as "LBR _")
o United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
E.D. Pa. Crim. R. 1.1(b) (may cite as "Local Criminal Rule or "L.C.R.

o _")
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of
-"

t Pennsylvania
Bankr. E.D. Pa. R. 1 001 -1 (b) (shall cite rules as "Local Eankruptcy

I Rule _" or "L.B.R. _") (shall cite forms as "L.B.F.

United States Bankruptcy Court for the illiddle District of

-\

o Pennsylvania
Bankr. M.D. Pa. R. 1001-1(b) (may cite rules as "Local Bankruptcy
Rule _" or "L.B.R. _") (may cite forms as "L.B.F.

a -")
United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsvlvania

o W.D. Pa. Civ. R. 1.1(A) (may as "LCvR

W.D. Pa. Crim. R. 1 (may cite as "LCrR
_")
_")
W.D. Pa. Adm. R. (aX3) (may cite as "LAR _")

I W.D. Pa. Pat. R. 1.2 (may cite as "LPR _")

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of

o Pennsylvania
Bankr. W.D. Pa. R. 1001-'l (shall cite as "W.PA.LBR

I United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island

D.R.l. R. 101(a) (shall cite as "Local Rules" or "DRl LR
-")

o D.R.l. Adm. R. A(3) (may cite as "LAW

-")
-'J
United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Rhode Island

I Bankr. D.R.l. R. 1001- l(a) (shall cite as "R.1. LBR

-")
United States District Court for the District of South Carolina

o D.S.C. Civ. R. 1.01 (shall

D.S.C. Crim. R. 1.01
cite as "Local Civ. Rule
(shall cite as "Local Crim. Rule
(D.S.C.)")

-D.S.C.")

o United States Bankruptry Court for the District of South Carolina

-

I
Bankr. D.S.C. R. 1001-1(a) (may cite as "SC LBR or "Bankr. D.S.C.
R. _") -"
United States District Court for the District of South Dakota

o D.S.D. Civ. R. 1.1(A) (shall cite as "D.S.D. Civ. LR

-")
D.S.D. Crim. R. 1.1(A) (shall cite as "D.S.D. Crim. LR

I United States
-")
Bankruptcy Court for the District of South Dakota
Bankr. D.S.D. R. 1001-1 (shall cite as "Bankr. D.S.D.

I
R.

United States District Court for the Eastern District ofTennessee

-")
Tenn. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "E.D. Tenn. L.R.

o
E.D.
-") 41
 I
E.D. Tenn. R. 7.4 (citation of various types of authority)

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District ofTennessee

I
Bankr. E.D. Tenn. R. 1001-1 (b) (may cite as "E.D. Tenn. LBR
-") o
United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee
M.D. Tenn. R. 7.0 1 (e) (citation of various types of legal authority)

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee

t
Bankr. M.D. Tenn. R. 9029-1(b) (shall cite as "LBR _") o
United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee
W.D. Tenn. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite
"LCrR ')
civil rules as "LR _1 (shall cite I
I
criminal rules as
United States Ban*ruptcy Court for the Western District of Tennessee
9029-1(b) (cite rules as "L.B.R.

o
Bankr. W.D. Tenn. R. (cite forms as
"Local Form ') -")
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
E.D. Tex. Civ. R. 1(b) (may cite as "Local Civil Rule _")
Crim. R. 1(b) (may cite as "Local Criminal Rule _")
o
I
E.D. Tex.
E.D. Tex. Adm. R. (a)(3) (may cite as "LAR _")
E.D. Tex. Pat. R. 1-1 (should cite as "P. R. _")

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District ofTexas

Bankr. E.D. Tex. R. 1001(a) (may cite rules as "LBR _") (may cite
I
forms as "TXEB Local Form _")
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District ofTexas
I
Bankr. N.D. Tex. R. 1001-1(a) (shall cite as "N.D. Tex. L.B.R.

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District ofTexas

_")
o
Bankr. 5.D. Tex. R. 1001(a) (may cite as "BLR

United States District Court for the Western District of Texas

_")
o
W.D. Tex. Civ. R. 1(c) (may cite as "Local Court Rule
W.D. Tex. Crim R. 1(c) (may cite as "Western District of Texas Rule
_") o
")

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Texas

o
Bankr. W.D. Tex. R. 1001(a) (shall cite as "Bankruptcy Local Rule
or "1. Rule _")
_"
t
United States District Court for the District of Utah
D. Utah Civ.R.7-2 (citation of unpublished opinions)
o
Local Rules of Practice Information (shall cite civil rules as "DUCiv
_") (shall cite criminal rules as "DUCrim R _")
R

a
United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Utah
Bankr. D. Utah R. 1001-1(a) (should cite as "Bankr. D. Ut. LBR _" or I
42
"Local Rule "\

t
o i{{r r.${.J!{'ri{1)i[.iig:il1:ilrr: {.,'l;llifill {i]rr{t'rr ;irtri lrf ,, {r. irllill;.::i lm;;;*

o Bankr. D. Utah R. 9013-1(i) (citation of unpublished opinions)

United States District Court for the District of Vermont

o D. Vt. R. 1.1(a) (cite

R. _")
civil rules as "L.R. _") (cite criminal rules as "L.Cr.

a United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Verrnont

R. 9029-1 (aX1) (should cite rules as "Vermont Local
Bankr. D. Vt.

I Bankruptcy Rule _" or "Vt. LBR _")

Bankr. D. Vt. R. 9029-1(aX2) (cite appendices as "Vt. LB Appendix

o _") (cite forms as "Vt. LB Form _")

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia

I E.D. Va. Adm. R. (aX3) (may cite as "LAR _")

United $tates Banknrptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia

t Bankr. E.D. Va. R. 1001-1 (may cite as "Local Bankruptcy

"LBR
-")
Rule-" or

I United States District Court for the lVestern District of Virginia

W.D. Va. R. 1(d) (may cite general rules as "W.D. Va. Gen. R.
(may cite criminal rules as
(may
-")
o
cite civil rules as "W.D. Va. Civ. R.
"W.D. Va. Crim. R. _") -")
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington

o E.D. Wash. R. Introduction (shall cite as "LR

-"
or "LMR
-")
t
E.D. Wash. R. 10.1(4) (citation of documents in the record)

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of

Washington

I Bankr. E.D. Wash.

Bankr. E.D. Wash.
R.

R.
9029- l(a) (shall cite as
9013-l (dX2) (citation of opinions)
"LBR--")

o United States District Court for the Western District of Washington

W.D. Wash. Civ. R.85 (should cite civil rules as "Local Rules W.D.

o Wash. LCR _") (should cite criminal rules as "Local Rules W.D.
Wash. CrR
Wash. MJR-")
(should cite magistrate rules as "Local Rules W.D.
-")
I W.D. Wash. Civ. R. 10(eX6) (citation to the record)
W.D. Wash. Supp. Adm. R. 100 (may cite as "Local Admiralty Rule

I W.D. Wash. Supp. Pat. R. 100 (may cite as "Local Patent Rule
-")
I United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia
N.D. W. Va. R. Preface (cite general practice rules as "LR Gen P
-")
I (cite civil rules as "LR Civ P (cite criminal rules as "LR Cr P
-")
(cite prisoner litigation rules as "LR PL
as "LR Bk P
-")
P
-")
(cite bankruptcy rules -")

o United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of West

Virginia

t Bankr. N.D. W. Va. R. Title Page (cite as "N.D.W.V. LBR

-1
43
 I
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of West
Virginia I
Bankr. S.D. W. Va. R. Title Page (cite as "Bankr. S.D. W.Va.
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin
R. _")
o
E.D. Wis. Civ. R. 7U) (citation of unpublished opinions)
United States District Court for the District of Wyoming
o
D. Wyo. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "U.S.D.C.L.R.
D. Wyo. Crim. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "U.5.D.C.L.Cr.R.
_" or "Local Rule _")
_") I
United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Wyoming
Bankr. D. Wyo. R. 1001-1(A) (may cite as "Wyoming LBR _")
o
United States District Court for the District of Guam
D. Guam R. 1.1(a) (may cite general rules as "GR _") (may cite civil
I
rules as "LR _") (may cite admiralty rules as "LAR _") (may cite
habeas corpus rules as "LHCR _") (may cite tax rules as "LTR
(may cite bankruptcy rules as "LBR _1
_'l I
D. Guam R.4.1(b) (citations shall be in
Bluebook (16th ed.))
the form found in The
o
United States District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands
D. N. Mar. l. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "LR _")
o
D. N. Mar. l. Civ. R. 5.2a(c) (citations shall be in a generally
recognized form) I
D. N. Mar. l. Crim.
D. N. Mar. l. Bankr.
D. N. Mar. L Disc.
R.

R.
Table of Contents (shall cite as "LCrR _")
Table of Contents (shall cite as "LBR _")
Table of Contents (shall cite as "LDR _")
t
I
R.

D. N. Mar. L Adm. R. Table of Contents (shall cite as "LAR _")

United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico

D.P.R. Civ. R. 1(d) (shall cite civil rules as "Local Civil Rule
"L.Cv.R. _") (shall cite admiralty rules as "Local Admiralty Rule
or _"
_"
o
or "L.Adm.R.
D.P.R.
_")
Crim. R. 101(d) (shall cite as "Local Criminal
_")
Rule " or I
I
"L.Crim.R.

United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Puerto Rico

Bankr. D.P.R. R. 1001-'l (a) (will cite rules as "P.R. LBR
forms as "P.R. LBF ')
_") (will cite
o
United States District Court for the District of the Virgin Islands
D.V.l. Civ. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "LRCi ") o
D.V.l. Crim. R. 1.1(a) (shall cite as "LRCr _")
D.V.l. R. App. P. 1(a) (shall cite as "V.1. R. App. P.
D.V.l. R. App. P. 22(i) (citation of opinions)
_" or "VIRAP _") t
44
D.V.l. Bankr. R. 1001-1 (shall cite as "Local Bankruptcy
,LBR ")
Rule_" or
o
O
o
o United States Court ofAppeals for the Armed Forces
C.A.A.F. R. 37(cX2) (citations shall conform with The Bluebook)

t United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims

Vet. App. R. 30 (citation of nonprecedential and supplemental

o authority)
United States Court of Federal Claims

I U.S. Ct. Fed. Claims R. 1 (may cite as "RCFC

United States Court of InternationalTrade
_")

o U.5. Ct. Int'l Trade R. B1

United States Tax Court

(citation of various types of legal authority)

I T.C. R. 23(0 (citation of opinions)

o State Courts n'l'2.)

t
Alabama
Ala. R. App. P. 28(aX10) (citations shall comply with The Bluebook or
the ALWD Citation Manual or the style and form used in opinions

t of the Ala. Sup. Ct.)

Ala. App. P. 53(d) (citation of no-opinion order of affirmance)
R.

App. P. 49 (shall cite as "The Alabama Rule of Appellate

o
Ala. R.
Procedure _" or "ARAP _")
Ala. R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "Alabama Rule of Civil Procedure

I Ala. R. Evid.

Alaska
1 102 (may cite as "Ala.R.Evid. _") -")

o Alaska R. App. P. 214(d) (citation of unpublished opinions)

Alaska R. Evid. 58 (shall cite as "Rule of Criminal Procedure

o Alaska Adoption R. 1(a) (will cite as "Adoption Rule

-")
Alaska Dist. Ct. R. of Civ. P. 33 (shall cite as "District Court Rule of
-")

o Civil Procedure _")

Alaska R. of Admin. 51 (shall cite as "Rule Governing the
Administration of All Courts _")
I Alaska Child in Need of Aid R. of P. 1(a) (will cite as "Child in Need
Aid Rule _" or "ClNA Rule _")
of

I Alaska Delinquency R. 1(a) (will cite as "Delinquency

Alaska R. of Prob. P. 1(a) (will cite as "Probate
Alaska Stat. 5 01.05.01 1 (may cite statutes as
Rule
"AS ")
Rule
')
")

o Atizona

o Ariz.
Ariz.
Ariz.
R.

R.
Civ. App. P. 1 3(aX6) (citation of cases)
Civ. App.P.28(c) (citation of memorandum decisions)
Sup. Ct. 'l (c) (citation of memorandum decisions)

o
R. 11

Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. 5 1-10'l (may cite as "A.R.S.

-")

I 45
 I
Arkansas
Ark. R. Civ. P. 85 (mav cite as "Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure " or
a
"ARCP
Ark.
_")
R.
_")
Crim. P. 1.1 (mav cite as "Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure I
Ark. R. Evid.
Ark. Sup. Ct.
1 102 (may cite as "A.R.E. Rule - _")
R. 4-2(a)(7) (citation of opinions)
o
Ark. Sup. Ct. 5-2 (citation of opinions)
R.

Ark. Code Ann. 5 1-2-1 13(c) (may cite as "A.C.A. _") o

House Style Gu ide (20 1 0), https://cou rts.a rka nsas.govlsites/default/
fi les/Ho u seo/o20Styleo/o20Gu ide0/o20Septem be 120 1 0.pdf o
I
California
Cal. R. Ct. 1.200 (citations
must be in the style established by the

t
California Stvle Manual or The Bluebook)
(citation of opinions)
Cal. R. Ct. 3.1 I 13(c)
California Style Manual (4th ed. 2000), http://www.sdap.orgl
downloads/Style-Man ual.pdf
Colorado o
Colo. R. Civ. P. I (c) (shall cite as "Colorado Rule of Civil Procedure
_" or "C.R.C.P. _")
Colo. App. 58 (shall cite as "C.A.R. _")
o
o
R.

Colo. R. Prob. P. 1(b) (shall cite as "Colorado Rule of Probate

Procedure _" or "C.R.P.P. _")
Colo. R.P. Small Cl. Cts. 501(a) (shall cite as "Colorado Rule of Civi
Procedure " or "C.R.C.P. _") o
o
Colo. R. Prof'l Conduct 9 (shall cite as "Colorado Rule of Professionar
Conduct" or "Colo. RPC _")
Colo. R. County Ct. Civ. P. 301 (b) (shall cite as "Colorado Rule of Civil
Procedure _" or "C.R.C.P. _")
Connecticut t
Conn. R. App.P. 5 67-11 (citation of opinions)
The Manual of Style for the Connecticut Courts (3d ed. 2013), http:// a
wwwjud.ct.gov/Pu blications/Man ual_of_style.pdf
Delaware
Del. Sup. Ct. R. l4(SXi) (cite reported opinions according to The
o
Bluebook)
Del. Sup. Ct. R. 14(gxii) (citation of unreported opinions)
O
Del. Sup. Ct. R. 1a(g)(iii) (cite other authority according to The
Bluebook)
o
Del. Ch. Ct. R. 171(g) (citations are appropriate if made in
accordance with The Bluebook) o
Del. 5uper. Ct. Civ. R. P. 107(dX Xa) (cite reported opinions
according to The Bluebook)
Del. 5uper. Ct. Civ. R. P. 107(dX4Xb) (citation of unreported
o
{o
^c opinions)
I
t ,llt nr-iir l{ll!.i:;;r i rir; {.il"rli,,rt lir" ' l . 'i ;t ;:;t i,

I Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. P. 107(dX4Xc) (cite other authority according

to The Bluebook)

o Del. Super. Ct. Crim. R. P.60 (may cite as "Super. Ct. Crim.
Del. Ct. C.P. Civ. R. 107(cXa) (citations are appropriate if made in
accordance with The Bluebook)
R. _")

I Del. Ct. C.P. Civ. R. 107(cX5) (citation of unreported opinions and

orders)

a Del. Fam. Ct. R. Civ. P. 7(bX6) (citations are appropriate if made in

accordance with The Bluebook)

I Del. Fam. Ct. R. Civ. P. 10(d) (citations are appropriate if made in

accordance with The Bluebook)
Del. Fam. Ct. R. Civ. P. 107(cX5) (citations are appropriate if made in

I accordance with The Bluebook)

Del. Fam. Ct. R. Civ. P. 107(0 (citation of unreported and

I memorandum opinions)
R. Crim. P. 1(b) (may cite as "Family Court Rule of
Del. Fam. Ct.
Criminal Procedure _")

I Del. Code Ann. tit. 1 S 101(b) (may cite as Del. C. "-

Delaware Uniform Citation (2008), http://courts.delaware.gov/
-")
I 5uperior/pdf/de-un iform-citation-2008.pdf
District of Columbia

o D.C. Ct. App. R. 28(h) (citation of administrative agency materials)

D.C. Super. Ct. R. Civ. P. 1 2-l(e) (citation of opinions from the D.C.

o Cir.)
D.C. Super. Ct. R. Civ. P.85 (may cite as "Superior Court
or "SCR-Civil-")
Rule-Civil

o -"
D.C. Super. Ct. R. Crim. P.47-l(b)
Cir.)
(citation of opinions from the D.C.

o D.C. Super. Ct. R, Crim. P.60 (may cite as "Superior Court

Criminal
-"
or "SCR-Criminal
-")
Rule-

I D.C. Super. Ct. Dom. Rel. R. 7(bX1XA)

D.C. Cir.)
(citation of opinions from the

D.C. Super. Ct. Dom. Rel. R. 1(a) (may cite as "Rule Governing

I Domestic Relations Proceedings

D.C. Super. Ct. Juv. P.R. 47
or "SCR-Dom. Rel.
-"of opinions from the-")
(citation D.C. Cir.)

o D.C. Super. Ct. Juv. P.R.60 (may cite as "SCR-Juvenile

D.C. Super. Ct. Land. & Ten. R. 1 (may cite as "Superior Court
-") Rule-

a Landlord and Tenant

Claims or "5CR-5C
or "SCR-LT
-" -")
D.C. Super. Ct. Small Cl. R. 1 (may cite as "Superior Court Rule-Small

I -" -")
D.C. Super. Ct. Small Cl. R. 13(a)
Cir.)
(citation of opinions from the D.C.

o citation and style Guide (2009), http://www.dccourts.gov/internet/

docu ments/RevisedCitationGuide2009.pdf

I 47
 o
Florida
Fla. R. App. P. 9.010 (cite as "Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure _"
I
or "Fla. R. App.
Fla. R. App. P. 9.800
P._")
(citation of various types of legal authority) o
Fla. R. App. P. 9.800(o) (citations shall be in the
The Bluebook and the Florida Style Manual)
Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.010 (may cite as "Fla. R. Crim. P.
form prescribed by

_")
o
Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.1 1 0 (cite as "Florida Rule of Judicial
Administration _" or "Fla. R. Jud. Admin. ") I
Fla. R. Juv. P. 8.000 (may cite as "Fla. R. Juv. P.
Fla. P.R. 5.010 (may cite as "Fla. Prob. R. _")
_")
t
Fla. Small Cl. R. 7.010(a) (shall cite as "Florida Small Claims Rule
or "Fla. Sm. Cl. R. _")
Florida Style Manual (7th ed. 2010), http://www.law.fsu.edu/
I
jou rnals/lawreview/down loads/fl oridastylemanua l.pdf

Georgia
I
Ga. Ct. App. R. 24(d) (citation of opinions)
Ga. Code 5 1-1-B(e) (may cite as "O.C.G.A. _")
I
Hawaii
Haw. R. App. P. 1(c) (shall cite as "Hawai'i Rule of Appellate
I
Procedure _" or "HRAP _")
Haw. R. App. P. 2B(bXl ) (citation of opinions)
o
Haw. App. P. 35(c) (citation of dispositions)
R.

Haw. R. Evid. 100 (may cite as "Rule _, Hawai'i Rules of Evidence, o

Chapter 626, Hawai'i Revised Statutes")
Haw. R. Penal P. 60 (may cite as "Hawai'i Rule of Penal Procedure o
-,)
Haw. Fam. Ct.
,HFCR
-")
R. 85 (shall cite as "Hawai'i Familv Court Rule " or
I
Haw. R.Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "Hawai'i Rule of Civil Procedure
Haw. Civ. Traffic R. 1 (shall cite as "Hawai'i Civil Traffic Rule
_")
" or o
_")
I
"HCTR
Haw. Dist. Ct. R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "District Court Rule of Civil
_")
t
Procedure
A Handbook of Citation Form for Law Clerks at the Appellate Courts
of the State of Hawaii (2008), https://www.law.hawaii.edu/files/

Idaho
content/library/HandbookofCitation Form.pdf
I
ldaho R. Evid.
"r.R.E. "l
'101 (a) (shall cite as "ldaho Rule of Evidence " ol

Rule
I
o
ldaho Crim. R. 2(b) (shall cite as "ldaho Criminal " or "l.C.R.

-,)
ldaho App. R. 'l (shall cite as "ldaho Appellate Rule " or "l.A.R. _")
48
I
I
o ldaho
"t.R.c.P.
R. Civ. P. 87 (may cite as "ldaho Rule of Civil
_')
Procedure " or

o ldaho Juv.
_"1
R. 60 (shall cite as "The ldaho Juvenile Rule _" or "l.J.R.

o
lllinois
lll. Sup. Ct. R. 6 (citation of various types of legal authority)

o Style Manual for the Supreme and Appellate Courts of lllinois

(4th ed. 20 1 2), http://www.state.i l.us/cou rtlstyleMan ual/5upCrt,
StyleManual.pdf

o Indiana
App. P. 22 (citation of various types of legal authority)

I
Ind. R.

Ind. Small Cl. R. 1(B) (may cite as "S.C. _")

Ind. Code 5 1-1-i -i (may cite as "lC ')

I Iowa
lowa R. App. P. 6.904(2) (citation of various types of legal authority)

a lowa R. Evid. 5..1 103 (shall cite as "lowa R. Evid. _")

t Kansas
Kan. Sup. Ct. R. 6.08 (citation of opinions)

I
Kan. R. Prof'l Conduct Prefatory Rule (may cite as "KRPC
Kan. Stat. Ann. Title Page (cite as "K.5.A. ') -")
Kentucky

o Ky. R. Civ. P. 1(1) (may cite as "Civil Rule _"

(citation of statutes and opinions)
or "CR _")

I
Ky. R. Civ. P.7612@)(g)
Ky. R. Civ. P.76.28(4)(c) (citation of unpublished opinions)
Ky. R. Crim. P. 1.02(1) (may cite as "Criminal Rule or "RCr
--")
o Ky. R. Evid. 101 (should cite as "KRE
Ky. Sup. Ct. R. 1.000 (may cite as "Rule of
_") -"
the Supreme Court
-"
or

o "scR

Louisiana
_")

o La. Code Civ. P. 2168 (citation of unpublished opinions)

La. Code Crim. P. 1 (may cite as "C.Cr.P.

t La. Sup. Ct. Gen.

-") of opinions)
Admin. R. Pt. G. 5 B (citation
(mandatory use of a uniform public domain citation)
La. Ct. App. Unif .R.2-12.4(B)(2) (citation of opinions)

o Maine

I Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Preface (cite as "M.R.S.A.

-")
Uniform Maine Citations (2014), http://mainelaw.maine.edu/wp-
content/uploa ds/ 201 a / 02/ UMC20 1 4.pdf

o Maryland
"Rule
o
Md. R. 1 103 (may cite general rules as ")
49
 o
Md. R. 1-104(b) (citation of unreported opinions)
Md. R. 6-103 (cite settlement of estates rules as "Rule
-")
I
Md.

Massachusetts
R. B-504(aX1) (citation of opinions)
o
Mass. R. App. P. 16(9) (citation of statutes and opinions)
Mass. Dist. & Mun. App. Div. R. 16(g) (citation of statutes and
o
opinions)
Massachusetts Reports Style Manual (201 4-201 5), http://www.
mass.gov/courts/docs/sjcldocs/reporter-of-decisions-style-guide.
o
odf
Michigan
o
Mich. Ct. R. 1.101 (may cite as "MCR _")
Mich. Ct. R. 7.215(CX1) (citation of unpublished opinions)
o
Mich. R. Evid. 1 I02 (may cite as "MRE _")
Mich. Prof'l Conduct R. 1.0(a) (cite as "MRPC _")
o
Michigan Appellate Opinion Manual (201 4), http:/ /courts.mi.gov/
Cou rts/MichiganSupremeCourt/Documents/MiAppOpManual.pdf o
Minnesota
Minn. R. Civ. P. 85 (cite as "Rule of Civil Procedure _")
o
Minn.
opinions)
R. Civ. App. P. 136.01(1)(b) (citation of unpublished and order
I
Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 146 (may cite as "Rule of Civil Appellate
Procedure _")
Minn. Gen. R. Prac. 1.01 (may cite as "Minn. Gen. R. Prac. _")
o
Citing Min nesota Lega I Sources, http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/
leg h ist/citation s.a spx I
Mississippi
Miss. R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "M.R.C.P. _")
I
Miss. App. P. 2B(fX2) (citation of opinions)
R.

Miss. R. App. P.49 (may cite as "M.R.A.P. \ I

Miss. R. Evid. 1 102 (may cite as "M.R.E. _")
Miss. Unif. Cir. & County Ct. R. 1.01 (may cite as "URCCC _") o
Missouri
Mo. 5up. Ct. R. 1.01 (may cite as "Rule _") o
Montana
Mont. App. P. 1 (shall cite as "M. R. App. P. _")
R.
o
AF 06-0632 (02-25-10),ln re the Matter of Opinion Forms and
Citation Standards of the Supreme Court of Montana I
Mont. Code Ann. Preface (cite as "MCA
mca/helo.htm
_") httpl/leg.mt.gov/bills/
I
50
o
o
t Nebraska

Neb. Sup. Ct. R. S 2-i 09(C) (citation of various types of legal

I authority)
Neb. Unif. Dist. Ct. R. S 6-1505(C) (citation of various types of legal

I authority)
Nevada

t Nev. R.
"N.R.C.P.
Nev.
Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "Nevada Rule of Civil Procedure
_")
R. App. P. 48 (shall cite as "Nevada Rule of Appellate Procedure
_" or

a _" or "NRAP _")

Nev. Short Trial R. 35 (may cite as "Nevada Short Trial Rule _" or

I "N.S.T.R. _',]
Nev. Sup. Ct. R. 1 (may cite as "Supreme Court Rule _" or "S.C.R.

o Nev. Justice Ct.

Procedure _"
R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "Justice Court Rule of Civil
oT "JCRCP _")
o Nev. Rev. Stat. 220.170(4) (may cite as "Nevada Revised Statutes
or "NRS _")
_"

I New Hampshire
(citation of orders)

t
N.H. 5up. Ct. R. 12-D(3)
N.H. 5up. Ct. R. 16(9) (citation of opinions)
N.H. Sup. Ct. R. 25(5) (citation of summary dispositions)

o New Jersey
N.i. Ct. R. I:1-3 (may cite as "R. _")

o N.J. R. App. Prac. 2:6-2(a)(5)

N.J. Stat. 1:1-5.1 (may
New Jersey Statutes as "N.J.S.
(citation of opinions)
cite Revised Statutes as "R.5. _") (may cite
_")
o New Jersey Manual on Style for Judicial Opinions (2004), httpJ
wwwjudiciary.state.nj.us/appdiv/manualonstyle.pdf
/

o New Mexico
N.M. R. App. P. 1 2-21 3(E) (citation of various types of legal authority)

o N.M. Sup. Ct.

N.M. 5up. Ct.
R. 23- l 1 2 (citation of various types of legal authority)
R. 23-1 12(F) (shall follow the form of citations set forth

I in The Bluebook)
N.M. Dist. Ct. R. Civ. P. 1 -001 (D) (shall cite as "Rule 1-_
Crim. P. 5-101(D) (shall cite as "NMRA, Rule 5-_")
NMRA1

o
N.M. Dist. Ct. R,

N.M. Magis. Ct. R.Civ. P. 2-101 (D) (cite as "NMRA, Rule 2-_")
N.M. Magis. Ct. R. Crim. P. 6-101(D) (shall cite as "NMRA, Rule 6-_")
o N.M. Metro. Ct. R. Civ. P. 3-'101(D) (cite as "NMRA, Rule 3-_")
Crim. P. 7-101(D) (shall cite as "NMRA, Rule 7-_")

t
N.M. Metro. Ct. R.

N.M. Mun. Ct. R.P. 8-101(D) (shall cite as "NMRA, Rule 8--")
N.M. Child. ct. R. 10-101(E) (may cite as "Rule 10-_ NMRA")

I 51
 I
New York

N.Y. C.P.L.R. 5529(e) (McKinney 2003) (citation of opinions)

o
N.Y. Ct. App. R. 500.1 (g), 51 0.1 (a) (citation of various types of legal
authority) I
New York Law Reports Style Manual (2012),http:l/www.courts.
state.ny.us/reporter/new*styma n.htm
New York Rules of Citation (5th ed. 2005), published by St. John's
I
L. Rev.

North Carolina
o
N.C. R. App. P. 1(a) (may cite as "N.C. R. App. P.
N.C. R. App. P. 30(eX3)
_")
(citation of unpublished opinions)
o
N.C. R. App. P. App. B (citations
Bluebook)
should be made according to The
o
North Dakota
N.D. Ct. 1 1.6 (use of public domain citation format)
o
o
R.

N.D. R. Ct. 11.7 (may cite as "N.D.R.Ct. _")

Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "N.D.R.Civ.P. _")

t
N.D. R.

N.D. R. Crim. P.60 (may cite as "N.D.R.Crim.P. _")

N.D. App. P.48 (may cite as "N.D.R.App.P. _")
R.

N.D. R. Evid. i 103 (may cite as "N.D.R.Ev. _")

N.D. R. Prof'l Conduct 9.'l (may cite as "N.D.R. Prof. Conduct _") o
N.D. R. Juv. P. (may cite as "N.D.R.Juv.P. _")
North Dakota Supreme Court Citation Manual (2000), http://www. I
t
ndcou rts.gov/citation

Ohio
Ohio R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "Civil Rule _" or "Civ.
Ohio Crim. R.60 (may cite as "Criminal Rule _" or "Crim. R. _")
R.

Ohio R. Evid. 1 103 (may cite as "Evidence Rule _" or "Evid. R. _")
_")
I
Ohio
Ohio
R.

R.
App.
Juv.
42 (may cite as "Appellate Rule _" or "App. R. _")
P.

48 (may cite as "Juvenile Rule _" or "Juv. R. _")

P.
o
Ohio
Rule
R.

_")
Prof'l Conduct Form of Citation (shall cite as "Prof. Cond.
I
Ohio 5up. Ct. Prac. R. 1.05 (shall cite as "S.Ct.Prac.R.
Writing Manual: A Guide to Citations, Style. and Judicial Opinion
Writing (2013]|, httpf /www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/manual.
_")
I
pdf
Oklahoma
o
Okla. Sup. Ct. R. 1.1(a) (may cite as "Okla.5up.Ct.R.
Okla. 5up. Ct. R. 1.200(c) (citation of opinions)
")
I
Okla. Sup. Ct. R. 1.200(fl (opinions shall be cited by reference to
public domain citation system)
a
o
52
o
o
I Okla.R. Crim. App. 1.0(D) (shall cite as "Rule _, Rules of the
Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, fifle22, Ch.1B, App. (year)";

o Okla. R. Crim. App.3.5(C) (citation of opinions)

Okla. Stat. Ann. (cite as "_ Okl. St. Ann. 5 _")

I Oregon
Or. R. Civ. P. 1(G) (may cite as "ORCP ")

I Or. R. App. P. 1.10(1) (shall cite as "ORAP

Or. R.
_")
App. P. 5.20(5) (citation of memorandum opinions)
R. App. P. 5.35(3) (citations are to be in the form prescribed by

o
Or.
the Oregon Appellate Courts Style Manual)
Or. Unif. Trial Ct. R. 1.070(1) (shall cite rules as "UTCR _")

I Or. Unif. Trial Ct. R. 1.070(2) (shall cite supplementary local rules as
"sLR _")

o or. Unif. Trial Ct. 2.010(13) (citation of opinions)

R.

Or. Tax Ct. Reg. Div. R. Preface (should cite as "Tax Court Rule _" or
"TCR ')
o Or. Tax Ct. Reg. Div. R. 61 (AX3) (citation of cases)
Or. Tax Ct. Magis. Div. R. Preface (should cite as "Tax Court Rule-

I Magistrate Division _" or "TCR-MD _")

Or. Rev. Stat. Preface (should cite as "Oregon Revised Statutes

t or "ORS ')
Oreqon Appellate Court Style Manual (2013), http://www.
pu blications.ojd.state.or.us/docs/UpdatedStyleManual2002.pdf
-"

o Pennsylvania
Pa. R. Civ. P.51 (may cite as "Pa. R.C.P. No.

o Pa. R. App. P. 101 (may cite as "Pa. R.A.P.

-")
-")
Pa. R. App. P. 21 19(b) (citation of various types of legal authority)

o PAstvle: A Pennsylvania Stylebook and Citation Guide for Legal

Writinq (5th ed.2014)

o Rhode Island

R.l. R. Dom. Rel. P.85 (may cite as "R,Dom.Rel.P.

o R.l. R. Juv. P. 36 (may cite as "R.juv.P. ")

R.l. Super. Ct. R. Prac. 1.1 (may cite as "R.P. --")
-")

a R.l. 5uper. Ct.

R.l. Super. Ct. R.
R. Civ. P. 1 (may cite as "Super.R.Civ.P.
-")
Crim. P.60 (may cite as "Super.R.Crim.P. "l

o R.l. Super. Ct. R. Prac. 1.1 (may cite as "R.P.

R.l. Dist. Ct. Civ. R. 85 (may cite as "D.C.R.
-")
_")
Crim. P.60 (may cite as "Dist.R.Crim.P.

o
R.l. Dist. Ct. R,
-")
South Carolina

I 5.C. App. Ct. R. 101 (b) (may cite as "Rule

S.C. App. Ct. R.
-,
SCACR")
220(a) (citation of memorandum opinions)

t S.C. App. Ct. R. 268 (citation of various types of legal authority) 53

 I
S.C. R. Civ. P. 85(a)

5.C. R. Crim. P. 38 (shall cite as "Rule

_, SCRCP")
(may cite as "Rule
_, SCRCrimP") I
S.C. R. Evid.

S.C. Fam. Ct. R. 1

1 103(a) (may cite as "Rule _, SCRE")

(may cite as "Rule

-
SCRFC") o
A Guide to South Carolina Legal Research and Citation (2d ed. 2009)

South Dakota I
S.D. R. Civ. P. 5 I5-6-85 (shall cite as "RCP ")
S.D. R. App. P. 5 15-264-69.1 (citation of opinions) I
S.D. R. App. P. 5 15-264-69.2 (shall
system)
follow a public domain citation

S.D. R. App. P. 5 15-264-93 (may cite as "S.D.R.C. App.P. Rule _")

o
Tennessee

Crim P.60 (shall cite as "Tenn. P. \

I
o
Tenn. R. R. Crim.
Tenn. R. App. P. 27(h) (citation of various types of legal authority)
Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 1 (shall cite Supreme Court Rules as "T.R.A.P. _" or
"Tenn.R.App.P.
Tenn. Sup. Ct.
_")
R. B (shall cite Rules of Professional Conduct as "Tenn. o
Sup. Ct. R. B, RPC _")
Tenn. 5up. Ct. R. 28 5 1 2 (cite Tennessee Rules of Post-Conviction
Procedure as "Tenn.Sup. Ct. R. 28, S _")
I
Tenn. Ct. App. R. 12 (citation of unpublished opinions)
Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 19(4) (citation of unpublished opinions)
o
Tenn. Code Ann. 5 1-2-101 (a) (cite as "Tenn. Code Ann. " or "T.C.A.
_") I
Texas

Tex. R. App. P.47.7 (citation of unpublished opinions)

t
Utah
The Greenbook: Texas Rules of Form (1 2th ed. 201 0)
I
Utah R. Civ. P. 85 (may cite as "U.R.C.P.
Utah Code Jud. Admin. R. 1-101(1XE) (may cite as "CJA
_")
_")
I
Utah Sup. Crt. Standing Order No. 4 (Jan. 18, 2000) (citation of
opinions) o
Vermont
Vt. R. Civ. P. 85 (mav cite as "Vermont Rule of Civil Procedure " or t
"v.R.c.P. _")
Vt.R. App. P. 1(d) (may cite as "Vermont Rule of Appellate
Procedure _" or "V.R.A.P. _")
a
Vt. R. App. P. 28.2 (citation of opinions)
I
t
Vt. R. Prob. P. 85 (may cite as "Vermont Rule of Probate Procedure
_" or "V.R.P.P. _")
Vt. R. Small Cl. P. 14 (may cite as "Vermont Rule of Small Claims
54 Procedure _" or "V.R.S.C.P. _")
I
I
t Vt. Env. Ct. Proc. R. 7 (may cite as "Vermont Rule for Environmental
Court Proceedings _" or "V.R.E.C.P. _")
5l (cite as "_ V.S.A. S _")
o Vt. Stat. Ann. 5

Virginia

o Va. Sup. Ct. R. 5:1 7(cX3)

Va. Sup. Ct. R. 5:28(a)
(citation of various types of legal authority)
(citation of various types of legal authority)

o Va. Sup. Ct. R. 5A:20(a) (citation of various types of legal authority)

Va. Sup. Ct. R. 5A:21(a) (citation of various types of legal authority)

t Washington
Wash. Civ. R. Ct. Ltd. J. 85 (may cite as "Civil Rule for Courts of

I Limited Jurisdiction
Wash. Crim. R.
_'"CRU _")
Ct. Ltd. J. 1.8 (may cite as "Criminal Rule for Courts of

t
Limited Jurisdiction _"
or "CrRU
Wash. R. App. P. 18.21 (may cite as "RAP -")
-")
App. Dec. Cts. Ltd. J. 1 1.9 (shall cite as "Rule for Appeal of

t
Wash. R.
Decisions of Courts of Limited Jurisdiction or "RALJ
Wash. R. Evid. 1
-"
103 (may cite as "Washington Rule of Evidence
-")
or "ER -"
a -")
Wash. Infraction R. Ct. Ltd. J.6.3 (may cite as "lnfraction Rule for
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction or "lRU
-")
o Wash.
Bluebook)
R.
-"
Gen. Application 14 App. 1 (citations must follow The

o Wash. R. Gen. Application 14.1 (citation of unpublished opinions)

Wash. Super. Ct. Civ.
or "CR _")
R. 85 (shall cite as "Superior Court Civil Rule
-"
o Wash. Super. Ct. Mandatory Arb.
Mandatory Arbitration Rule
R.8.4 (shall cite as "Superior Court
or "MAR

I -"
Wash. 5uper. Ct. Spec. P. R. Exolanation (may cite as "SPR
Wash. Juv. Ct. R. I 1.21 (may cite as "JuCR
-")
-")
-")

I Wash. Rev. Code Ann. 5 1.04.040 (cite as "RCW

-")
Washington Courts Style Sheet (201 0), http://www.courts.wa.gov/

t a ppel late-tria l-courts/su preme/?fa=atc*su preme.style

West Virginia

o W. Va. R. Civ. P.85 (may cite as "W. Va. R. Civ. P.

W. Va. Crim. P. 60 (may cite as "W.Va.R.Crim.P.
R.

W. Va. R. Evid. 1 102 (may cite as "West Virginia Rule of Evidence

-")
-")
o or "\IWRE _")

Wisconsin
-"

a Wis. Sup. Ct. R. 80.02 (citation of opinions)

Wis. Sup. Ct. R.99.03 (shall cite as "SCR

o -")
Wis. Stat. 809.19(1Xe) (cite authorities and the record as set forth in
The Bluebook)

I 55
 I
Wis. Stat. 91 1.02 (may cite chapters 90'l to 91 1 as "Wisconsin Rule
Evidence _")
of
I
Wisconsin Guide to Citation (7th ed. 2012)

Wyoming o
Wyo.
Wyo.
R.

R.
Civ.
Civ.
P.

P.
85 (may cite as "Wyoming Rule of Civil Procedure
Cir. Ct. 1 1 (may cite as "W.R.C.P.C.C. _")
_")
a
Wyo. R. Crim. P.60 (shall cite as "Wyoming Rule of Criminal
Procedure _" or "W.R.Cr.P. _")
Wyo. R. Evid. 103 (may cite as "Wyoming Rule of Evidence _" or
t
I
1
"wRE _")
Wyo. Unif. R. Cir. Ct. 1.01 (may cite as "U.R.C.C. _")
Wyo. Unif. R. Dist. Ct. 100 (may cite as "Uniform Rule for District
Courts of the State of Wyoming _" or "U.R.D.C. _")
Wyo. App.P. 28 (may cite as "Wyo. _")
o
o
R. R. App. P.

BT2.3 Territories
Guam
o
a
Guam Code Ann. tit. 1, 5 101 (b) (may cite as "GCA _")
How to Cite Guam Law (3d ed. 2002), http://wwwjurispacific.com/
public/g uam_law'citation_g uide_09-02.pdf

Northern Mariana Islands

o
Northern Mariana lslands Supreme Court Stvle Manual (2010),
http://www.cnmilaw.orglpdf/style_manual/style,manual.pdf
t
t
Puerto Rico
P.R. Sup. Ct. R. 44(d) (citation of unpublished opinions)
Virgin Islands
V.l. Code Ann. tit. 1, 5 1(b) (may cite as " V.l.C. _")
App. P. 15(b) (citations shall be according to The Bluebook)
o
a
V.l. R.

I
I
I
o
o
56
a
t STRUCTURE AND USE OF CITATIONS
to authorities so that rcaders mav iclentifi ancl find those
Pror.icle citutior-rs

a authorities for ftiture rescarch. Citations are made in citation scntences and
chnscs (de 1.1) and arc introducetl b.v signals. Sigtrals organize authoritics

o and show how those authorities support or relatc to u proposition given in thc
tcxt (rule 1.2). Citation scntcnces and clituses mav contain more than one sig-
nal. Order signals accorcling to rule 1.3.Within cach signal, arrangc tuthorities

o rccording to rule 1.4. Parcntheticals may bc necessary to explain thc rclcvancc

of a particular authority to the proposition given in thc tc'xt (rule 1.5). (lertain
additional infirrmation, specific to thxt authoriqi ma,v also be appcntlcd accord-

o ing to rule 1.6.

I Citation Sentences and Clauses in Law Reviews

Citations mav be madc in one of two wavs: in citation sentenccs or in citation
1.1

o clauses. In law rcview pieccs, all citations appear in fixrtnotcs appcnclecl to the
portions of thc tcxt to which they refer. For an explanltion of citation sentences
and clause s in pmctitioners' docume nts, see Bluepages 81.

o (a) Text. (litations to authorities that support (or contradict) lt Proposition

made in thc main text (as olrposed to f(Dtnote text) tre placecl in firotnotes.

I A fbotnotc call number should appear tt the end of a texttnl sentence if the
citcd authurity supports (or contradicts) the entire sentcnce. In contfttst, a call
number shoulcl appear within the sentence next to thc portion it st4rports if
o tl-re cited authorit)' supports (or contradicts) only' that plrt of thc sentence. The
call number comes lfter any punctu:ttion mark-sttcl-t as a commt, scmicolon,

I or periocl-with the exccption of a dash or a colttrr. ln tddition to cilation to

authorities, r fbotnotc may includc tcxtu:tl sentenccs that are relatcd to thc main

I text to which thc footnotc is appendecl.

ts This is sentence one.1 Sentence two contains two call numbers;2
however, onty one of these-this ones-is surprising. Recal[ one

o thing+' 6s11 numbers precede dashes and colons.

(b) Footnotes. If a fixxnote itself cotttlins an asscrtion requiring support, lt

o citation to the relevant authorit)'shotrlcl appear dircctl,v after the :tssertion lts
either a citation sentence (x a citation clause.

o (i) Citation sentences. Authorities thxt stlpport (or contradict) an cntire lbot-
note sentcnce are citcd in l separatc citation sentence immecliatclv lfter tl-tc
sentence thcy support (or contradict). The citatkrn sentence stlrts with a capi-

o tal letter and encls with a period.

t
(ii) Citation clauses. Auth0rities that support (or curtradicf) onh part of a sen'
tence within x fcrotnote are citcd in clauses, sct off b.v commas, that imme cliatclv
follow thc proposition thcy support (or contradict).

o (c) Example. The f<rllowing exccrpl illustrates thc

antl cllruscs in l llu rcvicw picce.
ttse of citation scntences

o tr Some American lurisdictions place the burden of sustaining crim-

inal defenses on the accused.l States have required defendants to

t
 prove both insanity2 and self-defense.3 ln several lurisdictions the
defendant must even establish that a homicide was accidentat.4 I
w See.lohn Calvin Jeffries, Jr. & Paul B. Stephan lll, Defenses,
1

Presumptions, and Burden of Proof in the Criminal Law, 88 YALE

L.1.1325,1,329-30 (1979). The authors point out that the use of
o
affirmative defenses may relieve the state of its duty to prove a
sufficient factual basis for punishment,id. at457,and argue that o
the reasonable doubt standard should not be limited to those facts
formatly identified as elements of the offense charged, id. aI qz7. I
o
M 'E.9., State v. Caryl,543P.zd 389,39o (Mont. 1975); State v.
Hinson, q z S.E.zd 548, 551 (S.C. rqZo).

I
M' 3see, e.9., Quitlen v. State, rro A.zd 445, 449 (Del. r955); State
v. Skinner, rc4P. zz3, zz4 (Nev. ryo9). See general/yWnvrue R.
LnFnve & Ausrru W. Scorr, Jn., Hnuoeoor oru Cnrmrunl Lnw $ 8.r,
at7o4-o6 (zd ed. rg86) (discussing the origin of embezzlement
and false pretense).
t
o
s'" 4 See, e.9., Chandle v. State, r98 S.E.zd 289, z9o (Ga. 1973); State
v. Enlow, 536 S.W.zd 533,541(Mo. Ct. App. 1976).

1.2 IntroductorySignals
o
I
(a) Signals that indicate support.

Ino signal] Cited authority (i) directly srares the proposirion,(ii) identffies the
source of a quotation, or (iii) identilies an authority referred to in

Fn
the t€xt. Use no signal, for example, when clirectly quoting an au-
thority or when restating numerical data from an authoriry
Cited authorify states the proposition; other authorities also state
t
the proposition, but citation to rhem would not be helpful or is
not necessary. "E.g.i' may be used alone or attached to any other
O
signal (whether supportive or not).When it is attached to another
signal, it should be preceded by an italicized comma and followed I
by a non-italicized comma.
See, e.9., I
t
But see, e.9.,
Accord "Accord" is commonly used when two or more sources state or
clearly support the proposition, but the text quotes or r€fers to
only one; the other sources are then introduced by " occord." Simi-
larly, the law of one jurisdiction may be cited as being in accord o
See
with the law of another
Cited authority clearly supports the proposition."See" is usecl in-
t
t
stead of "[no signat]" when the proposition is nor directly stated
by the cited authority but obviously follows from it; there is an
inferential step betwcen the authority cited and the proposition
it supports.

a
I
t See also Cited authority constitutes additional source material that supports
the proposition."See olso" is commonly used to cite an authority

a
supporting a proposition when authorities that state or dircctl,\'' sup-
port the proposition already have been citcd or discussed. The usc
of a parenthetical explanation of the sourcc's rclcvance (rule 1.5)

a Cf.
following a citation introduced by"see also"is encouraged.
Cited authority supports a proposition different fiom the main

I proposition but suthciently irnalogous to lend support. l.itert[',

"cf." mcans "compare."The citation's tclevance will usrrally bc
clear to the rcader only if it is explained. Parcnthetical explanations

I (rule 1.5), however brief, are thcrcfbre strongly recommendecl.

(b) Signal that suggests a useful comparison.

o Compare... Comparison of the authorities cited will oflbr support for or illtts-
[and]... tr.lte the proposition. whcn uscd as a signal, "Compare" must

o with...
[and]...
bc usecl in coniunction with "with"; thc "with" is preccdecl by
a comma, as is "and" whcn uscd. 'fhe rclevance of thc compar-
ison will usually be clear to thc rcader only if it is explaincd.

o Parcntheticirl explanations
thercfore strongly recommended.
(rule 1.5) folkrwing cach authorit-v are

o , Compore Michael H. v. Gerald D., 49r U.S. 7to,72t (t989) (relecting

the claim by a putative naturaI father of the right to visit his chitd

I conceived by a married woman), ond CATHARTNE A. MACKINNoN,

Feurrursn Uruoorrreo 49 O9B7) (contending that what connects
all women is their oppression in a sexual hierarchy), wifh Loving

o v. Virginia, 3BB U.S. 1, p G96) (invatidating laws prohibiting inter-

racial marriage), Doe v. McConn, 489 F. Supp. 26, Bo (S.D. Tex. rg8o)

I (holding a cross-dressing ordinance unconstitutional as applied to

individuats undergoing therapy for sex-reassignment surgery), ond
Kenneth L. Karst, The Freedom of lntimote Association, 89 Ynre

o L.J.6zt',,6;r (rg8o) ("The denial of the society of an intimate may

be partiat, as in the case of a parent who loses a contest over child
custody but is atlowed visitation rights, or virtually totat, as when a

O noncustodial parent is denied visitation rights.").

(c) Signals that indicate contradiction.

o Contro Citcd authority directly states the contrnry of the proposition.

"Contra" is used whcre "[no signat]"would bc used for support.

o But
'ee
Cited authority clead.v supports a proposition contrary to thc
nuin proposition. "But see" is uscd where "see" would be ttsccl

I But cf.
for support.
Cited authoriq.' st-lpports a proposition analogt)tts to the contrar)'
of thc main proposition. 'I'hc use of a parcntheticirl explanation of

o the sourcc's relcvlnce (rule 1.5) fbllowing a citittion introduced

by"but cf "is strongly recommended.

o "Buf" should bc omittcd from"but see" and "but cf." whenever onc of these
signals follows another nefiative signal:

I
 ) Contra Blake v. Kline, 6rz F .zd 7t8, 723-24 (Zd Cir. ryl);
see CHARLES Alnn WnrcHr, Law or Frornnl Counrs 5 +8 (+th ed. I
o
1983).

(d) Signal that indicates background material.

See
generally the
Cited authority prescnts helpful background matcrial related to
proposition. Thc use of a parenthetical explanation of thc
sourcc material's relevancc (rule 1.5) following each authority
o
intmduccd by "see generally" is encouragcd.
o
(e) Signals as verbs. In footnotes, signals may be used as thc verbs of textual
sentences. rJ/hen using signals in this wiry, inclnde matcrial that woulcl other-
wisc be included in a parenthetical explanation as part of the sentence itself.
I
Signals shoulcl not be italicized when usecl as verbs in tcxtual scntences (rule
2.1(d)). I
Thus:
b See Christina L. Anderson, Comment, Double Jeopardy: The
Modern Dilemma for Juvenile Justice, r5z U. Pn. L. Rev. m8r,
o
72o4-o7 (zoo4) (discussing four main types of restorative justice
programs). o
becomes:
p See Christina L. Anderson, Comment, Double Jeopardy: The
Modern Dilemma for Juvenile Justice, r5z U. Pn. L. Rev. rr8r,
I
12o4-o7 Qoo4), for a discussion of restorative justice as a reason-
abte replacement for retributive sanctions. I
" Cf, "
mannef.
becomcs "com pare" and "e.g. " becomes "for exam ple" when used in this
I
r.3 Order of Signals o
rJfhen more than onc signal is used, the signals (along
with the authofities they
introduce) should appear in the order in which those signals are listed in rule
1.2. \Vhen "e.g.," is used in conjunction with another signal, the other signal's
o
position in rule 1.2 shoulcl be used. Notc that the order of ar.rthorities within
each signal must conform to rule 1.4. Signals of the same basic rypc-sup- o
o
portivc, compafative, contf:rdictory, or background (rule 1.2(a)-(d))-mLrst be
strung together within a single citation sentence and separated by semicolons,
Signals of different types, however, must be grouped in different citation sen-
tences. For examplc:

h See Mass. Bd. of Ret. v. Murgia, 427 U.S. Zol GgZ6) (per curiam);
o
cf, Palmer v. Ticcione, 433 F. Supp. 653 (E.D.N.Y. 1977) (uphotding
a mandatory retirement age for kindergarten teachers). But see,
e.q., Gault v. Ga rrison, 569 F.zd g% (7th Cir. ryt )
(hotdin g that
a
a ctassification of pubtic school teachers based on age viotated
equat protection absent a showing ofjustifiable and rational state o
purpose). See generally Comment, O'Neil v. Baine: Application of
Middle-Level Scrutiny to Old-Age Clossifications, n7 U. Pn. L. Rrv.
798 (!97il (advocating a new constitutionaI approach to otd-age
I
c [assi ficatio ns).

I
I Vithin a citation clausc (de 1.1),howcveqcitation strinlas may contain silanals
of more than one type , separatcd by scmicolons.

o Order of Authorities Within Each Signal r.4

o Authofities within each signal are seplr.rtcd by scmicolons.

If onc authorit_v or sevcral authorities tol{cther are consiclcrably morc helpful or

o
authoritativc than thc other authorities cited within a signal, thel' shoulcl prc-
ccdc thc others. Except in this situation, cite authorities in the ordcr in which
thel'are listcd below. Authoritics citcd in short fbrm are ordcrcd as though

t citcd in full.
(a) Constitutions ancl other foundational documents are cited in the folkrw-

t ing orcler:
(I ) federal
(2) state (alphabetically by statc)

o ( J) foreign (alphabetically by uriscliction)

f

(.i) foundational documents of thc Llnite d Nations, the League of Nations,

a ancl thc tsuropcan Union, in that order

(lonstitutions of the same juriscliction are cited in reverse chronokrgical ortlcr.

(b) Statutes rre citetl according to jurisdiction in the following olcler:

O Feclcral:

I (1) statutes in tl.S.C., Ll.S.O.A.. or { l.S.C.S. (b,v progrcssive orcle r of I I.S.( ).

tirle)
(2) statutes currcntly in forcc but not in tl.S.C.,II.S.(;.A., or tl.S.O.S. (by

o (l)
rcverse chronological order of cnactnrcrtt)
rules of evidcnce and procedtrrc
(.1) repcaled statutcs (b-v reverse chtrnokrgical ordcr of enactntent)

o State (alphabcticall)' b)' state):

(5) statutcs in thc current codilicrtion (ry order in the codilicttion)

o (6) statutcs currcntl_v in firrce but not in thc current codffication (bY
revcrse chronological order of cnactmcnt)
(7) rulcs of evidence and proceclure

O (8) repealcd statutes (b_v rcversc chronological ordcr of enactmcnt)

F'oreign (alphabetically by jnrisdiction):

o (9) codcs or statutes in thc current codilicati<xr (by order in the

coclification)
(10) statutes currently in ftrrce but not in cocles or thc current

O codification (bv revcrsc chronological orcler of cnactment)

(l 1) repealed strtutes (b1' reversc chronokrgical orcler of cnactment)

O (c) Treaties and other international agreements (otl-rer than the firunch-
tional documents of thc Unitcd Nations, the League of Nations, and the Euro-

o pean LJnion) are citcd in revcrsc chronological ordcr.

(d) Cases lre arrangecl within a signal accorcling to the courts issuing thc cited

t opinions. Subsequcnt and prior historics are irrelevant to the order of citation, as
is whethcr the opinion is published or unpublished. Cascs deciclctl by thc same
court are arrlnged in rcversc chronokrgical ordcr; for tlris purposc, all lJnited

o
States circuit courts of appeals are treated as one court (including the District of
Columbia and Federal Circuit). and all federal district courts are treated as one I
court. Thc ordering system is as follows:
Federal:
(l)
t
I
Supreme Court
(2) courts of appeals, Emergency Court ofAppeals, andTemporary
Emergency Court ofAppeals
(3) Court of Claims, Court of Customs and Patcnt Appcals, and bankruptcy
appellate panels o
t
(4) district courts,Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, and Court of
International Trude (previously thc Customs Court)
(5) district bankruptcy courts and Railroad Reorganization Court
(6) Court of Federal Claims (previously the trial dMsion for the Court
of Claims), Court ofAppeals for the Armed Forces (previously the
a
t
Court of MilitaryAppeals), andTax Court (previously the Board ofTax
Appeals)
(7) administrative agencies (alphabetically by agency)
State:
(t|) courts (alphabetically by state and then by rank within each state)
(9) agencies (alphabetically by state and then alphabetically by agency
o
Foreign:
within each state)
o
(10) courts (alphabetically by jurisdiction and then by rank within each

(l l)
iurisdiction)
agencies (alphabetically by jurisdiction and then alphabetically by
I
International:
agency within each jurisdiction)

(12) International Court ofJustice, Permanent Court of International

I
Justice O
t
(13) other international tribunals and arbitral panels (alphabetically by
name)

(e) Legislative materials are cited in the following order:

1l,) bills and rcsolutions
(2) committce hearings a
(l) reports, documents, and committee prints
(4) floor debates
o
Cite materials within each classification in rcverse chronological ofder. If citing
both federal and state materials, cite federal materials lirst, in reverse chronologi-
cal order Cite state matcrials in reverse chronological order and then alphabeti
o
cally by state.

(f) Administrative and executive materials are cited in the followinq order:
a
Federal:
(l) Executive Orders I
(2) current Treasury Regulations, proposed Treasury Regulations
(l) all other regulations currently in force @y progressive order of C.[R.
title)
o
I
t (4) proposed rulcs not )'et in force (bv progressive ordcr offirture (l.FR
title, if any; otherwise by rcversc chronological order of proposal)

I (5) all matcrials rcpealcd (b1'rer-ersc chronological orcler of

promulgatkrn)

t
State:
((r) state (alphabetically by statc), currently in firrce, thcn reperled

Foreign:

o (7) foreign (alphabetically b,v jurisdiction), currently in forcc, then

rcpealed

(g) Resolutions, decisions, and regulations of intergovernmental orga-

o nizations are cited in the following ordcr:
(l) llnitecl Nations antl League of Nations, in revcrse chnrnokrgical ordcr

I b_v issuing body (Gcneral Assembly, thcn Security Council, thcn other

organs in alphabetical orcler)

(2) othcr organizations (alphabetically by name of organization)

o (h) Records, briefs, and petitions are cited in that orcler, and within each
classification by orclcr of the court in which liled (see rule 1.4(d)). Bricf.s

o within the samc casc and court are cited in the folkrwing ordcr: plaintiff/pcti-
tioner, defendant/respondcnt, and then amictts curiac in alphabctical order by

o
Iirst word of thc amicus party's name.
(i) Secondary materials are citcd in the folkrwing order:
(l)
I
unilbrm codes, model codes, and restatements, in that orcler (in
reverse chronological order by categ(x)')
(2) books, pamphlets, and shorter works in a collcction of a singlc

o author's works (afhabctically by last namc of author;if none , b1' first

worcl of titlc)
(J) works in iournals (not magazincs or Itcwsptpers), inclucling

o fbrthcoming works and shortcr works in a collection of variotts

authors'works (llphabetically by last namc of author)
(4) book reviews not writtcn by stuclents (alphabetically by last name of

o revicwe r)
(5) student-writtcn hw revicw matcrials inclr.rding book rcviews (alphl-

o be tically by last n:rme of author; if none , by lirst worcl of title ; if none , bv

periodical as abbreviated in cittttion)
(6) annotations (in rcverse chronological ordcr)

o (7) maglzine and newspapcr article s (alphabetically by last namc of author;

if none , by lirst word of title)

t (ti) working papers (a$habetically by last namc of atrthor; if nonc, by lirst

word 0f title )
(9) unpublished matcrials not lbrthcoming (alphabetically by last name of

o author; if none, by lirst word of title)

(10) electronic sources, including Internct sources (alphabctically by hst
nanc of author; if none, by first worcl of title)

o When not acldresscd above , for thc purposes of a$habctizing within cach clas-
silication, use only the name of the first authof listed (if any) antl thcn proceed

I to use thc titlc.

t
(i) Cross-references to thc author's own text or f(x)tnotcs.
t.5 Parenthetical Information
(a) Substantive information. Use parcntheticals, to explain thc
I
o
as needed,
relevance of a particular authority to the proposition givcn in the tcxt. Paren-
thetical infbrmation is recommencled when the relevance of a cited authority
might not otherwise be clear to the reader (see rule 1.2). Explanatory informa-
tion takes the form of a present participial phrase, a quOted sentence, or a short
statement that is appropriate in context.
O
(i) Phrases not quoting the authority. Explanatory parenthetical phrases
not directly quoting the authority usually bcgin with a present participle and
should nevcr begin with a capital letter:
I
W See generallyAkhit Reed Amar, Reports of My Death Are Greatly O
Exaggerated: A Reply,48 U. Pn. L. Rev. 165r (r99o) (arguing that
the author and the two-tier theory of federal lurisdiction are still
viabte).
o
Vhen a complete participial phrase is unnecessary in context, a shorter parcn-
thetical may be substituted:
o
b' Such standards have been adopted to address a variety ofenviron-
mental problems. see, e.9., H.B. Jacobini, The New International
o
Son itary Re g u lati o n s, 46 AM. l. lNt' t L. 7 27, 7 z7 -zB (rgS z) (health-
related water quality); Robert L. Meyer, Travaux Pr6paratoires for c
the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, z EnnrH t.l. qS, qS-Bt
(1926) (conservation of protected areas).

(ii) Phrases quoting the authority. If, howeve r, the parenthctical information
t
quotes one or more ftlll sentences or a portion of material that rcads as a full
sentence, it sl-rould begin with a capital lctter and include appropriate closing
punctllauon:
o
* 3 Consequences ofChonging U.S. Population: Hearing Before the O
I
H. Select Comm. on Population, g5th Cong. n Q97B) (statement of
Dr. David Birch) ("[T]here are more mayors of Rockville, Maryland,
than there are mayors of Detroit.").
F' Mari J. Matsuda, Public Response to Rocist Speech: Considering
the Victim's Story, 87 MrcH. L. Rev. z3zo, 4Bt 9989) ("We are a a
legalized culture. lf law is where racism is, then law is where we
must confront it.... IL]et us presenta competingideology....").

Not: Mari J. Matsuda, Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering

I
the Victim's Story,87 MrcH. L. Rev. z3zo, 4Bt Q989) (exptaining
that "[w]e are a legalized cutture. lf taw is where racism is, then
o
law is where we must confront it . . . . IL]et us present a competing
ideotogy. . . ."). a
When dircctly quoting only a short phrasc from an authority, folkrw rule 1.5
(aXi):
*
o
But see Flanagan v. United States, +6S U.S. 259,264 OgBg)
(exptaining that the finalludgment rule reduces the potential for
parties to "clog the courts" with a succession of time-consuming
o
appeats).
o
o (b) Order of parentheticals within a citation.
multiple parcntheticals, place thcm in thc fbllowing order:
W'hen a citation requires

I F" (date) [hereinafter short name] (en banc) (Lastname, J., concurring)
(pluratity opinion) (per curiam) (alteration in originat) (emphasis
added) (footnote omitted) (citations omitted) (quoting another

a source) (citing another source), http://www.domainname.com

(explanatory parentheticat), prior or subsequent history.

o In citations to online
such tlut
sor-rces that slurc the charactcristics of a print sotlrcc
thc-v coultl bc cited according to de 18.2.l(bxii), thc URL should

t immcdiatell' precedc the cxplanatorv parenthetical.

sourccs (rule 18.2.2), the "hcrcinafter" parcnthcti
In citations to Internet
follow the liRl. or if there is onc, thc "last visited''
o
cal should immediately
parentheticxl.

In citations to online and Internet sourccs that utilizc archival totlls, the archival

o link should immediately'follow thc IIRL (rule 18.2.1(d)).

Notc that explanatory parcnthcticals prccecle an.v citati(xl of sttbsctluent histor.v

o or othcr relatcd authoritl'(rule 1.6):

t, Att. Richfietd Co. v. Fed. Energy Admin., 429 F. Supp. 7052, 1067-62

o (N.D. Cat. rqZ6) ("[N]ot every person aggrieved by administrative

action is necessarily entitted to the protections of due process."),

t ir
aff d, SS6 F.zd 5 4z (Temp. Emer. CI. App. tgtil.
Louis Loss, Ihe Conflict of Laws ond the Blue Sky Laws, 71 Hnnv.
L. Rev. 209 (1957) (discussing the bewitdering array of state laws

o then governing interstate securities transactions), reprinted in

Lours Loss & Eownno M. Cowrrr, Brue Srv Lnw 1.80 (1958).

o If the matcrial cited quotes or cites two or more dillcrcrtt sotlrces. includc lll
sorlrces in thc ordcr in which thcy wcre citctl within one qtlotillg or citing

t ptfenthetical:
** Duncan v. Louisiana, 39r U.S.
omitted) (first quoting Powell
t45,t48-49 (t968) (footnote
v. Alabama, zB7 U.S. 4s,6l lt93z);
o then quoting /n re Oliver, 333
quoting Gideon v. Wainwright
U.5. 257,273 (1948); and then
,37ztJ.S. i;s,343-44 bS6)).

I Related Authority r.6

t Whcn citing a work, citations to rclatcd authorities may be hclpful to lricl in

locating thc primarl' work or to provicle relevant information not reflcctcd in
thc primary citation. (litations to relatecl authority may be appencled to thc pri-

o mar)' citation with thc use of att italicized cxplanittory phrase.

(a) Related authority intended to increase access.

a (i) "In." Vhcn citing it shortcr rvork such as an article, cssal'. or spe ech originalll'
published in a volume collecting such works, ttsc "in" to introdttce tlre collec-

o tion as a whole (see rule 15.5):

I
 ts Kay Deaux & Brenda Major, A Social-Psychological Model of
Gender,in THEonerrclr Prnspecrrvrs oru Sexunl Drrrrnerucrs 89, I
93 (Deborah L. Rhode ed., r99o).
(ii) "Reprinted in." A work that conveniently reprints a sourcc originally pub-
lished elsewhere may be introduced by "reprinted rn." As far as possible, pra
I
vide a complcte citation for the original work, followed by"reprinted in" and
the citation for the volume containing the reprint (see rule 15.5.2):
o
+ Louis Loss, Ihe Conflict of Laws and the Blue Sky Lows, 7r Hnnv.
L. REV. 2o9 Q95), reprinted in Lours Loss & Eowano M. Cowerr, o
=
Blue Sry Lnw r8o (1958).
Thomas Jefferson, Kentucky Resotutions of 1798 and q99,
reprinted in 4 Dranrrs oN THE ADoploN oF rHE Feoennl CoNSTt-
a
ruroN 540 (Jonathan Ettiot ed., zd ed., Phitadetphia, J.B. Lippincott
rB88).
o
To indicate excerpts or partial reprints, add the word "as":
p"" S. REp. No. 95-r8r, at 4 Q97), os reprinted in 1977 U.S.C.C.A.N.
o
34o1,3414.
(iii) Other phrases. Othcr phrases may be used by analogy to rule 1.6(a)(i)
o
and (ii), as appropriate (e .g.,"microformed on" (see rule 18.5.1), or"trons-
lated in" (see rule 20.2.5)). a
(b) Relevant history. The prior or subscquenr history of a case (rule 10.7)
or of a statute (rule 12.7) may bc appended to the main citation for that case o
or statute . See rules 10.7 tnd 12.7 for circumstanccs in which the subsecuent
history of a case or statutc must be indicated:
k' Matthews v. Konieczny, 488 A.zd 5 (Pa. Super. Ct. t985), rev'd,527
t
A.zd 5oB (Pa.ryV).
(c) Commentary. Works that discuss or quote the primary authority may also
a
be appended to the citation without parentheses as related authorities when
particularly relcvant or when locating the original soufce may be difficult. Use
italicized phrases such as "noted in:"'construed inl"'quoted in:',,reviewed
o
by,""cited with approval inl'and,"questioned in" to inrroduce these works.
Works that th€ primary authority discusscs, cites, or otherwise mentions, how-
a
ever, should be indicated parenthetically. Thus:

i" Filled MitkAct $ r, zr U.5.C. 5 6r (zoo6), construedrn MilnotCo.v. I

Richardson,35o F. Supp. zzr (S.D. tll.t97z).
But: Milnot Co. v. Richardson, 350 F. Supp. zzt (5.D.lll. t97z)
(construing Fitted Mitk Act g r, zr U.S.C. g 6r (zoo6)).
a
a
o
o
o
I TYPEFACES FOR LAW REVIEWS
Lelaal writing uses four typefaces, though choice of font may varv (e.!a.,Timcs

a New Roman,

r
Couri cr, etc.):

t
Ordinary Roman (Plain Text)
+ Underlined
't ltalicized

I - Lnnce nno SmalL Caprrals

Law reviews usc two sets of t_vpcface convcntions-one firr law review tcxt
(eitlrcr main tcxt or footnote text) (rule 2.2) lnd one firr law review citations

o (rule 2.1). tlnless otherwise notccl, the examples in The Bluelnok correspond
to thc convention firr law revicw f<xltnotes.

o l'or an cxplanation of thc tvpefacc convcntions commonly uscd in othcr forms

of lcgal rvriting, sec Bluepages 82. Practitioncrs can mlkc rcady usc <>f the

I exrnrplcs in Tbe Bluebutk b)' substituting thc typefacc convcntions outlincd

in the Bluepages firr those firuncl in thc exlmplcs thrcughout thc rcst of thc
book.

o For cxample , a practitioner's brief might look likc this:

Directors manage the business and affairs of a corporation. See

a Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Hotdings, Inc., 5o6 A.zd t73,
q9 (DeI. 1986); seqalso Del. Code Ann. tit. B, 5 rz+r(a) (zooo). In

o Guth v. Loft, the court held that directors also owe a duty of loyalty
to the shareholders. 5 A.zd 5q,5ro (Det. 1939) (hotding that

t
directors' duty of toyalty demands that "there shalt be no conflict
between duty and setf-interest").

t
A simihr scction of a law revicw article mifiht reacl:

t. Directors manage the business and affairs of a corporation.l In

Guth v. Loft, the court hetd that directors also owe a duty of loyalty

I r'
to the shareholders.'
1See Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Hotdings, Inc.,
5o6 A.zd

o '
773, 179 (Det. rg86); see olso Der. Cooe ANN. tit. 8, 5 r+r(a) (zooo).
2
5 A.zd 503, 510 (Del. rg;q) (holding that directors'duty of
loyalty demands that "there shal[ be no conflict between duty and
o se tf-interest").

rule rule 2.2, Bluepages 82.

o
F.<rr rtdditional guichnce , see 2. 1, ,n'rd

Typeface Conventions for Citations 2.7

o Most law revicws r.rse threc tlifl'crcnt typctaces in citations:

OrdinarV Roman (Plain Text), /tolics, and LARGE AND SMALL

a
fiio
Cnprrnls

I
Some replace large and small capitlls $'ith orclinlrv roman ttpe.'l'hus:
t Colin S. Diver, The Optimal Precision of Administrotive Rules,93

t
Ynre L.l.6S (rq8;).
becomes:
s Colin S. Diver, The Optimal Precision of Administrative Rules,93
t
Yale L.l. 6S (rq8;).

Othcr law revicws replace some italics, as wcll as all large and small capitals,
o
with ordinary roman typc:
I Cotin S. Diver, The Optimat Precision of Administrative Rules, 93 I
Yate L.l. 6s OgB).

1'he cxamples in this book follow thc lirst convention, using all three typefaces. o
The following list explains the more important typefacc conventions usecl in
law review citations:

(a) Case names (rules 1O.2, 14.3.1,2O.3,21.5, and 21.6).IIse ordinary

I
roman type fbr case namcs in full citations, exccpt for procedural phrases,
which are always italicized:
o
ts Lochner v. New York, r9B U.S. 45 (1905).
9 State exrel. Scottv.Zinn,39zP.zd 4t7 (N.M. 1964).
I
rvhen a casc name appears within an article title in a citation, do not italicize it:

F Thomas J. Madden et
o
al., Bedtime for Bivens: Substituting the
United Stotes as Defendant in Constitutional Tort 5uits, zo Hnnv.
oN LEGrs. +69 (tg91).
J.
a
Use itirlics fbr thc short form of case citations:

* Lochner, r98 U.S. at 5o.

t
(b) Books (de 15). tJsc largc and small capitals firr both authors and titlcs: I
Sruple Justtct(t976).
a
F= RrcHnno KLUGER,

(c) Periodicals (rule L6). Italicize article titles and usc largc and small clpitals
lbr periodicll names. Authors'names shoulcl appear in ordinary roman type:
h^ Katherine K. Baker, Once a RapistT
Relevancy in Rape Low,11o HARV. L.Rw.563
Motivational Evidence and
Q99).
I
ts Cass R. Sunstein, Lochner's Legacy, 87 Coruu. L. Rev.873 (1987). o
e* David E. Bernstein, Lochnefs Legacy's Legocy, Bz
(zoo3).
Trx. L. Rev. r
o
(d) Introductory signals (rule 1.2). Itrlicize all introdr.rctory
thcy appear within citation scntcnces or clauscs:
*
signals when
I
a
See, e.9., Parker Drilling Co. v. Ferguson,3gtF.zd 58r (5th Cir.
1968).

o
Do not, howcv'e r. italicize a signal rvord whcn it sen e s as the ve rb of an ordinary
scntencc:

M For an analysis of risk-allocation rules under the UCC, see Roger S.

Goldman, Note, Rrsk of Loss in Commercial Transactions: Efficiency
Thrown into the Breoch,65 Ve. L. Rev. 557, S6S-lz (rglil. I
I
o (e) Explanatory phrases (rules 1.6, 1O.7, and I2.7). ltr,liciz.c all explana-
tory phrases:

o 3 0reck Corp. v. Whirlpoot Corp.,579 F.zd tz6,9r (zd Cir.) (en

banc), cerf. denied, 89 U.S.gt'i6 (rgZB).

I Notc, howevcr, that phrascs in rchted authorit) parentheticals, such

ing . . . )i' " (citing . . . )," :rnd " (translating . . . )" are not itrlicizc(l.
as "(quot-

o (f) Punctuation. Itllicizc commas, semicolons, and othcr punctuxtion nlxrks

only whcn they constitute part of the italicized nraterial, and not whcn thcl lre
mcrch' an clcment of thc sentcncc or citution in which the1. appcur. For cluritl',

o thc italicizctl items in thc examplcs bekrw appeur in bluc:

':' See, e.g.,id.; Sabine Towing & Transp. Co. v. Zapata Ugland

o e
Dritling, lnc. (ln re M/V Vulcan), 553F.zd 48q (rth Cir.) (per
curiam), cert. denied, 84U.S.BSS GSI).

o Nancy Reagan, Editoriat, /usf 5oy "Whoo," Wnrr Sr. J., lan. 23,
ry96, aI At4.

o Typeface Conventions for Textual Material )',

I (a) Main text. l'he main text of law rcview pieces docs not contain citatious
lncl lrses onh' ordinrrr,y roman rnd itrlics. Most materiel rppeitrs in t.rrclirurY
roman type . Only the fblkrwing irre italicizcd:

o (i) Case names. Italicize

pfrr:rscs srrclr rs '/n
casc nanes, including
re"'tnd-ex rel.":
thc v.' ancl all proccdurd

t .' Missouri ex rel. Goines v. Conado

(ii) Titles of publications, speeches, or articles. Thus:

o r'' The library has a copy of The Path of the Law, which was published
inthe Harvard Law Review; a complete set of the Federal Supple-

T ment; and today's Woll Street Journa,l. lt does not have a copy of
Hearings on S. 776 or Alaska Statutes.

o (iii) Style. Italicize u'ords for cnrphasis or othcr st.vlistic lturltoses (rule 7). Also
itllicize words that arc emphasizcd in (luoted mlttcr (rule 1.2).

o (tr) Footnote text. tlnlike in thc main tcxt, a scntcnce in footnotc text mav coll-
tair-l citrtions, which arc placecl in cit:ttiot-t clauscs emltecldcd in thc sctltellce
(rule 1.1(b)).

o (i) Case names. When a casc namc is grantnt:tticalll plrt of thc sentencc in
which it appcars, it slrould bc itdicizccl:

o * ln Loving v. Virginia, the Court invalidated Virginia's antimiscege-

nation statute.

I w ln Loving v. Virginia,38B U.S.

ia's antimiscegenation statute.
t (tg6), the Court invalidated Virgin-

t
o
When the case name is not grammatically part of the sentence, but rather used
in a citatkrn clause embedded in the footnote text, use the typeface conventions
for citations (rule 2.1(a)):
I
F The Court has upheld race-specific statutes that disadvantage o
I
a racial minority, e.9., Korematsu v. United States, 3z3U.S.zt4
(t94Q,but those decisions have been severety criticized.
F lustice Harlan quipped that "one man's vulgarity is another's lyric,"
Cohen, 4o3 U.S. at 25, but failed to provide further exptanation.
(ii) All other authorities. When referring to any other type of authority,
o
whether or not the refbrence is grammatically part of the sentence, use the
typeface convcntions for citations if the full citation or a short form citation
(rule 4) is given:
a
e A different view is expressed in LeenneD HAND, THE BrLL oF RrGHrs
(1958), and HoLMEs, supra note 2.
a
If the reference appears without the full or shortencd citation information, fol-
low the typeface conventions for the main text of law reviews (rule 2.2(a)(ii)):
o
F' Judge Hand explained his phitosophy of ludiciat review in The Bill
of Rights. I
(iii) Explanatory parentheticals. In explanatory parentheticals, follow the
typeface convention for case names in citation text when a ftill citation clause o
o
is included:

h Nat't R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, S16 U.S. ror, uo (zooz)

(citing Chevron U.5.A. Inc. v. NaturaI Res. Def. Council, lnc., 467
U.S.8tz (rSB+)).
&' Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. tor, rro (zooz)
o
(addressing an argument based upon Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v.
Natural Res. Def. Counci[, |nc.,467 U.S. BIZ GS8+)). o
re Nat'I R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, Sf6 U.S. ror,
(addressing an argument based upon Chevron).
uo (zooz)
t
(c) Puncfuation. Italicize commas, semicolons, etc., only when they constitute
part of italicized material, and not when they are merely an element of the o
citation or sentencc in which they appear. For purposes of clarity, the italicized
punctuation marks in the examples below appear in blue :

it' When it decided Sabine Towing, the Fifth Circuit presented a some-
I
F
what different rationate for its holding.
Brannon Denning's article, Reforming the New Confirmation
o
Process: Replacing "Despise and Resent" with "Advise and
Consent," suggests amendments to the Senate's proceduraI rules. a
Itot: Brannon Denning's atlicle, Reforming the New Confirmotion
Process: Replacing "Despise and Resent" with "Advise and I
I
Consent," suggests amendments to the Senate's proceduraI rules.

I
I SUBDIVISIONS
Most subdivisions (such as columns or scctions) in citations are abbrcviatcd. Sce

o table T16 firr a list of subdivision rbbreviations.

t Volumes, Parts, and Supplements

A single work often rppears in separ:rtely plginatecl (or scctioned or ptra-
3.r

a gr.rphcd) volnmes, parts, or supplemcnts. A citxtion to matcrial that appcars in

onc such volumc, prrt, <lr supplement mllst iclcntiff the scp:tratel.]- pllginated

I
subdivision in which thc material appears.

(a) Volumes. \Vhen the volumes lre numberctl, cite thc volume nuntber in Ara-
bic numcr.rls. If the author of thc entire work (all volumes) is cited. thc r,rrlttnte

o nttnthcr prt'tt'dcs tlte arrthor's nltrnc:

r' 2 FREDERTcK PoLt-ocK & Fneoentc Wtt-ltnpt Mnlrrnruo. THe Hlsronv
zo5-o6 (zd ed. rgrr).
oF ENGLTsH Lnw
O ' 2 SuBcoMM. oN LABoR oFrHE S. Cotum. on Lneon & Puertc

o Wrrranr,92o Couc., Lectsrnttve Htsronv

MENr OppoRruNtryAcr oF
oF rHE EQUAL EnnploY-
7972,atrco7 Q97z).

o Othcrwisc, thc volume number precedes the volumc's title:

Donald H. Zeigter, Young Adults os o Cognizable Group in Jury

I Selection, T6 MtcH. L. Rrv. ro45, to4l ltgl9).

If no volnmc number is given but the volumc is readily identiliable b.v velr, trse
thc velr of the volume as tlrc volume number and omit the yetr after thc pincite:

a ,r Thomas R. McCoy & Barry Friedman, Conditional Spending: Feder-

olism's Trojan Horse, 1988 Sue. Cr. REV. 85, 88.

o "' Donatd A. Dripps, Delegation and Due Process,lgBB DUKE L.l.657.

I If thc volume dcsignation inclutlcs worcls, use bmckcts to avoid cot-tfitsiot.t:

1t977-r978 Transfer Binderl Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) 1166,472

I If volumes are numbcred in

rumc number, br:tcketing the ,vcar and
a ncw serics each year, give both the ycar ancl vol-
phcing it befi)rc the wrlumc nttmbcr to

t avoid conftsion:

ItgqZlz K.B. r54

o (b) Separately paginated numbered parts.

separatel.v paginatcd
Wl-ren a work is clividecl into
(or sectioned or paragrlphed) scries, b<xrks, chapters, or

t
othcr parts, incluclc the rclevant subdivisions in the citation:

'" z6 Conc. Rec. app. at 156 (1894) (statement of Rep. Hicks).

,'' ser. 14, pt. 2, at 150

3 ,, pt. 3, 5 4, at r5

t (c) Supplements. Whct-r citinll a separately paginatecl (or scctioncd or pard-

grlphecl) supplemcnt, identilj' thc supplement ancl its clate in parenthcses:

I ',' HAW. Rrv. Srnr. g 296-46.t (Supp. rq8+).

 ts Geoncr Glensor Bocrnr, THE Lnw or Tnusrs nuo Tnusrees $ 495
(rev. zd ed. Supp. 1985). I
To cite both the main volume and the st4rplement, use an ampersand:

tr 4z U.S.C. Sttgtb (1982 & Supp. I r9B3).

t
3.2 Pages, Footnotes, Endnotes, and Graphical Materials I
(a) Pages. (iive thc page number or numbers before the date plrenthetical,
without any introductory abbreviation ("p." and "pp." are uscd only in internal t
cross-rcferenccs

*
(de
ARTHUR E. SurHenlaruo,
3.5)):
CorusrrrurroNAltsM tN AMERtcA 45 G96). I
9 H.R. Rep. No. 82353, at 4-5 b95t).
llse "at" if the page numbcr may be conftrsed with irnother part of the cita- I
tion; use a comma to set off "at." flse this form, frrr example, when thc title of a
work ends with an Ambic numeral or when the work uses Roman numerals for
o
t
pagination:

h BrocnnpHrcnl DlnEcrony oF THE GovERNoRs oF rHE UNtTED

Srares ry78-t983, at 257 (Robert Sobet & John W. Raimo eds.,
198t.
F Thomas l. Emerson, Foreword lo CnrsnnrruE A. MncKrr.rtorrr, Srxual o
Hnnnssmerur or Wonrruc Womeru, atvii,ix $979).

If an article, case, or other source within a largcr source is not separately pagi- o
o
nated, cite thc page on which the itcm begins:

h Bernard L. Diamond, The Psychiatric Prediction of Dongerousness,

rz3 U. Pn. L.Rev. q9 j97Q.
b United States v. Bruno, r44 F. Supp. 593 (N.D. llt. r955). o
ts Government Employees TrainingAct, Pub. L. No. B5-5o7,7zStat.
zzt GgsB). I
When referring to specilic material within such a source, include both the
page on which the source bcgins and thc page on
appears (a pincitc), scparatcd by a comma:
which the spccific material
I
F Matthew Roskoski, Note, A Case-by-Case Approach to Pleading
Scienter Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995,
I
97 Mtct-r. L. Rev. 2265, zzTt-75 Q999).
F" CATHARINE A. MAcKtNNoN , On Exceptionality: Women as Women in I
Law,in Frmrrursu Uruuoolnreo Zo,Z6-lZ OgBi.
When ref'erring specilicallv to matcrial on the first page of a source, rcpeat the o
page number:

F Christina M. Fern6ndez, NoIe, Beyond Marvin: A Proposal for I

Quasi-Spousal Support,30 SrAN. L. Rev. 359, 359 Q97B).

I
I
o Vhcn citing material within a concurring or tlisscnting opinion, givc only thc
initial pagc 0f the casc and the page on which the specilic material appears.ltot

I thc initial p:rge of thc concurring or dissenting opinion:

s, Baker v. Carr, l6q U.S. 186,297 (1962) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting).

o
'Whcn citing material that spans more than onc palac1 givc the inclusivc pagc
nunrbers. seplrrted b1' an en dlsh (-) or h.vphen (-). Alwa.vs retain the last two

I
digits. but drop other repetitious cligits:
'$p Edward L. Rubin, Note, Fairness, Flexibility, and the Waiver of
Remediol Rights by Controct, 87 YnrE L.l. to57, ro65-69 Q978).

I If a hyphcn or dash would be ambiguns bccausc of the page numbering

tcm. use the rvord 'to":
sys-

o M" BoRrs l. Brrrren & JAMES S. Eusrtcr, FeoennL luconr Tnxnrtoru or

Conponnrrorus AND SHAREHoLDERS tl l.o6,at 5-31 to -32 (5th abr.

I ed. ry87).

Cite nonconsccutive pages hy giving thc individud pagc numbcrs separatcd

o b1'commas:

[r" Kleppe v. New Mexico, 426U.5.529,5i1,546 (t976).

t Ifu source uses star paging (such 4s""3"),drop the star in tl-re ending page num-
bcr of a pagc rmge , but keep tl-rc star in lll re fercnce s to nonconscctltir,e page s.

I ;i' 2W I LL rAM B LAc K sro N E, C o rvr nn E ru

Whcn a point is oftcn repeated throughout the cntirc source, llsc "possim"
rn nte s * t5z, * t5 5-56.

o rather thrn citing spccilic plges. Do not insert I comma after thc initial pagc
number:
\' Linda S. Mullenix, The Constitutionolity of the Proposed Rule z3
O Class Action Amendments, 39 Aatz. L. Rev. 615 passim Q997).

I (b) Footnotes. 'lb cite a footntxe, givc thc pagc on which the footnotc appcrrs,
''n.," and the firotnotc numbcr, with no sptce betwcen "n." rtnd the number:

o, Akhil Reed Amar, The Two-Tiered Structure of the Judiciary Act of

o t7B9,qB U. Pa. L. Rev. 1499, r5z5 n.Bo (r99o).
l footnotc th:rt spans ntore thln one page , cite onl,v the page on which
I
'l'0 cite
thc fbotnotc begins,"n.," and the lbotnotc numl'rer:
i' Akhit Reed Amar, The Two-Tiered Structure of the Judiciary Act of

o 17Bg,BB U. Pn. L. Rev. 1499, 't56o n.zzz (tggo).

When ref'erring onll to specilic pagcs tlf a footnote that splns nlore thall one

o prge , cite only' thc spccilic pages, rather than the page on which thc footllotc
bcgins:

a u Akhil Reed Amar, The Two-Tiered Structure of the Judiciory Act of

t789,98 U. Pn. L. Rrv. 1499, t56r-6zn.zzz(tggo).

o lir cite both a range of pages atrcl also a singlc firotttotc thlrt appelrs within the
pa!.ic rangc,citc thc page rangc firllowcd bv a cotnma and tlrcn citc tlte fbotrlt>tc
in thc npicll manner:

o
 b Akhit Reed Amar,
1789,88
The Two-Tiered Structure of the Judiciary Act
U. Pn. L. Rev1499, 1523-24,t524n.75$99o).
of
I
Cite multiple footnote s (or endnote s) by using "nn.":

S" r4r nn.18o-86 t

Treat nonconsecutive fq)tnotes (or endnotes) like nonconsecutive pages, but
(except for internal cross-referenccs) substitute an ampersand for the comma I
separ.lting two footnotes that appear on thc same page or the final comma in a
list of three or more footnote s that appear on the same page:
t
3 35o n.12, 355 n.r8
W 29tnn.r4 & 18,316 nn.4,6 & 8-9 I
To refer to both I page in the tcxt and a footnorc that begins on that page, use
an ampersand between thc page and the note number: o
9 rene Merker Rosenberg, Winship Redux: t97o to 1990,69 Trx.
f

Rev. ro9, 14 & n.9o (t99o).

L.

I
o
(c) Endnotes. To cite an endnotc, give the page on which the endnote appears
(not the page on which thc call number appears)," n.," and the endnote number,
with no space between "n." and the number:
* JoHN HARr ELy, Drmocnncy AND DtsrRUSr zr5 n.85 (r98o).
I
I
To refer to both a page in text and an endnote whose call appears on that page,
use an ampersand betwcen the text page and the page on which the endnote
appears. In the following examplc, the cited text is on p.6l and the endnote is
onp.2l5:
* JoHN Hnnr Elv, DEruocnncyAND DtsrRUSr 6r&zt5 n.85 (r98o). I
Otherwisc, cite endnotes in the same manner as footnotes.

(d) Graphical materials. When citing tables, figures, charts, graphs, or other
o
graphical materials, give the page number on wl-rich thc graphical material
appears and the designation, if any, provided in the source, with no space
between the abhrcviation and the number. tlse the abbreviations in table TL6:
I
* Kevin M. Clermont & Theodore Eisenberg, Commentary, Xenophilio
in Americon Courts,log HARV. L. Rev. rrzo, tqttbl.z Q996).
a
ts Jennifer Gerarda Brown & lan Ayres, Economic Rotionales for Medi-
ation,Bo VA. L. REV. 323,397 fig.6 (t994).
I
'Io refcr to multiple charts, tables, figures, etc., on the same page pluralize the
,
abbreviatcd designation according to table T16. Use commas and ampersands,
I
not en dashes, to sepafate:
ts 9figs.3&4 o
W tz36 tbls.r, z & 3
I
t
t
I Sections and Paragraphs
If an ar-rthoriq' is organized bl scction ($) or paragraph (fl), cite to these
3.3

I sr,rbclivisions:

,
t
r5 U.S.C. $ 18 (r982).
, 6 JAMES WM. MooRE Er AL., MooRE's FEDERAL Pnncrrce ll S6.oZ 3d
ed.ry9).

o A pirgc nurber nlt'

the scction or paragraph:
also bc provicled if uscful in locating spccitic mattcr within

I '. Lnunerce H. Tnree, Anenrcnru Corsrrrurror,rnl Law 5 $-4,at914,

$ 15-6, at gzo (zd ed. rgBB).

o If rn authority is orl4anizccl in pirrt b1, indentecl paragraphs not introduce(l b)'

parugraph svmbols (1D, &r not cite sucl.r parlgraphs with thc svmbol. lnstead

o Llse the written lbbrevirtion (para.):

' THr De crannroN oF luoepgrornce para. z (U.5. 1776).

o Do not citc indcntccl paragr:rphs if thc uuthority is ordinaril,v cited by pagc:

Mandela Trial Scheduled Today, USA Tooav, Feb. 4, t99r., aI A4.

I Do r.rot usc
; td.S7.
'lt" bcfi)re a scction ur pamgraph svmbol:

I Not: /d. at S 7.

a MoonE Er AL., supro note 5, fl 56.o7.

Not: Moonr Er AL.,supro note 5, at llS6.ol.

o Rule 6.2(c) discusscs thc usc of scction :tnd puragraph symbols.

To citc scssion hrvs amencling prior acts that arc diviclccl into scctions within

I sections, sec rule f 2.4(d).

(a) Subsections. If thc sorlrcc contains punctultiort sepanttiug sections from

o snbsections, usc thc original punctuation:

r; N.M. Srnr. Ar,nr. g a-aa 7g) Q9fi).

I Not: N.M. Srnr. Aruru. 5 +(+4)(z)(c) (1S8i).

If tl.rc soulcc contains no such scparating punctuation, separxte thc subsection

a clesignations using parentheses. not clccimlls. hvphcns. or other nrarks. 'l'llts.

placc' 1 " irnd "a," in parcnthcses ( "( l )" uncl "(a)").

o (b) Multiple sections and subsections. When citing ntultiple scctions. usc
two scctiou s-vmbols (55). Givc inclusive numbcrs;do not use "ef Seq. " lclcrrtical
digits or lettcrs prccecling a punctuation mark ntav be omittccl, unlcss ckritrg s<r

a u,ould crcatc confirsitlrr. Otherwise rctain all cligits.

': WASH. REv. CooE Arur. 55 78.57.oo5-.52.9oo (West 1989 & Supp.

I u
!991).
Der. Cooe Arun. tit. g, 55 Brz-Brg (rg8g).

o
 Note that letters are sometimes used to designate sections, rather than subsec-
tions, and that scction designations may contain punctuation within them: I
F 4z U.S.C. $$ r396a-r396d (zotz).
If an cn dash or hyphen wor,rld be ambignons, nsc the word "to":
I
F 4z U.S.C. $$ r973aa-z to-4(994).
b MoNr. CooE Ar.rru. 55 ZS-r-3or to 324 Q9B9). I
Vhen citing scattered sections, separate the sections with commas:
tr
o
I
N..1. Srnr. Arr'r. 55 rBA:54-r, -3, -6 (West 1989).
Repeat digits if necessar_v to ar-oid confusion:
, N.l. Srnr.
1989)'
Arr. 55 rBA:58-r7, :58-25,:64A-zz.r,:64A-22.6 (West
I
Vhen citing multiple subsections within
symbol:

F- z8 U.S.C.5
a .sirzglc section, usc

ros(a)(r)-(b)(r) (zorz).
only one section

t
h r9 U.S.C. 5 r+8s(a)G)-() (zop).
F Der. Cooe Aruru. tit. g, S 6gro(a), (c) (rg8g).
o
Btrt when citing multiple subsectior"rs witltin cliJferenl scctions, use two section I
t
symbols:

F r9 U.S.C. 55 r48r(a), u+86(b) (zotz).

(c) Multiple paragraphs. Multiple paragr,rphs should be trcated likc multiple
scctions, fbllowing

ts 1
rule 3.3(b):
BtuE Sxy L. Rep. (CCH) fl1| 4471-4474.
o
filr" MooRE Er AL.,supra note 5, flfl 54.32*.35. a
3.4 Appended Material
Indicate an appcndix or appencled note or commcnt by placing the appropriate
I
abbrcviation (sec table T16) lfter the citation to the largcst firll subdivision to
which thc item is appendecl, whether pagc, section, paragraph, chapter, titlc, or o
votume :

W James Edwin Kee & Terrence A. Moan, The Property Tax and Tenant t
I
Equality, Sg Hnnv. L. Rev. 53r app. Ggt6).
M ResrnrEuerur (Secor'ro) or Tonrs 5 6z14 cmt. a (Am. Lnw lrusr.

I
1977).

Citc a particular page, section, or othcr subdivision in an appendix as follows:

M 5o U.S.C. app. $ 454 (zorz).

e Samue[ lssacharoff & George Loewenstein, Second Thoughts
About Summory Judgment, roo Ynlr L.1.73 app.aI e4-25 $99o).
t
Other Wpes of uppencled matcrial thxt serve as commcntary on the material to o
I
which thel arc appendcd, or that firrther discuss a point related to thc tcxtual
cliscussion, should be citcd as notes or appcndices:
I $" Feo. R. Ctv. P. 6o(b) advisory committee's note to 1946
amendment.

I & REsrArEMENr (Secoruo) oF PRop.5 z.r cmt. c, illus. z (Arrir. Lnw

lusr. r97).

I Further informrtion neccssar)' to identi$' which of sevcral namecl notcs is citecl

may bc ldded parenthctically:

t 7, 4z U.S.C. $ 186z note (rg88) (Denial of Financial Assistance to

Campus Disrupters).
s' N.Y. Bus. CoRp. 624 note (McKinney 1963) (Legislative

o
LAW 5
Studies and Reports).

I Appcndices that reprint matcrills normalll citctl to anotlrcr sourcc shoulcl bc

citetl rccortling to rule 1.6(a):

t
y" An Act for the Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries, 1677, z9 Car. z.
c. z, $ t7 (Eng.), reprinted in lonn P. DAWSoN, Wrr-lrnn Bunuerr
Hnnvgv & SrnNlrv D. HEuoEnsoru. CnsEs AND CoMMENTS oN

o Cournncrs app. 1, at g+z (Sth ed. 1988).

I Internal Cross-References
Portior-rsof text, lbotnotcs, ancl gronps of authorities within thc piecc mirl' be
citecf using "supro" or"infra;'tlse supra to reftr to nutcrial thut has alrcadt'
3.5

a appcrrrccl q'ithin thc picce. tise infra to refer to matcrial that appcars later in
the piece.

o flsc lr consistcnt naming convention lor subdivisions that arc nuttrbcred ttr oth-
erwisc designlted in the piecc (Tbe lJluefux* suggests using Part'firr tnaiu
snbdivisons and "Section" fur all snltllcr subdivisions): use "note" to rcfcr to

o footnotesvgithinthe sxmepiecctuse p.'and-pp."torefertoothcrplgeswithin

the samc piecc: "Figure" and "Tabte" are uscd to retcl to figurcs lnd tables

o within the sarne piece . A varict,v of fbrms may bc used. F-or examplc:
w See supra text accompanying notes jo5-o7.

o \'
h
See supro notes 12-15, 9z-97 and accompanying text.
See cases ciled supro nore 22.

o L' But see sources ciled supra note 24.

w See discussion infra Sections ll.B.z, lll.C.r.

o t,
,
See supra Part lV.

o See infro pp. ro6-o7.

.b See infro p. 5o and note 1oo.

a w' 9ee supro Figure z.

it' See infro Tabte 3.

o Notc that "suprd" is ltlso used in short firrm citutiot-ts fbr ccrtain
(sce rule 4.2).
t,v1te s of sourccs

o
 SHORT CITATION FOR}IS
I
I
This rulc provicles general guidrnce for all short forms. For guidance as to spe-
cific short fbrms see the followine rules:

Cases.. ..ru1e10.9
Constitutions
Statutes.
. ... .. rule 1l
..ru1e12.L0 I
Materials.
Legislative
Regulations
Materials.
......rule
......ru1e14.5
1J.8
t
I
Books,Reports,and Othef Nonperiodic .... rule 15.10
Pcriodical Matcrials ....ruIe16.9
Unpublishecl and Forthcoming Sources ....rule17.6
Internet, Electronic Media, and Other Nonprint Resources. . . . .
Services
rule 18.8
....rule19.2 o
ForcignMatcrials....
International Materials
....ruIe20.7
....rule21.17
I
o
For additional guidance on the usc of short forms in court documents and le-
gal memoranda, sec Bluepages 84, B10.2, B12.2,815.2, 816.2,and,Bl7.2.

4.1 "Id"
"ld." may bc uscd in citation sentences and clauses for any kind of authority
I
except internal crossrefbrences (as describcd in rule 3.5). In court documents
and legal memoranda, usc "ld. " when citing the immediately preceding author- I
iry, but only uben tbe immediately preceding citatiL,n contains onry one
autborit!.ln law review footnotes, use "id." when citing the immediately pre-
ceding authority within the same f(x)tnote or within the immediately preccding
I
footnote when tbe prececlingfootnote contains onl! one autbority.Note that
the period at the end of "rd." is always italicized. o
Indicate where a subsequent
page number being cited.
citation varies from thc former, such
If the lirst citation refers only to
as
work con-
a shorter
tained within an authority, do not use "id. " for a subsequent citation to the entire
the specilic
o
authorify. Instcad, use the "suprd" form (see rule 4,2(a)).

The folkrwing examples illustrate the use of "ld." to refer to a variety of com-
o
monlv cited materials:

;* 1 Chalfin v. Specter, 43 A.2d 562,562 (Pa. ry61). o

* 2ld. at563.
F" 3 42 U.S.C. $ r9B3 (1994).
o
+
W, 5
4 See id. g

U.C.C.5
r98r.
f-:oz(z) (Arvr. Lnw lrusr. & Ururr. LnwCowrwr'r.t 1977);see
o
also id.5 r-tof (a).
k' 6 Dupuy v. Dupuy, [t977-t978 Transfer Binder] Fed. Sec. L. Rep.
a
(CCH) fl 96,048,at9t,7o7 (Sth Cir. May 9,r97).
O
t
t . 7Id. I196,o52, a|91,705; see olso U.S. CoNsr. art. l, 5 8, cl. ro
(giving Congress the power to punish "Offences against the Law of

I '
Nations").
8 FrErvrrr.ic

55 r.t-.r
JAMES, JR.
Gd ed.
& Georrnrv C. Hnznno, Jn., Crvrr PRocEoune
rg8r).

o e See id. 5 t.Z.

I , 10
3 WTLLTAM Horoswonru, A
ry27).
Hrsronv or El,tct-tsH Lnw 255 (3d ed.

I
t1 t id. al 5-q bd ed. 19r4).
, 12 Tr-rouns C. ScHelltuc, A Pnocrss or REsroErulnr Secne cnltoru:
NercHeonFrooo Trpprruc z, reprinted in Ecottolttc FoUNDATtoNS oF

I Pnopenrv LAW 3oZ, 3oB (Bruce A. Ackerman ed., t97).

13
ld. at 3.

o , 14
JAMES & Haznno, supra nole 8, 5 1.5.

I
15
See id.

"/d." mly not be usccl to rcfcr to one ruthority in l preccding fbotnote il thc

t prcccding fixrtnotc cites nrorc than one sourcc:

16
See Robert B. Reich, Toward a New Consumer Protection, 728
U. Pn. L. Rrv. r (1929); Note, Direct Loan Financing ofConsumer

o Purchases, 85 Hnnv. L. Rrv. r4o9, 14t5-r7 Q97z); see olso ChaLfin

v. Specter, 233 A.zd 562 .Pa. ry67).

I Not:
'7 See
17
Chalfin,43 A.zd aI S7o.
See id. at 57o.

o Sourccs idcntified it-t cxplanatorl'parerttheticals, explanatory phritses, or prior/

subsequcnt histor),, howevcq arc ignorcd firr the purposes of this rulc. Thtts, thc

o firllowing cxrmples are corrcct:

46o U.S. 66o,663 (1983) (quoting

'8 Tuten v. United States,

a Ralston v. Robinson,454 U.S. zot,zo6 (rq8r)).

'e See id. at 664.

t , Ditlon v. Gtoss, z56U.S. 168, ll6 (rgzt), quotedin Nixon v.

20

United States, 5o6 U.S. zz4,4o (t993).

I .
21

22
See id. at 37 4.

Kohter v. Tugwel[, z9z F. Supp.978,985 (E.D. La. ry68), off d per

o '
curiam,393 U.S. SZt (tg6g).
23 See id. aI9Bo.

I ''/d." ma1' not be usecl to rcfcr to an intcrnal cross-refcrencc:

24 See supra text accompanying note z.

o 2s See supra text accompanying note z.

t Not:25 5ee supro id.

4.2 "Satpra" and "Herein ftef' t
"Supra" and"hereinafter" may be used to refer to legislative hearings;court lil-
ings; books; pamphlets; reports; unpublishcd materials; nonprint resources; pcri-
odicals; serviccs; trcaties and intcrnational agreements; regulations, directivcs,
I
and decisions of intergovernmental organizations; and intcrnal cross-references.
"Supra" and"hereinafter" shoulcl not be used to refer to cases, statutes, consti-
tutions, lcgislative materials (othcr than hcarings), restatements, model codcs, or
I
regulations, except in cxtrnofdinary circumstances, such as when the name of
the autl-roriry is extremely long: o
? 2b
ln re Multidistrict Private CivilTreble Damage Antitrust Litig.
Invotving Motor Vehicle Air Potlution ControI Equip., 5z F.R.D. 398
(C.D. Cat. 197o) [hereinafter Air Pollution Control Antitrust Case].
I
Appropriate shurt forms for cases, statutes, and legislativc materials (othcr than
hearings) are providecl in their fcspectivc rules.
o
(a)"Supra."When an authority hirs been ftrlly citcd previously,the"supro"form
may be used (unless "id." is appropriatc or "supra" is inappropriate for that
o
authority). Thc "supra" form gencmlly consists of the last name of the author of
the work, followed by a comma and the word"supra." Indicate any particular I
manner in which the subsequent citation difTers from the former

If the author is an institutional author, use the firll institutional name. If no I

I
author is cited, use the titlc of the work; for unsigned stude nt-writte n law rcview
materials,use the appropriate designation (see rule 16.7.1(b)).

Indicate the footnote in which the ftrll citation can be found, unless thc fi.rll
citation is in thc same footnote, in which cnse"supre" should be used without
any cross-refercnce. Indicate any particular manner in which the subsequent I
o
citation differs fiom thc former. Volume , paragraph, section, or page numbers
may be added to rcfer to specific material:

h 27
$,
I
Reich, supra note at 6.
* 28
z HoLoswoRTH, supro note ro, at 6.

o
$F 29 JAMES & Hezano, supra note 8,9 7.zt; W. Pnce Keeron Er ar.,
Pnossen AND KEEToN oN rHE LAW or Tonrs 5 r, at z (Sth ed. rg8+);
see also supra text accompanying note 7.

ts 3o Keeroru
7476.
Er AL., supra note 29, $ z, at 4; Note, supra note 16, at
o
* 31 Cf. ScHellrNc, supra nole 12, at j.
Note that citation of a second item or work founcl within a volume of collected
o
materials dready cited takcs the form:

F" s2CntnnnnE A. MAcKtNNoN,On Exceptionality: Women asWomen

o
9
in Law,in FEralrursu UrrrwroorrrEo 7o,7o
33
(r9B).
CnrHnnrrE A. MAcKTNNoN, Desire ond Power,in Femrrursn
a
rreo, sup ro nole 32, at 46, 47.
U trrtvtoor

(b) "Hereinafter." For authoritl' that would be cumbersome to citc with the o
rusual "supra'' form or fbr which the regular shortcned form may confuse the

I
t reader. the author may establish a specilic shortcned form. After the lirst cita-
tion of the authorit)', but befrrre any cxplanatory parcnthetical, place the word

o
"hereinafter" and the shortcncd form in brackets. The shortened form should
appear in the same typcface as in the full citation. In subscquent citations, cite
the authority using the shortencd form folkrwed by a comma lnd the appropri-

o rte "supro" cross-rcf'erence (nlle 4.2(a)):

* 34Proposed Amendments to the Federol Rules of Criminol Proce-

o dure: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on Criminal Justice of the H.

Comm. on the Judiciory, g5th Cong. 9z-% (197) [hereinafter Heor-
ingsl (statement of Prof. Wayne LaFave).

a F 35 RrcHnno H.
Counrs AND rHE
Fallor.r, Jn. er nr., Hnnr nlto WrcHslen's THe FEornnr
Froennr Svsrem llo (Sth ed. zoo3).

o v 36 H ea ri n g

Becker).
s, su p ro note 3 4, ar 33 (statement of H on. Edward

o I)o not usc the "hereinafter" firrm when r simple "supra" torm is adeqtratc:
*
t
37 FnLLOT't Er AL.,s\pro note 35, aI343.

The "hereinafter" firrm, however, should be used to distingtrish two authorities

rppearing in the samc footnote if thc simplc "s upro" form would bc confttsing:

o ts 38 See Edward B. Rock, Saints ond Sinners: How Does Deloware

Corporate Law Work?,44 UCLA L. Rev. roo9, tot6-r7 (rggz) lhere-

o inafter Rock, Soints and Sinnersl; Edward B. Rock, The Logic and
(lJncertain) Significance of lnstitutional Shareholder Activism, 79
Geo. L.J. 445 G991) [hereinafter Rock, Shareholder Activisnl.

I ? 3eSee Rock, Sainfs and Sinners, supra nole 38, at 1019; Rock,
Shareholder Activism, supro note 38, aI 459-63.

o
o
o
o
t
o
t
o
I
 QUOTATTONS
I
5.r Formatting of Quotations
fifty or more words.
(a) Quotations of
o
(i) Indentation and quotation marks. The quotation should be indented on
o
t
the left and right without qu)tation marks, and quotation marks within a block
quotation should appear as they do in thc original:

lr [T]his presumptive privilege must be considered in light of our historic

commitment to the rule of law. This is nowhere more profoundly
manifest than in our view that "the twofold aim [of criminaI iustice]
is that guilt shalt not escape or innocence suffer." We have elected to
t
emptoy an adversary system of criminaI justice in which the parties
contest all issues before a court of law . . . . The ends of criminal o
lustice would be defeated if judgments were to be founded on a
partiaI or speculative presentation ofthe facts. The very integrity of
the ludiciat system and pubtic confidence in the system depend on
I
full disclosure of att the facts, within the framework of the rules of
evidence. To ensure that f ustice is done, it is imperative to the func-
tion of courts that compulsory process be available for the produc-
I
tion of evidence needed either by the prosecution or by the defense.
United States v. Nixon, 4r8 U.5. 683,7o8-o9 (1974) (second altera-
a
tion in originat) (citation omitted). The Court then balanced this
interest against the evils of forced disctosure. ld. a|7rc. t
(ii) Footnote and citation placement. In law review text (in which citations
are not permitted), the footnote number should appear after the final punctua-
tion of the quotation. In law review footnotes, court documents, and legal mem-
I
oranda (in which citations are permitted), the citation should not be indented
but should begin at thc left margin on thc line immediatelv following the quota- o
tion.ln law review footnotes,where the quotation is placed within a parentheti-
cll, it should be enclosed in qtxrtation marks and not otherwisc set off from the
rest of the text.
o
(iii) Paragraph structure. The paragraph structurc of an indented quotation
should be indicated by further indenting the first line of each paragraph. The
o
lirst sentencc of the lirst quoted paragraph is only indented, however, if the first
word of the quoted passage is also the first word of a paragraph in the sourcc
bcing quoted. If language at the beginning of the first paragraph is omitted, do
o
not indent thc first line or use an ellipsis. To indicate omission at the bcginning
of subsequent paragraphs, inscrt and indcnt an ellipsis. Indicatc the omission of o
one or more entire paragraphs by inserting and indenting four periods (". . . l')
on a new line. The folkrwing example illustrates thcse rules:
a
$fr 0n appeal to the federal courts via a habeas petition,
McCleskey alteged that Georgia's capitaI sentencing process was
administered in a racially discriminatory manner in viotation of the
I
Equat Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. McCleskey
based his claims on a study, conducted by respected law and o
I
I economics Professors Baldus, Pulaski, and Woodworth . . . . The
Baldus study examined roughly z,5oo murder cases . . . .

I . . . Professors Baldus, Pulaski, and Woodworth also subjected

o their data to an extensive statistical analysis.

In law review footnotes, when the quotation is placed within a parenthetical, it

t should be enclosed in quotation marks and not otherwise set off from the rest
of the text.

t (b) Quotations of forty-nine or fewer words.

(i) Indentation and quotation marks. The quotation should be enclosed in

e
quotation marks but not otherwise set off from the rest of the text. Quotation
marks around material quoted inside another quote should appear as single
marks within the quotation in keeping with the standard convention.

o (ii) Footnote and citation placement. The footnote number or citation

should follow immediately after the closing quotation mark unless it is more

o accurate to place it elsewhere shortly before or after the quotation.

(iii) Paragraph structure. Do not indicate the original paragraph structure

o
of quotations of forty-nine or fewer words except when the material quoted
would commonly be set off from the text, such as lines of poetry or dialogue
from a play. In this case, the quotation may appear as a block quote per rule

I 5.l(a)(iii), regardless of its length.

(iD Punctuation. Always place commas and periods inside the quotation

I marks; place other punctuation marks inside the quotation marks only
are part of the original text.
if they

t Alterations and Quotations Within Quotations

(a) Substitution of letters or words, When a letter must be changed from
5.2

o upper to lower case, or vice versa, enclose it in brackets. Substituted words or

letters and other inserted material should also be bracketed:

o ) "[P]ubtic confidence in the [adversary] system depend[s upon] futt

disclosure of all the facts, within the framework of the rules of

a evidence."
(b) Omission of letters. lndicate the omission of letters from a common root

o word with empty brackets ('iudgment[]").

(c) Mistakes in original. Significant mistakes in the original should be fol-

o lowed by "[sic]" and otherwise left as they appear in the original:

) "This list of statutes are [sic] necessarily incomplete."

o (d) Changes to citations.

(i) Use a parenthetical clause after the citation to indicate when the source

I quoted contains any addition of emphasis, alteration to the original in the

quoted text, or any omission of citations, emphasis, or footnote call numbers.
When a citation requires multiple parentheticals, place them in the order indi

o cated in de 1.5(b):
 ) "The fact that individuals define themselves in a significant way
through their sexual relationships suggests. . . that much ofthe t
richness of a relationship will come from the freedom to choose
the form and nature of these intensely personal bonds." Bowers
v. Hardwick, qz8 U.S. t85, zo5 (1985) (Blackmun, J., dissenting)
t
(second emphasis added).
o
in limiting the sound emanating from the bandshell. The court
concluded, however, that the city's sound-amplification guideline
was not narrowly tailored to further this interest, because "it has
I
not [been] shown . . . that the requirement of the use of the city's
sound system and technician was the least intrusive meons of o
regulating the volume."
Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 49r U.S. 78L,797 (1989) (alteration
in original) (citation omitted).
t
(ii) Do not indicate the omission of a citation or footnote call number that fol-
lows the last word quoted.
o
(iii) Do not indicate that emphasis in the quotation appears in the original. a
(e) Quotations within quotations. Whenever possible, a quotation within a
quotation should be attributed to its original source. lnsert a parenthetical fol-
lowing any parenthetical required by de5.2(d):
I
) Chief Judge Skelty Wright noted Congress's"firm resolve to insure
that the CIA's'power that flows from money and stealth' could not
I
be turned loose in domestic investigations of Americans." Marks v.
ClA, 59o F.zd 997, roo8 (D.C. Cir. ry28) (Wright, C.J., concurring in I
t
part and dissenting in part) (emphasis added) (quoting Weissman
v. ClA, 555 F.zd 69z,6gS (D.C. Cn. gZ)).

Note that sources included in parentheticals pursuant to this rule should be for-
matted as though they appear in citation clauses (see des 2.1and2.2@-)Gtr)).

(f) Internal quotation marks.

o
(i) Internal quotation marks should be omitted if the opening mark appears at
the very beginning of an in-line quotation and the closing mark appears at the
o
very end.

) Original: lf "the agency's answer is based on a permissible t

)
construction ofthe statute," that is the end ofthe matter.
The dispositive question is whether "the agency's answer is based o
on a permissible construction of the statute."

ilot: The dispositive question is whether "'the agency's answer is

based on a permissible construction ofthe statute."'
I
(ii) Do not omit multiple levels of nested
marks except as this rule allows,
even though "quoting" parentheticals beyond the first level may be omitted
a
under rule 10.6.2. Alternate between double and single quotation marks as
appropriate. o
t
o ts Originat: In this context, "the distinction between 'iurisdictional'
and 'non-jurisdictional' interpretations is a mirage."

o F The Court noted that, "[i]n this context, 'the distinction between
"iurisdictional" and "non-jurisdictional" interpretations is a
mirage."'

o Not: The Court noted that, "[i]n this context,'the distinction between
jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional interpretations is a mirage."'

a (iii) Do not fail to include a"quoting"parenthetical because this rule requires

omission of internal quotation marks (rather, omit "quoting" parenthcticals only

a as allowed by rule f 0.6.2).

(iv) Do not omit internal quotation marks in block quotations.

I Omissions 5.3

a Omission of a word or words is generally indicated by the inscrtion of an ellipsis,

three periods separated by spaces and set off by a space bcfore the lirst and
after the last period ("....... "), to take the place of the word or words omittcd.

o Note that ". " indicates a space.

An ellipsis should ncver be used to begin a quotation; nor should it be used

o when individual words are merely altered (rules 5.1(a)(iii) and 5.2).
(a) When using quoted language as a phrase or clause. Do not indicatc

a omission of matters before or after a quotation:

p Chief Justice Burger wrote that the availabitity of compulsory

I process is "imperative to the function of courts" and that "[t]he

very integrity of the ludiciat system and public confidence in the
system depend on full disclosure ofall the facts."

o Howevei indicate omission of matter within such a phrase or clause with an

ellipsis:

o s Chief Justice Burger wrote that the availabitity of compul-

sory process is "imperative to.......courts" and that "[t]

o he.......iudicial system and public confidence in the system

depend on futl disclosure of all the facts."

I (b) When using quoted language as a full sentence. For example, assume
the text of the original language is as follows:

o F National borders are less ofa barrier to economic exchange now

than at almost any other time in history. As economic activity
continues its relentless drive toward wortd-wide scope, trademarks

o become even more important. Why, then, are certain scholars

advocating less comprehensive trademark protection? In fact, this

c seems counterintuitive.

(i) Where the beginning o/ the quoted sentence is being omitted, capitalize
the first lctter ofthe quoted language and place it in brackets ifit is not already

o capitalizcd:

ts "[B]orders are less of a barrier to economic exchange now than at

o almost any other time in history."

(ii) Where the midd.le of a quoted sentence is being omitted, insert an ellipsis
where the language is omitted: o
) "National borders are less of a barrier.......now than at almost
any other time in history."

(iii) Where the end of a quoted sentence is being omitted, insert an ellipsis
o
between the last word being quoted and the final punctuation of the sentence
,
I
being quoted:

) "National borders are less of a barrier to economic exchange now

t
than at almost any other time........"

(iv) Do not indicate the deletion of matter after the period or other final punc-

t
tuation that concludes the last quoted sentence.

) "National borders are less of a barrier to economic exchange now

than at almost any other time in history."
(v) Where language after tbe end of a quoted sentence is deleted and is fol-
Iowed by further quotation, retain the punctuation at the end of the quoted o
sentence and insert an ellipsis before the remainder of the quotation.

) "National borders are less of a barrier to economic exchange now

than at almost any other time in history........IE]conomic activity
c
continues its relentless drive toward world-wide scope, [so] trade-
marks become even more imoortant."
O
(vi) If language both at tlte end. and afrer tbe end of a quoted sentence is omit-
ted and followed by further quoted material, use only one ellipsis to indicate
o
both of the omissions:
) "National borders are less of a barrier.........[E]conomic activity t
continues its relentless drive toward world-wide scope, Iso] trade-
marks become even more important."
I
Note that the punctuation at the end of the first sentence should follow the
ellipsis:

)
o
o
"Why, then, are certain scholars advocating tess.......? [T]his
seems counterintuitive."

(c) Vhen ornitting a footnote or citation. Indicate omission of a footnote

or a citation with the parenthetical phrase "(footnote omitted)" or'(citation
omitted)" immediately following the citation to the quoted source. Do not o
insert an ellipsis for an omitted footnote or citation.
o
o
c
o
I
 r;;:';1r111r,

t ABBREVIATIONS, NUMERALS, AND SYMBOTS 6

o Abbreviations
Tables at the end of this book contain lists of specific abbreviations for arbi-
6.r

I tral reportcrs (T5), casc namcs (T6), court names (T7), explanatory phrases
(T8),legislative documents (T9), geographical terms (T10), fudges and oflicials

I CIl l),months (T12),periodicals (T13), publishing terms (T14), services (T15),

and subdivisions (T16).

Abbreviati<lns not listed in this book shor-rld be avoided unless substantial spacc

o will be savcd and the resulting abbreviation is unambigtxrus.

Note that in legal writing the same word may be abbreviated differently for

o diffbrent uscs:
p' F. and Fed.

I F, app. and App'x

I
(a) Spacing. In general,close up all adiacent single capitals:
+ N.W.

o P S.D,N,Y.

But do not close up single capitals with longer abbreviations:

t ts D. Mass.
Pe S. Ct.

C In abbreviations of periodical names (scc table T13), close up all adiacent sin-
gle capitals except when one or more of the capitals refers to the name of an

o institutional entiry, in which case set the capital or capitals referring to thc entity
off from othe r adiacent single capitals with a space . Thtts:

t * Geo.

'$ 8.C. L. Rev.

L.J.

o lr
t"
N.Y.U. L. Rev.

S. lrl. U. L.l.

I Individual numbers, including both numerals and ordinals, are treated as single
capitals:

l tur-

+
F.3d

S.E.zd

o {r A.L.R.4th

But, inscrt a spacc ad.jacent to any abbreviation containing two or more letters:

o ts So. zd
*
o ts
Cal. App. 3d

F. Supp. zd

t
 Close up initials in personal names:

) W.C. Fietds ?
(b) Periods. Generally, every abbreviation should be followed by a period,
except those in which the last letter of the original word is set off from the rest
o
of the abbreviation by an apostrophe. Thus:

}' Ave. t
)
But:
Bldg.
a
)
)
Ass'n
Dep't
?
Some entities with widely recognized initials, e.9., AARP, CBS, ClA, FCC, FDA, o
commonly referred to in spoken language by their ini-

t
FEC, NAACP, NLRB, are
tials rather than by their firll names; such abbreviations may be used without
periods in text, in case names, and as institutional authors. Do not, however,
omit the periods when the abbreviations are used as reporter names, in names
of codes, or as names of courts of decision. Thus:

> Baptist Hosp., Inc., 442 U.S.7n Gg7).

I
I
NLRB v.

But: E. Betden Corp.,z39 N.1.R.B.776(t978).

United States may be abbreviated to "U.S." only when used as an adlective (do
not omit the periods):

) U.S. history
I
But: history of the United States o
In addition to the abbreviation " U . S . ;' always retain periods in abbreviations not
commonly referred to in speech as initials (e.g., N.Y., S.D.). t
6.2 Numerals and Symbols
(a) Numerals. In general, spell out the numbers zero to ninety-nine in text
c
and in footnotes;for larger numbers, use numerals. This general
however, to the following exceptions:
de is subiect,
o
(i) Any number th^t begins a sentence must be spelled out.
I
t
(ii) "Hundredi"thousand," and similar round numbers may be spelled out, if
done so consistently.

(iii) uflhen a series includes numbers both less than 100 and grearer than or
equal to 100, numerals should be used for the entire series:

) The ptaintiffs gained, respectively, tr7,6,and 28 pounds.

t
(iv) Numerals should be used if the number includes a decimal point.
(v) Where material repeatedly refers to percentages or dollar amounts, numerals
3
should be used for those percentages or amounts.

(vi) Numerals should be used for section or other subdivision numbers.

I
o
o (vii) In numbers that appear in text and citations use commas to separate
groups of three digits when those numbers contain live or more uninterrupted

c
digits. Thus:

> t,234,567

o But:9876
But: $5678.9o

o Do not cmploy this convention in citations to pages, statutes, volume numbers,

Intcrnet database locators, docket numbers, the U.S. Code, or other sourccs
whose classification systems do not themselves include commas:

e [e United States v. Watker, No. oo-4oo98-JAR, zoo3 WL

Kan. Jan. 6,zoo3).
r3r7u (D.

o (b) Ordinals.

t (i) tlnless part of

are controlled by
a citation, ordinal numbers appearing
rule 6.2(a).lf part of a citation, ligures
numbers. f)o not use supcfscfipts:
in text and footnotes
are used for all ordinal

o b 4rst Leg.
F ath ed.
o (ii) In textual sentences, where rule 6.2(a) requires that the numcral be uscd,
usc "znd" or "3rd" for ligures representing ordinal numbers ending in two or

o thrce. But, in citations, for ligures representing ordinal numbers ending in the
numbcr two or thrce, use "2d" or "3d;' not "2nd" or "3rd." Do not use super-

o scripts in any case. Thus:

F The roznd Congress coutd not pass a rute that would bind the

o 1O3rd congress.

But, in citations:

t e ro3d Cong.
S zd ed.

I (c) Section ($) and paragraph (u) symbols. The first word ofany sentence
must be spelled out.ln addition,spell out the words"section"and"paragraph"

t in the text (whether main text or footnote text) of law review pieces and other
documents, except when referring to a provision in the U.S. Code (see rule
12.10) or a federal regulation (see rule 14.5).ln citations, the symbols should

t be used (except when citing session laws amending prior acts as noted in rule
12.4(d)).Vhen the symbols are used, insert a space between "$" or "fl" and

I the numeral. See rules 3.3G) and 3.3(c) when citing to multiple s€ctions or
paragraphs.

(d) Dollar ($) and percent (%) symbols. These symbols should be used
o wherever numerals are used, and the words should be spelled out wherever
numbers are spelled out, but a symbol should never begin a sentence. There

o should zol be a space between"$"or"%"and the numeral.

I
ITALICIZATION FOR STYI,E
AI\[D IN T]NIQUE CIRCUMSTAI\ICES o
See rule 2 for a general discussion on the uses of typefaces. The conventions
below apply to italicization for emphasis, italicization of foreign words and c
phrases, and italicization in other unique circumstances.

(a) Emphasis. Words and phrases may be italicized for emphasis. I

(b) Foreign words and phrases. Italicize non-English words and phrases
unless they have been incoqporated into common English usage. Latin words
and phrases that are often used in legal writing are considered to be in common
o
English usage and should not be italicized. However, very long latin phflses
and obsolete or uncommon Latin words and phmses should remain italicized. ?
For example:

) expressio unius est exclusio alterius o

I
)
ignorantia legis neminem excusat
sero sed serio t
)
But:
ex dolo malo non oritur actio
o
)
)
e.g.
resjudicata
)
)
i.e.
quid pro quo
a
)
)
amicus curiae
corpus juris
)
)
certiorari
ab initio
o
)
)
obiter dictum
modus operandi
)
)
de jure
habeas corpus
o
>
)
non obstante veredicto
mens rea
)
)
prima facie
en banc
o
Note, however, that "id.' is always italicized. Note also that other typeface mles
may control. For example, when "e.g." is used as a signal it should be italicized
o
as per de 2.1(d). Similarh always italicize procedural phrases in case names,
such as'/n re" or " ex rel.i under rule f 0.2.f(b). ?
(c) Ietters representing hlaothetical parties, places, or things. ltalicize
and capitelizs ildividual leners when used to represent the n:rmes of hypotheti- t
t
cal parties, places, or things:

) A went to bank I in state X.

(d) The lowercase letter "1.' Italicize the lowercase letter'/" when used as a
subdivision, as in a statute or de, to distinguish it from the numeral'l ":

>5zr(0
o
) cmt. / a
o
(e) Mathematical expressions. Italicize mathematical formulas and variables:
) E: mc2
)o>zb
o
t CAPITATIZATION
(a) Headings and titles. Capitalize words in a heading or title , including the

o initial word and any word that immediately follows a colon. Do not capitalize
articles, coniunctions, or prepositions when they arc four or fewer letters, unless

o they begin the heading or title , or immediately folkrw a colon.

(b) Internet main page titles and URLs. Capitalize URLs and words in an
Internet main page title in accordance with the actual capitalization of the
o source.

(c) Text. Exccpt for headings, titles, and Internet main page titles and tlRls,

O capitalize according to this rule. When this rule does not address a particular
question of capitalization, refer to a stylc manual such as the Chicago Manual

t of Stfle or the Gouernment Printing OfJice Style Manual. Practitioners should

also refer to Bluepages 88 for further advice on capitalization. Additional
words that should be capitalized in legal writing include :

o (i) Nouns that identify specific persons, ofificials, groups' government

offices, or government bodies. These words and phrascs should always be

o capitalized according to the following examples:

s" the Social Security Administrator

o The plaintiff was dectared disabted by the Sociat Security Admin-

istrator and was awarded benefits.

o ts the Administrator

For fifty years, the statute has provided that the Administrator

o make all necessarv determinations.

M the FDA

o &u
The FDA has approved the satts as safe and effective.

the Agency

o The Agency reported that all areas of the country met the stan-
dard for nitrogen dioxide.

I e Congress
Members of Congress are immune from false imprisonment

o claims under certain circumstances.

tr the President

a A sitting President's executive power allows him or her to pardon

convicted criminats.

a But:
e the congressional hearings

o The congressional hearings were held on the potential cumuta-

tive effects of these three rules.

o v the presidential veto

The presidential veto does not confer such power upon the

o President.
(ii) Exceptions. Certain words are exceptions to the above rule and should be
capitalized according to the following rules: o
Act Capitalize when referring to a specific legislative act:
) A union has a statutory duty offair representation o
)
under the NationaI Labor Relations Act.
The record of the hearing shows that the Act
required operators to pay for their own retirees.
o
Circuit Capitalize when used with a circuit's name or number:
) We have decided to follow the Fifth Circuit and
o
District of Columbia Circuit in that regard, rather
than this circuit's unclear precedent. o
Code Capitalize when referring to a specifc code:

)' At teast one court considered the significance of o

o
the change between the t939 and r954 Codes.
Commonwealth Capitalize if it is a part of the full title of a state, if the word
it modifies is capitalized, or when refering to a state as a
governmental actor or
)
a parfy to a

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts sued

litigation:
o
)
several companies.
The Commonwealth may not relitigate the issue in
a post-conviction hearing.
I
Constitution Capitalize when naming any constitution in full or when
refering to the U.S. Constiturion, but do not capitalize the
o
adjective form "constitutional." Also, capitalize nouns that
identify specific parts of the U.S. Constitution when refer-
ring to them in textual sentences, but not in citations:
o
) Students in this class have studied the full faith
and credit clause of the Pennsylvania Constitution.
o
The students agree that the clause in that consti-
tution is substantially similar to the Full Faith and o
o
Credit Clause in the U.S. Constitution.
But: He claims his constitutional rights were violated.
)
o
Of att the amendments in the U.S. Constitution, the
Fifth Amendment may be the most complex.
) Accordingly, there was no violation of Article l,
Section 8, Clause r7 of the Constitution.
But: See U.S. CoHsr. art. l, 5 8, cl. t7 (granting
a
Congress the power to "exercise exclusive Legis-
lation in all Cases whatsoever . . . over alt Places
purchased" by the United States).
c
Court Capitalize when naming any court in fi.rll or when refer-
ring to the United States Supreme Court (with some
O
exceptions for court documents and legal memoranda,
see Bluepages BE): o
o
 o fu' The Catifornia Suoreme Court found no violation in
sucn a case.

o *" The argument in the state supreme court

concerning the lack of prior notice was based
solely on state authorities.

o iw" When the Court approves the argument, it

becomes constitutional doctrine for the entire

o uE
country.
The court of appeals reversed the trial court.

o Fede ra I
e. The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed.

Capitalize whcn the word it modilies is capitllized:

o F The FederaI Constitution provides for three

branches of government.

o I A higher level of clarity is required in statutes that

require federal spendin g.

o .ludge, lustice Capitalize when giving the name

iusticc or whcn refcrring to
Suprcmc Court:
a
of a specilic fudge or
Justice of the []nited Stxtes

o I In one ofthe first decisions on point, Judge Cedar-

baum reiected a group appointment.

o in This era of constitutional non-interference ended

when the Justices proclaimed a profound national

o +
commitment to the principle that debate on public
issues should be uninhibited.
will hear
The lustices of the state's highest court

o oral arguments on the issue of gay marriage at the

end ofthe month.

o State Oapitalize if it is a part of thc firll title of a statc,

it modifics is capitalized, or when refcrring to a state
if thc word
as a

o
governmental actor or as a party to a litigiltion:

1* The principal issue is whether the State of Kansas

may impose its motor fuet tax. The State Commis-

o sioner adopted a broad-based poticy.

9: The State brought this action two years ago.

o Term Capitalize whcn refcrring to a'l'erm of thc [inited States

Supremc Oourt:

o F The United States Supreme Court considered this

issue in this Term and in four other Terms since

o F
the 1978 Term.
The central common law courts sat onty four times
a year, but customarity the year began with Mich-

o aetmas term.

H
o
 TTTIES OFJUDGES, OFFICIAIS, AND TERMS OF COLIRT
(a) Justices and iudges. Justices are referred to as "Justice Ginsburg'and
o
'Chief Justice Robertsl'Parenthetical references are to "Brennan, J.,""Scatia,
J.,'and'Brennan & Scalia, JJ."Judges are referred to as "Judge Surrick" and
o
"Chief Judge Scirica." Capitalize 'justice,"'chief justicei and "judge'accord-
ing to rule 8(cXii). For parenthetical references, abbreviate titles of iudges and
officials as indicated in table T11.
o
(b) Ordering. As a matter of etiquette, lists of judges should be in the order
indicated at the beginning of each volume of the official reporter for the court.
o
Justices of the United States Supreme Court are always listed with the Chief
Justice first and then in order ofseniority. o
(c) Term of court. A term of court currently in progress may be referred to as
"this term.'The immediately preceding term,no longer in progress at the time
of publication, should be refe rred to as " last te rm." Any terrn may be indicate d
o
by year:

) the 1999 term

o
The Supreme Court Term should be indicated by the year in which the Term
began, not the year it ended. Capitalize "term" according to de 8(cXii).
o
10 CASES
o
Citation of a U.S. Supreme

'vl for 'versus"

Court case:
reporter volume no. first page of case specific page refened to
o
Meritor Sav.
\ \
Bank*v.:,Vinson,,'477'
)-J
U.5.,' 57',,: 60, (1986). o
L--------r-----r + f !-r,|
nrstparty seconjparty
"ri[j:J.fi:i:.,Iij.,"1*:#iljlt:h:,13:,"1;;1 o
Citation of a case decided by the U.S. Court ofAppeals for the Fourth Circuit,
later reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court, with parenthetical information about o
o
the Fourth Circuit decision:

("1:Hi'Jrt?$"il'i:L*) ;jrt?:rT"".T; oli'*l""j

\
parties reporter volume no. | first page of case
l, | ,A
I deciding court I

o
')-,AA
United States u MacDonald, " 531..t.2d,,196," 199-200, (4th Cir.. 7976) "
(resting review of the dispositive issue on the principle of iudicial economy),

* rev'd,,,435 " U.5. " 850,, (1978).

++\\
o
o
parenthetical phrase describing
decision of Fourth Circuit
action of higher court citation of reversal

Short form for the above case after it has been cited in full:
volume no. and reporter abbreviation specific page refened to
o
MacDonold, 537 F.2d'
L__\___J
shortened case name in
at
qi
italics denotes
797.

that page number follows

o
(do not use governmentar parry)
I
o Main Elements
Case Names. .. rule 1O.2

o ReponersandOtherSources.....
Court andJurisdiction.
Date oryear.
.....
.
rule 10.3
rule 10.4

o Parentheticallnformation
PriorandSubsequentHistory.
...... de
rule 10.5

.. rule 10.7
10'6

o Basic Citation Fofins 10.1

o Filed but not decided Hoshiiima v. Jensen, No. 9o-345 (D. Mass. fited
Sept. r8, r99o).

o Unpublished interim
order
Sansone v. Sauder, No. 9o-345 (D. Mass.
Oct. 25, r99o) (order granting pretiminary

o Published interim order

inl unction).
Haber v. Scotten, 725 F. Supp. 1395 (D. Mass.
r99o) (order granti n g prelimi nary iniunction).

o Unpublished decision Kitchens v. Grohman, No. 9o-345, stip op. at 6

(D. Mass. Dec. 4, r99o).

o Decision published in
service only
Tice v. Scotten, r99o Fed. Sec. L. Rep. (CCH)
1c2,342 (D. Mass. Dec.4, t99o).
fl

o Decision published in
newspaper only
Mishra v. Grohman, N.Y. I.i., Dec. 5, r99o, at r
(D. Mass. Dec. 4, r99o).

o Decision available in
electronic database
Yee v. Kitchens, No.
LEXIS 2o837, at
9o-345, r99o U.5. Dist.
*6-8, *ro (D. Mass. Dec.4,

o
7990).

Decision available in Phibrick v. Haber, No. 9o-345, r99o U.S. Dist.

electronic database after LEXIS 2o837, at *4 (D. Mass. Dec. 4,t99o,

o revision

Published decision
revised lan.3, t99i.
Ward v. Reddy, 727 F. 5upp. t4o7, r4tz lD.

o Appeal docketed
Mass. r99o).
Yee v.Grohman,TzT F. Supp. r4o7 (D. Mass.

o ry9o), appeal docketed, No. 9o-567 (rst Cir.

Dec. zo, r99o).

appendix Brief for Appellant at 7, Kitchens v. Scotten,

o
Brief, record, or

ryt !^3ra (1! cir.tgrt) (l.'| o.4';10q)._

Disposition on appeal Philbrick v. Mishra, 925 F.zd 314,315 (rst Cir.

o Disposition in lower
1991) '

Haber v. Yee,7z7 F. Supp. 7407, t4r2 (D. Mass.

o court showing
subsequent history
rygo), aff'd, 925 F.zd 3r4 (rst Clr. t99r).

o Petition for certiorari

filed
Grohman v.Tice,9z5F.zd 3t4 (rst Cir. t99r),
petition for cert. filed,6o U.S.L.W. 34zz (U.5.
lan.U, rgqz) (No. 9z-zrz).

o
 Petition for certiorari
granted
Scotten v. Kitchens, 925 F.zd 3r4 (rst Cir.
t99t), cert. granted,5o U.S.L.W. f S6z (U.S.
o
Disposition in Supreme
Jan. zr, r99z) (No. 9z-ztz).
Flynn v. Kaplan, 6o U.S.L.W. 442o, 44zt (U.5. o
Court published only in
service
Feb. 4, t99z), vacating as moot 925 F.zd 3t4
(rst Cir. r99r).
o
LO.2 Case Narnes o
o
The only significant differences befween case nzrmes in textual sentences and
case names in citations are the italicization (rule 2) and the extent to which
the case name is abbreviated. The provisions of rule LO.2.1 apply to every case
name,whether in text or citations, but case names in citations are further abbre-
viated according to rule 10.2.2. Thus:

)
o
)
ln Southern Pocific Co. v. Jensen, z44U.S. zo5 (t9r7), Justice
McReynolds stressed the value of uniform laws.
o
o
Southern Pocific also indicates the breadth of federal lawmaking
power under the admiralty jurisdiction.

Noh In 5. Pac. Co. v. lensen, z44U.S. zo5 Q9q), Justice McReynolds

stressed the value of uniform laws.

But: in citations:
o
) See, e.g.,S. Pac. Co. v. Jensen, z44U.S. zo5,
J., dissenting).
zz5-26 (r9r7) (Pitney, o
Note that the examples throughout de82 employ the typeface conventions
for law review citations. For an explanation of typeface conventions, see rule 2.
o
For typeface conventions in couft documents and legal memoranda, see Blue-
pages 82. o
10.2.1 General Rules for Case Names o
o
Use the case name that appears at the beginning of the opinion in the cited
reporter as modified by the paragraphs below. If no name appears in the cited
reporter, use a popular name or cite as "Judgment of <date>":

)
)
Shelley's Case

Judgment of Oct. rr, zooS

o
Always retain in full the first word in each pafiy's name (including a relator)
except as provided below In extremely long case names, omit words not neceg
o
sary for identification; the running head (the short identifier printed at the top
of each page of the case) may serve as a guide. Make the following modifications I
o
where applicable:

(a) Actions and parties cited. If the case is a consolidation of two or more
actions, cite only the fust listed:

) Shetleyv. Kraemer
ilot: Shelley v. Kraemer, McGhee v. Sipes
t
O
I Omit all partics other than the first listed on each side. Do not omit the lirst-
listed relator or any portion of a partnership name:

o F Fry v. Mayor of Sierra Vista

Not: Fry v. Mayor & City Council of Sierra Vista

I But:
* Massachusetts ex rel. Alison v. Pauly

o ts Eisen v. Spradlin, Lincotn & Amorosi

Omit words indicating multiple parties, such as "et a[."Also omit alternative

o names givcn for thc firstlisted party on cither side:

F Cheng v. Seinfetd

o Not: Cheng et al. v. Seinfetd d/b/a The Man, Inc.

Similady, for in rem jurisdiction cases, omit all but the lirstlisted itcm or group
O of items:

*
o In refhree Pink Cadittacs
Not: /n re Three Pink Caditlacs, Two Turtte Doves, and a Partridge in a

o
Pear Tree

S(/herc real propcrfy is a party, use its common street address, if available :

* United States v. 6ro9 Grubb Road

O Not: United States v. ParceI of Real Property Known as 6ro9 Grubb

o Road, Mitlcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania

In bankruptcy and similar cases, the casc name might contain both an adversary

o and a nonadversary name. If both appear at the beginning of the opinion, cite
the adversrry name first, followcd by the nonadversary name in parentheses.
Include a procedural phrase such as" ln re" or" ex rel." bcf<rrc the nonadversary

o name, followed by a descriptive or introductory phrase such as "Estate of" or

"lnterest of;'if any. lf only an adversary name or only a nonaclversary name
appears at the beginning of the opinion, citc the name supplicd:

o s. Watlingford's, Inc. v. Waning (/n re Waning), rzo B.R. 6o7,6tt

(Bankr. D. Me. r99o).

o * /n re Drexel Burnham Lambert Group, Inc.,

S.D.N.Y. r99o).
rzo B.R. 724(Bankr.

o a /n re Estate of Benson, No. C7'95-2r85,1996 WL 118367 (Minn' Ct.

App. Mar. ry,ry96).

o fr State v. Powers (/n re Interest of Powers),493 N.W.zd 16Z (Neb.

7992)'

a (b) Procedural phrases. Abbrcviatc "on the relation ofl' "for the use of;'
"on behalf ofi"'as next friend ofl' and similar expre ssions to "ex rel. "Abbrevi-

a ate "in the matter ofl' "petition of] "application of;'and similar expressions
to "/n re. " Omit all procedural phrase s exccpt the lirst. Whcn adversary partie s
are named.omit all proccdural phrases cxcept-ex rel".

o
 ) Gorman v. Bruh

Not: /n re Gorman v. Bruh

t
)
I
o
Massachusetts ex rel. Kennedy v. Armbruster

) ExparteYoung

lnclude any introductory or descriptive phrases such as'Accounting

"Estate ofj'and"Will of." Thus:

)
t
)
In re Witl of Hott

Estate of Haas v. Commissioner o

Procedural phrases should always be italicized, regardless ofwhether the rest
the case name is italicized. Thus. in law review text:
of
o
) Ex parte Young
(c) Abbreviations. In textual sentences, whether in main text or in footnote o
text, abbreviate only widely known acronyms under rule 6.1(b) and these
eight words: "&," "Ass'n," "Bros.," 'Co.," "Corp.," "lnc.," 'Ltd.," and "No." If o
t
one of these eight begins a party's name, however, do not abbreviate it.

) Philadetphia Electric Co. v. Hirsch

l{ot:

o
PECO v. Hirsch
But: NMCP v. Kaminski

For abbreviations in citations, see

(d) "Ihe." Omit 'The" as

rule 10.2.2.
the fust word of a party's name , except as part of the o
name of the obiect of an in rem action or in cases in which "The King" or "The
Queen" is a party. Thus:
)'
o
o
Miami Herald v. Sercus

But:
)
)
ln re The Ctinton Bridge
The Kingv. Broadrup o
Do not omit "The'in an established popular name, except when referring to the
case textually. Thus: O
) See The Civit Rights Cases, ro9 U.S. I (1881).
But: Neither of the Civil Rights Cases opinions was correct. I
Noh Neither of The Civil Rights Cases opinions was correct.
(e) Descriptive tems. Omit terms such as'administrator," 'appellee,"
O
"executor," "licensee,' and "trustee" that describe
) Burns v. McMillen
a party already named:
o
Not: Burns v. McMillen, Administrator
But: Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Garodnick
o
O
o (f) Geographical terms. Omit "State of;"'Commonwealth of]'and "People
ofl'except when citing decisions of the courts of that state , in which case only

o "State,""Commonwealth," or " People" should be retained:

F Blystone v. Pennsytvania, 494U.5.299 Q99o).

o Not: Btystone v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 494U.5.299 Q99o).

But: Commonwealth v. Ferrone, 448 A.zd 6ll Qa. Super. Ct. r98z).

I Omit "City of;"'County ofl"'Viltage of," "Township of," and like expressions
unless the expression begins a party name:

t s. Mayor of New York v. Clinton

Not: Mayor of the City of New York v. Clinton

I But: Butts v. City of New York

Omit all prepositional phrases of krcation not following "Cityj'or like expres-

o sions, unless the omission would leave only one word in the name of a party or
the location is part of the full name of a business or similar entity:

t * Surrick v. Board of Wardens

Not: Surrick v. Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia

o But: Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsvlvania v. Casev

Not: Planned Parenthood v. Casey

o *
*
Shapiro v. Bank of Harrisburg

o Eimers v. Mutual of Omaha

Include designations of national or larger gcographical areas except in union

names (rule 10.2. f (i)). Omit "of America" aftcr " U nited States"

o
:

F Flatow v. lslamic Repubtic of lran

o F United States v. Atuminum Co. of America

Retain all geographical designations not introduced by a preposition:

o F" Biltman v. Indiana Department of Corrections

t
Omit all geographical clcsignations that folkrw a comma:
ts City of Artington v. FEC

Not: City ofArlington, Texas v.

o
FEC

(g) Given names or initials. Gcncmlly, omit given name s or initials of individu-

t als,but not in names of business lirms or where a party's surnamc is abbreviated:

ts Courtneyv. Sandman

o Not: Paul Vincent Courtney v. Joseph M. Sandman

But:

o h Tanya Bartucz, Inc. v. Virginia

ts Linda R.S. v. Richard D.

J. Wise & Co.

o
Do not omit any part of a sumame made up of more than one word:

) Van der Velt v. Standing Horse

o
) Abdul Ghani v. Subedar Shoedar Khan

Given names that follow a surname should be retained. Thus, retain the full
o
name where the name is entirely in a language in which the surname is given
fust, such as Chinese, Korean, orvietnamese: O
)
)
Yao Zhen Guangv. Yeh Zhi An

Chowv. Ha QuangJin
I
iloh Timothy Chow v. Ha Quang Jin
o
Similar$ if a party's name is of Spanish or Portuguese derivation, cite the sur-
name and all names following:

) Ortega y Gasset v. Alcala de Larosa

t
If in doubt,
reporter cited.
use the name under which the party appears in the index of the O
(h) Business firm designations. Omit "lnc.,""Ltd.;"'1.1.C.,"N.A.,,''F.S.B.,"
and similar terms if the name also contains a word such as"Ass'n,""Bros.,"'Co.,"
o
"Corp.,""lns.ior'R.R.icleady indicating that the party is a business firm:
) Wisconsin Packing Co. v. Indiana Refrigerator Lines, Inc.
o
flok Wisconsin Packing Co., Inc. v. Indiana Refrigerator Lines, lnc.

This rule should be read narrowly. The omission of the business flrm designa-
o
tion is only appropriate if the name of the business could notpossl'bl7 be mis
taken for the name of some other entity, such as a natural person. o
(i) Union and local union names. Cite a union name exactly as given in
the offrcial rreporter. This general rule is subiect, however, to the following I
exceptions:

(i) Only the smallest unit should be cited: t

> NLRB v. Radio & Television Broadcast Engineers Local pp
tlok N LRB v. Radio & Television Broadcast Engineers Local ptz, I
IBEW, AFL.CIO

(ii) All craft or industry designations, except the frst full such designation, o
o
should be omitted:

) Douds v. Loca[ 294, International Brotherhood ofTeamsters

Not: Douds v. Local 294, International Brotherhood ofTeamsters,
Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers
o
But: lnternational Union of Doll & Toy Workers v.Local379
(in)A widely recognized abbreviation of the union's name (e.g., UAI/I/) may be o
used in accordance with rules 6.1O) and 10.2.1(c).
(iv) All prepositional phrases of location, including those of national or larger
areas, should be omitted.
I
o
o (j) Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
in citations,"Com m'r."
Cite simply as "Commissioner" or,

o (k) Common names different from name in reporter. For cases not known
by the name that appears in the reporter, but known instead by a common
name, the common name must either be substituted for the reporter name in

o its entircty, or indicated parenthetically in the same rypeface as the case name
in the reportcr:

o F The Brig Amy Warwick

(rB6r).
(The Prize Cases), 6l U.S. (z Btack) 6:f

o b The Prize Cases,67 U.5. (z Btack) 6lS G86).

Not: The Prize Cases (The Brig Amy Warwick), 6Z U.S. (z Black) 6:S

I (r86r).

For cases known by the name in the reportcr, blut ako commonly known by a

I short name different from that appearing in the reporter, the common name
mry rufibe substituted for the reportcr namc in its entirety in a full citation, but

t
it may be indicated parenthetically in italics:
h Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (Steel Seizure), f+f U.S.
579 9952).

o Not Steel Seizure,34jU.S. Slg GgSz).

Similarly', for mandamus actions against courts where the case is known by the

o name of thc ludge against whom the

parenthetically in italics:
writ is sought, the name may be indicated

I S." United States v. U.S. District Court (Keith),4o7 U.S. 297 Q97z).

And, for cases with multiple dispositions, a helpful identifier of the number of

o the decision may be indicated parenthetically in italics:

F Hamdiv. Rumsfeld (Hamdi llD,3t6F3d +So (qth Cir. zoo3).

o This parcnthetical identi{ier is givcn only when a case is cited as the primary
citation. Once given, the parenthetical identilicr alone may be used as the case

o name when the case is cited again, even in circumstances where a ftlll citation
would otherwise be required.

o h 1
Stations, Inc. v. FCC (Fox l), z9o F 3d tozT (D.C.
Fox Television
Cir.), modified on reh'g, z93F3d fi7 @.C. Cir. zooz).

fl,
o ts 2 Fox Television Stations, Inc. v. FCC (Fox ID, 293 F3d
(D.C. Cir. 2oo2) (quoting Fox l, z8o F.3d at ro43).
54o

I In conformiry with rule 2.L(f), when citing cases according to the above rule.
the parcntheses themselves should ncver be italicized in eithcr main text or
footnote text.

o Additional Rules for Case Names in Citations 10.2.2

I Cite case names in citations according to the rules given above, but with the
following fu rther modifi cations:

o
 Always abbreviate any word listed in table T6, even if the word is the fust word
in a party's name, unless the word is part of a state, country or other geographi- o
cal unit that is the entire name of the parry:

) S. Consol. R.R. v. Consol. Transp. Co. o

)
)
ln re Acad. Answering Serv., Inc.

McGaugh v. Comm'r o
But: South Dakota v. Dote
Not: 5. Dakota v. Dole
I
Abbreviate states, countries, and other geographical units as indicated in table
TlO unless the geographical unit is the entire name of the party (as opposed to
O
iust a part thereof). This includes "United States." Thus:
) ln reW. Tex. PepperCo. o
) LeBeau v. Univ. of Md.

But: Staub v. District of Columbia

o
) Ctr. for Nat'l Sec. Studies v. U.S. Dep't of Justice

But: Alvarez-Machain v. United States

o
But: Fritz v. County of Los Angeles o
Abbreviate other words of eight letters or morc tf substantial space is thereby
saved and the result is unambiguous.
I
10.3 Reporters and Other Sources
o
10.3.1 Parallel Citations and Which Source(s) to Cite
The federal and state iurisdictions table (table Tl) indicates which reporters to
o
cite for the decisions of most courts. Note that many state court decisions are
published in two or more sources. o
(a) Parallel citations in state court documents. ln documents submitted to
state courts, all case citations must be to the source(s) required by local rules.
Many state rules require that citations to state court decisions include a cita-
o
tion to the official state reporter,followedby a parallel citation to a regional
reporter. Thus, these local rules, and not the citltion rules set forth in table Tl, o
o
govern state court filings. See Bluepages table BT1O.I.3 for further guidance
concerning iurisdiction-specific citation rules.

(b) Case citations in all other documents. In all other documents, including
ordinary legal memoranda and law realew pieces, cite the relevant regional
reporter, if the decision is found therein. For example: o
) Swedloff v. Phila.Transp. Co.,t87 A.zdt5z(Pa.ry6).
I
t
If the decision is availableas an official public domain citation (also referred to
as medium-neutral citation), that citation must be provided, as well as a parallel
citation to the regional reporter, if available.

o
o If the decision is not found in a regional reporter or available as a public domain
citation, cite the other sources indicated in table T1. Cite decisions of unlisted
courts as you would those ofcourts listed in the table.Ifa case is not available

o in an official or preferred unofficial reporter or as a public domain citation,

cite another unoflicial reporter, a widely used computer database (rule 18.3),

o a service (rule 19), a slip opinion (rule 10.8.1(b)), an Internct source (rule
18.2.2), or a newspaper (rule 16.6), in that order of prefercncc:

o b United States v. Cartisle, No. 9o-246551, r99r U.S. App. LEXIS S86:,
at *3 (8th Cir. Apr. rc, ry91 her curiam).

o F

)
/n re Smithfield Estates, Inc., [t985-1986 Transfer Binder] Bankr. L.
Rep. (CCH) 1'7o,7o7 (Bankr. D.R.l. Aug. 9, 1985).

Simmons v. Brothers, No. 9o-627 (D. Mass. Dec. r9, r99o).

o ;' State v. McArthur, No. C4-99-5oz (Minn. Ct. App. Sept. 28, t99),
http://www.lawlibrary.state.mn.us/archiv e I ctapun | 99o9 | 5oz.

o l
htm.

United Statesv. Patermo, N.Y.Ttmes, Aug.z7,1957,aI zzr (S.D.N.Y.

I Aug. 26, r95).

For citation to administrativc reportcrs, see rule 14.3,2.

I Reporters ro.3.2

I Bound publications that print only cases (or cascs and annotations) are consid-
ered reporters and are cited in roman type. A citation to a rcporter consists of a
volume designation (rule 3.1), the abbreviated namc of the reportcr (as shown

o in table Tl), and the page on which the case report begins
on spacing in reporter abbreviations, sec rule 6.1(a).
(rule 3.2). For rules

o ) Burt v. Rumsfetd, 3zz F. Supp. zd t8g (D. Conn. zoo4).

Eady American rcportcrs were often named after their cditors rathcr than after

o thc courts whose cases thcy rcported. Subsequently, official editor-named serics
havc been combined into iurisdiction-named scries with continuous volume

o numbering. Such reporters are now generally cited by the official serics name
and number only;thc name of thc reportcr's cditor is omitted:

> (Sup. Ct. 186z).

o
Cobb v. Davenport, 32 N.l.L. l6q
Not: Cobb v. Davenport, 3 Vroom 16g (Sup. Ct. 186Z).

o But for tlnited Statcs Supreme Court rcportcrs through 90 tl.S (2lWall.) and
few early state reporters (sec table Tl.3), give the name of the repofter's editor
and the volumc of that series. If the pagination of thc oflicial iurisdiction-namcd
I

o reprints and thc original reporters is thc same , usc the following form:

) Green v. Biddte, zr U.S. (8 Wheat.) r (r8zl).

I ) Hattv. Belt, +Z Mass. (6 Met.) +lr (r8+l).

If the pagination differs, givc parallel citations to the reprints and the original
o reportcfs:
F Wadsworth v. Ruggles, z3 Mass. 62,6 Pick.6l (rBzB).

o
 Some very eady Pennsylvania federal and state court decisions are reported in
the initial volumes of the United States Reports.Wherc this occurs,include the I
cite to "U.S.," along with a parallel cite to the appropriate lower court reporter:

) Barnes's Lessee v. lrwin, z U.S. (z Dall.) r99, r Yeates zzt (Pa. I

I
rZg:) (mem.).
) United States v. Fries, 3 U.S. (: Datt.) 5t5, 9 F. Cas. 826 (C.C.D. Pa.
rzgg) (No. srz5).

10.3.3 Public Domain Format

I
When citing a decision available in public domain format (also referred to as
medium-neutral format),if the iurisdiction's format can be cited in the following
o
form (see table Tl), provide the case name, the year of decision, the state's two-
character postal code, the tableTT court abbreviation (unless the court is the
state's highest court), the sequential number of the decision, and, if the decision
o
is unpublished, a capital "U" after the sequential number of the decision.When
referencing specifc material within the decision, a pinpoint citation should be o
made to the paragraph number at which the material appears. If available , a par-
allel citation to the appropriate regional reporter must be provided.
I
I
The following examples are representative of the recommended public domain
citation format:
) Beckv. Beck, 1999 ME 11o, Ii6,ZllA.zd 98r,983.
) Gregory v. Ctass, 1998 SD ro6, fl :, S8+ N.W.zd 8ll,8lS. o
) Jones v. Fisher, 1998 OK Civ. App.

If a jurisdiction adopts
rzoL.
a public domain format that differs from the above, the I
o
requirements of the jurisdiction's format should be observed (table Tl):

) Cannon v. Am. Bowling Cong., 94-o641 , p. t (ta. 4lzg lgt+); 637 So.
zd 463,463.
) Morton v. New Orleans Police Dep't,96-L799 (La. App. 4 Cir.
zlslgi;687 So. 2d699.
o
)
>
Sullivan v. State,98-KA-oo5zr-SCT (fl zf) (Miss. 1999).

t6t.
o
o
State v. Brennan, 1998-NMCA-r76,117, tz6 N.M. 389, 97o P.zd

ro.4 Court andJurisdiction

Every case citation must indicate which court decided the case. In American
and other common law citations,give the name of the court and its geographical
o
iurisdiction (abbreviated according to tables TI or T2 if included therein and
according to tables T7 and T10 in all other cases) in the parenthetical phrase I
that immediately follows the citation and includes the date or year of decision.
For court names that include ordinals, format and abbreviate the ordinals in
accordance with de 6.2(b):
I
)
)
Commonweatth v. Virelli, 6zo A.zd

United States v. Andolschek, 4zF.zd

58 Pa. Super. Ct. r99z).
5o3 (2d Ci. tgqq).
o
o
t For citations to foreign cases, see rule 2O.3 and tableT2.
A more detailed court designation than those specified by the following para-

o graphs may be given ifnecessary

(a) Federal courts. In citations to United States LawWeek,the United States

o Supreme Court is indicated with "U.S." In citations to the Suprerrxe Court

Reporter andthe United States Rqports,omit the Supreme Court's name.When
a Supreme Court Justice sits alone in his or her capacity as a Circuit Justice, cite

o the decision

)
as:

rzrg (Douglas, Circuit Justice r97z).

t
Russo v. Byrne, 4o9 U.S.

United States courts of appeals for numbered circuits, regardless of year, are
indicated as:

o )
llot:
zd Cir.
C.C.A.zd

O Not: CAz

I
When citing the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
Circuit and its predecessors, or when citing the Federal Circuit, use the follow-
ing abbreviations:

I )
)
D.C. Cir.

Fed. Cir.

I For

>
disrict court cases, give the district but not the division:

o
D.N.J.

> D.D.C.

)
o
C.D. Cal.

ilo& C.D. Cat. E.D.

o Cite the old circuit courts (abolished

> c.c.s.D.N.Y.
l9l2):

I ) C.C.E.D. Mo.

Cite the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation:

I > J.P.M.L.

Cite the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and Court of Review,

o respectively:

> FrsA ct.,

o > FISA Ct. Rev.

I
Cite decisions of bankruptcy courts and bankruptcy appellate panels:

) Bankr. E.D. Va.

I > B.A.P.9th Cir.

O) State courts. In general, indicat€ the state and court of decision. However'
is the highest court

o
do not include the name ofthe court ifthe court ofdecision
of the state:
 ) People v. Armour, 59o N.W.zd 6t (Mich. t999).
o
t
llot: People v. Armour, 59o N.W.zd 6r (Mich. Sup. Ct. 1999).
Omit the iurisdiction and the court abbreviation if unambiguously conveyed by
the reporter title:

) DiLucia v. Mandelker,493 N.Y.S.zd 769 (App. Div. rgSS).

ilot: DiLucia v. Mandelker,493 N.Y.S.zd Z5g (N.Y. App. Div. 1985).

I
) Dubreuilv. Witt, 80 Conn. App. 4ro (zoo3). o
iloft Dubreuilv. Witt, 80 Conn. App. 4ro (App. Ct. zoo3).
Thus, when a decision is rendered by the highest court in a particular jurisdic- o
tion and the name of the reporter is the same as the name of that iurisdiction,
neither the name of the court nor the name of the state need be given:

) Batesv. Tappan,99 Mass. lt6(1868).

o
Do not indicate the department or district in citing decisions of intermediate
state courts unless that information is of particular relevance:
o
) Schiffman v. Corsi, 5o N.Y.S.zd 8gZ (Sup. Ct. t94Q. a
When the department or district is of particular relevance, that information
should be indicated

)
as follows:
I
o
Schiffman v. Corsi, 5o N.Y.S.zd 8qZ (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. t94Q.

) Lee v. Perez,tzo S.W.3d 461 Oex. App. r4th zoo3).

lO.5 Date or Year o

o
(a) Decisions published in reporters. If possible, provide the year of deci-
sion; use the year of the term of the court only if the year of decision is unavail-
able. In ambiguous cases, follow the year given in the running head (at the top
of each page) in the reporter. Before Volume 108 of the U.S. Reports (1882),
opinions do not usually list their date of decision but rather list only the term in t
I
which they were decided. For the dates of these opinions, refer to the Librarian
of the Supreme Court's list of dates, available at http://www.supremecouft.govl
opinions/datesofdecisions. pdf.

(b) Decisions published in other sources. Give the exact date for all unre-
ported cases and for all cases cited to a looseleaf service, a slip opinion, an o
electronic database, or a newspap€r:

) Bedell v. Nessim, No. 9o-567, slip op. l4S8 (rst Cir. Jan. 19, t99r). o
Per rule f0.5(a), the exact d^te is not necessary for cases that are labeled
'unpublished'but are nevertheless reported, including cases reported in the
Federal Appendix and "unpublished" cases reported in the appropriate reporter
o
for the jurisdiction:

) United States v. Tando, 68 F. App'x 85 (9th Cir. zoo3).

o
(c) Pending cases and cases dismissed without opinion. Use the date or
year of the most recent major disposition. "Major dispositions" include onfil
o
the initial filing, whether in the trial court or on appeal (e.g., "fited," "appeal
o
o docketed," "petition for cert. filed"l, oril argument ("argued"), and, for
cases dismissed without opinion, the dismissal ("dismissed"). Indicate the sig-

o nificance of the date within a parenthetical phrase, unless its signilicance is

explained elsewhere:

F Bedetl v. Nessim, No.9o-567 (rst Cir. argued Jan. ro, r99r).

o Otherwise no special notation is neccssary:

o * Bedett v. Nessim,7z5F.Supp.t4o7 (D. Mass. r99o), oppeol dock'

eted, No. 90-567 (rst Cir. Dec. zo, r99o).

o (d) Multiple decisions within a single year. when citing a case with several
different decisions in the same year, include the year only with the last-cited
decision in that year:

I s United States v. Eller, rr4 F. Su pp. 284 (M.D. N.C.), rev'd, zo8 F.zd
It6 (r+th Cir. r953).

o However, if the cxact date of decision is required in either case, include both
dates:

I * DiNapoti v. Ne. Reg'[ Parole Comm'n,764F.2d 43 Qd Cir. 1985),

petition for cert. filed, S+ U.S.L.W. lr+6 (U.S. Aug.29, rg8S) (No.

o 8s-rrs).

Parenthetical Information Regarding Cases 10.6

O
t Weight of Authority 10.6. r
(a) Generally. Information regarding the weight of the authority (e.g., en banc;
in banc; z-r decision; mem.; per curiam; Brandeis, J.; unpubtished tabte

o decision) may be added in a separate parenthetical phrase f<rllowing the datc

of decision:

* Webb v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.,57 F3d ro67 (+th Cir. rqgs)

O (unpublished table decision).

o When a casc is cited for a propositi<)n that is not the singlc, clcar holding of
a majority of the court (e.g., alternative hotding; by imptication; dictum;

t
dissenting opinion; pluratity opinion; hotding unclear), indicate that fact
parenthetically:

b Parker v. Randotph, 442 lJ.S. 62, 8 t, Ggl ) (Stevens, J., d issenting).

t F Garcia v. San Antonio Metro. Transit Auth., 469 U.S. 528, 57o
(rS8S) (S-+ decision) (Powetl, 1., dissenting).

o Information regarding related authority (rule 1.6) or prior or subsequent

history (rule 1O.7.1(a)) that can properly be indicated with an explanatory

o phrase (table T8) should not be given parenthetically. Thus:

* Wersba v. Seiler, 393 F.zd %7 Gd Cir. 1968) (per curiam).

o But: Wersba v. Seiler, 263 F. Supp. 8;8,

curiom,393F.zd%7 bd Cir. 1968).
8+l (E.D. Pa. ry6), affd per

o
 (b) "Mem." and "per curiam." The abbreviation "mem." stands for the word
"memorandum" and should be used in a parenthetical if, and only if, a court o
disposition was issued without an opinion. District court and other opinions
denominated"memorandum decision" are not designated"mem."in citations.
The phrase "per curiam'refers to an opinion issued"by the court" as an institu-
o
tion as opposed to a decision issued by a particular judge."Per curiam" is used
in a parenthetical to describe an opinion so denominated by the court. o
(c) Seriatim opinions. Prior to the Marshall Court (which began February
4, l80l), the U.S. Supreme Court followed the traditional British practice of
eachJustice writing his own opinion rather than producing a majority opinion
o
for the Court. To cite such an opinion, include the parenthetical "(opinion of
Lastname, J.)." o
10.6.2 Quoting/Citing Parentheticals in Case Citations t
When a case cited as authority itself quotes or cites another case for that point,
a"quoting"or"citing"parenthetical is appropriate per rule 1.56).Within the o
t
parenthetical, the same rules regarding typeface, pincites, and short forms apply
to the quoted or cited authority as if it were the direct source:

) Zadvydasv. Davis,533 U.S.678,7t9 (zoor) (Kennedy,J.,

dissenting) (citing Shaughnessy v. United States ex rel. Mezei,345
U.S. zo5 Gssr)). o
Note, however, that only one level of recursion is required. Thus, if a case quotes
a case,which itself quotes another case, only one level of"quoting" or "citing'
parentheticals is necessary. An additional level of parenthetical information may
I
be used ifthe information conveyed is particularly relevant.
o
10.6.3 Order of Parentheticals
Parenthetical phrases should be placed in the following order: (i) weight of I
authority parentheticals; (ii) "quoting" and "citing" parentheticals; (iii) explana-
tory parentheticals. For more detailed information, see

)
de 1.5(b). Thus: I
Wotf v. Colorado, 338 U.5. 25, 47 Gg49) (Ruttedge, J., dissenting)
fteiectingthe Court's conception of the exclusionary rule),affg
t87 P.zd 925 (Coto. t947), overruled by Mapp v. Ohio, 367 u.5.643
o
(tg6t).
If an explanatory parenthetical contains text that itself requires a,,quoting"or
o
"citing"parenthetical, the two parentheticals should be nested:

) Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S. 4o7,4o9 (zooz) ("[T]he statutory crite-

o
rion for confinement embodied in the statute's words 'mental
abnormality or personality disorder' satisfied "'substantive" due
process requirements."' (quoting Kansas v. Hendricks, 5zr U.S.
o
)
346, r55 (tgg))).
Fultilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448, 519 (r98o) (Marshal[, J., concur-
I
ring) (noting that conventional strict scrutiny is "strict in theory,
but fatal in fact" (citing Regents ofthe Univ. ofCal. v. Bakke,438
U.S. 265, t6z (tgtg))).
o
o
I fO.Z Pri"t ""d Subsequent History
Whcnever a decision is cited in full, give the entire subsequent history of the

o case , but omit denials of certiorari or denials of similar discretionary appeals,

unless the decision is less than two years old or the denial is particulady rel-

I evant. Omit also the history on remand or any denial of a rehearing, unless
relevant to the point for which the case is cited. Finally, omit any disposition
withdrawn by the deciding authoriry such as an aflirmance followed by revcrsal

o on rehearing. Thus:

ts Cent. ltt. Pub. Serv. Co. v. Westervelt, 34zN.E.zd q6: (ltt. App. Ct.

I ry26), off d,367 N.E.zd 66t (lll. tgz).

Not: Cent. llt. Pub. Serv. Co. v. Westervelt, 342 N.E.zd 46f (ltt. App. Ct.

o )
ry26), affd,367 N.E.zd 66r (llt. t977), cert. denied, 434U.5. toTo
(rst8).

o Cheng v. GAF Corp.,

go: (rg8r).
63tF.zd ro5z (zd Cir. r98o), vocoted,45o U.S.

I Not: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 63rF.zd to5z (zd Cir. rg8o), vocated, 45o
U.S. gol, remanded to 659 F.zd ro58 (zd Cir. rg8r).
(;ivcp,'ior history only if signilicant to the point for which thecase is cited or if

I the disposition cited does not intelligibly dcscribe the issues in the case, as in a
Suprcmc Court "mem." Give se parate decisions of other issues in the case with

o their prior and subsequent history only if relevant.

I Explanatory Phrases and Weight of Authority

A partial list of explanatory phrases (as abbreviated) appears in table T8.
10.7.1

t (a) Prior or subsequent history. Appcnd the prior or subsequent history of

a case to thc primary citation. Introduce and explain each prior or sttbscqttent
dccision with italicized words between each citation:

o b Cooperv. Dupnik, 9z4F.zd!52o,t53o & n.zo (9th Cir.ry9l,rev'd

en banc,963 F.zd tzzo (9th C'r. t99z).

a If a subsequent disposition occurrcd in the same year as the primary citation,

omit the year from the primary citation's parenthetical.

I If subsequent history itself has subscquent history, append the additional sub-
scquent history with another cxplanatory phrase. For example , in the folklwing

o case the Supreme Court reverscd thc Sccond Circuit, which had reversed the
Southern District of NewYork:

o F Herbert v. Lando, 73 F.R.D. f8z (S.D.N.Y.), rev'd, 568 F.zd gtr', (zd
Cjr. tgZl), rev'd, 44tU.S. tSZ 0g1il.

o To show both

)
prior and subscquent history, give the prior history lirst:
Kubrickv. United States,58r F.zd togz{3dCn.ryl9),affq 435F.
Supp. 166 (E.D. Pa. ry77), rev'd, 444U.S.nt Q979).

o Citations to prior or subsequent history should follow any parenthetical infor-

mation given for the primary citation lrule 1.5@)).

o
(b) Significance of disposition. Give the reason for
sition does not carry the normal substantive signfficance
a disposition if the dispo
: o
)
)
vacated as moot,

appeal dismissed per stipulation,

t
(c) Overnrled, abrogated, and superseded cases. Also note cases that
have been overruled, abrogated, or superseded by statute or constitutional
I
amendment:

(i) Overnrled cases. Indicate cases where a later decision by the same court o
(or a court with appellate jurisdiction over th€ original corrrt) explicitl! repudi-
ates its earlier decision with the phrase "ove rruled by":
o
) Nat'[ League of Citiesv. Usery,4z5 U.S.8ll Gg76),overruled by
Garcia v. San Antonio Metro. Transit Auth., 469 U.S. Sz8 (rS8S).
t
I
Also,when one case is ovemrled by multiple subsequent decisions by the same
court (i.e., separate decisions overmle separate parts of the holding), include
"ond" between the citations to each of the overruling cases:

) Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. rB,8 (tgz8), overruled byKatz

v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 b95), and Berger v. New York, 388 I
U.S. r+t(tg6).
(ii) Abrogated cases. Cases that are effectively Out not explicitly) overruled o
or departed from by a later decision of the same court are indicated with the
phnse"abrogated by":
(t948),abrogated byBraden v.3oth
o
I
F Ahrensv. Clark,335 U.S. r88
Judiciat Circuit Court, 41o U.S. +8t+ (tgz).
(iii) Cases superseded by statute or constitutional amendrnent. When cit-
ing cases where a statute or amendment was enacted with the specific intent of
reversing the outcome of the initial case, the statute or amendment must always o
be cited, and a later case recognizing xtch may be cited for support, as long as
the later case is decided by the same court (or a court with appellate jurisdic-
tion over the original court) as the superseded case:
o
) Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 49o U.S. 542 (t989), superseded
bystatute,Civil Rights Actoftggt, Pub. L. No. to2-t65, ro5 Stat.
I
to74,as recognized in Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez,54oU.S.44
(zoo3). o
) Dred Scott v. Sandford, 6o U.S. (r9 How.) 3% GBs), superseded
by constitutional amendment, U.S. CoHsr. amend. XlV. o
to this rule should be cited to the session laws (de
Statutes cited according
12.4) wherever possible, and, if appropriate, specific sections of the statute
superseding the case may be cited.
I
(d) Multiple dispositions. Multiple dispositions by the same court following
a primary case citation should be connected with the word "cnd" in italics:
o
) United States v. Baxter, 49zF.zd r5o (9th Cir.), cert. dismissed,4t4
U.S. 8or $9p), and cert. denied,4r6 U.S. 94o Q97d. o
O
t Different Case Name on Appeal 10.7.2

t (a) Name changes in subsequent history. when the name of a case differs
in subsequent history the new name must bc given, introduced by the phrase
"sub nom.":

o ) Great W. United Corp. v. Kidwett, 577 F.zd tz56 (5Ih Clr. tglS),
rev'd sub nom. Le(oy v.Great W. United Corp., 48 U.S. 1n O97q.

o This rule applies even when the differencc in the name is slight, such as
change in only the proccdural phrases:
a

o F Paditta ex rel. Newman v. Rumsfeld, 243 F. Supp. zd +z (S.D.N.Y.),

affd in part, rev'd in part sub nom. Padilla v. Rumsfeld, 35zF3d
6gSQd Cir. zoo3), rev'd,542U.5.426 (zoo4).

I (b) Name changes in prior history.

history, use the following form:
To indicate a different name in prior

o ) Rederi v. lsbrandtsen Co.,34z U.S. 95o (rgSz) (per curiam), affg

by an equally divided court lsbrandtsen Co. v. United States, 96 F.

o Supp. 883 (S.D.N.Y. rglr).

(c) Exceptions. Do not provide a different casc name (i) when the partics'

o names are merely reversed;(ii) when the citation in which the differcnce occurs
is to a de nial of certiorari or rehearing; (iii) when, in the appeal of an administra-
tive action, the name of the private party remains the samc; or (iv) when the

o change is simply stylistic (e .g.,"State" to "California"):

) United Dairy Farmers Coop. Ass'n, r94 N.L.R.B. to94, enforced, 465

o F .zd r4ot (td Ck. tglz).

But: Perma Vinyt Corp., 164 N.L.R.B. 968 (tg6l), enforced sub nom.

o U.S. Pipe & Foundry Co. v. NLRB, 398F.2d 544 (5th Cir. t968).

o Special Citation Forms 10.8

I Pending and Unreported Cases

(a) Cases available on electronic media. when a casc is unreportcd bttt
available on a widely used electronic database, it may be citcd to that database.
10.8.1

o Provide the case name, docket number, database identilier, court name, and full
datc of the most rccent major disposition of thc case. Cite to thc casc docket

o number cxactly as it appears. If the database contains codes or numbcrs that

uniquely identiff the case (as do LEXIS,Westlaw, and Bloomberg Law), these
must be given. Screen or page numbers, if the database assigns thcm, should bc

o preccdcd by an asterisk; paragraph numbers, if assigned, should be preceded by

a paragraph symbol:

o ) Gibbs v. Frank, No. oz-3924,2oo4 U.S. App. LEXIS 21357, at*78-79

(ld Cir. OcI. L4,2oo4.

o ) Chavez v. Metro. Dist. Comm'n, No. 3:ozCV458(MRK), zoo+ U.S.

Dist. LEXIS ttz66,at*5 n.3 (D. Conn. June uzoo4).

o
 ) Int'I Snowmobile Mfrs. Ass'n v. Norton, No. oo-CV-zz9-B, zoo4 WL
2337372, at*3,*7 (D. Wyo. Oct. r4, zoo4). I
) Shelton v. City of Manhattan Beach, No. 81716o6, zoo4 WL
2t5374t, at *r (Cal. Ct. App. Sept. 28, zoo4). I
P Ortho-McNeil Pharm., lnc. v. Teva Pharm. Indus., Ltd., No. zoo8-
t549, 2oo9 BL r8r48o, at *4 (Fed. Cir. Aug. 26, zoog). o
If the name of the database is not clear from the database identifier, include it
parenthetically at the end of the citation:

)
I
Staats v. Brown, No. 6568r-9, zooo WA oo4zoo7,fiz5 (Wash. Jan.
6, zooo) (VersusLaw).
o
Citations to cases that have not been assigned unique database identifiers
should include all relevant information, such as the specific collection within
the database in which the case can be found:
I
) Frankel v. Banco Nacional de Mex., S.A., No. 8z Civ.6547 (S.D.N.Y.
May 3r, rqSf) (LEXIS, Genfed Library, Dist. Fite). I
) Lindquist v. Hart, r CA-CV 98-o323 (Ariz. Ct. App. July 15,1999)
(Loislaw, Ariz. Case Law). o
(b) Cases available in slip opinions. When a case is unreported but available
in a separately printed slip opinion, give the docket number, the court, and the I
full date of the most recent major disposition of the case:

) Groucho Marx Prods. v. Playboy Enters., No. 77 Civ. rZSz (S.D.N.Y.

Dec. 3o, t977).
o
Note any renumbering of the docket:

)
o
United Statesv.Johnson, 4z5F.zd 630 (9th Cir.ry7o),cert.
granted, +ol U.S. gS6 (rgZr) (No. SZZ, tgTof erm; renumbered No.
7o-8, tgTtferm).
o
Always give the full docket number:

)
o
a
No.75-3r
Not: No. 3r

If the date given does not refer to the date of decision and the significance of the
date is not indicated elsewhere, indicate that significance within the parentheti- o
t
cal containing the date:

) Ross v. Weissman, No. 9o-345 (D. Mass. fited Sept. r8, r99o).
To cite a particular page of a separately paginated slip opinion, use the form:

) Ross v. Weissman, No. 9o-345, stip op. at 5 (D. Mass. Dec. 4, 1g9o). o
If the case is not separately paginated, cite the page on which the case begins as
well as the page on which the particularly cited material appears: I
) Bedell v. Nessim, No. 9o-567, stip op. 3458,3465 (rst Cir. Jan. r9,
1991). I
o
 !:r

o In pending or unreported adversary proceedings in bankruptcy, supply both

the case number ofthe underlying nonadversary proceeding and the case num-

o
ber of the adversary proceeding:

F Brown v. Sachs (/n re Brown), Ch. 7 Case No. B4-oor.7o-G, Adv. No.
B5-rr9o, stip op. at S (E.D. Mich. Jan. zrt,rg86).

o (c) Other pending and unreported cases. Cases that are not available in slip
opinions or on electronic databases may be citcd to services (rule 19), periodi-

o cals (rule 16), or the Internet (rule 18.2.2).

(d) Depublished cases. A number of iurisdictions allow their decisions to bc

a "depublished," usually when review is denied, and generally without a reported

ordcr. when there is no reported order depublishing the lower court decision,

o
the fact that the case was depublished should be indicatcd parenthetically:

F Mitchelt v. Cal. Fair Plan Ass'n, 260 Cal. Rptr. I (Ct. App. tgSg)

I
(depu blished).

If the order depublishing a case is reported, the order should be indicated as

subsequent history pursuant to rule 10.7, introduced with the explanatory

I phrrce"depublished by:

o Fifth Circuit Split

On October l, Circuit was
1981, the United States Oourt of Appeals for the Fifth
10.8.2

o divided to create the new Fifth and Elevcnth Circuits. Cite cases decided during
the transitional period leading to this reorganization according to the fbllowing

t rules: (i) cite decisions rendered in 1981 and labeled "5th Cir." by month; (ii)
givc unit information whenever available; md (iii) designate as "Former 5th"
any nonunit ludgment labeled as a Former Fifth judgment and rendcred after

o Scptcmber 30,1981:

F Birt v. Estetle, 66oF.zd 592 (5th Cir. Nov. rg8r).

o F Haitian Refugee Ctr. v. Smith, 676F.zd 1o23 Gth Cir. Unit B r98z).
b' Trailways, Inc. v. lCC, 676F.zd rorg $th Cir. UnitAAug. rg8r) (per

o )
curiam).
McCormick v. United States, 68o F.zd 345 (Former 5th Cir. rg8z).

o Briefs, Court Filings, and Transcripts 10.8.3

o Citation for
document
a petitioner's brief in a U.S. Supreme Court case
name pincite case citatron

o Er',"f f"l. P"titil; Fili.,

(No. 05-1631), 2006 WL 3693418,
L-----r------r# at *!7.

o docket number commercial database

identifer (optional)

o In general, all court lilings follow the same general form. The full nlme of the
document, as it appears on the ftling, must come lirst, abbreviatcd accorcling

t to rule 10.2.1(c), followed by a pinpoint citation, if any The ftrll crse cita-
tion and the docket number should firlkrw the name of the documcnt lncl the
pinpoint ciation. If no decision has yet been rendered on the flling cited, cite
the case according to de fO.5(c), but the date in the parenthetical should a
be the date on wbicb tbe filing was made, regardless of subsequent disposi-
tions (e.g., oral argument). If a decision has been rendered, cite the case as you
otherwise would:
o
) Complaint at 17, Kelly v. Wyman, 294 F. Supp. 8gf (S.D.N.Y. rg68)
(No. 68 Civ. lgz+).
o
Always include the docket number, whether parenthetically (when there ls
reported citation) or as the citation (when there is no reported citation):
a
I
) Brief of Petitioner-Appellant at 48, United States v. Al-Marri, No.
c^33674 kth Cir. Nov. rz, zoo3). a
The document number assigned by the court, such as that found on PACER for
federal cases, may also be included,but is not necessary unless it is essential to o
o
finding the document:
|> Amended Complaint & Demand for Jury Triat, Viota v. Am. Brands,

t
Inc., No. 85-2496-G (D. Mass. Aug. r, rg8S), ECF No. 14.

With court-produced documents, including oral argument transcripts and tran-

scripts of record, the same general rules apply:
) Transcript of Oral Argument at 11, Ayers v. Belmontes,
q6g (zoo6) (No. oS-+gl).
e7 S. Ct.
o
) Transcript of Record at 76-tT,Johnson v. Eisentrager,
(rgso) (No. :o6).
ng U.S. l5l
O
ufith amicus briefs, the same general rules apply, with the sole exception that
there are more than two signatories to the briel"et al." may be used:
if
o
) Brief for Ringling Bros.-Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, Inc. et
al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Respondents, Moseley v. V Secret
Catalogue, lnc.,537 U.S. 4r8 (zool) (No. or-ror5).
o
Further, though the above information is sufficient, a parallel citation to an elec-
tronic database or a website may be provided, if helpful:
I
) Brief for Ringling Bros.-Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, Inc.
et al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Respondents, Moseley v. V
Secret Catalogue, Inc., fi7 U.S.4t8 (zoq) (No. or-ror5), 2oo2 WL
t
t9875r8.
o
o
Such parallel citations rnust tnclude a pinpoint citation to the electronic data-
base where one is required for the primary document, and vice versa.

o
With audio recordings of court proceedings, including oral arguments and oral
dissents, the same general rules apply, except that the title may be a description
of the recording. Timestamps should be used for designating pinpoint citations.
If the recording is available online, append a URI pursuant to rule 18.7:

) Ora[ Argument at 11:38, Roe v. Wade, 4ro U.S. rrl (rgZ:) (No. o
7 o - 18),
argument.
httl || www. oyez. o rg I cases I t97 o - tg g
z | ryz! ryz t7 o _t8 |
o
o
o "t, Oral
Dissent of .lustice Ginsburg aI 4125, Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire
& Rubber Co.,tz7 S.CI.z16z (zooz) (No. o5-to74), http://www.

o oyez.org/case s I zooo-zoo9 I zoo6 I zoo6 o5-ro74/opinion.

For purposes of short fbrms (rule 10.9), a citation to a court document inclutl-

o
ing a case citation suflices as a citation to the case itself. Whcrc the case may bc
cited in short form pcr rule 10.9, it may be cited in short f<rrm in the citation to
the court document, but the docket numbcr must still be providcd:

I ll. 1 Brief for the Petitioner, Demore v. Kim, 538 U.S. 5ro (zoo3) (No.
07-7497).

o u" 2 Petition for Writ of Certiorari, Demore,

Further, the court clocument itself may be

Sl8 U.S. 5ro (No. or-t49t).
citcd Lrsing,7 supra form, unlikc thc

o case,which may not. L supra form for thc court document, howeveq does not
count for purpose s of the "live footnote" rulc. The document title will sufficc s<r
long as it does not create confusion. Hereinafter forms may also be used (rule

o 4.2(b)), if helpful:
+ 3 Brief for the Petitioner , supra nole 7, at 12.

t Court Administrative Orders r0.8.4

o (lite the oflicial reporter, if therein; givc the title of the order, if nny:
p Order Discharging the Advisory Committee, 352 U.S. Bol (rqS6).

o Short Forms for Cases ro.g

a (a) Footnotes. In law rcview footnotcs, a short form for I case may be uscd if
it clearly identilies a case that (l) is alrcady cited in the same frntnote or (2) is

I
cited (in either full or short form, including " id."; rn one of the preceding .firv
Jixrtnorcs. Otherwise, a full citation is requircd. Thus in thc following example,
thc use ofthe short form in footnotes 4 and 7-8 is correct:

o r
i,
1

2
United States v. Montoya de Hernandez,
Id. at fi7-8.
4n U.S.53r (1985).

o , 3 See United States v. Martinez-Fuefte, 428 U.S. S+1, 5i7 $976);

Cat. Bankers Ass'n v. Shultz, 416 U.S. zr, 6z 6gld,); Zimmermann

o v. Jenkins (/n re GGM, P.C.), 16S F3d toz6, tozT (5th Cir. rygil;
Cohen v. Drexel Burnham Lambert Grp. (/n re Drexel Burnham
Lambert Grp.), r38 B.R. 682, Zoz (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. t99z); In re

o Draughon Training Inst., Inc., n9 B.R. 9zt,9z6 (Bankr. W.D. La.

ry90)'

t ' a

u9
See Martinez-Fuerte,4zB U.S. at 550; ln re Draughon Training,
B.R. at 93o.

o
5 New York v. Betton, 453 U.S. 454,457 Q981.
i,, 6 See id. at 456.
',
o Hernandez,4nU.S.at54o; Cohen, r38
7 See Montoyo de B.R. at
707.
''' 8 5ee Martinez-Fuerte, 4zB lJ.S. at 55o; Cal. Bankers,416 U.S. at 55;

o ln re GGM, P.C., t65 F.3d at ro3o.

(i) Generally. Use of only one party's name (or a readily identifiable shorter ver-
sion of one party's name) in a short form citation is permissible if the reference o
is unambiguous.When only one party's name (or a short form thereof; is used,
it should be italicized. Acceptable short forms include:
)
I
I
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. at 585.

) Youngstown Sheet &Tube Co.,343 U.5.at 585.

)
)
Youngstown,343 U.S.at 585.
343 U.S. at 585. t
) /d. at 585.
Omit the case name as in the last two examples only if the reader will have no I
o
doubt about the case to which the citation refers.

Per de 1O.2.1(k), a case may also be cited in short form by a different name
than that which appears in the reporter, so long as the full citation includes
both versions:

) Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (Steel Seizure), 343 U.S.
I
579,585 G952).
becomes: Steel Seizure,343 U.S.at 585.
I
When citing an entire decision, and not a pinpoint therein, in short form, you
must include the shorter version of the case name, the volume number, repofter I
designation, and fust page;but do /rot include a jurisdiction/date parenthetical:

) Steel Seizure, 38 U.S. 579. o

When using only one party's name in a short form citation, avoid using the name
of a geographical or governmental unit, a governmental official, or another com- t
I
mon litigant. Thus:

) NMCP v. Alabama ex re l. Patterson, 357 U.S. t+t+g, r+6 r+ (tgS8).

becomes: Potterson,357 U.S. at 454.

Not: NAACP,352 U.S. at464. I

Notz

)
Alabama,357 U.S. at 464.
Reno v. Bossier Parish Sch. Bd., 5zo U.S. 47t,48o 999).
I
becomes: Bossier Parish Sch. Bd.,5zo U.S. at 48o.
Not: Reno, 5zo U.S. at 48o. I
(ii) Commercial electronic databases. For cases that are available on an elec-
tronic database (rule IO.E.L),use a unique database identifier,ifone has been I
assigned, in constructing a short form:

) Ctark v. Homrighous, No. ClV.A.9o-r38o-f , ry9tWL 554o2, at

*3 (D. t
Kan. Apr. rc,ry9t).
becomes: Clork, ry9t WL 554o2, at *3.

)
o
Albrechtv. Stanczek, No.87-C9535, r99t U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5o88, at
*r (N.D. ltt. Apr. B,t99t).
becomes:A/brecht, t99t U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5o88, at *r.
o
o
I F Lindquist v. Hart, r CA-CV 98-q23, at*2 (Ariz. Ct. App. luty r.5,
1999) (Loistaw.com, Ariz. Case Law).

o becomes: Lindquist, at *z (Loislaw.com, Ariz. Case Law).

(iii) Slip opinions. For dccisions availablc in only scparately printed slip opin-

o ions

F
(rule 10.8.1(b)), use the following format:

Commonwealth v. Sam, No. 4359, stip op. at rz (Pa. Ct. Com. Pl.

o Oct. zo, zoo5).

becomes: 5am, slip op. at 12.

o When citing multiple slip opinions for thc same casc, cither give each dccision
a unique identilier in its initial citation or include a iurisdiction or datc parcn-

o
thetical in e:rch short form.'l'he following short forms are thus both acccptable :

Doe v. Ctenchy (Clenchy lD, No. CV-o9-zor, stip op. at 4-6 (Me.
=
Super. Ct. Nov. zo, zorz).

o becomes: Clenchy ll, stip op. at 5.

o or:
+ Doe v. Clenchy, No. CV-og-zor, stip op. at
zo, zotz).
4-6 (Me. Super. Ct. Nov.

o becomes: Clenchy, stip op. at 5 (Me. Super. Ct. Nov. zo, zorz).

o (b) Two exceptions when using "id."'l'here are two exceptions when using
"id." ls a short form fbr cuse citations: (i) citation to thc same case , bttt to a dif-
ferent opinkrn thercin;ancl (ii) citation to thc samc case where thc c:tsc citation

o includcs per.rllcl authoritics

(i) "Id." for different opinions. Whe n an "id. " refcrs to thc samc case, and to

t the samc opinion citcd in the preceding citation, no parcnthetical is nccessarl'.

But whcn thc "id. " re ftrs t<> t diJferent opinion, that fnct must be inclicatcd par-
entheticxlly, cvcn if thc scconcl opinion cited is the majority opinion. I'htts, the

o following cxamples are all corrcct:

=
1Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (Steel Seizure), :+: U.S.

o 579 b952).
+, 2 ld. at 584.

o :. 3 ld. a|635
; q
M. at 638.
0ackson, 1., concurring).

o r:"

=
5

6
ld. at 589 (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
ld. ar 5Bz (majority opinion).
O (iD "Id." for parallel citations. Iirr cascs in which a parallel citation is
required, thc "id. " form kxrks slightly clifli:rent (to avoid confusion). 'l'hrts:

o + Chalfin v. Specter, 426Pa.464,465,43 A.zd 562,563 j967).

o becomes: ld. at
Not: /d. aI 465.
465,43 A.zd at 563.

a Not: /d. aI 465,563.

 (c) Text. A case that has been cited inful in the same general discussion may be
referred to (in main text or footnote text) by one of the parties'names without I
further citation:

) The issue presented in Bakke has not been futty resotved. I

11 CONSTITUTIONS I
Citation of Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution:
abbreviation for'amendment' no. of amendment cited
t
--\----
U.S. Corsr. - amend. " XlV,,, S, 2.
-4 o
,
abbreviation of constitution cited
---\_
section svmbol and no. of section cited
t
Cite the United States federal and state constitutions by "U.S." or the abbreviated
name of the state (as indicated intableTl0) and the word'CoHsr."Abbr€viate the
zuMivisions of consitutions, zuch as articles and clauses, according to table T16:
I
)
)
U.S. CoNsr. art. l, 5 9, cI.2.
o
t
U.S. Corsr. amend. XlV, 5 z.
) U.S. Corsr. pmbl.
)
I
U.S. CoHsr. art. lll, 55 r-2.
) Lr. Corsr. art. X, pt. lV.

Cite constitutional provisions currently in force without a date.If the cited prc
vision has been repealed, either indicate parenthetically the fact and year of a
I
repeal or cite the repealing provision in full:

) U.S. CoHsr. amend. XVlll (repealed 1933).

) U.S. CoHsr. amend. \Ylll, repealed byU.S. CoHsr. amend.

When citing a provision that has been subsequently amended, either indicate
parenthetically the fact and year of amendment or cite the amending provision
)(Xl.

I
intull:
) U.S. CoHsr. art. l, S 3, ct. r (amended r9r3).
o
F U.S. Corusr. art. l, S 3, cl. !, amended by U.S. Cottsr. amend. XVll. o
Cite constitutions that have been totally superseded or are otherwise no longer
in effect by year of adoption; if the specific provision cited was adopted in a dif-
ferent year, give that year parenthetically:
I
F Anrrcles oF CoNFEDERAIToH
) Anr. Colsr. of 1868, art. lll,5
of r78r, art. lX, para. r.
z(t8l).
I
Vrhen citing a constitution contained in an electronic database, indicate paren-
thetically the name of the publisher, editor, or compiler unless the constitution
o
is published, edited, compiled by, or under the supervision of, federal or stat€
offlcials. Also indicate the name of the database and information regarding the o
currentness of the database as provided by the database itself:

I
I WnsH. Cousr. art. l, 5 z (West, Westlaw through Nov. zoo3
amendments).

I Vhcn referring to multiple anendmcnts, scctions within the sanc lrticle' or

clauscs within the same section,it is pcrmissiblc to use a single citation claltse
Otherwisc, the second citation shottlcl rtsc id. rathcr than repeat the namc of

o thc col-lstitution:
U.S. Consr. amends. V, XlV.

o U.S. CoNsr. art. l, $ B; id. art. ll, 5 z.

citation form (other than "id.") for constittltions

a
l)o not usc a short

Citation Text

o tJ.S.(lonstitution U.S.Corusr.art.
lVSr
Article lV, Section r
or the Fut[ Faith and Credit Clause

o Strtc constitution S.C.

l,5rz
Cousr. art. articte l, section 12
or the double jeopardy clause

o For firrcign constitutions, see rule 20.4

a
a
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
12 STATUITS
Citation of an entire statute , the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Com-
I
pensation, and LiabilityAct, as codifed inthe United States Code:
official name of act I
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act,
s 42ft U.S.C. F
SS r 96Ot_967 5* (2012).
I
\-J
)-
+
u.).L.
'
L_______\_r
aDDrevtalton
title number of code cited
sec tion symbols and so.l-
of sections containing statute
date of code edition cited
t
Citation of an individual provision of the Ilnited States Code;

title number section symbol and specific section cited

o
t/
28' U.S.C.'5,, 7297.. (2072). I
I\
abbreviation of code cited date of code edition cited
o
l2.l Basic Citation Foffis
Official and unoff,cial codes arrange statutes currently in force by subiect mat-
o
ter. official and privately published session laws report statutes in chronologi-
cal order of enactment. Cite secondary sources-such as looseleaf services, the I
I
CIS microform service, periodicals, newspapers, or electronic databases-only
when the above listed sources are not available.
Rule 12.2 explains when to use each of these basic citation forms. The next
four rules discuss the citation forms for official and unoffrcial codes (rule 12.3),
session laws (rule 1.2.4), electronic media and online sources (rule 12.5), and o
other secondary sources (rule 12.6). Rule 12.7 explains when the prior or
subsequent history of a statute may or must be cited, and de
12.6 discusses
the use of explanatory parenthetical phrases with respect to statute citations. I
Rule 12.9 outlines special citation forms for the Internal Revenue code, ordi-
nances, rules of evidence and procedure, model codes, principles, restatements
of the law, standards, sentencing guidelines, uniform acts, and the ABA Code of
o
Professional Responsibility. Rule l2.l0 provides short forms for statutes.

Table TL lists citation forms for the codes and session laws of the federal and
o
state govefirments, and other United States iurisdictions.
I
Cited to
code
curent official 4zU.S.C. $ 1983 (zorz).
National Environmental Policy Act of t969
I
$ toz, 4z U.S.C. S 4332 (zotz).
Consumer Credit Code, Oru. Srnr. tit. 144, o
Cited to current unofflcial
s 5-203 (1995).
rz U.S.C.A. g 14z6 (West zoro). I
I
code
Parking Authority Law, 53 Pn. Srer. AHH., 5
342 (West zoro).

o
o Cited to oflicial session
laws
National Environmentat Policy Act of 1969,
Pub. L. No. 97-790, $ roz,83 Stat. 852, 853

o (litecl to privatel,v
(r9Zo) (prior Io ry75 amendment).

Uniform CommerciaI Code -Generat

o publishctl session laws Provisions, 2oo4 Minn. Sess. Law Serv., ch.
t6z,arl. r,5 16 (West) (to be codified at
Mrruru. Srnr. Arur. $ 336.r-3or).

o Uniting and Strengthening America by

Providing Appropriate Tools Required to

o Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act, Pub. L.

No. ro7-56, zoor U.S.C.C.A.N. (rr5 SIaI.) ztz
(zoor).

o (litccl to commcrcial
elcctronic database
ro U.S.C.A. 5 ror73 (West, Westtaw through
Pub. L. No. rrr-4 (exctuding Pub. L. No. ur-

I 3)).
(litcd m sccondary source SociaI Security Amendments of 1983, Pub. L.

I No. 98-zr, 5r U.S.L.W. zq Q9B).

o Choosing the Proper Citation Form 12.2

I General Rule
(a) Statutes currently in force. If possiblc, citc statlltes currently in firrcc
12.2.1

o to the current oflicial code or its supplement. Otherwise, cite a cttrrent unof:
licial codc or its supplement, the official session laws, privately publishctl ses-
si<rn hws (e.g., tlnited States Code Ctngressional ancl Aclministratiue Neus),

I a commercial clectronic database , a kxrseleaf sclice, an Internet sotlrce , or tl

newspaper-in that order of preference :

o i' National Environmentat PolicyAct of 1969

(zotz).
\ toz, 4zU.S.C. 5 +llz

t Ir<rr exanrple,a new nain edition of the official Ilrxited States Code is pnb-
lishccl cvcry six y'ears, and an annual cumulative supplement is published fbr
crrch intcrvening year An exact copy <tf the (lnited States Code in PDF' firrmat

o can bc found at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectiontlScotle.tction?'

collectionCode=tlSCOl)E;these vcrsions may be cited as if they were the print

o cotle. (irdilied f'ederal statutes cnactcrl snbscquent to the latcst cdition or sup-
plcnrent of the Code should be cited to an nnoflicial code (c.g.,Vcst's []nited
Statcs (ktde Annotated) until publishcd in the United Stdtes Code.

o (b) Statutes no longer in force. (lite statutes no longer in force to thc current
oflicial or unofficial code if thev still appcar the rein. Otherwise, cite the last edi-

o tion of thc official or unoflicial code in which thc statute appeared, thc session
laws, or a secondary source-in that ordcr of preference. In any ctsc, thc fact of
invalidrtion, rcpeal, or amendmcnt must be noted parentheticall-Y tccording to

I rules 12.7.1, l2.7.2,ancl 12.7.3:

Lawof June 4:'895,ch.4322,54,189i Fla. Laws 3,20-27

I
im
(repealed t959).
 ) Clayton Act, ch. 323, 5 7,18 Stat. 73o,731-32 (r94) (current
version at r5 U.S.C. 5 r8 (zorz)). I
(c) Private laws. Cite private laws to the session laws if therein; otherwise, cite
a secondary source: t
) Priv. L. No. 9+-ZS, 9o Stat. 2985 j976).
I
12.2.2 Exceptions
(a) Scattered statutes. Cite the session laws if a statute appears in so many I
scattered sections or titles that no useful citation to the code is possible. Indi-
cate parenthetically the general location of the codified sections. Thus:

)
a
Tax Reduction Act of1975, Pub. L. No. 94-12,89 Stat. z6 (codified
as amended in scattered sections of z5 U.S.C.).

But: Robinson-Patman Act, t5 U.S.C. $$ r3-r3b, zta (zotz).

I
If the current version of a statute is split between the main body and the supple-
de
I
I
ment of a code, it should be cited according to 1.1(c):
|> 4z U.S.C.5 rlgZb (1982 & Supp. I 1983).

If the current version of a statute can be determined only by reference to mul-

tiple sources (not just a code and its supplement), it should be cited according
to rule 12.7.3:
o
) 3r U.S.C. 9llz+Q988),amended by ActofDec. 7,t989,3t
U.S.C.S. S yzq (Law. Co-op. Supp. rggo).
o
(b) Historical fact. The historical fact of enactment, amendment, or repeal
should be cited to the session laws. A parenthetical reference to the current o
version (see rules 12.7.3 and 12.8) may be added:

) Two years later, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of t965, t
o
Pub. L. No. 89-uo, 79 Stat. +qS (codified as amended at 4z U.S.C.
SS r97r, 1973to t973bb-t (zoo5)).
) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2oo2 increased criminal penalties
for mail and wire fraud. See Pub. L. No. to7-2o4,5 gol(a)-(b),
zooz U.S.C.C.A.N. (u6 Stat.) 245,8o5 (to be codified at r8 U.S.C. I
5S rlzrr, rl+l).
(c) Materially different language. Ifthe language in rhe current code (includ- I
ing its supplement) differs materially from the language in the session laws and
the relevant title has not been enacted into positive law, cite the session laws. A
I
t
parenthetical reference to the code version, introduced by the phrase "codified
with some differences in language at" may be given. If differences in the lan-
guage merely reflect subsequent amendments, however, cite the current code.

Cite the official code wherever possible. A current list of federal code titles that
have been enacted into positive law appears in the preface to the latest edition o
I
or supplement of the United States Code.Simrlarly,state codes should indicate
whether the titles contained therein have been enacted into positive law

I
t Current Official and Unofficial Codes 12.3

I Cite the [lnited .States Code (U.S.C.), the official fedcral code, whenever
possible. Unofhcial fcderal codes includc thc United States (irle Annotated
(U.S.C.A.) tntlthc (lnited States Code Serrlcz (U.S.C.S.).Ofhcial and unoflicial

o cocles for each state (where they exist) are listed in table T1.3.

All citations to codcs should contain thc abbrcviated name of the codc found

o in table Tl printed in large and small capitals; the section, paragraph, or article
number(s) of thc statute; and the -vcar of the code (determincd lccording to
rule 12.3.2):

o ' N.C. Gen. Srnr. $ r-r8r (zoo3).

o Additional Information
Additional inibrmirtion nay be requircd ls follows:
t2.3.1

o (a) Name and original section number. Give the statute's name tnd origi-
nal section numbcr (as it appears in the appropriate session laws) onlf if the

o statute is commonly citcd that way or if the information woultl otherwise aid in
identification. omit "The" as the lirst wotcl of a statute's namc. Inclucle the ycar
of the statute if it is in the ofhcial title . An Oflicial name , a popular name , or both

a may be usetl:

: Labor Management Relations (Taft-Harttey) Act 5 lot(a), z9 U.S.C.

I S 185(a) (zorz).

Family Medicat Leave Act (FMLA) of rggl, z9 U.S.C. 5 z6ot (zotz).

a (b) Title, chapter, or volume. If a code is divided into scpar:rtcly sectioned

or parapgaphcd titlcs, chapters, or volumcs, the title , chaptcr, or volttme number

I must be indicatcd.Vhen citing the fedcrarl code, give the titlc nttmber bcfore
the name of thc codc:
:
o '
4z U.S.C. 5 1983 (zorz).
rz U.S.C.S. $ rTro (LexisNexis 1993 & Supp. zoo4).

I The form firr citation to statc codcs varics: table Tl.3 indicatcs whethcr lnd
in what manner k) identify the title , chapteq or volume numbcr of a state code
For example:
.

o ',
,
DEL. CoDE Ar.rr'r. tit. t3, $ r3ot (1999).

I If
NEv. Rev. Srnr. $ zB.5ot (t998).
each title , chapteq or volume of a coclc contains differcntly numbered sec-
tions or paragr.lphs, then the volume , chnptcr, or title numbcr necd not be givcn

o scparately:

' Gn. Cooe Ar.rr'r. $ zr-z-16 (zoo3).

o (c) Subiect-matter codes. If

a code is
a separately scctioned or paragntphccl portion of
identilicd by subject matter rath€r than by a titlc, volumc, or chapter

a number, givc that subiect-matter namc as part of the cocle

r';. CAL. VEH. Coor $ rr5o6 (West zooo).

:

o TEx. Fnu. Cooe Aruru. 5 5.or (Vernon 2oo2 & Supp. zoo4 zoo5).
 Table T1.3 indicates which state codes require this treatment.
I
t
(d) Publisher, editor, or compiler. Unless a code is published, edited, com-
piled by, or under the supervision of federal or state officials, give the name of
the publisher, editor, or compiler in the parenthetical phrase containing the year
of the code:

)
)
4z U.S.C.A. 5 3ooa-7 (West 2oo1). t
)
r8 U.S.C.S. $ r3o7 (LexisNexistgg4 & Supp. zoo4).
Crl. VEx. Coor g u5o9 (West zooo). o
Not: Cnu VEH. CoDE g u5o9 (Cal. zooo).

Table T1 indicates which federal and state codes require this information.
I
(e) Supplements. Cite material appearing in supplemenrs (including pocket
rule 3.1(c):
parts) according to I
|> r8 U.S.C.5 Sro(b) (Supp. I rg8l).
)
I
t
rz U.S.C. $ 1455 (1982 & Supp. I rg8g).

(f) Compilations of uncodified laws. If a code contains uncodified laws

printed in a sepafate compilation, cite in this manner:

) N.Y. Uucor.rsol. LAW 5 ZSr (McKinney zooo).

(g) Appendices. If a statute appears in an appendix to a code, and the statute

I
is numbered and otherwise printed as if it were part of that code,cite according
to rule 3.4: o
) 5o U.S.C. app. $ 5 (zorz).
If the statute is not printed as if it were part of a code, cite the session laws and
o
add an explanatory phrase (see rule f.6(a)(ii)) indicating thar the statute is
reprinted in the code's appendix: O
) Act of Aug. 3t, tg7o, ch.84z, t97o Mass. Acts 732, reprinted in
Mnss. Geru. Lnws Arrrr,r. ch. 4o app. at r8o (West 1985). t
(h) Notes. If a statute appears in the notes section of a U.S. Code provision, cite
according to de 3.4.Information helpful in identiffing a specific note should
be added parenthetically:
I
) rz U.S.C. $ r8zt note (zorz) (Continuation of Health Plan Coverage
in Cases of Faited Financial Institutions).
o
12.3.2 Year of Code
I
When citing a bound volume of the current ofhcial or unofficial code, provide
parenthetically the year that appears on the spine of the volume, the year that o
appears on the title page, or the latest copyright year-in that order of prefer-
ence. If the date on the spine or title page spans more than one year, give all I
I
years covered. If the volume is a replacement of an earlier edition, use the year
of the replacement volume, not the year of the original:

) Nee. REv. Srer. g 33-u4 (1998).

I
I Whcn citing a provision that appears in a supplement or pocket part, givc thc
1'car that appeafs on thc title pagc of thc supplement or pocket part. If therc is

o
none, give the latest copyright year of thc supplcment or pocket part. In either
case, if the date spans more than one ycar, give lll yelrs inclucled:

M lND. CoDE Ar.rN. $ z9-r-5-3.1 (West Supp. zoo3).

o T<rcite material that rppears in both thc nain volume lnd a supplcntcnt or
pockct part,give both ycars according to rule 3.1(c):

I Ifa
F Vr. Srer. Aruru. tit. 12,5892 (zooz & Supp. zoo4).

o code is ptrblished in looseleaffbrm,givc the year thtt appcars on thc page

on which the provision is printed or thc ycar that appcars on the first pagc of
the subdivision in which thc provision appclrs-in that orclcr of prefcrcncc-

o rather than the years indicated abovc:

*t, ALASKA Srnr. $ 28.o1.o1o (zooz).

I Other dates (such as the date on which an rct becomes effcctive) may also bc
given parenthetically according to rule 12.8:

I i. OKLA.
2c02\.
Srnr. tit. to, $ 73o3-t.7 (1998 & Supp. zoo5) (effective July r,

a Session Laws 12.4

o (a) Name. When citing se ssion laws, alwal's give the namc of the statute and tlre
public law or chapter number. Onlit "The" as the lirst word of a statute 's namc.
An ofhcial name , a popular name, or both may be usecl:

o ,,u, White-Slave Traffic (Mann) Act, ch. 395, j6 Stat. Bz5 (r9ro) (codi-
fied as amended at 18 U.S.C. 55 242r-2424 Qop)).

o r Foreign Assistance Act of 196r, Pub. L. No. 87-r95,75 Stat. 424.

If thc statute has no ofhcial or popular namc, identify thc ilct with a fr-rll clate

o
.

Ilsc thc form "Act of [date of enactment]," o! if that inlirrmation is r.rnavaihblc,

"Act effective [date of effectiveness]." Other idenrif.ving infbrmarion may be

I added parentheticallv:

r,. Act of Aug. 2t,r914,ch.85,r974 N.J. Laws 385 (providing unem-

o ptoyment compensation for jurors).

Not: An Act concerning unemployment compensation for persons

I serving on jury duty, and amending R.S. 43:zr-4, ch. 85, t974 N.l.
Laws 385.

(b) Volume. Give thc volume numbcr (oq if none, thc 1'ear) of the session

o laws, followed by the abbreviated name of the session laws in ordinary roman
typc. The oflicial fcclerll session laws,.l|atutes dt ldrge,rre abbrcviatcd "Stat."

o Abbrcviations for oflicial and privatcly published state session laws appcar in
table T1.3.When citing state se ssion laws, begin the abbrcviate d titlc of the scs-
sion laws with the name of the state abbreviated according to table T1O, cvcn

o if thc state name is not part of the official titlc; omit words in the official title not
ncccssary for identification:

o W, r97B Ark. Acts.

 ) t935-t936ll1. Laws 4th Spec. Sess.
I
t
b t878 Minn. Laws.
Not: 1878 Laws of Minn.
(c) Pages and sections. When citing an entire act,give the page of the session
laws on which the act begins:

F National Environmentat Policy Act of t959, Pub. L. No. 9t't9o,83

o
Stat.85z GgZo).
When citing only part of an act, give the section(s) or subsection(s) cited, the
a
page on which the act begins, and the page(s) on which the relevant section(s)
or subsection(s) appear(s): I
) National Environmental Poticy Act of t969, Pub. L. No. 9L-t9o,
5 roz,83 Stat.85z, 8Sl-St+(tglo). I
) Act of June !5, t995, No. 3oz, 5
344,344 (West).
l5oz(u), 995 ta. Sess. Law Serv.
I
(d) Session laws arnending prior acts. Session laws amending prior acts are
often divided into sections within sections;that is,the session law is divided into
primary sections, and these sections, in turn, contain sections of the amended
a
act. Cite the bill's sections by abbreviation (sec.) and the amended act's sections
by symbol ($): o
) Labor-Management Relations Act, ch. 12o, sec. ror, 5 8(a)(l), 5r
Stat. r35, tqvqt Gg+). I
(e) Year or date. Give parenthetically the year in which the statute was passed
by the legislature. If no date of enactment is identifled, give the date on which
the statute became effective:
o
) McCarran-Ferguson Act, ch. 20, 59 Stat.
amended at r5 U.S.C. $$ rou-ror5 (zoo6)).
T
6gr+) (codified as o
Omit the year of the statute's passage if the same year is part of the name of the
statute or of the session laws:
o
) Securities Actof t933, ch. 38, 48 Stat.74 (codified as amended at
15 U.S.C. 55 Z Z a-tt aa (zoo6)).
a
) Act ofApr. 25, t978, No. 5r5, $ 3, 1978 Ala. Acts 569, S6g (codified
as amended at Au. Coor 5 93-tz (tg8)). t
(O Codification information. If a statute has been or will ultimately be codi-
fied and the code location is known, give that information parenthetically: I
> ActofJuty t2,1985,ch.223,5 I, r98S Cat. Legis. Serv.z39,z4t
(West) (to be codified at Cnr. lHs. Cooe $ u589.5). o
12., Electronic Media and Online Sources I
(a) Commercial electronic databases. Ifhen citing a code contained in an
electronic database, give parenthetically the name of the database and informa-
tion regarding the currency of the databas€ as provided by the database itself
a
(rather than the year of the code according to rule 12.3.2). In accordance with
I
I rule 12.3.1(d), also givc the name of the publisher, cditor, or compiler unless
the code is published, edited, compiled by, or under thc supervision ol federal

I or state oflicials:
;,- 18 U.S.C.S. 5 rqS6 (LEXIS through Pub. L. No. 113-1o8).

I r"' 18 U.S.C.A. $ r956 (Westtawthrough Pub. L. No. u3-93 (exctuding

Pub. L. No. r13-7il).

I r,, CnL. Bus. & Pnor. Cooe S 167o (Deering, LEXIS through r995

!
Sess.).

& PRoF. Coor $ 167o (West, Westlaw through 1995

o
CAL. Bus.
portion of 995-t996 Legis. Sess.).

I
r. WASH. REV. CoDE $ r3.64.o6o (VersusLaw through 1999
tegistation).
:.' Wrs. Srnr. 5 rg.zr: (LEXIS through 1994 tegistation).

I :: Wls. SrAr. 5 rg.+: (Loislaw through r997-t998 Legis. Sess.).

I
r" Wls. SrAr. Aruru. $ 19.43 (West, Westlaw through lL995 Actz6).

(b) Internet and online sources. Whcn states and municipalities publish
their oflicial statutes or ordinanccs only online, the online sourcc may be

o dircctly cited.
:: BETLTNGHAM, WnsH., Mur.r. CooE 5 16.6o.o6o (zorl), http://www.

o cob.org/web/ bmcode.nsf/CityCode?OpenView.

Authentic,oflicial,or exrct copies ofa source avaihblc online can be cited as if

o they werc thc original print sourcc (rule 18.2. 1(a)).

:... NEV. Rev. Srar. $ z-r247 @oo).

I tlnofficial onlinc sources rre cited in accordance with rule 18.2.2.

'r'

I
HAW. Rrv. Srnr. $ 4z-23.5 (zooq), http://www.capitot.hawaii.
gov/ h rscu rrent/Voto3_Chorzr-ozooD/ H RS ot4z I HRS-or4z-
ooz3_ooo5.htm.

I Other Secondary Sources 12.6

o When citing a statute to any source other than a code , session laws, or an elec-
tronic database, give the name of the act and public hw or chaptcr number as if
citing to session laws (rule 12.4).Whcn re fcrring to a particular provision, givc

3 the section or subsection number aftcr the public law or chaptcr nttmbcr If pos-
sible, cite federal statutes (particularly those enacted after 1974) to the United

o States Code Congressiuul and Administra.tiue News, indicating the volume

number (irnd page numbcr, if known) of the .ltatutes at Ldrge whcrc tlrc strtute
will appcar (note that the page numbers in these two sources often diflbr):

o :" Act of July t9,t985, Pub. L. No. 99-68,1985 U.S.c.C.A.N. (qq Stat.)

t
t66.
a Act of Aug. 13,t954,ch.73r, 1954 U.S.C.C.A.N. (68 Stat. 7q) 8T.

I
When citing an entirc act, give the pagc on which the act begins.When citing
part of an act, give both the page on which the act begins and the pages on
 which the cited material appears. If the statute has been or will ultimately be
codified and the code location is known, give that information parenthetically: I
) Act of Juty 9,1985, Pub. L. No.99-61, 5 uo, 1985 U.S.C.C.A.N. (99
Stat.) u3, u5 (to be codified at 3r U.S.C. $ 5uz). I
Cite other secondary sources according to de 19 (services) or 16 (periodi-
cals) in that order of preference. Give the date or year appropriate for the cited
source. If the name of a statute cited to a service includes the year, and the
o
service was published in that year, the year of the service may be omitted. If the
future location of the act in either a code or session laws is known, give that a
information parenthetically according to rule 1.2.E:

) Presidential and Executive Office Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L.

No. ro4-33r, [r Lab. Rel.] Lab. L. Rep. (CCH) fl 56o (tgg).
I
If a recent statute has not yet b€en published in any source, give only the name
of the act; the public law or chapter number; the section or subsection number
o
if refering to only part of the statute;the ftrll date of enactment or, if none, the
date of approval by the executive or effective date; and the future location, if
o
known, in a code or session laws:

) Alabama Corporate lncome Tax Reform Act, No. 8S-ltS (May 8, I

1985).

12.7 Invalidation, Repeal, Amendrnent, and Prior History

t
12.7.r lnvalidation
o
When citing a statute invalidated or declared unconstitutional by
this fact by citing the case in full:
a case, indicate
O
F Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) of ry93, Pub. L. No.
to3-t4t, 1993 U.S.C.C.A.N. (ro7 Stat.) 1488, involidated byCity of I
Boerne v. Flores, 5zr U.S. 5o7 O99).
o
12.7.2 Repeal
When citing a statute no longer in force, indicate the fact and date of repeal I
I
parenthetically, or include a full citation to the repealing statute when particu-
lady relevant:

h Law oflune r, 1895, ch.43zz,5 zl, rSgl Fla. Laws ch.3,zo-zt

)
(repeated rg5g).

Act ofJan. 24, t923, ch. 42, 4z Stat. n74, tzo8, repeoled by Budget
o
and Accounting Procedures Act of r95o, ch.946,5 lor(gZ), 64 Stat.
832,844. c
12.7.3 Amendment I
e
When citing a version of a statute that has since been amended, indicate the fact
and date of amendment parenthetically, cite the amending starure in full, or cite
the current amended version parenthetically:

a
t Fa Supptemental Appropriation Act of r955, Pub. L. No. 663, $ 13rr, 68
Stat. Boo, 83o (r954) (amended r959).

I .w.
33 U.S.C. $ t4z (t982), amended by tZ U.S.C. S tztz(fl (Supp.
196t.
I

I
F Clayton Act, ch. 34, S 7,38 Stat. 730,731-32 (r9r4) (current
version at r5 U.S.C. S rB (zooo)).

I Prior History 12.7.4

t
\ffhen citing the current r.crsion of a statutc, prior historl' mav be given paren-
thctically according to rule 12.8 if relevrnt:
* tzlz(fl (Supp. I r9B3) (amending 33 U.5.C. $ rz3z

t
33 U.S.C. 5
(rqBz)).
,.' z8 U.S.C. $ t65z (zorz) (originalty enacted as Act of June 25, t948,

o '.
ch. 646, $ t652, 6z Stat. 86S, gqq).

28 U.S.C. 5 t65z (zotz) (corresponds to the Judiciary Act of t789,

o :'
ch. zo,5 34, r Stat. 73,92).

Clayton Act 5 z, r5 U.S.C. $ 18 (zorz) (original version atch.3z3,

o $ 7, 38 Stat. 73o,731-32 (tSr/+)).

Explanatory Parenthetical Phrases 12.8

o Explanltorl' parenthcticirl phrases arc used to show thc cocle locati<>n

utes cited to scssion laws (rules 12.2.2 mcl 12.4) or sccondary sources (rule
of stat-

o 12.6); t<> iclentifu usefirl datcs, such us the effectivc date of a strtute (rules
12.3.2 and 12.4(e));md to indicate thc invalidation (rule 12.7.1), re pe irl (rule
12.7 .2),trmendment (rule 12.7.3),or prior historl' Gule 12.7.4) of a statute

o
.

In addition, explanator.v parenthetical phrases mq' bc used to givc an1' othcr

relevant information about a statute:

I :, 5 U.S.C. 5 SSf (b) (zorz) (requiring agencies to pubtish notice of

proposed rulemaking inthe Federal Register).

I See gcncrrlll' rule 1.5 (prrer-rthetical infrrrmation).

I Special Citation Forms t2.g

I Internal Revenue Code

In citations to the Intcrnal Revenue (irclc,"z6 U.S.C." may be replacecl with
12.9.r

o
"1.R.C."'l'hr.rs:

z6 U.S.C. S 6r (zorz).

o becomes: l.R.C. 5 6r (zorz).

In law rcvicw citations, thc year of the current United States Code or its supplc-

o ment (rs appropriatc) shoulcl always he given (rule 12.3.2). Citations to the
Internal Rcvenue Coclc us it appcars in an unofficial codc should idcnti$'the
unoflici:rl code bv placing the publisher's name in the parcnthetical phrlrsc con-

I taining thc vear of the vcrsion cited. 'l'hus, citations to l1.S.C.A. shoultl lppcar:
 >
>
l.R.C. 5 r3Zr (West Supp.

l.R.C. S rz+Z (West rg88).

r99r).
I
See also rule 12.10 regarding short form citation of statutes. For special citation
forms for federal tax materials in court documents and legal memoranda, see I
Bluepages 812.1.4.

12.9.2 Ordinances
t
Cite ordinances analogously to statut€s. Always give the name of the politicd
subdivision (such as a city or county) and the abbreviated state name at the
I
beginning of the citation. Do not abbreviate the name of the political subdivi
sion unless it is abbreviated in table T10. If the ordinance is codifed, give the
name of the code (abbreviated according to table Tl), the section or other
I
subdivision, and the year of the code (determined according to rule 12.3.2).
Print the political subdivision, state, and code names in large and small capitals: o
F
)
MorurcomeRy, ALA., Coor 5
Ponruno, On., PoLrce CoDE
lA-tt (rgZt).
art.30 (1933).
I
)
F
Fonr WonrH, Tex., Rev. OnorHnnces ch. 34, art. l, $ r5 (r95o).

Cat., PolrcE Cooe art. 16, div. r, 5 roZ5(a) (zooo).

I
o
S.F.,

If the ordinance is uncodified, give its number (or, if none, its name) and, in a
parenthetical, the exact date of adoption. Print the political suMivision, state,
and ordinance name in ordinary roman type:

) San Jose, Ca[., Ordinancet6,o43(an.q,ry7z).

o
) Halifax County, Va., Ordinance to Regulate the Solicitation of
Membership in 0rganizations (Aug. 6,tgS6).
o
12.9.3 Rules of Evidence and Procedure I
Citation of a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure:
number of rule cited o
Feo. R. Crv. P.
\
'11. t
abbreviation of set of rules citeo

Cite current or uniform rules of evidence or procedure in large and small capi I
tals, v/ithout any date. Use abbreviations such as the following or abbreviations
suggested by the rules themselves:

)
I
)
Feo. R. Crv. P.12(b)(5).

FEo. R. Cnrm. P.4z(a). a

) FEo. R. App. P. z.

) 1sr Crn. R. 5(a). I

) Der. Cr. C.P.R.8(0.
F Fro. R. EvrD. 410.
I
I
t li'
t'
UNIF' R' Evto' 4o4(b)'

t
Sup. Cr. R. 17.

When citing rules no krnger in force, give the most rccent oflicial source in
which they'appear and indicate the drte of repeal parenthetically:

I l* Sup. Cr. R. B, 3o6 U.S. 6go bglil ftepeated 1954).

I Model Codes, Principles, Restatements, Standards,

Sentencing Guidelines, and Uniform Acts
12.9.4

o Cite model codes, principles, restatements, standards, sentencing guiclelines,

uniform acts, and similar materials in large and small capitals, by section, rule ,

I or othcr relevant subdivision. For principles and restatcments, give the year in
which the restatement was published. For model codes, standards, and scntcnc-
ing guidelines, give the year in which the code, principles, standards, or guide-

o lines were adopted, unless the version citcd indicates that it incorpomtes sttbse-
quent amendments. In that case, give the year of the last amcndment, eve n when

t
citing a portion not amcnded at that time. Usually the cover or titlc pagc of
the source will indicate the date of thc most recent amendments incorpomted.
When naming the codc, principles, rcstatement, standarcls, or guidelines, use

o the abbreviations listcd in tatrle T6 (abbreviation of casc names) or suggcsted

by the source itself. Indicate the author's name parenthetically. Abbreviate the
author's namc according to rule 15.1(c) (institutional authors):

a ,:' Pntrucrpres oF THE LAw or FntvttLv

ReconmeronroNs 5 2.07 (Am. Lnw lNsr. 2002).
DtssoLuttott: AHnlvsts nruo

o 't'",, RESTATEMENT (THrno) oF UNFATR

1.995).
Cotupertrton S 3 (Awt. Lnw lrsr.

I :" U.S. SENIEr.rcrNG

Comm'ru 2004).
GUTDELTNES MANUAL 5 2D1.1(c) (U.S. SrnreNctNc

o
'When
citing to a unifurm act itsel{ and not as thc hw of a particular statc, cite
it Indicate the author's name parenthetically. Abbreviatc the
as a scparate code.
author's namc accorcling to rule 1!.1(c) (institutional authors):

o ir U.C.C. S2-314 (Atu. Law lNsr. & UNtF. LAw CoMM'N 1977).

o [, UNtF. Tnusr Coor 5 105 (Ururr. Lnw Connrvr'ru 2000).

wlren citing a uniform act to the (lnirttrm laws Anruttated (U.L.A.), provide

I the titlc of the act using abbreviations in table T6, the section number, thc year
of amendment or repe:rl (if an1'), the appropriate volumc of the U.L.A., the page
number on which the rclcvant section appears, and the year of publication:

o rr UNtF. ADoproN Acr 5 ro,9 U.L.A. +S (1988).

I Give the -vear in which the uniform act was last rmended, even if the section
ref'errcd to was not amendcd at that time .If a uniform act or section hls been
withclrawn, superseded, or amended, indicate that fact parenthetictlly tccord-

a ing to rule 12.7:

r,' UNIF. Pnoentr Cooe 5 2-706 (amended zoro), B pt. r U.L.A. z9r

o
(zor3).
When citing to the law of a particular state, cite

F Oru. Srnr. tit. t2A,S 23t4

as a separate code:
I
t
(zoo+).

Ifa code, principle, restatement, standards, or guidelines is a tentative or pro

posed draft, indicate that fact parenthetically as it appears on the publication
and give the draft number (if available) and the year of the draft:

) Mooel Lnruo DEv. Cooe 5 2-402(2) (Arvr. Lnw lrusr., Proposed Offi- o
o
cial Draft 1975).
) Resrare nlterur (Secoruo) oF ToRrs 5 8+ZA (Arvr. Lew lHsr., Tentative
Draft No. !7,1974).

If a restatement contains a subtitle, retain the subtitle in the citation:

|> ResreremeNT (THtRD) oF PRop.: Wrr-ls nHo DoHnrrve TnnHsrens

t
S 2.1 (Am. Lnw trusr. 1999). O
Cite GenerallyAcceptedAuditing
Principles as follows:

)
Standards and GenerallyAcceptedAccounting

CoorrrcerroN oF AccouNTtNG STANDARDs eto PnocrouREs, State-

I
ment on Auditing Standards No. r, g r5o (Am. Inst. of Certified Pub.
Accountants r97z).
o
F RrsrnncH AND DEV. Annnleeueurs, Statement of Fin. Accounting
Standards No. 58, 5 lz (Fin. Accounting Standards Bd. r98z). I
Comments, notes, and other addenda should be cited according to

> MoDEL Perual Cooe $ 24.6 note on status of section (Am. Lnw
rule 3.4:
I
)
| rusr., Proposed Offi ciat Draft
ry62).
I
t
Resrnrrmelr (SecoHo) or CoHrucr or Lnws 5 3o5 cmt. b, iltus. r
(Atu. Lnw lHsr. 1977).

) Sreronnos FoR TRAFFIc Jusrrce $ 4.2 cmt. at g (Arvr. Bnn Ass'rrr

j97:'.
) Urrronm Pnuoetr Invrsron Acr 5 2 cnnr. (Unrr. Lnw Colrrvr'H o
)
7994\.
ResrnreueHr (Srcoruo) or Cournacrs ch. 16, topic a, intro. note o
(Aru. Lnw lrrrsr. r98r).

Cite application notes, background commentary, introductory commentary and t

a
appendices to sentencing guidelines as follows:

) U.S. SErurEncrrue GuroelrruEs MANUAL 5 f Dr.S cmt. n.r (U.S.

Senreucr rrtc Comu'u zoo4).
) U.S. SeHrrHcrHc GuroeLrHes MnHuel $ zDr.z cmt. background
(U.S. SEruruNcrtrc Corvrrvr'r.r zoo4).
a
) U.S. SeHrrrcrrue GuroeuHES MANUAL ch. 3, pt. D, introductory cmt.
(U.S. SenreHcrHc Comm'ru zoo4).
o
) U.S. SeHrrHcrHe GuroeutEs MnruunL app. C (U.S.
Cotvttvt'H zoo4).
Se HrrHcrHc
o
I
t When citing a \.ersion of a code, restatement, or set of stltndards that lus bcen
withclrawn or amendecl, indicate that lnct according to rule 12.7.2 <tr 12.7.3'.

I {.' MoDEL Bus. CoRp. Acr 5 z(0 Gq6q) (AM. Bnn Ass'r.r, amended
19n).

o ABA Code of Professional Responsibility

Opinions on Ethics
and 12.9.5

I Cite thc okl llodel Ctrle rf ProJ'essknnl Responsibilit.l' ut-td thc new ,llrrlel
Rules tl'Professionul Crneltrct rccording to rule 12.9.4:

I it' MoDEL Cooe

rgBo).
or Pnor'l RrspottsrBrLrrY Canon z (Arrn. Bnn Ass'r.t

I r.. MoorL RurEs or

sion Draft 1983).
Pnor'l Cor.roucr t.3.72 (Au. Ban Ass'ru, Discus-

I Citc ethical consiclcratior.rs and disciplinirry rules as follows:

ii, MoDEL Coor or PRor'l RrspottsrBrLrry EC736 (Arvr. Bnn Ass'tt

o rgBo).
a, MoorL Cooe or Pnor'r RespottstBtLtrY DR B-ror (Aru. Bnn Ass'tt

o r98o).
(litc notcs or other commentary accorditrg to rule 3.4:

I ,i MoDEL Rulrs or Pnor'r Coroucr r. 1.15 cmt. (Attt. Bnn Ass'n t9B3).
Cite firrnral lncl infirrmtl opinions of thc (i)mmittec on lithics and Profl'ssilrnll

o Responsibility (or the oldcr Committces on Profcssiotlal Ilthics (l95fJ-1971)

and on Prof'essional lithics atrd Grie vanccs ( I 919- l 95ti)) b,v isstring bodl', <4rin-

I ion numbet and vcltr. Abbrcviate rccorclittg to table T6: "American llltrAssocia-
tion" nrll be rbbrcvilted"ABA for thesc ckrcuments:

t iu ABA Comm'n on Prof'l Ethics & Grievances, Formal Op. 35 G931).

tu ABA Comm'n on Ethics & Prof'l Responsibility, Informal Op.
(tgz8).
r4r4

o 'l'hc sub jcct of thc opinion rnal be givcn pxrcntheticxll].

o l,n" ABA Comm'n on Ethics & Prof'l Responsibility, Formal Op. ::S
(1974) (discussing the use of credit cards for the payment of legal
services and expenses).

o Short Forms for Statutes 12.lo

o (a)Text. In law review text and f(x)tltotc text,tlsc thc firrms listed in thc"'l'cxt"
column ()f thc tablc bekrr.v to rcf'er to statutcs. Proviclc a citation (irl firll or

o short firrm rccorcliug to rule 12.10(b)) in an lccor.upant'ing fbotttote u'hen

lppropriatc.
(b) Citations. In hw t'cvicn'citalions,
o
ttsc an1'of tltc lorrrs listed itl thc"Short
Citation'column ofthe table bekrrv that clelrlv iclcntifics a statutc il thc statutc
has ahcaclv been citccl (in either firll or short firrm. ittcltrcling irl. ) in either the

t
san e footnote or in a manner such that it can be readily found tn one of tbe
preceding fiue footltotes,^g^in including "id." Otherwise, use the "Full Citation" ;
form.

Full Citation Iext Short Citation I

Named
Statutes
Administrative
Procedure Act S r,
section 1 of
5
Administrative
the $ r or 5 U.S.C.
$ 55r or o
U.S.C. S 55t (zotz) Procedure Act
section r
or Administrative
Procedure Act S 1
I
U.S.Code +z U.S.C.5 rqSl
Provisions (zotz)
code
4z U.S.C. $
or $ 1983
1983

section
qz U.S.C.5
or $ 1983
rg8l
I
tit. title 28, tit. 28, 5 7707ol

I
Srare DEL. CoDE ANN.
Provisions 28,$ tTot (t999) rTor ofthe 5 rTor
(numbered Delaware Code or
codes)

State Code Cnl. Eouc. Cooe

section 17o1

section 48222 Eouc. $ 48zzz I

Provisions
(named
codes)
$ 48zzz (West
zoo8)
of the California
Education Code or
section 48222
I
Session Laws National
Environmental
section 1o2 of
the National
5 roz or National
Environmental
I
Poticy Act of t969,
Pub. L. No. 97-Lgo,
$ roz,83 Stat. 852,
Environmental
Policy Act or
section roz
Policy Act $ roz
or 5 1o2, 83 Stat.
at853-54
I
8sl-st+ (tgzo)
(c) "Section." Note that except when refeming to Unlted States Code ptovi-
o
sions, the word'section" should be spelled out in law review text and footnote
text, although the symbol "g" may be used in citations. See de 6.2(c). I
(d) Electronic sources. For materials available on an electronic database, use
the name of the database in constructing a short form: t
) Wrs. Srar. AHn. 5 rg.zr: (West, Westlaw through zooT Actz4z).

becomes: 5 rg.ql (Westlaw). o

For materials available only online, use the normal short form appropriate for
the source. A URL need not be repeated after a frrll citation. I
) Urnx Cooe g 4-30-5 (2o1o), http://te.utah.gov/xcode/Title+/
Chapte13o/4-3o-S5.html?v=C4-3o-S5_lSooorouSoooror. I
becomes: 5 4-lo-S.
o
a
o
I
o LEGISIATIVE MATERIALS 13

t Ilesides statutes (rule 12), the legislative process generates bills and rcsolutions
(rule 13.2);committee hcarings (rule 13.3);reports, documents, and commit-
tee prints (rule 13.4); flor;r debates lrule 13.5); and, sometimcs, separately

I bound legislative histories (rule 13.6). \fhen citing any United Statcs legisla-
tive material except debatcs, include the title (if relevant), the abbrcviated name
of the house , the numbcr of thc Congrcss, the numbcr assigned to the material,

I and the ycar of publication. State legislativc materials are cited similarly cxcept
when indicated otherwisc. Abbreviations for commonly used words in legisla-
tive materials are listed in table T9.

o In addition, include parenthctically the scssion number firr House and Senate docu-
ments published beforc the (r0th Congress (l90D,House Repofis pttblished bcfore

I the 47th Congress (1831), and Senate Reports published before the 40th (,ongrcss
(186D. For House and Scnate materials published after these dates, the session

I number can be inferred from the year of publication: First sessions always fall in
odd-numbered years,while sccond sessions always fall in even-numbcred yems. On
rarc occasions,Congress holds third scssion. rJfhcn citing materials pr<lduced dur-

I
a

ing a third session, provide this information parenthetically

t Basic Citation Forms 13.r

t
!'ederal bill Privacy Protection Act of 1998, H.R. 3224, ro5th
(unenactcd) Cong. $ z(a) (tgg8).

H.R. u9, 54th Cong. (rst Sess. r896J.

o Federal resolution
(unenacted)
H.R.J. Res. 79,to6th Cong. (rgqg).

I slte bill
State resolution
H,R. r3a,

S.J.
r79th Les- rst Spec. Se11. (ea. tl21l.
Res.836, rr8th Leg., 3d Spec. Sess. (Me.

I Committee hcaring
199cD.

Background and History of lmpeachment: Heoring

I Before the Subcomm. on the Constitution of the

H. Comm. on the Judiciary, to5th Cong. zz-23

t
(1998) (statement of Rep. Hutchinson, Member, H.
Comm. on the ludiciary).

Federal rcport H.R. Rrp. No. ror-524, at ro (r99o), reprinted in

I Federal document
r99o U.S.C.C.A.N. 1448, t45r.
H.R. Doc. No. roz-399, at3G99z).

o Cofimittcc print Srnrr or H. Coprrvr. oN rHE Juotctnnv, 93o Cottc.,

COITISTITUTIOI.IAL GROUN DS FOR PRESI DENTIAL

o Congressional
lmpencumrut 38 (Comm. Printryl4).
debate r45 Cot'tc.Rec. Hr8r7 (daily ed. Apr. e, ry99)

o
(statement of ReP. Pease).

I
 Source reprinted in S. Corvrrvr. oN LABoR AND PuB. WELTIRE, Leeon-
o
t
separately bound MnruaGervreHr ReponrrHc AND DtscLosuRE Acr oF
legislative history 1959, 5. Rep. No. 86-787, at 4 (7959), repri nted
in 7959 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2378,2320, ond in 1 NLRB,
Lee tsLnnvr HrsroRy or rHe Lneon-MnlacetritErur
Rrponrrruc lHo DrscLosunr Acr or L959,at397,
400 (1959). t
13,2 Bills and Resolutions a
(a) Unenacted federal bills and resolutions. When ciring federal bills,
include the name of the bill (if relevant), the abbreviated name of the house, o
the number of the bill, the number of the Congress, the section (if any), and the
year of publication:

) (tgg).
I
I
S. 516, ro5th Cong. S z

) H.R.4zz, ro5th Cong. (tggg).

)
)
Clear Skies Act, S. 485, ro8th Cong. (zoo3).

Protection from Personal Intrusion Act, H.R. z448,ro5th Cong.5 I

z(a) bgg).
A parenthetical indicating the date and stage of the bill may be provided in I
I
order to distinguish among multiple versions of the same bill in the same Con-
gress. Subcommittee and committee names may be abbreviated according to
tables T6, T9, and TlO:

)
)
S.fgf,1o1st
S.Sgl, rorst
Cong. g z (as passed by Senate, May 3r, 1989).

Cong. g z (as reported by S. Comm. on the Judiciary,

o
May n,ry89).
Cite resolutions analogously, using the following abbreviations:
I
House Resolution

Senate Resolution
)
)
H.R. Res.
I
I
S. Res.
House Concurrent Resolution ) H.R. Con. Res.
Senate Concurrent Resolution ) 5. Con. Res.
HouseJoint Resolution )
)
H.R.J. Res.
o
t
Senate Joint Resolution S.J. Res.
Senate Executive Resolution ) S. Exec. Res.

Thus:
> H.R.J. Res. rz4, ro5th Cong. (1998).
A parallel citation to a published committee hearing, a legislative report, or the
o
Congressional Record may alsobe provided if it would assist the reader in locat-
ing the bill (rules 13.3, 13 .4,and 13.5). O
(b) Enacted federal bills and resolutions. Enacted bills and joint resolutions
are statutes (rule 12). They are cited as statutes except when used to document I
legislative history, in which case they are cited as unenacted bills.

I
I Enacted simple resolutions, which bind only onc house of (irngress. ancl
cnacted concurrent resolutions, which bind either onc or both houses of Con-

t gress, should be cited as unenacted bills. Llnless otherwise clear in context, thc
fact of enactment should be noted parcnthetically:

I
h S. Res. lry,t,lo6th Cong. (rggg) (enacted).

* H.R. Con. Res. 196, ro6th Cong. (1999) (enacted).

t b' H.R. Res.8n, ro8th Cong. (zoo4) (enacted).

A parallel citation to thc Congressionul Record (for simplc resolntions) or to the

t Statutes ot Large (for concurrent resolutions) may be provided if it would assist

the reader in krcating thc cnacted resolution. Because on[1' enacted resolutions

t
are printed in the Statutes at Large ("Stat."), a parenthctical notin{a cnactment
is not nccessary when a parallel citation to Stat. is given:

* S. Res. zr8, 83d Cong., roo Cor.rc. Rec. 2972 (1950 (enacted).

o * S. Con. Res.97,94th Cong.,9o Stat.3oz4Q,976).

(c) State bills and resolutions.

I
Whcn citing state bills ancl resolutions,
include thc name of the lcgislative bodl', x56..ut^,ed according to tables T6,
T9, and T10, the numbcr of the bill or resolution, thc number of thc lcgislative

I body (or, if not numbcrcd, the l'ear of the body), ancl the number or clcsignation
of the lcgislative scssion. Parcnthetically indicate thc name of the state, abbrevi-
irted rccording to table TlO, and the ycar of enactment (for ln enacted bill or

I resolntion) or the )rcar of publication (for an unenacted bill or resolution).

b- H.D.636, 1999 Leg.,4r3th Sess. (Md. tqqq).

I F H.R. 189, r45th Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. (Ga. rggg).

t A parallcl citation to state scssion laws may be providcd if it woulcl assist thc
reader in krcating an enrctcd resolution.

F H.R.J. Res. r, 4oth Leg., zd Spec. Sess., t974Utah Laws 7.

I Hearings r3.3

o (a) Federal committee hearings. Whcn citing fcderal committee hearings,

alwirys include the entirc subject mattcr title as it appcars on thc cove! the

o bill mrn"rbcr (if any), thc subcommittcc name (if any), the committec name, the
numbe r of the ()ongrcss, thc page number of the particular material be ing citcd

I
(if anv), and the year of publication. Subcommittcc ancl committee names may
be abbre viatcd according to tables T6, T9, and T10. (lite as folkrws:

? Protection from Personal lntrusion Act ond Privacy Protection Act

t of t998: Hearing on H.R. z44B and H.R. jzz4 Before the H. Comm.
on the )udiciory, ro5th Cong. S6-Sl GggB) (statement of Richard

I
Masur, President, Screen Actors Guitd).
> Copyright Protection for Semiconductor Chips: Hearing on H.R.
rc28 Before the Subcomm. on Courts, Civil Liberties & the Admin.

I of Justice of the H. Comm. on the ludiciary, g8th Cong. q OgSl)

(statement of Jon A. Baumgarten, Copyright Counsel, Association

o
of American Pubtishers).
 Titles of the individuals providing statements may be abbreviated according to
table T11: I
) Tribal Energy Self-Sufficiency Act and the Native American Energy
Development and Self-Determination Act: Heoring on S. 424 and I
S. 5zz Before the S. Comm. on lndian Affairs, roSth Cong. r (zoo3)
(statement of Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Chairman, S. Comm.
on Indian Affairs). I
) Transforming the Federal Government to Protect America from
Terrorism: Hearing Before the H. Select Comm. on Homeland Sec., I
roTth Cong. z3-25 (zooz) (statement of joh n Ashcroft, Att'y Gen.
ofthe United States).
(b) State committee hearings. When citing state committee hearings,follow
I
the same form, but also include the number of the legislative session:
) Tax Credit for Cost of Providing Commuter Benefits to Employees:
I
Hearing on H.D.636 Before the H. Comm. on Ways & Means,t999
Leg., 4r3th Sess. 5-8 (Md. 1999) (statement of De[. Paul Carlson, I
I
Member, H. Comm. on Ways & Means).

13.4 Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints

(a) Numbered federal reports and documents. Citations to numbered federal
r€ports should include the name of the house, the number of the Congress con- I
nected by a hyphen to the number of the r€port, the part and/or page number on
which material being cited appears, and the year of publication. Use large and small I
I
caps for the house, abbreviation ofreport, and abbreviation ofnumber:

) H.R. Rep. No.99-253, pt. 1, at 54 (1985).

) S. REp. No.84-2, at7 G955).

Cite conference reports using the following format: I
)
)
H.R. Rep. No.98-ro37, at 3 (1984) (Conf. Rep.).

S. Rep. No. 95-6or, at S Ggt) (Conf. Rep.). I

Cite numbered federal documents analogously,using the following abbreviations:

House Document ) H.R. Doc. No.

I
Senate Document
House Miscellaneous Document
)
F
S. Doc. No.
H.R. Mrsc. Doc. No.
I
The following citation formats are often used to designate intemational agree-
ments to which the United States is a parry (rule 21.4.5(.3D:
a
Senat€ Executive Document )
)
S. Exrc. Doc. No.
a
I
SenateTreaty Document S. Tnrary Doc. No.
When possible (and particulady for documenrs published after 1974), gSve a

t
parallel citation to the permanent edition of [Inited, States Code Congressional
andAdministratiue News (de 12.6):
) S. Rep. No.gS-lgt,at 4G978),as reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N.
926o,9263.
I
I (b) Titles and authors. Title s of numbe red reports or documcnts may bc indi-
catecl;if the title is given, the author should also bc named (scc rule 15.1(c)

I rcgarding institutional authors):

Cenlroru Korecr, THE RoAD ro INDUSTRIAL PEnce, H.R. Doc. No.

I
8z-563, aI 29-30 1195t.
,' U.S. lmmrcnAroN CoMM'N, ltvttrntcnnrtoru LrctsLnttott, S. Doc. No.
6t-758, at 613 (3d Sess. rgrr).

o (c) Unnumbered federal documents and committee prints. Committee

prints and unnumberecl documents must be citcd as works of institutiontl

o iltlthors (rule 15.1(c)). Note that the number of the Congrcss is part of the
author's namc:

t :, Srarr or S. Coutvt. oN THE JuDtctAny,

rRUSr LAW r7 (Comm. Print r95o).
Blsr Coruc., Rep. oN ANTI-

o If the documcnt or committee print is primarily the work of specilic persons,

that fact mly bc noted parenthctically

I (d) Federal legislative agency reports. Legislative reports, like thosc of

the Oongrcssional Research Service ((lRS) and the (iovcrnment Accountabilitl'
Office (GAO), must be citecl as works of institutional authors (rule 15.1(c));

o include the report number (as given by the agency) as part ofthe title:

", Lours FrsHen, Couc. ReseancH SERV., R131340, MtLtranv Tnteu-

o ,'
ruals: THE Qutntru PnEcrortr 3o (zooz).

U.S.Gov'r AccouNrABrLrrv Orr., GAO-08-751, Fooo nro Dnuc

I AoutrutslnnrroN: AppRovAL nruo OvenstcHT oF THE Dnuc Mtrrpnex

zz QooS).

I (e) Federal legislative iournals. Citc congressionll journals according to the

folkrwing moclel:

z4th Cong., zd Sess. tz3-24 QB36).

o (f)
' S. .lounrunl,

State materials. Citations to statc legislative reports, documents, and simi-

o
lar matcrials must inchldc the name of the lcgislativc bocly abbrcvilted accorcl-
ing to tables T6, T9, and T10, the numbcr of the lcgislative body connccted by
a h-vphen to the numbcr of the report or document, the number of the lel4isla-

o tive session, the part or page number on which the mate rial be ing cited appears,
:rnd the ye irr of publication. tlnle ss it is clcar from thc title or author information
appearing in thc citation, provide the name of the state abbrcviltted accorclintr4

o to table Tl0 prrenthetically:

S. t78-247,1st Sess., aI 4 Qa. ry9Q.

o Titles of numbcred reports or documcnts may be indicated; if the title is givcn,

rule f5.1(c)

t
the author should also be named (sec regarding institutional
authors):

:. CoMMoNWEALTH oF Pn. Dep'r or Acntc., Alluunl Repont or rHe

Srnrr Fooo PuncHnsr Pnocnnm, S. t7B-247,1st Sess., at q Oggu,).
O
a
13.5 Debates
Cite congressional debates after 1873 to the Congressional Record; use the
t
daily edition only for matter not yet appearing in the pemanent edition. The
primary ways in which the Congressional Record dtffers from the daily edition o
are continuous pagination, altered text, and the dropping of the prefixes H, S,
and E before page numbers:

)
I
)
rz3
r3r
Corue . Rec.

Corue . Rec.
q147 Q977).
Sn,455-56 (daily ed. Sept. tl,tgSS) (statement of o
Sen. Watlop).

Cite congressional debates through 1873 according to the following models: I

1837-1873 )
1824-1837 )
Coruc. Gloer,36th Cong.,1st
ro REc. Dst..347z (t834).
Sess. t6lz(t86o).
o
1789-1824 ) 33AruHnsoFCoNG. 6zt+G8zz).
If the debate occurred in a different year from its publication tn the Congres- t
sional Record,cite the year in which the debate was published.
For volume one of the Annak give the name(s) of the editor(s) and year of t
o
publication in parentheses:

) rArnnls oF CoNG. +86 (tl8g) (loseph Gales ed., 1834).

13,6 Separately Bound Legislative Histories I

The legislative histories of several important acts are published separately (e.g.,
theAdminisrrative ProcedureAcr,titlesvll and IX of the Civil RightsAct of 1964,
the Clean AirAct Amendments of I 970, the Equal Employment Opportunity Act,
I
the Internal Revenue Acts, the National Labor Relations Act, the Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).lf it I
would aid the reader in locating the source, a parallel citation may be given
to such a separate publication. Cite these publications according to rule 15
(books, reports, and other nonperiodic materials): I
) at6 Ggq), reprinted in r NLRB, LEclsurrve
H.R. Rrp. No. 8o-245,
HlsroRy or rHe Lneon-Mnlecemenr REurroHs Act, t947, at 292, I
)
zgt Gg+8).
lnternal Revenue Amendments, Pub. L. No. 8l-81q,5 rS(a), 76 Stat. I
96o, to4r-42 (rg6z) (codified at t.R.C. 5 rzqS(a) (zooo)), reprinted
lrurentel REVENUE TnxnrroH, 90rH Corue .,
rn JorHr Corvrrvr. or,t
LecrsLnrrvE Hrsrony or rHr lrurrnrunl Reveruue Cooe or 1954.at I
4n-74Ge5).
I
13.7 Electronic Media and Online Sources
(a) Commercial electronic databases. When citing to materials contained I
o
in a commercial electronic database, give the name of the database and any
identiffing codes or numbers that uniquely identifr the material. If the name of
the database is not clear from the database identifier, include it parenthetically
at the end of the citation:
o
a Federal bill H.R. 378r, ro4th Cong. 5 z(b) (rqq6), 1996 CONG US HR
(unenactcd) 378r(Westlaw).

t Feder.rl report H.R. Rep. No.9z-98 Q97), reprinted in ry7r

ro77,197r WL 11312.
Congrcssional 142 CoNG. Rrc. Hrr,46o (daity ed. Sept. z7, 1996)
U.S.C.C.A.N.

o debate (statement of Rep. Tanner), 142 Cong Rec H rr45z, at

*Htt,46o (LEXl5).

t (b) Internet and online sources. Wherc a print vcrsion is accessible, citation
shoulcl be made to thc print source . \il/hcre , howevcr, the
print sourcc is diflicult

o
or impossible to obtain or thc governing authority h:rs dcsignrtccl thc electronic
sourcc as the ofhcial version, citation should be mlde to the clcctronic source
with consideration of the gcncrirl principles in rule 18 regarcling authentica-

a tion and preferrcd document formats. The tlRL should be appended to the end
of thc citation in accordancc with de
18.2.2(d):

t S" An Act Prohibiting Writing a Text Message While Driving, H.R. l+,
2oo9 Sess. (N.H. zoog), http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/legisla-

t
tion / zoogl H Boo34. html.

Short Forms for Legislative Materials 13.8

I (a) Main text. In law review tcxt, use the forms listecl in thc "'l'cxt" column of
the table below to rcfer to legislative materials. Provide a citatiotr in ftlll or short

I form according to rule 13.8(c) in an accompanf ing firotnote whcn appnrpriate.

(b) Footnote text. Similarly, whcn ref'erring to legislativc matcrials iu law

review footnote tcxt. use the fbrms listed in the "'ltxt" column of thc table

o below Provide a citation in full or short firrm according to rule 13.8(c) in an

accompanying citirtion clausc or scntcncc when lppropriatc.

o (c) Citations, In law review citations,usc an_v of the forms listecl in the"Short
Citltion"column of the tablc below that clearl.v identifies the lcgislative natcrial

o if thc lcgislati!'c material is already citccl (in either firll or short firrm, including
,d) in cither
in one rf
thc samefootnote or in t manner such that it can be readily firund
the preceding Jiue.footnotes. Otherwise , usc the "Full Oitation" firrm.

I See rule 4.2(a) rcgarding the use of "supra;'

I
Full Citation Text Short Citation

Federal Bill H.R. 3o55, 94th House Bill 3o55 H.R. 3o55
(uncnactcd) Cong. (1976)

a State Resollrtion S. Res. zo, 37th

Leg., zd Sess.
Oklahoma
Senate
Okia. S. Res. zo

I Fedcral Re1;ort
(Okta. tgzg)

H.R. Rrp. No. 9z-

Resolution zo

House Report 98 H.R. REp. No.

o Fcdcnl
98 (t9tr)
H.R. Doc.
(r97)
No.94- House
92-98
H.R. Doc. No.

o Documcnt zo\ Document zo8

(d) Electronic sources. For materials lvailable in :tn electronic databasc,

94-2oB
use a

o tunique databasc iclcntifier, if onc has be cn lssigne cl. in constructing a short firrm:
 ) H.R. 378r, ro4th Cong. $ r (1996), 1996 Cong US HR lZ8t
(Westlaw). t
becomes: H.R. 378r $ y 996 Cong US HR 378r (Westlaw).
o
t
For materials available only online, use the normal short form appropriate for
the source. A URI need not be repeated after a firll citation.

t
o
I
I
o
o
I
a
o
I
t
I
a
I
I
I
o
o ADMINISTRATIVE AIID EXECUTIVE MATERIATS
Administrative agencies and other executive institutions produce a trcmcn-
r4

o clous variety ofoflicial materials. This rulc providcs guidancc for thc most com-
mon forms of existing materials. Consult table T1.2 for information regarding

I specific fcdcral organizations that use unique citation formats. As with courts,
practitioners should comply with an agcncy's conventions fcrr citation whcn
authoring submissions to that agency, if that convcntion varies fiom the rulc

o cstablished hercin. Cite state materials by analogy to thc federal cxamples givcn
in this rule .

o Basic Citation Foffns 14.r

I Federal regulation cited to the

Code of Federal Requlatktns
FTC

lotq)'
Credit Practices Rule, 16 C.F.R. 5 +++.t

a Federal regulation cited to the

[:ederal Register
lmportation of Fruits and Vegetables, 6o
Fed. Reg. 50,379 (Sept. 29, 1995) (to be

I
codifi ed a! pt. l99l
1c.F.R.
Administrative adiudication Reichhold Chems., lnc.,9t F.f .C. 246
(tgt8).

o Arbitration Charles P. Ortmeyer, z3 Indus. Arb. z7z

(r98o) (Stern, Arb.).

o Rules, Regulations, and Other Publications 14.2

o Citation of a particular provision of a regulation in the Code of Federal

t
Regulations:
C.F.R.title no. section symbol and specific section cited

-l

I 7 C.F.R.
t S 379.76 (1999).
abbreviation of set of regulations cited date of code edition cited

I (a) Final rules and regulations. Whenever possible, cite fedcral rules
rcgulations to the Code of Fbderal Regulations (C.F.R.) by title, scction or part,
and

o lnd year:

h" 47 C.F.R. 5 Zl.6og (tggg).

o Eaclr title ot the Code of Fbderal Regulations is rcvised at least once a year; cite
the most reccnt edition. Give the name of the rule or regulation only if the rulc

o or regulation is commonly cited that way or the infbrmation would otherwise

aid in idcntilication. The abbreviated name of thc issuing body may also bc

o included if helpful:
* FCC Broadcast Radio Serices, 47 C.F.R. 513.6o9 @ou+).

I ts
F
FTC Credit Practices Rule, 16 C.F.R. S 444t (zo4).
Credit Practices Rule, 16 C.F.R. S 444.t(zotQ.

o
Certain titles of the Code of Federal Regulations focused on specific subiects
have unique citations. For citation toTitle 26, Treasury Regulations,see table C
o
1.2. Titlc 48,the FederalAcquisition Regulations,may be cited as"FARl'

M FAR 52.249-z(e) (zor+).

The Federal Register (Fed. Reg.) publishes mles and regulations before they
are entered into the Code of Federal Regulottions.Citations to rules or regula- I
I
tions in the Fecleral Regl'sfer should give any commonly used name of the rule
or regulation, the volume and page on which the rule or regnlation (or any
preccding discussion thereof) begins, and the date of the rule or regulation.
Whcn citing a part of t rule or regulation, give both the page on which the rule
or regulation (or preceding discussion) begins and the page(s) on which thc
cited matcrial appears.When the Federal Register indicates where the rule or
t
regulation will appear in the Code of Federal Regulations,give that information
parenthetically: o
ts lmportation of Fruits and Vegetables, 6o Fed. Reg. 5o,379, 5o,38r
(Sept. 29, rqgr) (to be codified at Z C.F.R. pt. 3oo). I
h. Federal Acquisition Regulations for NationaI Aeronautics and
Space Administration, 55 Fed. Reg. 52,782 (Dec. zr, r99o) (to be
codified at 48 C.F.R. pt. r).
o
Prohibitively long titles may be shortened

F OrderApproving
as long as the result is unambiguous:
o
o
NYSE and NASDAQ Proposed Rute Changes
Retating to Equity Compensation Ptans
Not: Self-Regulatory 0rganizations; New York Stock Exchange,
Inc. and NationalAssociation of Securities Dealers, Inc.; Order
Approving NYSE and NASDAQ Proposed Rule Changes and o
NASDAQ Amendment No. 1 and Notice of Filing and Order Granting
Acceterated Approval to NYSE Amendments No. :. and z and
NASDAQ Amendments No. z and 3 Thereto Relating to Equity
I
Compensation Plans

(b) Proposed des, other notices, and comments. Administrative notices

o
that are not transferred to th.. Code of Federal Regulations should be cited t<r
rhe Federal Regl'sfer When citing notices of proposed rules and regulations,fol-
low thc form for linal rules, but add the status to the date parenthetical:
o
le Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New Motor
Vehicte Engines,56 Fed. Reg.9154 (proposed Mar.7,r99r) (to be
o
codified at 40 C.F.R. pt. 86).
Cite notices pertaining to administrative adjudications according to de 14.3.
o
Cite othcr administrative noticcs by volume, page, and date. The citation may
begin with a description or a commonly uscd name: o
ts Meeting Notice, 65 Fed. Reg. 3415 \an. zt, zooo).
For rules and announccments not appearing inthe Code of Federal Regulations
I
ortheFederalRegister,citeaservice (de 19),the originalformof issuance,or
an agency or governmental wcbsite (de 18.2). Whcn citing comments, pro- I
I
vide the name of thc commcnter and thc proposed nrle to which the comment
I pertains. Prohibitively krng titlcs may bc shortcned as long as the rcsult is unam-
bignons. Citing to an agcnc,v or governmental website is appropriatc:

I p Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America. Comment

Letter on Proposed Rule to Require Registration of Certain

t Hedge Fund Advisors Under the Investment Advisors Act of r94o

(5e pt. r5, zoo 4), http: I lwww.sec.gov/rules/ propose d I sl fo q I
d h irsch man no9r5o4. pdf.

o (c) Regular reports. Citc in the same manner as periodicals (rule 16). Always
give thc abbreviatccl agcncy name first and thcn usc thc abbreviations fbr peri-

a odical namcs given in table T13:

r-"- 4 NLRB Aru. Re p. % (1%q.

o w

'*-
t'942 Arr'y Geru. Arun. Rep. zz.
t955-t956 MtcH. Arr'v Grru. Btrrurutal REP. pt. \ aI6zr.

l (d) Other publications. Cite as a work by an institutional author (rule

15.1(c)), inclucling a serial numbeq if any (rule 15.7), unless issucd as a con-

I grcssional rkrcument (rule 13.4):

? Orrrce oF MGMr. & Buocrr, ExEc. Orrrce oFTHE PRESTDENT, OMB

t No.99-04. Revrseo SrnrrstrcnL Dertrtrtolts oF METRo-

Bur-r-.
poLrrAN Anrns (MAs) AND GUTDANcE oN UsEs or MA Derrrurrrons
(rssq.

o :=' U.S. Gov'r AccouNraerLrry OFFrcE, GAO-O1-1163T, Cotvtturnctnr

Avrnrou: A Fnnmewonr ron CorusroenrNG FEDERAL Fntnructel

o +
AssrsrnNce (1998).
U.S. Eeunr Ennp. OpponruNrry CoMM'N, EEOCMlA, A Tecnurcnl

o
AssrsrANcE Mnruel oN THE EMployue rur PnovrsroNS (TrrLE 1) oF
THE AMENDMENTS wrrH Drsngrrrrres Act lt99z).
tr U.S. FooD & Dnuc Ass'N, Pnemnnxer AssessuENT oF PEDTATRTc

o MEorcnl Devtces: Gutoaxce ron lNoustnv AND FooD nruo Dnuc

Aomrrrsrnnrroru Srnrr (zor4).

I When citing an opinion lcttcr, cite as a work by an institutional author in ordi-

naqr romrn type, including the datc of its publication ancl, if available , its subject

a matter:

= U.S. Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n, Opinion Letter on Apptica-

o bility of Age Discrimination in Employment Act to Appointed State

Court ludges (Apr. Z, t98fl, os reprinted in EEOC Compl. Man.
(BNA) at N:roor n.z.

I .a U.5. Dep't of Labor, Wage & Hour Div., Opinion Letter (Sept. r4,
1992).

o Administrative Adiudications and Arbitrations 14.3

o Citations to xdministrutivc cases ancl :trbitrations shoultl conform kr rule 10,

exccpt rs folkrws:

o
14.3.1 Names o
(a) Administrative adiudications. Cite by the reported name of the first-
listed private party (abbreviated according to
iect-matter title. Omit ail procedural phrases:
rule 10.2) or by the offrcial sub-
t
) Trojan Transp., lnc., 249 N.L.R.B. 642 Q98o).

Not: In the Matterof Trojan Transp., lnc.,z49 N.L.R.B. 6t+z(tg8o).

o
Not: /n re Trojan Transp.,lnc., 249 N.L.R.B. 5qz 6g8o).
I
Subiect-matter titles may sometimes indicate the nature and stage of an adjudi-
catory proceeding. It is permissible to shorten such titles, and, if the nature and
stage of the proceeding are not clear from the context, such information may be
I
included in a parenthetical phrase at the end of the citation. The parenthetical
phrase may consist of terms such as "notice,' "initiation,' "prelim. neg.," or I
t
"determinationior may be more elaborate.

> Bottled Green Olives from Spain, 5o Fed. Reg.28,237 (Dep't of

t
Commerce luty u, 1985) (final admin. review).
l{ot: Bottled Green Olives from Spain, Final Results of Admin. Review
of Countervailing Duty Order, 5o Fed. Reg. 28,237 (Dep't of
Commerce July rr, 1985).

(b) Arbitrations. Cite as court cases if adversary patties are named and as I
administrative adjudications
indicated parenthetically:

)
if they are not. The arbitrator's name should be
o
)
Kroger Co. v. Amalgamated Meat Cutters, Local 539, 74Lab. Arb.
Rep. (BNA) 785,787 (r98o) (Doering, Arb.).
o
Charles P. Ortmeyer, z3 Indus. Arb. z7z (tg8o) (Stern, Arb.).

L4.3.2 Which Source(s) to Cite

I
(a) Official reporters. Cite the offlcial reporter of the agency if the opinion o
I
appears therein:

F Tennessee Intrastate Rates & Charges, 286 l.C.C. qtQgSz).

For the official reporters of many federal agencies, see

G) Ofncial
table T1.2.
releases and slip opinions. If the opinion does not appear in I
o
an official reporter, cite the offrcial release or slip opinion, Provide the full date,
any helpflrl publication number, and the number of the case or investigation:

)
I
lron Construction Castings from Brazil, Canada, India, and the
People's Repubtic of China, USITC Pub. t72o,lnv. No. 7or-TA-249
Iune 1985).
If the opinion will later be published in an official bound volume, provide the
volume number and the initial page number, if available; if the initial page num- o
o
ber is not available, retain the case number:

) Rosenberg Library Ass'n, 259 N.L.R.B. No. r97 (Apr. 24, r98Q.

I
t Whenever possible, append a parallel citation to an unofficial reporte! service,
or othcr source, in that order of preference:

t l Rosenberg Library Ass'n, 269 N.L.R.B. No. r97, 1983-1984 NLRB

Dec. (CCH) fl:6,48 (Apr.24,r98fi.

o Once the ofticial reporter is issued, howevcr, cite only to that reporter:

il Rosenberg Library Ass'n, 269 N.L.R.B. tt73 $98Q.

t (c) Services and electronic databases. Vhere an agency decision is only

available from a service or on the agency's website, cite according to rule 19

o (for services) or rule 18.2 (for Internet sources).

W, Carr,ltggo-t992 Transfer Binderl Comm. Fut.

zt,,gll
L. Rep. (CCH) fl

l'
(Oct. z, t99o).

ff' MatchNet PLC v. Gordon, Case No. AF-ooro6o (eResotution Dec. 4,

I
zoor), http://www.disputes.org/decisions/ro6o.htm.

Many agencies havc adopted unique citation formats for opinions not listed in

I
oflicial reporters. Consult table T1.2 for agency-specilic citation formats. For a
list of services and service abbreviations. see table T15.

o Issuing Agency
If the name of the issuing agcncy is not apparent from the namc of the source,
14.3.3

o includc the name of the agency abbreviirted according to

parenthetical containing the date:
rule l5.l(d) in the

I h" Gen. Dynamics Corp., 5o Fed. Reg. 45,949 (U.S. Dep't of Labor Nov.
5,198il.

o Commercial Electronic Databases

Iflhen citing to administrntive materials contained in a commercial electronic
14.4

o database , give the name of the databasc and any identifying cocles or numbers
that uniquely identify the material. If thc name of thc database is not clear from

I thc database identifier, include it parenthctically at the end of the citation:

*" FTC Credit Practices Rule, 16 C.F.R. S 444t (zooo), WL 16 CFR

I *
5 444.1.
Reichhold Chems., Inc., 9r F.T.C. zq6 bgl8), 1978 WL zo6o94.

o F' 39 Op.Att'y Gen. q8q Ggqo), r94o US AG LEXIS 16.

w, Rev. Rul. 86-7t,t986-r C.B. roz, 1986 IRB LEXIS r89.

a Short Forms for Regulations 14.5

o (a) Main text. In law revicw tcxt, use the forms listcd in the "Text" column of
the table below to refer to regulations. Provide a citation (in fi.rll or short form
according to rule 14.5(c)) in an accompanying footnote whcn appropriatc.

o (b) Footnote text. Similarly, when rcferring to regulations in law review foot-

t
note text. use the forms listcd in the "Text" column of the table below. Provide
a citation (in firll or short form according to rule 14.5(c)) in an accompanying
citation clause or sentence when appropriate. t
(c) Citations. In law review citations, use any of the forms listed in the "Short
citation'column of the table below that cleady identifies the regulation if the I
regulation is aheady cited (in fi,rll or short form) in either the same footnote
or in a manner such that it can be readily found (including "td.") in one of the
preceding five footnotes or the same general texual discussion. Otherwise, use t
the'Full citation" form.

Fu[[ citation Short citation

o
Code of Federal
Regulations
FTC Credit Practices 16 C.F.R. 5 t+++.t 16 C.F.R. 5 qqq.t
Rule, r5 C.F.R. or 9 444.t I
Federal
g 444t (zot4)
Register lmportation lmportation lmportation o
of Fruits and
Vegetables, 5o
Fed. Reg. 50,379,
of Fruits and
Vegetables
of Fruits and
Vegetables,
5o Fed. Reg. at
t
5o,38r (Sept.
29, 1995) (to be
5o,381
I
I
codified at 7 C.F.R.
pt. 3oo)

(d) Electronic sources. See de L6.8.

o
o
o
I
;
o
o
o
I
t
I
t BOOKS, REPORTS, AND OTHER
NONPERIODIC MATERIATS
15

o 'l'his rule governs the citation of books, trcatises, reports, white papers, diction-
aries, encyckrpedias, and all othcr nonperiodic matcrials.

o (litation of
Cbemistry:
a particular pagc within thc sixth edition of Francis Olrcy's Organic

o author's full name

Fnlncrs A. Cnnrv, Onennrc CHemtsrnY

title of book page

310
cited editor(s) name(s)

(Kent A. Peterson et a[.

o eds., 6th
+++
ed. 2005).

t for
l\\
abbreviation edition
"editors" cited
year of publication

I Main Elements:
Arrthor .

Editor or trlnslator
... rule15.1
......rule15.2

a Title , . .

Page, secti<ln, or parugmph

......ru1e15.3

rules 3.2 and J.J

o
(if onll' part of a work is cited) . . .

ldition . ......rule15.4
......rtrte15.4

t
Publishcr
Ihte. . . ..... rule15.4

15.r
o Author
'l'he lirst time a work is citcd, always givc the author's full namc ls it appcars

I on the publication, including any designation such as "Jn." or "lll" (inserting a

comma beforc the designation only if thc author docs). f)o not include a dcsig-
nation such as"Dr."or"Prof." even if it appears on the title pagc. Ilse large and

o small capitals:

r,' HARoLD W. Fusotl,ln., Trrltruc lr Arr: A Lecnl Gutoe ro rHE ExER-

I clsE oF Fner SpeecH 57-58 (rOO).

When citing l single volume

of a multivolume work, givc only tl-rc mthor(s) of

o the volumc cited.

citation:
,
Includc the volumc number, if anl', at thc bcginning of the

I 4 CHnnrrs Alnn WntcHr & ARTHUR R. Mtrrrn, Feornnl Pnncrrcr

AND PRoCEDURE S 1006 (zd ed. ryW).

(a) Two authors. List the authors'names in the ordcr in which they appear on

o thc title page, separated by an ampersand:

- A. Lro LEvttt & MeyEn KnnnaeR. NEw PRovtsloNS lN THE KETUBAH:A

o LEcnl Oprr.rror'r 3-4 G95).

If the title pagc establishes an alternativc relationship between thc two authors,

o c.g.,"wlTH"or"AS TOLD TO;'use this phrasc to scpar.lte the authors'names:

r" Ennvm "MAGrc" Jour.rsor't wrrH WTLLTAM Novnr, Mv Ltrr 39 119%).

o
(b) More than two authors. Either
"ET AL."
use the first author's name followed by
or list all of the authors'names. The fust method is appropriate where I
saving space is desired, including short form citations. The second method is
appropriate when listing all of the authors'names is particulady relevant. When
listing all of the authors'names, separate the names with commas, except the
I
fnal name,which should be set off with an ampersand (and without a comma).
) A. Leo LevrH er AL., DtspurE Resolurroru DevrcEs tN A DEMocRATtc o
)
Socrerv ll Gg95).
14 CnnnlEs AlnH Wnre xr, AnrHuR R. MTLLER & EDwARD H. Cooprn, I
)
FEDERAL Pnncrrce AND PRocEDURES363T (3d ed. t998).
RrcHnno H. FALLoN, JR. ET AL., Hnnt nHo Wecnsten's rHe Feoenet I
)
Counrs AND rHE Feoenal Sysrem 33o (6th ed. zoog).
Rrcxano H. FALLoN, Jn., JoHr.r F. MatHrHe , DANTEL J. MELTZER &
Dnvro L. Srnprno, Hnnr nuo Wecnslen's rHE FEDERAL Counrs nHo
I
rHe FeoEnnl Sysrem 33o (6th ed. zoog).

(c) Institutional authors. Citations to works by institutional authors begin

a
with the author's complete name. Abbreviate according to rule 15.1(d):
) Crrv or New HavEH, Recvcle Now Nrw HAVEN (1991).
o
When an individual author is credited on behalf of an institution, use the indi-
vidual's name and then the institution's name. Only include subdivisions of the
I
institution if particularly relevant:
) JuorrH A. LHAMoN, Ner'l Ass'H FoR LAw Pucemenr, A Fern SHnre:
I
)
Lnwrul AND EFFECIvE lNrERVtEwtNG Qg8). I
S. ElrzaeerH GrasoH, FEo. Juorcrnl CrR., CAsE Sruores oF MASS t
Tonr LrmrrEo FuHo Cuss Acrroru Serrleuerurs & Bnurnuprcv
ReoncerrzerroNS 39-45 (zooo).
o
Not: S. ElrzeeerH GrasoH, FEo. Juorcral Crn., WonrrHe Gnoup oH
Mnss Tonrs, ClsE Sruoles oF MAss Tonr Lrrulreo FuHo Cuss
AcrroH SErnEmetrs & Bnnrnuprcy REoRGANtzAloNs 39-45
I
(zooo).

When no individual author is credited, use the smallest subdivision that pre- a
pared the work and then the overall body of which that subdivision is a part:

) Srnrrsrrclr-Arunlysrs Crn., Srnre Cnrme Comm'H, Cnrme nr I

GEone rr 4r (r98o).

(d) Abbreviations. Abbreviate the name of an institutional author only if the t

result will be completely unambiguous.When abbreviating, use the abbrevia-
tions found in tables T6 and TlO. "United States" should be abbreviated to
"U.S.'Omit'lnc.,""Ltd.," and similar terms if the name also contains a word
I
such as "Ass'n,""Bros.,""Co.," or "Corp.," clearly indicating that the institution
is a business firm: o
)
)
Cor,rsurvren DEpury Pnocnnm, U.S. CoHsumeR PRoD.
Comm'n, CHTLDRETTT's SlEepwren I bgl).
Snrerv
I
Nnr'l MuH. Lencue, A Mooel ELecrrot Sysrenn I bgl).
o
C Editor or Translator 15.2

a (a) Basic format. Always give the full name of an editor and/or translator
acconling torule 15.1, followcd by "ed. i'or "trans.;'in that order if both apply,
in the parenthetical containing information about the cdition, publisher,

I
and
date (see rule 15.4). A comma should separate the designation of an editor
and/or translator from other publication information:

e F MTcHEL Foucnulr, Dtsctpt-true AND PuNtsH

trans., Vintage Books zd ed. ryg) Ggll).
3o-3r (Alan Sheridan

o + ErHrcsor ColtsutvtproN: THE Gooo Ltre, Jusrtce, AND GLoBAL

SrEwnnosHtp rr8-r9 (David A. Crocker & Toby Linden eds., r99B).

o
3' AIDS AND rHE Lnw (Harlon L. Dalton et al. eds., 1987).

F, KARL Mnnx & FREDERTCH Eucers. Tne Couuut'ttsr MANlFEsro

t 0oseph Katz ed., SamueI Moore trans., Washington Square Press

tg6+) G8q8).
(b) Institutional editors. Folbw rule 15.1(c), substituting thc name of the
o institution for thc namc of the individual editor. Abbreviate the institutionll edi-
tor's name according to rule 15.1(d):

o :. THE RoLE oF MEorATroN rr'r DtvoncE

Dispute Resotution Proiect ed., r98Z).
PnocErottcs 33 Ut. Law Sch.

o E THE BLUEBooT: A Utttrontu Svsrrtu oF CtrATtoN (Columbia Law

Review Ass'n et al. eds., zoth ed. zor5).

t (c) No named parties. If a work has no named author, editor, or translator,

then the work may be designated by the publisher of thc cdition
Abbreviate thc publisher's name according to rule 15.1(d).
lrule 15.4,l.

o Title 15.3

o Cite the full main title as it appcars on the title page, but capitalize according to
rule 8 (unless the titlc is not in English, in which case follow rule 2O.2.2(b)).

I Give a subtitle only if it is particularly rclevant. Do not abbrcviate words or omit

articlcs in thc title. Use large and small capitals:

I ri{, CAprrAt Frows ttt rHr APEC Recton (Mohsin S. Khan & Carmen M.
Reinhart eds., r995).
fl l6.to (:d
o iiil' 6 JAMES Wrvr.
ed. rggg).
Moone rt nL., Moone's FEDERAL Pnncrtce

a When citing a singlc volume of a multivolume work, give the m:rin title of the
volume cited. If the title of a work ends with a numeral, or if distinguishing
between thc title and page number could othcrwise be confusing, thc page

o numbe r should be set off by a comma and the word "at" (sce rule 3.2(a)):

*. J.A.S. GnErvrLLe, THe MnJon lrurrnnnttorunL TREAT|ES, 1914-1'973,

I aI n4-t5 Q974).

O
15.4 Edition, Fublisher, and Date I
(a) Editions. Always cite the latest edition of a wor* that supports the point
under discussion, unless an eadier edition would be particularly relevant or a
t
authoritative.

(i) Single edition. When citing a work that has been published in only one edi-
tion, indicate the year ofpublication in parentheses. In general, cite by the date
of the edition rather than the date of a particular printing:

) DeeoneH L. RnooE, Jusrrce AND GENDER S6 GgSg). c

> AIDS AND rHE Law (Harlon L. Dalton et a[. eds., 1987).
o
I
If a printing differs in a respect relevant to the purposes of the citation,however,
give the printing designation and the date ofprinting instead:

F (5th prtg.1980)

If the title of the work incorporates the date of the work, do not omit the date
o
t
of publication,even if it is the same date:

) HultaeH Rre srs Wnrcn, Wonlo REponr 2004: Humaru Rre xrs nHo
Annnro Corurlrcr U8 (zoo4).
(ii) Multiple editions by the same publisher. When citing a work that has
been published by the same publisher in more than one edition, indicate the t
edition and the year the edition was published. Follow the pubtsher,s termi-
nology when designating an edition (see table Tl4 for a list of publishing
abbreviations):
o
)
F
FlenalHc JAMES, JR. er nl., Crvrr Pnoceoune g 2.3 (4th ed.g9z).
1 Wrr-lrnnn MEnoe FlercHER ET AL., FLETCHER CyctopEorn or rnr
o
l
LAW oF PRtvArE Conponnrrols 5 Z.o5 fuerm. ed., rev. vol. 1999).
Lannv Brncen, MnHer Mrsrny, Pnul Rossr, MrcHnel CoLToN &
o
Aonn Jeo, Up Youn Scone: TxE Unoencnouno Guroe ro rHE SAT
34 (t999-zooo ed. rgg8). a
) Anrsrorrr, Nrcomectenu Erxlcs bk. lV, at r5-r5 (G.p. Goold ed., H.
Rackham trans., Harvard Univ. Press rev. ed.ryl+) (c. 384 B.C.E.). o
(iii) Editions not by the original publisher. $fhen citing a work tlat
been published by someone other than the original publisher, indicate the edi-
has
I
tor andlor translator if any (rule 15.2), the publisher, the edition cited if not the
first, and the date of publication of the edition cited (in that order). Abbreviate
the publisher's name according to de 15.1(d). Unless the work is one that is I
regularly updated or revised, add a second parenthetical indicating the date of
publication of the original edition:

) Cnnnlrs DrcKrHs, BLEAK HousE 49-55 (Norman page ed., penguin

o
)
Books rgZr) (r8Sl).

JonH C.H. Wu, THr Golorl Ace or Zen zt4-t5 (lmage Books 1996)
a
)
(tgz9.
SrttnoHe DE BEAUVoIR, THe SEcoHo Sex, at xvi-xvii (H.M. parshley
o
ed. & trans., Bantam Books 196r) (1949).
o
t h THE CHrcAGo MANUAL oF SrYLE fl 8.r9r (15th ed. 2oo3).
(b) Photoduplicated reprints. Cite photoduplicated reprints to the original,

o indicating in parentheses the existence of a rcprint and the datc of the reprint,
folkrwed by the publication date of thc original in separate parentheses:

o u Pnur W. Gnres, Htsronv oF PuBLtc Lnruo Lnw Developuent

(photo. reprint 1979) (1968).
t

I (c) Pre-llOO works. Cite works published befbre 1900 to a scholarly modern
rule 15.4(a):
cdition, according to

o F JoHN LocrE, Two TnEnrtsrs oF GoVERNMENT 87-39 (Peter Lastett

ed., Cambridge Univ. Press rgBB) (16go).

t If thcre is no modern cdition, cite the first cdition whcnevcr possible . When
citing a prc-1900 edition, indicate the place of publication and thc publishcq

o separatec[ by a comma:

;' 1 Jnmes Ftrz,nmes SrepHeru, A HtsronY oF rHE CRlMtNar Lnw

(London, MacMitlan & Co. 1883).
or

o $6-j7
Erucuno

If the place or date of publication is not available, use thc abbreviation "n
'
p. " for
"no place" or "n.d." for "no date."

o (d) Supplements. Citc pocket parts and bound supplements according to rule

t 3.1(c):
:, 4 SvDNEy C. ScHwrtrzen &.losEPH RnscH, Cvct-opEDlA oF TRIAL
Pnncrtce 5 Bqi (zd ed. Supp. 1984).

o ': 5 SAMUELWtlltsroru & RtcHcno A. Lono, A TnEnrtsr oN

Coxrnncts 5 rr:8 (4th ed. 1993 & Supp. 1999).
THE LAW oF

o Shorter Works in Collection 15.5

o (lite essays and articles in collections according to rule 15'5.1.Citc collcctions

of othcr materials, such as letters, speechcs, manuscripts, diaries, debates, news-
papef afticles, tracts, etc., according to rile 15.5.2.

o Works in Collection Generally 15.5.1

o (a) Works by various authors. Tcr cite an individual shorte r work within a vol-
ume of collectcd works by various authors, list the author's firll name according

o kr rule 15.1 in ordinary roman typc followed by the title of the shorter work
in italics, the word "in" in italics, the volume nttmber, if any (rule 3.1(a)), md

a the name of the volume as a whole in largc and small capitals. Always note the
page on which the shorter work begins as well as any pages on which specific
material appears (rule 3.2(a)). Editors, translators, edition, publisher, and date

a should be noted parenthetically according to rules 15.2 ancl 15'4:

,i'. Andrew G. Ferguson, Continuing Seizure: Fourth Amendment

o Seizure in Section ry83 Malicious Prosecution Cases, in r5 Nar'l

Lawvens Gutt-o, Ctvtt- RtcHrs LtrtcarloN AND Artonlev Fees
Arruunl HnNoeoor 54-r (Steven Saltzman ed.,r99).

I
 ) Kay Deaux & Brenda Major, A Social-Psychological Model
Gender, rn THeonrrrcnl Pensprcttves oH Snxuru DtrreneHce 89,
of
t
89 (Deborah L. Rhode ed., r99o).
(b) Vorks by the sarne author. If all the shorter works within a volume are
by the same author, use the same form as above, but print the author's name in
o
large and small capitals and place the volume number, if any, before the author's O
t
name (rule 3.1(a)):
) Orrven Weloeu HolwrEs, Law in Science and Science in Law, in
Couecreo Lecnl Pnpens 2!o,2to Ggzo).
) AonrrHHe Rtcn,Transcendental Etude, rn Txe Fncr or n Doon-
rnnne 264, z6l-68 GgSa). o
15.5.2 Collected Documents o
(a) Documents originally published. Use the "reprinted rn' form (rule
1.6(aXii)) to cite collected materials that were previously published. As far
as possible, provide a complete citation for the original work followed by
o
" reprinted in" and the citation of the volume containing the reprint:
) Mnneurs DE CoNDoRCET, Essnv oN rHE AppLrcATroN oF MArH-
o
EMArlcs ro rHe THeony or DecrsroH-MerrHc (1785), reprinted in
CoHooncer: Selrcrro WRrrNGs B, 48-49 (Keith M. Baker ed.,
r976)-
o
O) Documents originally unpublished. Cite letters, speeches, manuscripts,
diaries, and other similar works that have never been published except in collec-
o
tion as you would any other shorter work in collection (rule 15.5.1), but print
the name or description of the document in ordinary roman type following
rule 17. The
o
o
date of the particular document or otler identifing information,
if available, may be included in a parenthetical following the document title:

)
I
Letter from Virginia Woolf to Vita Sackvitle-West (Dec. zz,t9z5),
i n 3 I nt LETTERS oF Vr RGr N rA W ooLF, t923-t928, 223, zz4 (Niget

Nicolson & Joanne Trautmann eds., rst Am. ed. ry28) Ggl).

) John Adams, Argument and Report, in z Lzeat Pnpens or JoHr,r

Aorrvrs z85,3zz-35 (1. Kinvin Wroth & Hiller B. Zobel eds., 1965). o
15,6 Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues o
Cite a preface, foreword, introduction, or epilogue by someone other than the
author as follows:

)
o
L. Maria Child,
Lrre or n SuvE
lntroduction to HnnnlEr A. JAcoBs, lHcroerurs
GrRL 3, 3-4 (1. Maria Child & Jean F. Yellin eds.,
rH rHe
o
)
Harvard Univ. Press rg8Z) (186r).

Henry M. Hart & Herbert Wechsler, Preface to the First Edition of

Paul M. Bnron Er al., Hnnr eHo Wecnslen's rHE FEDERAL Counrs t
AND THE FeoEnnr- Svsrrm, at xxvii, xxx (3d ed. rg88).

Cite to similar material by the author of the work without special designation: o
) JoHH HARr ELy, DEruocnncv nHo Drsrnusr, at vii (r98o).
I
 o Serial Number 15.7

'o (a) Series issued by the author. When citing a publication that is one of
scries issued by the author (other than U.N. documents (rule 21.7)), include
the serial number as part of the title. Thc serial number indicator may be abbrc-
a

o viated according to table T16:

& BuREAU or lrrelltcerucE & RESEARCH, U.S. Dep'r or Srnre, Pua.

o No.8732, Wonlo SrnrtcrH or rHr Comruuntsr Pnntv Oncnrutzn-

rrorus 65 (1973).

WoMEN's Bunenu, U.S. Drp'r or Lneon, LearLEl No. 55, A

o
w"
Wonrrruc Woneru's Guloe ro Hrn Joe RrcHrs 4 (r9z8).

(b) Series issued by one other than the author. To cite a publication that

o is one of a series issucd by someone other than the author, indicate the serics
and numbcr parenthcticall)', abbreviating instittltional entities according to rule

o r5.1(d):
o Anne C. Vladeck, Counseling o Plaintiff During Litigation, in

o EtvtpLovturnr Lrttcntton 1990, at 77,8o-Bz (PLl Litig. & Admin.

Practice, Course Handbook 5er. No. 386, r99o).

o Special Citation Forms

(a) Frequently cited works. A fcw frequently cited works require spccial
15.8

o citation forms:
v Noscitur o sociis, Bnuenrtrur's Lnw DtcrtoNARY (ld ed. rg6g)'

o ;.
r'
Good-Faith Bargaining, BLAcK's Lnw Dtcrtonnnv (9th ed. zoog).

1gs).
88 C.J.S. TrialS ryz

o '. t7 Au. Jun. 2o Contracts 5lq Gg6q).

o (b) Star edition. In a very fcw well-known works, the pagc of the original cdi-
tion (star page) is indicated, ttsually by an asterisk (*), in either the margin or the
text of all rccent editions. In such cases the date and editi<ln may be omitted and

o the citation may be made to the star page , unless the matcrial cited was insertcd
by the editor of the cited edition. There is no spacc between the asterisk and

o
the page number:
Ir 2 Wl LLIAM Blncrsro ru r, Cotu nn Erurnnt e s * r5z, * t55-56.

o (c) Other named works.

(i) The Federalist. When citinganentire Federalist papr-r,includc the author's

o name parcnthetically and do not indicate a specilic edition:

' Tue Feoennltsr No. z3 (Alexander Hamitton).

o (iroup togcther papcrs written by the same author:

F. THE FEDERALTsT Nos. 23, 78 (Alexander Hamilton), Nos. ro, 5r

o 0ames Madison).

When citing particular material within a papeq howeveq list the usual publica-

o tion information for the edition cited:

 ) THe FeoEnnlrsr No. 5, at 53 fohn Jay) (Ctinton Rossiter ed., 196r).
(ii) Manual for Complex Litigation. Citarions to the Manual for Complex
o
Iitigation prepared by the
) Manunl FoR CoMeLEX
Federal Judicial Center are as follows:

Lrrrcnrron (Txrno) S :f.z (rSSS).

I'
) Manunl ron Complex Lrrrcnrrot g z.ro (5th ed. r98z).
However, when citing an edition not prepared by the Federal Judicial Center,
o
identi!' the source and publication date of the edition cited:
) Meruunl ron Complex LrrrearroH g 4.52 Q98z) (supplement to
o
Cxnnles Auru WnrcHr & ARTHUR R. Mlr_lrn, FeoEnnl PnncrrcE lr.ro
Pnocrou ne (tg5g-rg8S)). o
(iii) The Bible. Cite the Bible

) zKingsnty
as follows:
o
The version may be indicated parenthetically if relevant:

I Mark 9:zr (King James).

o
(iv) Shakespeare, A Shakespearean play may be cited

)
as follows: o
o
Wrlunm SHnrespenne, Tne SecoHo PART oF Knc Heruny rHe Srxrx
act 2, sc. 2.

o
To cite particular lines, a specific edition should be indicated according to rule
15.4.

(v) The Bluebook. Tbe Bluebook is cited follows:

o
as

) THe BlueeooK: A UNtFoRM Sysrem or Crrnrrotl R. rS.8(c)(v), at rS5

(Cotumbia Law Review Ass'n et a[. eds., zoth ed. zor5).

) TxE BluegooK: A UNtFoRM Sysrem oF CtrAloN 293 tbl.T.ro

(Columbia Law Review Ass'n et a[. eds., r5th ed. 9th prtg. t999).
o
L5.9 Electronic Media and Online Sources o
(a) Commercial electronic databases. \When citing secondary materials to
a database,provide a complete citation to the document according to de L5 o
as well citation to the database. Ifthe database assigns a unique identifier
as a
or code to the document, include that identifier or code to assist the reader in
locating the document cited.
o
When a source is available both in print and in a commercial electronic data-
base, a citation to the database may be supplied:
a
) Aeeey G. HnrnsroH, Leave nto Dtsngtrry CoonorrunttoH Hnruo-
eoor fl uo (zoo9), Westlaw LDCHBK. o
) z5 Arvr. JuR. 2D Elections g roo, Westlaw (database updated May
zot4). o
(b) Internet and online sources. Because books found online may differ
in format from the print version, the two sources should not be treated inter- o
o
changeably unless the online source is an exact copy of the original as dictated
o by rule 1E.2.1(a). If a book or report is only available online, citc to it directly
in accorclance with rule 18.2.2:

o ffi" U.S. Dep'r oF.lusrcE, Lrcnl AurronrlEs SuppoRTrNG rHE Acrtvt-

TIES OF THE NATIONAL SECUN V ACEruCY DTSCNIEEO BY THE PRESI-
DENr 25 (zoo5), http://ftr.fi ndlaw.com/news.fi ndtaw.com/hdocs/

o docs/nsa/doinsarrgo6.pdf Ihereinafter NSA WH tre Peern].

n, D cttounnv.cotvt, http: / /dictiona ry. reference.com/
M" La m po o

o
r

browse/tampoon (tast visited Feb. 8, zor5).

(c) Ebooks. Print versions of b<xrks are authoritativc; ebooks should be citcd

o only if they arc the sole media through which thc book is available. Ilccausc
books published as ebooks may differ in format from thc print version, the two

o sources should not be treated interchangeably. To inclicatc that an ebook is

bcing cited, place an "ebook" parcntheticrl after the date:
* Mnrttc
o
ANNE UmLAruo & Brnrn HARTZELL, Ptcesso: THr oF CuBtsM
1912-!914, z5 Qot4) (ebook).
If an ebo<lk uscs location numbers rather than page numbers, use "loc." to indi-

o cate where thc cited material can be fbund:

.:' RoNALD Corlrns & Dnvto Sroven, WHet MottEv Spenrs loc. z99z

o (zor4) (ebook) ("[T]he Buckley wall between contributions and

expenditures. . . has been breached.").

o Short Citation Forms L5.10

o Once a book, report, or other nonperiodic material has bcen cited in {ull in a
law review footnote , a short form cmpkrying either "id. " or " supro" m y lle uscd
to refer to the work in subsequent citations. Never use"lnfro"to refer to thcse

o materials. In general, fblbw rule 4 for short citation fbrms; howcveq use rule
15.10.1 when referring to a shorter work in collection or the collection as a

o whole .

Short Forms for Works in Collection 15. rO.1

o within a volumc of collccted shorter

To citc an cssay, article, or documcnt fbr-rnd
works when the shorter work has already becn cited in full, yotr may trse "id"'

o to reftrr to the shorter work if it was cited as the immcdiatcly prcceding luthor-
ity within the same footnote or as the solc authority within thc immediately

o
pre ceding footnotc. l)o not use "id. " to rcfer to thc collection as a wholc whcn
citing another shortcr work within the collection.

llse form to refer to the collection as a whole. Thc "supro" form

o ^"supra"
firr the entire volume should include the title of the collecti<ln (rather than
an author) rcgardless of whether the collectcd picces have a single author or

o multiplc authors.
tJse a "supro" form to refcr to thc shorter work if it was not cited as thc imme-

o diately preceding ailhority in the samc footnote or as the sole authority in the
immediately preceding footnotc. The "supra" form for the individual work
should include the last name of the tuthor or authors, or, if none, thc titlc of

o thc shorter work:

 ) 1
Fem r n rsm/Posrtnooenru tsrvr (Linda J. Nicholson ed., t99o); see
also Tnours ScxelltHe, A PRocEss or RestoeHttnt SeenecartoH: o
)
Nete HgonHooo TtPPtNG, reprinted in Ecot'tolttc FouHonrtoHs or
Pnoprnrv Lnw 3o7, 3o8 (Bruce A. Ackerman ed., t97). o
Letter from Virginia Wootf to Vita Sackville-West (Dec. zz,t9z5),

o
2

in 3Tnt Lrrrens or Vtne tHtn Woolr, t9z3-t928, at 224 (N.

Nicolson & Joanne Trautmann eds., rst Am. ed. r9Z8); cf Judith
Butler, Gender Trouble, Femi n ist Theory, and Psychoanalytic
Discourse, rn FsmtNtstvt/PosrMoDERNtsM,supra note 1, at 324,
324-25iAndreas Huyssen, Mopping the Postmodern, in Femtrtstvt/
o
PosrnooenrursM, supra note 1, at 44,234-35. Butler does not
think 'woman" can be adequately defined, Butler, supra, at 325, o
)
but Woolf s observations are especia[[y compelling, Letter from
Virginia Woolf to Vita Sackville-West, supro. o
different perspective is presented in Ayn Rand, Ihe
o
r A whotly
Cashing-ln: The Student "Rebellion," in THe New L*t t3, zo-24
Q97 t). B ut se e H uyssen, su p ra note 2, aI 23 4-35 (q uestion i n g
whether postmodern transformation has generated genuinely new
forms). o
o
q
> E.g., ScHeurr,rc, supra note 1, at 31o.

I s ld.; see also THr FEoenattsr No. 81, at 393 (Alexander

Hamitton) fierrence Balt ed., zoo3). But see Avru RnHo, Ihe
Comprachicos (arguing that the educational establishment teaches
ideas that destroy children's minds), tn TxE NEw LEFI, suprd note
o
|
3, at
6
t52,2o3.
See Rand, supra note 3, at 99; Rand, supra note 5, at 2o1. o
> 7

4t4z
4 RTCHARD R. PowELL, Powrll
(Patrickl. Rohan ed., rggs).
oru Renl Pnopenrv fl Sr{ll, at
o
) 8 z id.1l zo3, at 2o-L7i see also THr Feoenaltsr No. 5, supra note
5, at V 0ohn Jay). o
For materials available only online, use the normal short form appropriate for
the source. A URI need not be repeated after a full citation. t
o
o
o
o
o
O
o PERIODICAL MATERIALS 16

o
Citation of particular pages within a law review article with parcnthctical infor-
mation about what appears on those pages:
abbrevlatlon oaoe on wnlcn
no. ofjournal
o
author's full name title of article iournal volume ariicle begins
\
Charles A. Reich, The New Property, 73 Yntt L.). 733,

o tt 737-38 (1964) (discussing the importance of government largess).

publication

o
span of specific date of parenthetical describing content of pages cited
pa9es crreo

Citation of an entirc magazine article :

o author's full
tll
l-tt-rrl
name title of

Robert J. Samuelson, A Slow Fix for the Banks, Newsweer,

article name of magazine

o Feb.18,7997,
++
at 55.

o
/l\
cover date separates date first page of article
of issue from page no.

o Citation of a signcd newspaper article:

author's full name
I'
headline

o Seth Mydans, Los Angeles Police Chief Removed for 6o Doys in

lnquiry on Beoting, N.Y. Ttmrs, Apr. 5, 1991, at A1.

o abbreviation of newspaper date of

article
separates
from page
date
no.
page on whrch
article appears

o Basic Citation Forms 16.r

o Article in
c0nsecutively
pasinalf igulal
Elizabeth F. Emens, lntegroting nrroiioaition,
156 U. PA. L. REV. 839,894 (zoo8).

o Article in
nonconsecutively
Beniamin Wittes, Without Precedent, ArLANrlc
MonrHr-v, Sept. 2oo5, ar39,4c,.

o paginated iournal or
magazme

*.*rpuf. Scott Martelle ,lD Low Keeps Nuns, Students from

o "r,i.t.
Online newspapcr
Polls,L.A. Trues, MaY 7, zoo8, at At4.
Pamela Mendets, A Cose of Spom and Free

o articlc Speech at tntel, N.Y. Ttues, Dec. lr, ryg8,http:ll

www.nytimes.com/tibrary/te
cybertaw/ulaw.html.
ch lgeln lcyber I

o Signed stndent-written Bradford R. Clark,

law review note
Note,Judicial Review of
Congressionol Section Five Action: The Fallacy of

o Reverse lncorporation, 84 Corun. L. Rrv. 1969,

ry86 (tg8a).

o
Unsigned student-
written comm€nt
Case Comment, Fairness Standards for SEC Ap-
proval of Mergers: Collins v. SEC, 9o Hnnv. L. Rrv.
o
Student-written
4n Ge76).
Sharon Dolovich, Book Note, Leaving the Law o
book review Behind, zo Hnnv. WomeHb L.J. 313, 329 999) fte-
viewing Pnrnrcrn J. WrLLrnnlts, THe Roosren's Ecc:
Oru rHr PERSISTENcE or PnrJuorce (ISSS)).
o
Non-student-written Jane
book review
E. Stroms eth, U n d erstan di n g Co n stitutional
War Powers Todoy: Why Methodology Matters, o
o
106 YALE L.J. 8+S (1996) (reviewing Lours FtsHER,
PnesrorHrrnl WnR powER GSSS)).
Symposium Symposium, The Presidency and Congress:
Constitutionally Seporoted and Shared Powers, 68
Wnsn. U. L.Q. +8S, 64o-5t GSSo). o
Specially designated John M. Golden, Commentary, "Patent Trolls"
article in consecutively and Patent Remedies, 35 Trx. L. Rev. zttt, ztt3
paginatedjournal (zoo).
o
Noncommercially
distributed newsletter
Douglas Gary Lichtman, Patent Holdouts in the
Stan d a rd -S etti n g P ro cess, Aceo. Aovrso nv Co u rrr -
o
ctt Bur-r-. (Progress & Freedom Found., D.C.), May
zoo6, aI 4.
o
Follow de 16.4 or de 16.5 to cite articles, essays, cofirmentaries, and all
other materials contained within periodicals. Where the periodical is organized
by volume, and page numbers continue throughout the volume, it is a consecu-
o
tively paginated periodical and should be cited according to rule l6.4.Where
the periodical is paginated separately for each issue and the first page of every o
o
issue is l, it is a nonconsecutively paginated periodical and should be cited
according to de 16.5.

rule
o
Cite newspapers according to 16,6.

Special citation forms for non-student-written book reviews, student-written law

review materials, symposia, colloquia, surveys, commentaries and other special
designations, multipart articles, annotations, proceedings, regular publications
by institutes, ABA Section Reports, and noncommercially distributed periodicals O
o
such as newsletters are given in rule 16.7.

Cite sources in elecffonic media and online sources using de L6.8.

Follow de 16.9 for short citation forms.
Capitalize the titles of works cited according to de E(a). a
The name of the periodical should appear in large and small capitals whether
it is a journal, m gqzru;rc, or newspapef, and should be abbreviated according o
o
to tables T13 (periodical abbreviations) and T10 (geographic abbreviations).

For purposes of this rule, the date of the publication is the cover date of the
periodical.

o
o
t Author
For signed matcrials appcaring in pcriodicals (including sttldcnt-written materi-
16.2

o lls), fbllow rule 15.1, but print in ordinart'roman type . 'l'htts:

i, Kim Lane Scheppele, Foreword: Telling Stories,8T Mlcn. L. Rrv.

o tr
2o73, zoSz (t9B).
Robert P. Inman & MichaetA. Fitts, Political lnstitutions and Fiscal

o Policy: Evidence from the U.S. Historical Record,6 J.L. Econ. &
Onc. 79, 79-82 1199c.).

o i PauI Butler et al., Rcce, Low ond Justice: The Rehnquist Court and
the American Dilemma,45 Am. U. L. Rev. 567, 569 $996.

I Georgette C. Poindexter, LizabethAnn Rogovoy & Susan Wachter,

Selling Municipol Property Tax Receivables: Economics, Privatiza-
tion, ond Public Policy in an Era of Urbon Distress,30 CoNN. L. REV.

o 157 G997).

R. Gregory Cochran, Comment, ls the Shrink's Role Shrinking? The

o Ambiguity of Federal Rule of Criminol Procedure n.z Concerning

Government Psychiatric Testimony in Negativing Cases, 47 U. P a.
L. Rev. r4o3 (1999).

O Peter Carlson, Tales Out of Law School; Repeat After Us: lt's
Nothing Like '1.A. Laui,'WnsH. Posr, Juty z, t989, (Magazine), at

t wr3.

o Title
Citc the full pcriodical title as it appears on the title pagc, but capitalize accortl-
16.3

o ing to rule 8 (unless thc title is not in English, as dcscribcd in rule 20.2.2(b)).
Do not abbrevirte worcls or omit articlcs in the title . Use italics:

"
o Edward B. Rock, The Logic and (Uncertain) Significance of Institu'
tional Shareholder Activism, Tg Gto. L.). r+d,S Oggt).
Cecilia Lacev O'Connell, Comment, The Role of the Obiector and

o the Current Circuit Court Confusion Regording Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 4.r Should Non-Nomed Shoreholders Be Permitted

o To Appeol Adverse Judgements?, 48 CArH. U. L. Rrv. 939,98-46

Ossq.

t Whcn the title contains a rcfbrence to material that woulcl be italicizccl whcn
appearing in the main text according to rule 2.2(a), such material should
appear in ordinary roman typc:

o '', Nathaniel A. Vitan, Book Note, Grounded Paratroopers: On Collins

ond Skover's The Death of Discourse, 13 J.L. & Pot' zo7, zto

o '
(rss).
Seth F. Kreimer, Does Pro'Choice Mean Pro-Kevorkian? An Essay on

o Roe, Casey, and the Right to Die, 44Arvr. U. L. Rev. Bo3, 8rz (t99).

o
16.4 Consecutively Paginated Journals o
o
Cite works found within periodicals that are consecutively paginated through-
out an entire volume by author, title of work, volume number, periodical name,
first page of the work, page or pages on which specific material appears (rule
3.2(a)), and year enclosed in parentheses at the end of the citation. Consult
tables T1O and T13 to abbreviate the names of periodicals: o
)
)
David Rudovsky, Police Abuse: Can the Violence Be Contained?,27
Hnnv. C.R.-C.1. L. REv. 465,5oo (tggz). o
Richard A. Epstein, The Supreme Court, ry87 Term-Foreword:
Unconstitutionol Conditions, State Power, and the Limits
Consent,102 HARv. L. Rev.4, qqOg88).
of
o
F Kenneth W. Tsang et al.,/ Cluster of Cases of Severe Acute Respi-
ratory Syndrome in Hong Kong,348 NEw Eruc. J. Meo. 977, :,977 o
F
(zool).
Pauline M. lppotito & Alan D. Mathios, New Food Labeling Regula- o
tions and the FIow of Nutrition lnformation to Consumers, tz J.
Pue. PoL'y & MARKETNG r88 (rgg:).
o
Some iournals maintain separate but consecutive pagination with different page
numbering systems. Cite these iournals as indicated above, but include the spe-
cial numbering:
o
) Kenneth R. Feinberg, Mediation-A Preferred Method of Dispute
Resolution, 16 Pepp. L. Rev. 55, Sr4 n.r9 (rg8g). t
Some journals publish special annual issues that do not conform to their consec-
utive pagination system. Cite these as indicated above, but indicate the special O
issue designation parenthetically and use the numbering from the special issue:

) John Ferejohn & Charles Shipan, Congressional lnfluence on

Bureoucrocy,5 J.L. EcoH. & Onc. (Specrnl lssue) t Gggo).
o
}' George A. Akertof, Procrastination and Obedience, 8r Awr. EcoH.
Rev. (Pnpens & PRoc.) t Gggi.
o
Ifthe periodicalhas no volume number but is nonetheless consecutively
paginated throughout each volume, use the year of publication as the volume
o
number and omit the parenthetical reference to the year:

) Thomas R. McCoy & Barry Friedman, Conditional Spending: Feder-

o
)
alism's Troian Horse, 1988 Sue. Cr. Rev. 85, roo.
Stephen D. Sugarman, Using Private Schools to Promote Public
o
Values,t99tU. Cnr. Leenl F. r7r.
o
16.5 Nonconsecutively Paginated Journals and Magazines
Works appearing in periodicals that arc separately paginated within each issue o
should be cited by author, title of work, periodical name, date of issue as it
appears on the cover,the word'at"(rule j,2(a)),firstpage of work,and,if appli
cable, page or pages on which specific material appears. If there is no author
o
o
o listed, begin the citation with the title of the piece. Consult tables T10 and T13
to abbreviate the namcs ofperiodicals:

o F, Barbara Ward, Progress for a Small Plonet, HARV. Bus. Rev., Sept.-
Oct. 1979, at 89, 9o.

o *, Barbara Ehrenreich, lranscam: The Real Meaning of Oliver North,

Ms., May g87,atz4,z4.

o # Joan B. Kelly, Mediated and Adversariol Divorce: Respondents'

Perceptions of Their Processes and Outcomes, Meotnroru Q.,
Summer ry89,at7t.

o w Domages for o Deadly Cloud: The Bhopal Tragedy Will Cost Union
Carbide $qZo Million,Ttme, Feb. 27, t989, at 53.

o If no date of issue is available, provide the issue number in its placc, and indicate
the volume numberbefcrrethe title of the periodicalperrule 16.4;alsoinclude

I thc ycar and month of copyright, if available:

& Charles E. Mueller, The American Who Wants to Give Away His

a Country but Doesn't Know That's What He's Voting for,34 Anrt-
rnusr L. & EcoN. REv., no. r,2oo8,atr,7.

o Newspapers
(a) In general. Matcrials appearing in newspapers arc generally cited in the
16.6

O same manncr as those found in nonconsccutivell' paginated periodicals (rule

16.5) with three exceptions: (i) whcn appropriate, designatc the work as an

o "Editoriatl"'Opinion" or "Letter to the Editor," in ordinary roman rypc, after

thc author's name but beforc thc title , or at thc beginning of the citation if thcrc
is no author; (ii) aftcr the dirte, givc the designation of the section in which the

o piccc is found in a parenthetical if necessary to idcntily the pagc unambigu-

ously;and (iii) givc only the first p:rgc of thc piece and do not indic:rte the loca-
tion of specilic materill. Substitute "Letter to the Editor" or another designa-

o tion for the titlc whcn no scparate title is provided. Citations to signed articles
should inclucle the author's full name (rule 16.2);citations to unsigned pieces

o should begin with the title of the piccc:

*" Ari L. Goldman. O'Connor Worns Politicians Risk Excommunicotion

o over Abortion, N.Y. TTMES, lune r5, r99o, at Ar.

':; Cop Shoots Tire, Halts Stolen Car, S.F. CHnon., Oct. ro, 7975, at 43.

I :' Jane Gross, Silent Right: Lawyer Defends Principles from Her Joil
Cell, Cur. Tnre., Mar. 3, lggr, S 6, at 6.

o ,r" Nancy Reagan, Editoriat, /usf Soy "Whoa,"

t996, at M4.
Wrll Sr. J., lan.23,

o 'r. Wittiam

r:
J.
TrwrEs, Dec.
Ctinton, Opinion,AIDS ls Not a Deoth Sentence,N.Y.
t,2oo2,5 4, at 9.
Editorial, Pricing Drugs,Wrsu. Posr, Feb. r7, zoo4, at ArB.

O ,r Michaet Harwood, The Ordeal: Life as a Medicol Resident, N.Y.

Ttrues, June 3,7984,5 6 (Magazine), at 38.
(b) Place of publication. Include the place of publication in ordinary roman
tlpe in parentheses following the name of the newspaper if not clear from the o
name:

) Trial Judge Will Not Give Enquiry Evidence, TtMEs (London), June r3, I
o
Lggo, at3.

) Nancy Johnson, Letter to the Editor, Cnnon. Hte Hrn Eouc. (D.C.),
Oct. 8, 2oo4, at A55.

(c) Consecutively paginated newspapers. Cite an article in a newspaper

paginated consecutively by volume according to rule 16.4:
o
I New York County Lowyers Association: Edwin M. Otterbourg to
Represent the Association in House of Delegotes of American Bar
o
Association, rz4 N.Y. L.l. rzzr (rSSo).
(d) Wire services. Articles derived from wire services should be cited to a
o
print newspaper in which they are published (rule 16.6(a)), a commercial
electronic database (rule 16.6(e)), or a webpage (rule 16.6(f)). Include the
name of the wire service (in large and small caps) only if the citation is to the
o
wire service itself:

) Richard Carelli,ludges' Financial Reports Hit Web, AssoctarEo

o
)
Pness, June 22,2ooo, zooo WL 4358974.
Kevin Drawbaugh, Obama, Edwards Hit Lobbyists on Private Equity
o
Iax, Reurrns, Oct. 9, zoo7, http://www.reuters.com/articte/
politicsN ews/ id US N o94z zr 9o2oo7 roo9. I
) Record Labels Sue LimeWire for Enobling Music File-Sharing,
FOXN rws.co m, Au g. 6, zoo7, http | | www.foxnews.com /
story I o,2933,2o7 z87,oo.html.
o
(e) Commercial electronic databases. News reports published in electronic
databases may be cited according to de
16,8:
o
I lustice Minister Calls for Solving lnternational Legol Conflicts,
JnpnH EcoH. NewswrnE Plus, Apr. 22, tg9!, at r, DIALOG, Fite
o
)
No. 6rz.
lnfoUSA Tells Shareholders to lgnore Hedge Fund, Reurens , May 4, I
zoo6, Factiva, Doc. No. LBAoooozoo5 o5o 4e25 4ootvp.
(f) Internet and online newspapers. Online newspapers may be used in o
place of print newspapers. Cite to the online source directly in accordance with
rule 18.2.2. Pagination can be included if available but is not necessary. If the I
t
time of posting is available, include it in the parentheses in accordance with
de 18.2.2.

) John M. Broder, Geography ls Dividing Democrats over Energy,N.Y.

Trmrs, Jan. 27, zoo9, at At.
becomes: John M. Broder, Geography Is Dividing Democrats o
ov e r E n e rg y, N.Y. Tr rvr Es tJan. 27, 2OO9), http: | | www. nyti mes.
com I zoog I ot I z7 | science I ea rth / z Z coa l. h tm l. t
o Special Citation Forms 16.7

a Student-Written Law Review Materials

(a) Signed, student-written materials. Signed and titled notes, comments,
16.7.r

o pfoiccts, etc. are cited in the same manner as any other signed article in a law
revicw (rule 16.4), with the author's full name in ordinary roman type at the

t bcginning of the citation (rule 16.2), exccpt that the designatkrn of the piccc
should appear beforc the title of the work (rule 16.3) to indicate that it is
student-written.Citc student-written book reviews according to rule 16.7.1(c).

o A student work is considcred signed if a student is credited with writing or con-

tributing to the piece anlqrhere within the issue in which the work appears-

o on the lirst pagc of thc piece, at the end of the piece, or in the table of contents.
If a student work is signed only with initials, it is considcred unsigned:
u, Etlen London, Comment, A Critique of the Strict Liability Standard

o for Determining Child Support in Cases of Mole Victims of Sexual

Assault ond Statutory Rape, t5z U. Pn. L. Rev. ry57, t959-63

t (zooa).

rr. B. George Baltman, Jr., Note, Amended Rule 6.t: Another Move

t .'
Towords Mandatory Pro Bono? ls That What We Wqnt?,7 Gro. J.
Le cnr ErHrcs tt39, tt6z n.g5 Q99Q.
Barry l. Pershkow, Recent Development, Maryland v.Craig: AChild

o Witness Need Not View the Defendant During Testimony in Child

Abuse Cases,65 TuL. L. REV. 935, 938,94t1t99r).

o Signed, student-writtcn commentary that is shorter, that falls under a desig-

nation such as "Reccnt (,ase," "Recent Statute," "Recent Dccision," "Case Note ,"

o "Recent Development," or'Abstract," and that carries no title or merely a digcst-

like heading should bc cited by author folbwed by thc dcsignation of the piccc
as provided in thc periodical, both in orclinary roman typc.lVhcn appearing in

I the title, a case or strtute citation should bc fbrmatted according to the typeface
conventions in rule 16.3. Thus:

o l.
'.
Catherine Hauber, Note,30 U. Kau. L. Rrv.6u
Salty Anne Moore, Recent Case, H.L. v. Matheson,
(r9Bz).

rct S. Ct. tt64

o (t99t),5o U. Ctu. L. Rrv. 867, 868 (t98r).

Not: Sally Anne Moore, Recent Case, Constitutional Law-Right of

I P riv ocy
- Ab o rti o n - Fam i ly Law - Pare n t o n d Ch i ld - Sta n di n g - As
Applied to Immature, Unemancipoted and Dependent Minors, a
State Stotute Requiring a Physicion To Notify a Pregnant Minor's

o Parents Prior to the Performing of an Abortion ls Constitutional-

H.L. v. Matheson, rct S. Ct. tt64 ?g9i, So U. Cru. L. Rev. 867, 858
(rg8r).

o (b) Unsigned, student-written materials. Cite unsigned notes, comments, and

shorter commentary by the designation given by the periodical, such as "Note,"

O "Comment," "Case Comment," "Project," "Recent Case," "Case Note," ctc.,

in ordinary roman type, followed by the titlc of the piece , if an1', in italics:

o ilh Note,A Bad Man ls Hard to Find,rzT Hnnv. L. Rev. z5zr (zo14).
 ) Case Comment, Evidentiory Use of a Criminal Defendant's Reoding
Habits and Political Conversotions: United States v. Giese, 93
Ggl).
o
o
Hnnv. L. Rev.4r9, 425-27
) RecentCase, z4VnHo. L. Rrv. t48,t5t-52(tglo).
) Recent Case, American Civil Liberties Union of lllinois v. Alvarez,
679 F.3d 583 Oth Cir. zotz),t26 Hanv. L. REv. u6z (zotl). I
When there is no separable designation, italicize the entire title:

) Developments in the Law-The Law of Cyberspace,tt2 Hanv. L. I

o
Rw. t577, t6z4 n.95 bSgil.
b The Supreme Court, ry98 Term - Leading Cases, n3 Hnnv. L. REv.
368,378 n.6o (tggg).
(c) Student-written book reviews. If a review is written and signed by
student,include the author's name and the designation"Book Note"(regardless
a o
of the journal's designation) to indicate that it is student-written, followed by
the title, if any. Add a parenthetical indicating the work under review if relevant o
to the purpose of the citation and not clear from the surrounding discussion:
) Wiltiam Dubinsky, Book Note, go MrcH. L. Rev. r5rz (1992)
(reviewing DrNrel A. FeneEn & PHtLtp P. Fnrcrev, Law nHo PueLrc
I
)
CrorcE GSSI)).
Nathaniel A. Vitan, Book Note, lrons vs. Rehnquist: A Critical
o
Review ofPeter lrons'Brennan vs. Rehnquisl,12l.L. & Pou r4r
Ggg). o
An unsigned, student-written book review should be cited in the same manner
as other unsigned student works, with a parentheticd citing the work under o
o
review ifrelevant:

) Book Note, letUs ReasonTogether, uz Hnnv. L. Rev. gS8 (rggg)

(reviewing PrEnne ScHue, Tnr ExcHnHrMENr oF RensoH GSSS)).

16.7.2 Non-Student-Written Book Reviews

o
Give the frrll name of the reviewer according to rule l6.2,alrtd the title of
the reyiew in italics. Include a second parenthetical after the date parentheti- o
cal indicating, if relevant to the pulpose of the citation and if not clear from
the surrounding discussion, the author, title, and publication date of the book
reviewed.If it is unnecessary to identify the book under review, simply include
I
the words'book review" in the second parenthetical:

) Colin S. Diver, Second Governance and Sound Law,89 MrcH. L.

I
Rev. 1436 (r99r) (reviewing CHnrsroenEn F. Eolsv, Jn., Aorvrrr.r-
tsrRATtvE Lnw: RerxtrurtNG JuDtctAL Conrnol or Bunreucnncv I
)
Gsso)).
Bruce Ackerman, Robert Bork's Grond lnquisition, gg Yrr-e L.l.
t422-25 (rggo) (book review).
t4t9, o
Ifa non-student-writt€n review is untitled, cite it by the designation "Book
Review"; it is unnecessary to include a second parenthetical unless there is a
a
need to identify the book under review:
O
o " Howard C. Westwood, Book Review, 45 U. CHt. L.Rev.255 Q97).

t Symposia, Colloquia, and Surveys

When citing a symposium, colloquium, or colloquy as a unit, do not give any
16.7.3

t author, but include "Symposium;'"Colloquium," or "Colloquy" in roman typc

bcfore the title unle ss made cle ar by the title. Cite the first page of the lirst piece:

State,roT Hnnv. Rrv. tr79

o
a- Symposium, Chonging Images of the L.
Gggq).
't* The Brennan Center Symposium on Constitutional Law,87 Cnrtr. L.

o Rrv. ro59 (1999).

If an article is part of a survey of the law of onc iurisdiction, thc title of the

I article should incorporate the title of the survey as follows:

lp Atain A. Levasseur, Sales, The Work of the Louisiana Appellote

o Courts for the ry77-t978 Term, 39 Ln. L. REv. 7o5 Og7).

Cite an individual article within a symposium, colloquium, colkrquy, or survcy

o in the same manner as any other article :

F Eric A. Posner, Law, Economics, and lnefficient Norms, t44 U. Pn. L.

t F
Rev. $97 $996).
Kevin R. Vodak, Comment, A Plainly Obvious Need for New-

I Foshioned Municipal Liability: The Deliberote lndifference Stan-

dord and Board of County Commissioners of Bryan County v.
Brown,48 DrPnur- L. Rev. Z8S (rggg).

I Commentaries and Other Special Designations 16.7.4

a When citing a "Commentaryj"'Tribute,""ln Memoriam," or other special arti-

cle designation, the designation should appear in roman type after the author's

I name but before the title. If the author is unnamed or if the iournal's editors
are listed as the authors, the designation should appear at the beginning of thc
citation. "Commentary" should not bc confused with "Comment," a term fre-

o quently used to describe student-written pieccs (rule 16.7. l,).

+ Alvin C. Warren, Jr., Commentary, Finoncial Controct lnnovation and

I s
lncome Tax Policy,lo7 HARV. L. Rev. 46o (1993).
Sandra Day O'Connor, Dedication, Lending Light to Countless

I Lamps: A Tribute to Judge Norma Levy Shopiro,152 U. PA. L. Rev. r

(zoo:).

I F Marguerite A. Driessen, Response, Not for the Sake of Punish-

ment Alone: Comments on Viewing the Criminal Sanction Through
Latter-day Saint Thought, zoo3 BYU L. Rev. 94r.

o Multipart Articles 16.7.5

o To cite an entire articlc that appears in more than one part,identiry the numbers
of the parts in parentheses aftcr the article's main titlc and give the volume

t number, first page, and publication ycar for each part:

 ) Harlan F. Stone, The Equitoble Rights and Liabilities of Strangers to
a Contract (pts. r & z), r8 Cor-um. L. Rev. z9r (r9r8), r9 Colum. L. I
I
Rev. r77 (r9r9).

If all of the parts appear in one volume, use the shortened form:

) L.L. Fulter, Legal Fictions (pts.

Gglo-tglt).
r-l), z5 lr-r-. L. Rev. 353, 5l3,,877
t
To cite only some parts of a multipart article, indicate which part or parts ar€
cited and give only the volume numbe(s), page number(s), and publication
year(s) of the part(s) cited:
I
F L.L. Futter, Legal Fictions (pt. z),25lr-r-. L. Rev. 5t3,5t4993). o
16.7.6 Annotations
Cite discussions in selective case reporters (srrch as American law Reports and
O
Lawyer's Reports Annotated) by the author's full name, followed by the desig-
nation"Annotation"in ordinary roman type and the title of the work in italics: o
) Ctaudia Catalano, Annotation, Unlawful Access lJnder Stored
Communications Act, t8 U.S.C.A. g zTot et seq., r A.L.R. Fed. 3d o
I
Art. r (zor5).

16.7.7 Proceedings, Regular Publications by Institutes,

and ABA Section Reports
Cite as periodicals, abbreviating according to tables TlO andTl3:
I
) Herbert F. Goodrich, 4 nnual Report of Adviser on Professional Rela-
tions, 16 A.L.l. Pnoc. +8 (tglg).
I
) George Vranesh, Water Planning for Municipalities, z4 Rocrv
Mrru. L. Insr. 865 GSZB).
Mru.
I
If the volumes are unnumbered, use either the number of the institute (or pro-
ceedings) or the year of publication as a volume number; in the latter case omit o
the parenthetical reference to the year:

P David J. Beck, Crude Oil lssues, 30 lNsr. oN OtL & Gns L. & Tnx'ru
(tgtd.
r I
) Jutius L. Sackman, Landmark Cases on Landmark Law, t979
oN PLAN. ZoHrtlc & Eturnet,tr Dottnrru z4r.
lnst. I
) Wiltiam J. Curtin, Reverse Discrimination and Affirmative Action:
Practical Considerations for the Utilties lndustry, 1978 A.B.A. Sec.
o
Pue. UrrL. L. REp. 26.

Ifthe publication is organized by paragraph or section numbers, use those num-

I
bers in citations:

) Max Gutierrez,lr., Estote Planning forthe lJnmarried Cohabitant,

o
13 lrusr. ou Esr. Pur.r. fl t6oo (t979).
a
I
I To cite part of an article identificd by paragraph or section number, cite both
the Iirst paragraph or section number ofthe article and the paragrlph or scction

a
numbe r(s) where the relevant material appears. Add a page citation if necessary
for ftlrther identification (see rule 3.3):

I 9 Watter F.O'Connor, Toxotion of Foreign lnvestors,33 lNsr. oN FED.

Tu'ru $ zz.ot, 5 22.04, at zz-to (t98o).

o Newsletters and Other Noncommercially

Distributed Periodicals
16.7.8

o Materials appearing in newsletters and other similar periodicals not commer-

cially distributcd should be citcd in the same manner as nonconsecutively pagi

o nated iournals and magazines (rule 16.5), except that a parenthctical shotlld
follow the titlc of the publication indicating the issuing group or organization
and its location. Abbreviate the name of the periodical according to tables T10

o and T13 and abbreviate the name of the issuing institution according to rule
15.1(d):

t ? lndictment of Pregnant Woman for Drug Use Dismissed, REPRoD.

Rrs. Uponre (ACLU/Reprod. Freedom Project, NewYork, N.Y.), Oct.

I
26, t99o, at 5.
'€' Recent Grants, FCD Uponrg (Found. for Child Dev., New York, N.Y.),
Dec. r99o, at r, Z.

a Electronic Media and Online Sources L6.8

o (a) Commercial electronic databases. When citing periodical materials to

a datlbase, provide a complete citation to thc document according to rule 16

I and a citation to the database. If the database assigns a unique identilier or code
to each document within the database, include that identifier or code to assist
the rcader in locating the document cited.

I Some sources are available in two forms, electronic and papcr. To facilitate
, it is permissible to include a direct citation to a commer-
access to the source

o cial electronic database:

F T.R. Fehrenbach,TV's Alomo Tale Fairly Accurate, Snu Anroruto

a b'.
Expnrss-NEws, Mar. q, ry96, at At, t996WL 2824823.
Justice Minister Calls for Solving International Legol Conflicts,

I Jnpnru Ecor.r. Npwswtnr Prus, Apr. 22,7997, at r, D|ALOG, Fite

No. 6rz.

t (b) Internet and online sources. Where a print version is accessible , citlttion
shoulcl be made to the print source.Where, however, the print source is diflicult
or inpossible to obtain or the governing authority has designated the electronic

o source as the oflicial version, citation should be madc to the electronic sourcc
with consideration of rule 18's principles on authentication. If a periodical
sourcc is only lvailable online, cite to it directly in accordance with rule 18.2.2,

a
o
L6.9 Short Citation Forms I
o
Once a work in a periodical has been cited in fi.rll,use"id." ot"supra"to refer to
it in subsequent citations.
(a) Id. lf the work cited is the same as the immediately preceding authority
within the same footnote or as the sole authority within the immediately pre-
ceding footnote, use'id." and indicate any difference in page number: I
)
)
1

2
Lynn Hirschberg, The Misfit, Vnrrry Flrn, Apr.

See id.; Recent Case,z4VeHo. L. Rev.

ry94at58.
r48, t48Q97o).
I
) 3 See generally Abram S. Benenson etal., Reporting the Results
of Human lmmunodeficiency Virus Testing, z6z IAMA3$5 O98g) O
)
(stating that actual laboratory results are often obscured by incor-
rect information).
o
o
+ ld. at3437.

) s See, e.9., Bruce Ackerman, Robert Bork's Grand lnquisition, gg

I
Ynrr L.J. t4t9 Q99o) (book review). Compare rd. (arguing against
constitutionaI transformation by iudicial appointment) , with Book
Note, Monual Labor, Chicago Style, rct Hnnv. L. Rev. r3z3 (t988)

b)
(arguing against stytistic transformation by self-appointment).

Supra, Include the author's last name before "supra"; when there is no I
author, use the title of the piece, or, if listed before or instead of a title, the desig-
nation of the piece . However, if the first citation to the work gives a hereinafter
form (rule 4.2(b)), use the hereinafter form in place of the author's name, the
o
title, or the designation. Give the footnote in which the firll citation appears
unless the full citation is in the same footnote, in which case"supro" may be
used without a footnote reference. In lus]filg a"supra" form, always indicate the
I
page or pages cited except when citing the work in its entirety:

) 6
Ackerman , supro note 5, att42'i see also New york County
o
Lawyers Association: Edwin M. Otterbourg To Represent the Asso-
ciation in House of Delegates of American Bor Association, tz4N.y. I
L.l.tzzt (r95o) [hereinafler Otterbourg To Represenf] (describing
internal politics) Note, Ihe Deoth ofa Lawyer,56 Colunn. L. Rrv.
6o6,5ot Ggs6).
I
) 7 Recent Case,supra note 2, at t5o. Butsee Randy E. Barnett,A
t Th e o ry o f Co nt ra ct, S6 Co lu rvr. L. Rev. 259, z7 5 Q9B6)
Co n se n
t
(noting circularity of reliance theory ofcontract); Jennifer Roback,
Southern Labor Law in the lim Crow Era: Exploitotive or Competi-
tive?,5t U. Cxr. L. Rev. n6r, n64-65 (1984) (describing the impor-
o
tance of interaction between a competitive market and a racially
biased government). I
) 8 Cf,David Margotick,4t fh e Bar: Elitist yale Breaks precedent and
lnvites a Symbol of Populism to Preside at a Legal Rite, N.Y. Tlmrs, I
I
Apr. rz, t99r,at 816 (describingthe reaction to students'decision
to invite Judge Wapner to preside over a mock-trial competition
at Yate). See generally Roback, supro note 7, at fl63(outlining

I
I four basic types of tegislation that aided enforcement of the labor-
market cartel under Jim Crow laws).

) See Book Note, supra nole 5, for a cogent analysis ofthe more
O
e

significant flaws in the competing theory.

a b 10 Otterbourg to Represent, supra note 6; see o/so Note, supro note

6 (discussing problems that arise upon the death of a lawyer). But
see Cop ShootsTire, Halts Stolen Cor, S.F. CHnon., Oct. ro, r975,at

O 43 (discussing the tegal ramifications of the officer's action).

For materials available only online, use the normal short form appropriate for

o the source. A URL need not be rcoeated after a short citation.

o
o
o
I
t
o
t
o
o
I
I
o
a
I
o
T7 I]I\PTTBTISHED AND FORTHCOMING SOI]RCES
I
l7.l Basic Citation Forms
I
Jennifer Arlen, Public Versus Private Enforcement of

I
Unpublished
manuscript Securities Fraud n-t9 [une zz, zooT) (unpubtished
manuscript) (on fite with the Columbia Law Review).
Unpublished
student work
Alexander J. Blenkinsopp, Honesty vs. Expedience: The
Deficient Jurisprudence of Punishment and the Legal I
Labeling Game (Nov. r, zoo5) (unpubtished A.B. thesis,
Harvard University) (on fite with the Harvard University
Library system).
o
Letter, Memorandum from President Franklin Roosevelt to
memorandum, Attorney Gen. Robert H. Jackson 0uly r, rglg) (on file I
or press release with the Harvard Law School Library).

E-mail E-mail from Makau Mutua, Chairman, Kenya Human o

correspondence Rights Comm'n, to author (Dec. 28, zoo5, r5:r8 EST)
(on fite with author).
t
Forthcoming
publication
Eduardo Pehatver, Land Virtues, 94 ConHeu L. Rev.
(forthcoming May zoog).
Vorking paper Dan Black et al., Demographics
t
o
of the Goy and
Lesbian Population in the United States: Evidence
from Available Systemic Date Sources 9 (Ctr. for Poticy
Research, Working Paper No. tz,t999).
I
17.2 Unpublished Materials
In general, cite unpublished materials not scheduled for publication by author;
t
title or description; page or pages, if applicable; the most precise writing date
available; and, if possible, information as to where the work can be located. Use
ordinary roman type. Refer to de 10.8.1 when citing pending and unreported
I
cases and
source.
de L2.6 when citing statutes too recent to appear in any published
If unpublished materials are subsequently collected and published, cite o
according to rule 15.5.2(b).
o
L7.2.1 Manuscripts
Cite unpublished (or not formally published) manuscripts not scheduled for I
t
publication in ordinary roman type, beginning with the author's ftrll name (rule
16.2). The title of the work as ir appears on the ritle page should follow, capi-
talized according to de 8(a) (unless the title is not in English, in which case
follow rule 20.2.2(b)).Provide a subtitle only if it is particulady relevant. Do
not abbreviate words or omit articles in the title. The fi.rll date of the manuscript
o
t
should be enclosed in parentheses after the title of the work or the pincite.
Append parentheticals indicating that rhe work is unpublished and describing
where it can be found:

o
o h Anatoliy Bizhko, Capitatism and Democracy zS (Feb. zg,zooo)
(unpublished manuscript) (on fite with author).

I Also use this format for studcnt-written comments and notes written under fac-
ulty supervision for a law iournal, but not selccted for publication, with the
second parcnthetical indicating the type ofwork:

a tu Victoria E. Anderson, Company Outing: How Consensuat Retation-

ship Agreements Adversely Affect Homosexual Employees rz (Mar.

o t5, zoo4) (unpubtished comment) (on fite with the University of

Pennsylvania JournaI of Labor and Employment Law).

o Dissertations and Theses 17.2.2

o Cite unpublished student-written materials, such as dissertations and thcses, in

the same manner as other unpublished manuscripts (rule 17.2.1), but add a
parenthetical after the date to indicate the t).pe of work and the institution that

o awarded the degree:

tu Barbara G. Ryder, Incremental Data Flow Analysis Based on a

o Unified Modet of Elimination Algorithms (Aug. r5, r98z) (unpub-

lished Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University) (on file with author).

t *' Ambrogino Guisti, The Green Press: Mass Media and the U.S. Envi-
ronmental Movement ry45-1975 Gug.8, zooz) (unpublished B.A.

t thesis, University of Washington) (on fite with the Suzzatlo and

Allen Libraries, University of Washington).

I Letters, Memoranda, and Press Releases

lvhen citing unpublished letters, memoranda, and press telcases, identilv the
17.2.3

t nature of the document and give the writer and addressee (if any) by name, titlc,
and institutional afliliation. Abbreviate title and institutional afliliation accord-
ing ro tables T6 and T10:

o r*' Letter from Michael Qin, Exec. Editor, Harvard Law Review, to Alex-
andra Zabierek, Exec. Editor, Harvard Law Review (Oct. r, zor4) (on

o fite with the Harvard Law Schoot Library).

r'" Memorandum from the Ad Hoc Comm. on Women & Clerkships to

o the Faculty of Yale Law Sch. r4 (Feb. u, r99r) (on fite with author).
$" Press Release, Screen Actors Guild, Screen Actors Guitd Haits

a Passage of California Privacy Law (Sept. 3o, r99B) (on fite with
author).

t TO cite a letter written to the author of the work in which the letter is bcing
cited. omit the addressee's name and use "to author":

I tr Letter from Katie McCarthy, Exec. Editor, Harvard Law Review, to

author (May 4 zot4) (on fite with author).

o E-mail Correspondence and Listserv Postings 17.2.4

I
When citing personal e-mail mcssages, analogize to unpublished letters (rule
17 .2.5). 'l'hc date of the message and the time stamp may be nceded for spccilic @
 identification of the message. Archival information may be included parentheti
cally and is recommended. The e-mail addresses of the sender and recipient are t
I
not required, although they may be included if there is a neason for doing so:

) E-mail from Mary Miles Prince, Assoc. Dir., Vanderbilt Law Library,
to Edward C. Brewer, lll, Assistant Professor of Law, Salmon

I
P.
Chase Coll. of Law (Sept. 26, t999, o6:15 CST) (on file with author).

Postings to listservs should follow a similar format, but should include the
author's e-mail address and the address of the listserv:

) I
t
Posting of Anastasia Pastan, apastan@act.org, to cara[l-talk@
yahoogroups.com (July 2t,2ot2) (on file with author).

17.2.5 Interviews
When citing an in-person or telephone interview, include the name, title, and I
institutional affiliation (if any) of the interviewee and the date of the interview.
For an in-person interview, provide the location of the interyiew before the
date. Abbreviate title, institutional affiliation, and location according to tables
o
T6 and T1O.

) Telephone Interview with John J. Farretl, Senior Partner, Hildebrand,

o
)
McLeod & Nelson (Nov. u, 1999).

Interview with Aisha Rich, Managing Editor, Harvard Law Review, in o

Cambridge, Mass. (Mar. 2,2ot4).

When the author has not personally conducted the intewiew, provide the name o
of the interviewer:

) Interview by Lauren Brook Eisen with Shane Spradlin, CEO, Nextel I

Commc'ns, in Potomac, Md. (Mar. r, zooo).

17.2.6 Speeches and Addresses

I
When citing speeches and addresses (including those made at panels and con-
ference presentations), identify the speaker by name. Add the speaker's title
o
and institutional aff,liation if they are included in the description or transcript
of the document,or if they would be particularly helpfrrl to the reader. The title I
of the speech or address, pincite where available, and date of the speech should
follow. Abbreviate the speaker's title and institutional afiliation according to
tables T6 and TlO I
) Bradley Smith, Chairman, Fed. Election Comm'n, Keynote Address
at the University of Pennsylvania Law Review Symposium: The Law o
of Democracy (Feb. 6, zoozr).
If the speech or address does not have a formal title, provide a description with o
identifying information:
F Senator Hubert Humphrey, Address at the Harvard Law Review
Annual Banquet (Mar. 29, t958).
o
If the speech or address has been transcribed but not published, include the o
I
location of the transcript in a second parenthetical:
I ts Herbert Wechsler, Remarks at the Meeting of the Bar of the
Supreme Court of the United States in Memory of Chief Justice
Stone 5 (Nov. rz, 1947) (transcript available in the Columbia Law

o Schoot Library).

lfthe speech or address has been published, citc using an "in" form according to

o rules 1.6(aXi) and 15.5.2(b):

o ts James A. Baker lll, U.5. Sec'y of State, Principles and Pragmatism:

American Policy Toward the Arab-lsraeli Conftict, Address Before
the American lsrael Public Affairs Committee (May zz, t989), in

o Dep'r Sr. Bulr., Juty 1989,at24,24-25.

I Forthcoming Publications
Cite a book, article , or other work scheduled for publication in the same man-
17.3

o ner as thc published piecc would be cited, with the same typefaces, cxcept: (i)
do not include a pincite following the title of the journal or book; (ii) add the
designation "forthcoming" in thc date pare nthetical; and (iii) include thc month

t of publication, if available, in addition to the year in thc date parenthetical:

lw Sarah Greenberger, Comment, Enforceable Rights, No Child Left

I Behind, and Political Patriotism: A Case for Open-Minded Section

ry83 Jurisprudence, t5) U. Pa. L. Rrv. (forthcoming lan. zoo5).

I tu SrnnH BnnntHcen Gonoon. THE TwtN Rrrtcs or Bnnenntsrvl (forth-

coming zoor).

I To cite a particular page of a forthcoming publication, add a second parentheti-

cal with the manuscript page cite and a third with the krcation of the forthcom-

t
ing document. Omit volume number if not yet available :

e F. Brandon Baer & James M. Fetdman, We're Low on Vermouth: The

Trials ond Tribulations of Two SummerAssociates, r J.L. & OppnEs-

o sroN (forthcoming zoor) (manuscript at 3) (on fite with authors).

o Working Papers
When citing an unpublished work designated as a working paper, provide a
17.4

I parenthctical indicating the name of thc sponsoring organization, thc working

paper designation and numbeq and thc year Abbreviate institutional entities
according to rule 15.1(d):

o k' Alan J. Auerbach & Laurence J. Kottikoff, National Savings,

Economic Welfare, and the Structure of Taxation z4-33 (Nat't

o Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 729, t98t).

F. Richard Briffautt, The Political Porties and Campaign Finance

o Reform 16-17 (Cotumbia Law Sch. Pub. Law & LegalTheory

Working Paper Grp., Paper No. 72,2ooo), http://papers.ssrn.com/
sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id :2237 29.

a When
ing to
a work is designated
rule 17.2.1.
as a working pape r, but is not numbcred, cite accord-

I
I7.5 Electronic Media and Online Sources
(a) Commercial electronic databases. When citing unpublished and forth-
I
coming materials to a database, provide a complete citation to the document
according to rule l7,md a citation to the database. If the database assigns a
o
unique identifer or code to each document within the database, include that
identifer or code to assist the reader in locating the document cited. t
) Barbara G. Ryder, Incremental Data Flow Analysis Based on a
Unified Modet of Elimination Atgorithms (Aug. t5, t98z) (unpub-
tished Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University), zIPQDT St+61.
I
Some sources are available in two forms, electronic and paper. To facilitate
access to the source, it is permissible to include a parallel citation to a cofilmer-
o
cial electronic database :

) Cass R. Sunstein, Clear Statement Principles and National Secu-

I
rity: Hamdan and Beyond,2006 SuP. Cr. Rev. (forthcoming zooT)
(manuscript at q), http: I I ssrn.com/absllast
-iQ:)zz \06. o
(b) Internet and online sources. When citing to
citation should be made according to
)
de 18.2.2.
an electronic source directly,
o
See Press Release, Nancy Pelosi, Speaker, House of Representa-
tives Pelosi Statement on Hate Crimes Legislation (Dec. 6, zooT),
http : / /spea ker. gov/ newsroom / pressre leas es?id: o 432.
a
17.6 Short Citation Forms I
Use the "id." and"supra" forms in the same manner as they are employed
for materials appearing in periodicals 1de 16.9) and non-periodicals (rule I
15.10), substituting the name of the source in place of an author when no
author is listed, and enclosing a page citation to the manuscript version of a
forthcoming publication in parentheses:
I
) l lnterview with Frank Van Dusen, President, Van Dusen Indus., Inc.,
in Rye, N.Y. (Feb. 15, zooo). o
) 2 ld.; see also J. Paul Oetken, Note, Form and Substance in Critical
Legal Studies, roo Yete L.J. (forthcoming May zoor) (manuscript at I
rz) (on file with author). Oetken points out inherent contradictions
in CLS rhetoric. See id. (manuscript at ro-rz); see also Adrienne
D. Davis, African American Literature and the Law: Revising and
I
Revisiting Freedom l-+ (Dec. rg8g) (unpublished manuscript) (on
fite with The Yale Law Journal) (describing depiction of the law in I
o
slave literature).
) 3SeeOetken, supranote z (manuscriptatr5); Davis, supranote2,
at rz; Press Release, Children's Def. Fund, 2.8 Million Children of
Mexican Heritage Are Among Nearly 4 Million Latino Children Living
in Poverty in the United States (May 5, zoo4) (on fite with author). o
) 4Interview with Frank Van Dusen, supra note r; see Letter from
Asma Hasan to Michael Cannon z (Mar. 15, zooo) (on file with o
@ author).

I
I $. 5 5ee Letter from Asma Hasan to Michael Cannon, supro note 4,
ar 3.

o F. 6
See Press Release, Children's Def. Fund, supro nole 3.

For materials avlilable only online, usc thc normal short lbrm appropriate ftrr

a thc sourcc. A URI need not be reoeated after a short citation.

o
a
o
o
o
o
a
t
I
I
o
t
o
o
o
o
o
1E TIIE INTERNET, ETECTRONIC MEDIA, AI\ID OTHER
NOI\IPRINT RESOT]RCES
I
This rule covers citation of information found on the lnternet (rule LE.2);
widely used commercial databases such as Westlaw and LEtrS (rule 18.3);CD-
I
ROMs (rule 1E.4); microform (rule f8.5); films, broadcasts, and noncommer-
cial video materials (rule 18.6);and audio recordings (rule 18.7). o
18.1 Basic Citation Forrns a
o
(a) Internet Sources (rule 1E.2)

Authenticated or Orrrcg or Mcmr. & Buocer, A New Enn or

official documents REspoNstBtLtry: RENEwtNG Annenrcn's Pnomtse
(zoog). o
Unaltered scanned
copies ofprint soufces
United States v. Grigg, qg8F.ldto7o,ro72-73
9th Cir. zooZ). o
Documents for
which print copy is
practically unavailable
Conference Report, German Soc'y for
ContemporaryTheatre and Drama in English,
Mediated Drama/Dramatized Media: From
t
Boards to Screens to Cyberspace [une t7-zo,
t99), http: | | www p h ilh ist. u n i-au gsbu rg.de/ o
I
cdelconf 1ry99.
Electronic version Slnra MoHtcl, Cll., MuH. Cooe ch. 3.zo
improvingreader (tgl6), http://qcode.us/codes/santamonica/.
acc€ss to source also
available in print I
Onlineonly sowces Beru & Jennv's Homemnoe lce Cnennn, http:ll
www.benierry.com ([ast visited Oct. 6, zoo8). I
Subheadings linked
from main page of
David S. Cloud, Gafes Budget Eyes Next
Gen. Warfare, PoLrnco (Apr. e, zoo9,
: :S+ PM), http://www.politico.com/news/
I
I
website
stories/o4o9lzuz3.html.

t
Dynamic webpages, Asahi Shimbun, A-Bomb Disease
such as blogs Ruling, JnpnnEse L. Br-oc (Mar.z7,zoo9,
9 :29 PM), http : //ja pa n ese law.blo gs pot.com /

I
search?q=A-Bomb+Disease+Rulin g.
Online sources Driving Directions from N.Y.C. to New Haven, Cl
requiring form,query Gooe lE Mnps, http://maps.google.com (follow
or unwieldy URI "Directions" hyperlink; then search starting point
field for "NewYork, NY" and search destination I
Online sources that
field for "New Haven, CT"
Kenneth W Simons, Retributivists Need Not and a
a
preserve original Should Not Endorse the Subjectivist Account
pagination, such as a of Punishmenf, ro9 Cot-utvt. L. Rev. Storenn r,
PDF I (zoog), http://columbialawreview.org/wp-
content/uploa ds I zoog I ol I t_Simons.pdf.
I
o Dynamic websites,
such as blogs, within
Vanessa Wiltiams, "The Cosby Show" and
the Black American Dream, WnsH. Posr:

o larger websites SHe rHE People (Oct. rz, zor4), http://www.

washin gtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-peopte/

a
wp I zot4l to I tz/the-cosby-show-and-the-btack.
american-dream.
Social media posts b i n (@J effreyToo b i n), Tw rrre n (Au g.
Jeff rey Too

o 30, 2074, 6:ro AM), https://twitter.com/

JeffreyToobin/status/ 5o57o 4t45o35 4688oo.

o Archivcd sources Rocio Gonzalez, Puerto Rico's Status Debate

Continues os Island Marks 6t Yeors as a

o Commonwealth, Hurrrncron Posr (July 25,

2ot3, gioo AM), http: //www. h uffi n gtonpost.
com I zot3 | o7 I z5 I puerto-rico-status-

o debate_n_365r75 5.html
Ihttp://perma.cclC6UP-96H N].

o (b) Non-Internet Electronic Sources (rules 18.3-.7)

Commercial electronic Bissinger v. City of New York, Nos. o6 Civ.

o databases z3z5(WHP), o6 Civ.4z6(W HP), zooT WL

zszltS!, at*3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. z+,3oo),

o Electronic storage
media
46 C.F.R. 5 SZ.roS(a) (Westlaw Desk Code of
Federal Regutations CD-ROM, current through

o Microform collections
luly t, 1999).
Petition for Writ of Certiorari for Defendant-

t Appetlant, Cosman v. United States, 47tU.S.

uoz (1985) (No. 8+-rSBS), microformed on tJ.S.
Supreme Court Records and Briefs (Microform,

a Films and broadcasts

ln c.).

THr GoornrHen (Paramount Pictures r97z).

o Commercial audio

llcgdinss
BEyoNcE, DnrucrnousLv tN LovE (Cotumbia
Records zoo3).

I Non-commercial
recordings
Videotape: Andrew Haber Monologue Series
(Scarsdale A/V Services zooS) (on fite with
author).

o Podcasts This American Life: Mistokes Were Made,

CHrcnco Puelrc Reoro (Apr. r3, zoog)

o (downloaded using iTunes).

a The Internet
Tbe Bluebook requires the use and citation of traditional printed sources when
r8.2

o available, unless there is a digital copy

ticated, official,
of the source available that is authen-
or an exact copy of the printed sourcc, as described in rule

I
14.2.1.
 The des that follow offer guidance in formatting Inte rnet citations. Rule 1E.2.1
lays out general principles applicable to all Internet citations. Rule 18.2.2 sets
I
out rules for direct citations to Internet sources. E-mails should be treated as
unpublished letters per rwle 17.2.4. a
18.2.1 General Internet Citation Principles
(a) Sources that can be cited as if to the original print source.
o
I
When
an authenticated, oflicial, or exact copy of a source is available onlin€, cita-
tion can be made as if to the original print source (without any URL informa-
tion appended). Many states have begun to discontinue printed official legal
resourccs, instead relying on online versions as the oflicial resourceS for admin-
istrutive or legislative documents. The federal govemment is also moving toward
o
increasing access to online versions of legal documcnts, though it continues to
publish official print versions. t
o
(i) Authenticated documents. When citing to such materials,Tbe Bluebook
encourages citation to "authenticated" sources: those that use an encryption-
based authentication method, such as a digital signature or public key infrastruc-
ture, to ensure the accuracy of the online source. Generally, an authenticated
document will have a certiicate or logo indicating that a government entity
verilied that the document is complete and unaltered.
o
(ii) Official versions. Some states have designated, either by legislation or
other oflicial mechanism, that the online source is the "oflicial" source for a
I
particular legal document. Some online publishers similarly make a distinction
as to whether the document has been approved by, contributed by, or harvested
from an official source by the content orilainator, designating such a document
t
"oflicial." Generally, The Bluebook prefers citation to an authcnticated source,
or, if none is available, to the "official" source
.
I
(iii) Exact copies. An exact copy is one that is an unaltered copy ofthe printed
source in a widely used format that preserves pagination and other attributes of
the printed work (such as Adobe's portable document format, or "PDF").
o
(b) Sources where the URL should be appended.
(i) Obscure sources. If the cited information is available in a traditional source
o
but such source is so obscure as to be practically unavailable, or if a parallel
citation to an Internet source will substantially improve access to the source I
cited, citation should be made both to the traditional source and to the Int€rnet
source by appending the URL directly to the end of the citation.
(ii) Online sources with print characteristics. If an online source shares
I
the characteristics of a print source such that it could be fully cited according
to another nl/le in Tbe Bluebook, the citation should be made as if to the print
source and the URt appended directly to the end of the citation, even if it is
a
unknown whether the cited information is available in print.
b FED. Tneoe Courvr'r.r. Cor.rsumen Fnnuo rH THE UNTTED Srnres
o
tz (zoo7), http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/fi les/documents/
reports/consu mer-fraud-u n ited-states-second-federat-trade- o
com mission-survey-staff-report-federat-trade/fraud.pdf.
F Tim Ganser & Stan Veuger, Strategic Voting in Proportional o
Representation Systems 28-29 (Am. Enter. Inst., Working
Paper No. 2ot4-o2, zot 4), http: I lwww.aei.org/wp-content/
I
O u ploads/2o14/oz /-veuger-strategic-votin g-econ-working-
paper_o853o77 49t77.pdf .

I To share the characteristics of a print source, an onlinc source must be I ver-

sion pcrmanently divided into page s with permanent plge numbers, as in a PDI

I and h:rve the elements that charactcrize a given print source, such as a volume
number (for law review articles lnd the like) or publication dtte (f<rr maglzine
articlcs and the likc).

o If an online source can be firrmattcd in full compliance with another rr.rle in ?"/:e
Bluebook,for purposes of citation style it does not matter whether that source
has in fact bcen published in print. As noted above, traditional printed sotltccs

o or authenticated digital copies arc required as a matter of authoritv; this does

not, however, affect the cit:ttion rules for print-like online sourccs.

o (c) Order of authorities and parentheticals. A citation to an onlinc sottrce

that shares the charncteristics of a print sourcc such that it could bc fully cited

o
according to another rulc in The Rluebook docs not affcct thc order of authori-
ties under rule 1.4. The source is ordcrcd in thc same waY that the traditional
printed sourcc would be:

o b, See Marce{ Kahan & Edward B. Rock, Corporate Constitutionalism:

Antitakeover Chorter Provisions os Pre'Commitment, r5z U. Pn. L.
Rrv. (forthcoming Dec. zoo3), http://ssrn.com/abstract=416605 ;

O Interview with Morris Kramer, Partner, Skadden, Arps, State,

Meagher & Ftom, in N.Y.C., N.Y. (Mar. 4, 1997) (discussing the

o limitations of shareholder rights ptans).

V/hen such a citation requires multiplc parentheticals, place them in the

I order indicatcd in rule 1.5(b). Thus, the URL of a source cited in lccorclance
with rule 18.2.1(b) should follow format-related parentl'tctical infbrmation
(such as "on file with author," "unpublished manuscript," or "cmphasis added")

o and rclated authority parenthcticals (such

explanatory parentheticals:
as "citing" or "quoting"), but prccede

o s Poltv l. Price, Precedent and Judicial Power After the Founding,

4zB.C. L. REV. 81, 84 (zooo) (emphasis added) (citing Gutoo

o CALABRESI. A Commoru Lnw ron rHE AGE oF SrArurES 4

(rq8z)), http://lawdigitatcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?articte:2166&context:bclr (discussing precedent in the

o context of statutory construction).

(d) Archival. Archiving of Intcrnet sources is encouraged, but only when a

o reliable archival tool is availablc. For citations to Internet sotlrces, append the
archive URL to thc ftrll citation in brackets:

I lo Tom Goldstein, Somewhat Significont Settlement, SCOTUSeLoc

(Feb. z, zoo5, 8:5 4 PM), http: / /www.scotusblo g.com I zoo5 | oz I
somewhat-si gnifi cant-settlement Ihttp: / /web.archive.org/

o web/ zoo5ozoSoBrgzz/www.scotusblog.com /movabtetypel.

p. Letter from Rose M. Oswald Poels, President/CEO, Wis. Bankers

o Ass'n, to Elizabeth M. Murphy, Sec'y, SEC (Sept. r7, zor3), http://

www.sec.gov/comments/s7 -o3'q I s7 o3t3-r78.pdf Ihttp: I I perma.

I
cclBtZtDgDl\
18,2.2 Cftanons to Internet Sources
An Internet source that cannot be cited according to another rule n Tbe Blue-
I
book rs stated in accordance with rule 18.2.1(bxii), should be cited as if
to the original print source in accordance with rule 1E.2.1(a) or according o
to this rule. AII efforts should be made to cite ro the most stable electronic
location available. The Internet citation should include information designed to
facilitate the clearest path of access to the cited reference, including the title,
I
pagination, and publication date as they appear on the webpage. The Internet
URL should be separated by a comma and appended to the end of the citation.
o
(a) Author. When available,provide author information in ordinary roman type.
When no author is cleady announced,omit author information from the citation
unless there is a clear institutional owner of the domain. Abbreviate the name of
I
an institutional author according to rule 15.1(d):

F Eric Posner, More on Section Z of the Torture Convention, VolorH I

)
CoHsprnncv ()an. 29, 2oo9, 10:04 AM), http://www.volokh.com/
posts I tz33z4r45 8.shtm t.
o
I
Povement Plonning New Album Release, Guoe Mnc. (Nov.
6, zoog), http: / /www. glidemagazine. com | 48o7 I
pavement-planning-new-album-release.

If domain ownership is clear from the website's title, omit the name of the
institutiond author: o
l Durrrru' DoHurs, http://www.dunkindonuts.com (last visited Feb.
t, zoog). t
> The Butterfly Conseruatory,Aaa. MusEurvr Ner. Hrsr., http://www.
amn h.org/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/the-butterfly-conserva-
tory. ([astvisited Nov. z5,zoo9).
I
For postings and comments, cite using the usemame of the poster. Comments
should include the author of the comment when available but need not include I
the author of the original post:

) Martinned, Comment to More on Section 7 of the Torture Conven- I

I
fion, Vo Lo K H Co H s p r nncy (an. 29, 2oo9, rt:oz AM), http: / /www.
volokh.com/p osts | 1233247458.shtm1.

t
For social media feeds, provide the author's name if discernible and verifed.
If the author uses a username or handle on the social media platform, include
the username or handle in parentheses after the name or, if the name is not

o
discernible and verified, use only the username or handle. After author informa-
tion, include the title of the post if applicable and the name of the social media
platform:

) November Project, The Bubble ls GONE!, Faceeoox (Mar. t9, zot4),

https: //www.facebook.com / med ialset/?s et= a5$5 46258 4438to I
)
.to7 37 4t983.2 46 449ot5 4635 3 7&type:r.
Wendy Davis (@wendydavistexas), lusncnnm, http://instagram. o
o
com/wendydavistexas (tast visited May zo, zot4).
) @LegatRebels, TwtrrER (Mar,24, zor4, ro:35 AM), https://twitter.

I
com / LegalRebels/status/44 8t5t433zzzo6zo8o.
t (b) Titles. Titles should bc used to indicate the location of the pagc being
vicwed in relation to the rest of thc site. Titles should be takcn either from the
"title bar" at the top of thc browser or from any clearly announced heading

o identiffing thc pag€ as it appears in the browser. All efforts should bc made to
include a title that sufliciently identi-fies the pagc but that is not unwieldy, krng,

t uninformativc, or confusing. Do not italicize descriptivc titles.

? Weird and Dumb lnternationol Laws, JusrtcEDetrY.cotvt, http://

o www.iusticedaily.com/weird/partz.htmt (tast visited May zr,

zoo4).
Not; Weird Law and Dumb Law-Legal Jokes, Lawyer Jokes, Humor,
o Laur, J usrrce DAr Ly.coM, http ://www.lusticedaily.com I weird I partz.
htmt (last visited May zyzoo4).

I (i) Main page titles. The citation should always include the homepagc or
domain namc of which the particular citation is a part, rcferred to here irs a

I "main page title." Thc website 's main pagc title should be citcd using large and
small caps. Capitalization should conform to the title as it appears on the site.
Main page titles should be abbreviated in accordance with tables T10 and T13:

I p Dntv Kos, Hrrp://www.DAtLYKos.com (nsr vtslrED Jnru. 19, 2009).

I (ii) Titles for pages other than the main page. The titlc of the spccilic
pages within the domain name and linked from thc main page, for example
postings or comments to postings, should also be included whcre relevant.

o Titles to subheadings should appear in italics. Follow standard rules for capital-
izing the titles of sources in accordancc with rule 8, even if the title bar uses
nonstandard capitalization. Wherc appropriate, subheadings should include lan-

o guage indicating the page's relation to the page to which it rcsponds:

*' David Waldman, This Week in Congress, DntlY Kos

o (an. r9, 2oo9, 68oio4AM), http: //www.dailykos.com

sto ryo n ly/ z oo 9 | t I $ I 45zzl I d,8g I 681 | 68S8oz.
/

o h Packerland Progressive, How ls Sec n5 Constitutional Under

INS v. Chadha?, Comment to This Week in Congress, Dew
Kos (.lan. 19, 2oog, 9: zo AM), http: / /www.dai lykos.com /

o sto ryon lyl zoo 9 I r I 18 I 45zzl I q8g | 681 I 68 S8oz.

(iii) Titles for blogs contained within a larger wetrsite. If the cited source

a is published under the name of I blog that hits its own content and presence
within a larger website, both the namc of the site and the name of thc blog

o should be included:
qp Emmarie Huetteman, zot6 Republican Prospects
Spor Over Llkraine, N.Y. Tttvtrs: Tue Cnucus (Mar. 9,

o 2074, 2i57 PM), http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.

com I zot4l oj I o9 | zo6-republican'prospects-spar-over-ukraine.

o F Andrew Morse. Credif 5uisse

IJ.S. Tax Evosion Crackdown,
Is Lotest Swiss Bank Humbled by
Wnlr Sr. J.: L. Broc (May ry, zot4,

a 5 :o4 PM), http:// bto gs.wsi.com /[aw/ zo U I os I tg I cr edit-suisse-

is-tatest-swiss-ban k-humbled-bv-u-s-tax-evasion-crackdown.

I
(iv) Descriptive titles. If the page's headings are not su-fficiently clear,
descriptive title can be used:
a
I
) Archive of Columns by Wiltiam Safire, N.Y. Ttmes, http://www.
nytimes.com/top/opinion/editorialsandoped/oped/columnists/ I
)
williamsafi re (last visited Jan. V, zoo4).

Review of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Collector's Edition,

Rorre N Torvrnroes, http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hitch-
I
hikers_guide-to-the-galaxy-the-collectors-edition (last visited
lan.6, zoot+). o
(v) Titles for social media posts. If the content is contained on a social media
website , place titles, if applicable, between the author information and the plat- I
form identi.fication. Only include a title if one is cleady intended and conveyed;
otherwise omit:

)
I
November Proiect, The Bubble is GONE!,Fncrsoor (Mar. t9, zot4),
https: / /www.facebook.com /media/set/?set = a.5$6 46258 4438to
.to7 37 4t983.2 +6 ++gotS +615 37&type=r.
I
) Ted Cruz (@SenTedCruz), Twtrren (Mar.z7,zot4,935 AM),
https://twitter.com /SenTedCruz/statuses | 4492232o9o5833267 z. I
) Eugene Volokh, LrHxeorr,http://www.tinkedin.com/pub/eugene-
votokh/9alSbb/boz (last visited Mar. 27, zot4). I
(c) Date and time. The date should be provided as it appears on the Intemet
site. Use only dates that refer clearly to the material cited. The date should be t
I
indicated after the main page title and any pinpoint citation:

) Ashby Jones, Activists, Research Facilities Taking Disclo-

sure Battles to Court, Wnu Sr. J.: L. Bloe (Feb. 26, zoo9,
9:+o AM), http://btogs.wsj.com/law/zo og I oz I z6 |
activists-research-facilities-taking-disclosure-battles-to-the-courts. o
If there is no date associated with the specific subiect matter of the citation,
"last updated"or"last modified"dates should be supplied in a parenthetical aft€r I
the URL "Last updated" or "last modified" dates or copyright designations that
refer to a site as a whole should not be used for dynamic sites that are updated
I
t
regularly:

) Date Fast, History of Biology and Medicine, SruHr )GvreR U., http://
faculty.sxu.ed u/ -fast/generat_biotogy/history.htm (last updated
Oct. 3r, zoor).

When material is otherwise undated, the date that the website was last visited I
should be placed in a parenthetical after the URI:

) YnHoo!, http://www.yahoo.com (last visited Dec. r5, zoo4). I

If an archival tool that indicates when a sorrce was archived is utilized, it is not
necessary to include a "last visited" parenthetical after the uRL. o
Blogs and other dynamic sites that are updated frequently should include a time-
stamp whenever possible. Especially when the citation is for a comment to a a
I
o posting or is othcrwise easily idcntifiable by the time of its posting, the time-
stamp listcd on the subhcading should be included with the date :

o F Donn Zaretsky, Ruling ls a Setbock for Sports Artist, Anr L. Bloc

(Aug. 25, 2oo9, 10:51 AM), http://theartlawblog.btogspot.com'

o (d) The URL. A site 's Internet address, or URL, shoulcl point reaclers directly
to the source cited rathcr than to an intervening page of links. If thc tlRL is
straightforw'ard, thcn citc the entirc tlRL as it appcars in the addrcss bar of thc

o browser:

k stanley Kubrick Biography, MDB, http://www.imdb.com/name/

o nmooooo4o/?ref-:nv-sr-2 (last visited Feb. zB, zor5).

Not: Stanley Kubrick Biography, IMDB, http://imdb.com (search in

I search bar for "stanley Kubrick"; then follow "Biography" hyper-

[ink under "Quick Links") (last visited Feb. 28, zor5).

I Alternativcly, thc root URL of thc site from which information is accessecl may
bc used if (l) the URL is long, unwieldl', or full of nontcxtual chamctcrs (such

t
as question marks, percentage signs, or ampersands); or (2) the source may only
be obtained by submitting a form or query. If thc root URL is used and the site's
format is not clear from the rest of the citation, a clarifring pare nthetical should
be addcd to explain how to access the specilic information to which the cita-

o tion refers:
$e http://fjsrc.urban.org/noframe/wqs/q-data-l.htm#zoor (foltow

o "zoor: A0USC out" hyperlink; then foltow "Offenses: TTSECMO"

hypertink).

o Not: http://fisrc. urban.org/noframe/wqs/q-e.cfm?cat=3&year=2oo1

&agency:AOU SC&saf:out&varr:TTS ECMSO.

o Notc that some LIRLs arc case sensitive , so cite URLs

net browscr.
as tl-ley appear in the Inter-

a (e) Multiple URLs. Somc popular sites are scrved by more than one [lRL. In
these cases, a proper citation should use thc primary IJRL rather thm a IIRL that
links to an alternate server:

o fi' MAcy's, http://www.macys.com (last visited Feb. 28, zo15).

Not: Macv's, http://wwwr.macys.com (tast visited Feb. 28, zor5).

o (f) Document format. If a documcnt is avaihblc both in HTML formlt and in

widely used format that prescrves pagination and other attributes of printed

o
a
work (such as Adobe's portable documcnt format, or "PDF"), the latter should
alwal's be cited in lieu of an HTML document:

o e" Etizabeth McNichot & lris J. Lav, New FiscalYear Brings No Relief
from lJnprecedented State Budget Problems, Crn. or BUDGET &
PoL'v Pntontrtes r (Sept. 3, zoog), http://www'cbpp.org/g-B'

o oBsfp.pdf.
Not: Etizabeth McNichot & lris J. Lav, New FiscalYear Brings No Relief

o from Llnprecedented State Budget Problelns' CENTER on Buoqrr

& Pot-'v Pntontrtes r (Sept. 3, zoog), http://www.cbpp.org/9-8-

o o8sfo.htm.
 (g) Pinpoint citations. If the cited document is rendered in a format that pre-
serves t]le pagination of a print version (such as a PDF fite), pinpoint citations I
should be provided where appropriate. Page numbers should always refer to
the numbers that appear on the document itself. Do not use "screen numbers,,
or other numbers that may appear in a software viewing window or scroll baf. I
When there is pagination information available, it should be included between
the domain name and the date or URI,whichever comes fust.
o
fE.3 Commercial Electronic Databases
Because of the reliability and authoritativeness of LDilS,Westlaw, Bloomberg
o
Iaq and other commercial electronic databases such as Dialog, cite such
sources,ifavailable,inpreferencetotheothersourcescoveredbyrule lS.Cita- o
tions to these electronic databases should be consistent with this present de
regardless ofwhether the databases are accessed through proprietary software
or through a website such as http://www.westlaw.com or http://www.lexis.
I
com. For guidance as to the specific use of commercial electronic databases, see
the following rules: I
Cases..
Constitutions
Statutes.
.rulelo.8,l
....dell o
I
. tule 12.5
Irgislative Materials. ..... de 13.7
Regulations .....ru1e14.4
Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials. . . . . . . . . . .
PeriodicalMaterials...
rule 15.9
... rule 16.g o
r8.4 CD-ROM and Other Electronic Storage Media
(a) Print form preferred. lnformation found on CD-ROM or other medium o
of electronic distribution (flash drive, etc.) is usually available in print form, and
citation to the print form is preferred. If the information is accessed by elec-
tronic storage medium, however, it should be cited to that medium.
I
(b) Citation forrnat. When citing CDROM or other similar media, include the
title of the material, the publisher of the CDROM, the version searched, and the
o
date of the material, if available, or the date of the version searched. The infor-
mation may be provided in a sourcedate parenthetical or, if the information is
voluminous, as related authority (de 1.6):
I
) Coluen oN BANKRUpTcy fl Zoo.o2 (Matthew
7 Lnwneruce P. Krr.tc, I
t
Bender Authority Bankruptcy Law CD-ROM, rel. 13, Aug. 1999).

1E.5 Microform

1E.5.1 Microform Collections Reproducing preexisting Materials o

In general, when a document is reproduced in microform, it is not necessary
to indicate this fact unless it would otherwise be diffcult for a reader to iden-
tify and obtain the source.When citing material as,,microformed on,, a ser-
I
vice, provide a complete citation to the original document and a citation to the
microform in accordance with de 1.6 regarding citations to related authority. o
If the microform service assigns a unique identifier or code to each document
I
o rcproduccd, include that identifier to assist the reader in bcating the documcnt
cited. Includc the name of thc publisher of the microform serics in parenthes€s,
abbreviated according to rule 15.1(d):

o fe' Cnr-. Cooe REGs. tit. 26,$ 4-263r(g) (Barctay's r99o), microformed
on Cal. Code of Reg. r99o Revised Format, Fiche r43 (Univ. Micro-

o forms Int't).
B' AppLrcATroN oF EMployER Snrcrtots ro LoNGSHoRE Wonr, H.R.

o Rep. No. ror-zo8 Q989), microformed on CIS No. 89-H523-r7

(Cong. Info. Serv.).

I $F S. 1237,991h Cong. 5 sos (rg8s), microformed on Sup. Docs. No. Y

r.4lt:99-t237 (U.S. Gov't Printing Office).

t Microform Collections Containing Original Materials 18.5.2

o
When a microform collection contains matcrials original to that collection,iden-
ti$ the microform set and its publisher, and use the publisher's system for iden-
tifying intlividual forms within the set. Use rule 18.5.1 as a guidc.

I Films, Broadcasts, and Noncommercial Video Materials 18.6

o Cite lilms in large and small capitals, and television or radio broadcasts in ital-
ics, by title, episode namc (if available), and exact date (if available). Include thc
name of the company or network that produced thc lilm or broadcast. If there

o is no information as to the producer of the broadcast, include the name of the

company or network that aired the broadcast:

a "
p
ArnplnruE! (Paramount Pictures r98o).

Low & Order: Tobula Rasa (NBC television broadcast Apr. zt,t99).

I (lite video materials containing images that havc not been commercially dis-
played or broadcast by the medium of the material, the title of the video or DVI)
(if any), the name of the person or institution that produced thc video, and thc

o year of production. Timestamps may bc used for designating pinpoint citations,

but they are not required:

o ;* Videotape: Installing Your CLS-zoo9 (Emity Weiss Etectric Co.t995)

(on file with the Arlington Pubtic Library).

a F DVD: 2oo4 Yale Law Revue (Yate Media Services zoo4) (on file with
author).

I When a television broadcast is also available online, a citation to the online

source is acceptable in accordance with rule 1a.2.2.

If the video was originally broadcast online, cite per rule 18.2.2 for dynamic

o websites. Consistent with the gener.rl principles of this rule , all efforts should
be macle to cite to the distinct URL for the specific video. Use the creator of

o the vidco as thc author if available; otherwise treat thc person who posted thc
video as the author.When the site indicates that thc video contains contents
from another source, use an explanatory parcnthetical to indicatc that sourcc:

o + Periodicvid eos, Chocolate and Roses (version i - Periodic Table of

Videos,YouTu er (Feb. ro, zoog), htlp: I I www.youtube.com /watch

o ?v:3ALAZdsguOB&feature:dir.
lE.7 Audio Recordings t
18.7.1 Commercial Recordings
Cite commercial recordings by artist and album title or record title, providing
I
the name of the recording company and the date of release (if available):

F MC HnmmEn, Plense Hntrmen Don'r Hunr'Em (Capitot Records

a
F
1990).

THeBenrles, Scr. PeppEn's LoHely HEanrs CLua BnNo (Capitot I

Records rygo) Gg6).

If a particular song or musical work is referred to, cite it by analogy to shorter I

works in a collection according to rule 15,5.1. Timestamps may be used for
designating pinpoint citations, but they are not required:

)
I
o
EnnrH, Wrr'ro & Ftr., September, onf ue BEsr or EARTH, WtND &
Frnr, Vol. 1. (Am. Recording Co. r97B).

18.7.2 Noncommercial Recordings

o
t
If the recording referred to is not commercially available, use ordinary roman
tJpe and indicate parenthetically where a copy may be obtained. Timestamps
may be used for designating pinpoint citations, but they are not required:

) Audio tape: Conference on Business Opportunities in Space, held

by the Center for Space Policy, lnc., and the Commonwealth of I
I
Massachusetts (Mar. 3-5, rg86) (on file with author).

1E.7.3 Podcasts and Recordings Available Online

If the audio recording was accessed online or is available only online, it should
I
t
be cited using the principles of rule 18,2.2. If there is no stable URI available
to facilitate acc€ss to the source, an explanatory parenthetical should be added
explaining how the source should be accessed. Timestamps may be used for
designating pinpoint citations, but they are not required:

) War
Off,Inr
of Words: ludith Thurmon Discusses Scrabble, Both Online and
New Yonrrn (Jan. r9, zoog),http:l lwww.newyorker.com/
o
)
on li n e/zoo9/o rI g I ogottgon_a ud io_th u rma n.

Splitting Verbs, Grammor Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better
I
Writing (Feb. 26, zoog) (downloaded using iTunes).
o
r8.8 Short Citation Forms
(a) Internet, When citing to a previously referenced lnternet site, us€ a,,supra,' I
form with the last name of the author, if any, or the ritle or descriprion of the
document. "/d. " may also be used in accordance with rule 4. If various subsec-
tions of a website with no author are cited or if more than one posting by a
a
given author is cited, include the subsection title. A URI need not be reoeated
after a full citation: I
o
o tr 1See Dougtas Gantenbein, Mad Cows Come Home, Smre (Jan.
5,
2oo4, 72iro PM), http://www.slate.com/articles/news-and-poli-

o tics/the_best_policy I zoo 4I orl mad_cows-come-home.htm [.

b 2 Prrzrn, luc., http://www.pfizer.com (tast visited lan. q, zoo4).

o r*, 3 Gantenbein, supro note 1; PFtzER, lttc., suprc note z.

(b) Commercial electronic databases. For mlterials availablc on an elec-

o tronic thtabase, use a unique databasc identilier, if onc has becn assigncd, in
constructing a short form:
.r'" Int'l Snowmobile Mfrs. Ass'n v. Norton, No. oo-CV-zz9-B, zoo4 WL
O 2337372, at *3 (D. Wyo. Oct. t4,zoo4).

t beco mes : I n t' I S n owm o b i Ie, zoo 4 W L 2337 37 z, at * 3.

?' Chavez v. Metro. Dist. Comm'n, No. 3:ozCV458(MRK), zoo4 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS ttz66,at *5 n.3 (D. Conn.lune yzoo4).

o becomes: Chavez, zoo4 U.S. Dist. LEXIS uz66,at*5n3.

t (c) CD-ROM and microform. When citing a separltcly published docttment

avlilablc on CD-ROM or microfirrm, use the short form appropriatc f<rr tltc origi-
nll document; it is not ncccssary to inclicate the source oncc it has bcen given

o in the Iirst ftlll cit:rtion.

(d) Films, broadcasts, and audio recordings. Whe n citing films, broaclcasts,

a rnd auclio recordings,"id.

t, Nightline: Microsoft Monopoly
I+
" and "supro" n-ray be used according to

(ABC television broadcast Apr. 3,

rule 4:

a p-- 5
2ooo) (transcript on file with the Columbia Law Review).

ld.

a :,= 6 See rd.; Menr Loar, For Crying Out Loud, on Bar Our oF HELL
(Epic Records 1977).

o c / MEAr Loer, supra

supro note 4
note 6; see also Nightline: Microsoft Monopoly,
(describing Microsoft's response to the court ruting).

o
I
o
I
o
o
I
rg SERVICES
I
I
Cases, administrative materials, and brief commentaries are often published
unofficially in topical compilations called'services," which appear in looseleaf
form initially and are sometimes published later as bound volumes. Consult
Legal Looseleafs in Print,wfuch is updated annually, for a comprehensive list-
ing ofservices. Rule 19.1 provides rules for citing services. Some services are
no longer published in print or ane otherwise available online.
o
l9.l Citation Form for Services o
Cite services by volume, abbreviated title in ordinary roman type, publisher,
subdMsion, and date. If the source is a case, include the abbreviated name of I
the court in the same parenthetical as the date, as you would under rule 10.4.
Consult table T15 for service and publisher abbreviations; if a service is not
listed, refer to table T13 to abbreviate the words that make up its title:
I
) /n re Smithfield Estates, Inc., [t985-r986 Transfer Binder] Bankr. L.
Rep. (CCH) Iito,7o7 (Bankr. D.R.l. Aug.9, 1985). I
) SEC v. Tex.
197il.
Int'lAirlines, z9 Fed. R. Serv. zd (West) +o8 (D.D.C.
o
) Kovacsv. Comm'r, 74A.F.f .R.zd (RtA) 354 6thCr.Lg9d.
When citing looseleaf material that will eventually be bound, add the name of
t
the bound form in parentheses if it is different from the name of the looseleaf
form;include the volume of the bound form if available: I
) Marietta Concrete Co., 3 Lab. Rel. Rep. (BNA) (8+ Lab. Arb. Rep.
(BNA)) n58 (May 7, 1985). t
When citing to services found on a commercial electronic database, provide a
parallel citation to the database, including the database identifier and any codes
or numbers that identify the information.
I
) Dynda Thomas, Conflict Minerals - You Have More to Worry About
than lust the SEC,38 Chem. Reg. Rep. (BNA) 186, l8 CRR 186 (BL)
I
(Feb. ro, zor4).

(a) Volurne. The volume designation of a service may be a number, ayear,a o

descriptive subtitle from the volume's spine, or a combination of these. If the
volume designation includes words or a year, use brackets to avoid confusion: t
) 5 Trade Reg. Rep.
) r979-t Trade Cas. I
) [Current Developments] Hous. & Dev. Rep.
) lt979l8 Stand. Fed. Tax Rep. I
) [z Wages-Hours] Lab. L. Rep.
) [r Estate & Gift] U.S. Tax Rep.
o
ln citing a transfer binder, the volume designation should indicate the years
material included in that binder:
of I
I
o See
* [t994-t995 Transfer Binder] Fed. Sec.
generally
L. Rep.

rule 3.1(a) (designation of volumes and use of brackets).

I (b) Publisher. Every citation to a servicc, whether looseleaf or bound, must

indicatc the publisher Enclose an abbreviation of the publisher's name in paren-

o theses following the service 's title . Consult table T15 for a list of service pub
lisher abbreviations; if a publisher is not listed, abbreviatc according to rule
15.1(d).

o r 4 Lab. L. Rep. (CCH) Ilgoq6.

I *. Ir982] rz Envtl.
(c) Subdivision. Cite
L. Rep. (Envtl. Law Inst.).

services by paragraph or section number if possible,

a
otherwise by page number. See generally ru.le 3.2 (pages, footnotes, endnotes,
and graphical materials) and rule 3.3 (sections and paragraphs). Additionally,
a report number may be given if it will assist the reader in locating the cited

o material:
L* Rhode lslond Insurance Agents Agree Not to Rig Bids, [Jan.-June]

I Antitrust & Trade Reg. Rep. (BNA) No. 967,at D-rr (June 5, r98o).
w Domination of Markets, AMA Report Finds Consumers Have Few

I Options, [Jan.-Feb.]Antitrust & Trade Reg. Rep. (BNA) No. 96, at 88

(zoo8).

(d) Date. When citing a case reported in a scrvice, give the exact datc (for

o looselcaf services) or year (for bound serviccs) of the casc (rule 10.5):

F Defenders of Witdtife, lnc. v. Watt, ltgSzltz Envtl. L. Rep. (Envtt.

a Law lnst.) zo,zro (D.D.C. May zB, r98r).

t When citing a statute or regulation, give the exact date of its enactment or
promulgation unless thc exact date is indicated elsewhere in the citation:
tr ActofSept. z6,t9}o, Food DrugCosm. L. Rep. (CCH) fl5ff.
o Citations to other material (such as articles or commcntary) should give the
exact date, if available.When citing otherwise undated material in a looselefi

o service , give the date of the page on which the material is printed or the datc of
the subsection in which it is printed:

o F ERl54 Preemption Bills Draw Praise from Labor and Criticism from
Business, [Aug. r99r-June ry93lPens. Plan Guide (CCH) 1126,263,
a|27,o37-40 (Aug. z, r99r).

o Short Citation Forms rg.2

o (a) Cases. For cases, usc short citation fbrms as provided by rule 10.9. Include

t
the complete volume designation for the service bindcr and substitute para-
graph or section numbers for page numbers where appropriate. If a case has
page numbers as well as paragraph or section numbers, you may cite individual
pages insteacl of the paragraph or section number in the short form to idcntif

a specilic material. To cite the entire case in short form,givc the paragraph or sec-
tion number of the case or the lirst pagc number of the case,without using"at":

I
 I a
ln re Looney,1t987-r989 Transfer Binderl Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) fl
72,447,at93,590 (Bankr. W.D. Va. Sept.9, 1988). I
>
)
2ld.

t ld. at93,591. I
) a

Law
Defenders of Witdtife, Inc. v. Watt, ltgSzlrz Envtl. L. Rep. (Envtt.
Inst) 2o,2to, zo,zu (D.D.C. May 28, r98r). I
| 5ln re Looney,[t987-r989 Transfer Binded Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) at
93,597. t
) 6
Defenders of Wildlife,lrySzltz Envtt. L. Rep. (Envtl. Law Inst.) at
20,2t2. I
) zThis was the approach taken in Looney. Seelt987-r989 Transfer
Binderl Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) [i72,447. I
o
(b) Other materials. Short form citations for other materials found in services,
such as statutes, regulations, articles, and commentary, should follow the rel-
evant citation rules as described elsewhere in Tbe Bluebook.

o
I
I
o
o
I
I
t
o
I
I
I
I
o FOREIGN MATERIALS 20

t Table T2 contains iuriscliction-spccific citation examplcs ar-rd is thc primlrv

source fbr the citation of firreign materials. For source s not pre scnt in table T2,
follow the respectivc cotntry's own citation rttles for the sources as modificd

a by thcse gencral ntles.

Jurisdiction 2O.l
o When citing an,v non-U.S. source, whether in English or in ltnother langulge,
indiclte ptrcntheticall)r thc iurisdiction issuing tl-re source, abbreviated accord-

a ing to table T10, unless the jurisdiction is othcrwise clear from thc other cle-
ments of thc citation:

o ,-3

+
Chase v. Campbelt, [rg6z] S.C.R. 425 (Can.).

Berry v Dorsey $97) rct ALR ls (Austl.).

o This parenthctical may bc omitted if the iurisdiction is clear from the context:

t tu"

.
Spain has enacted a separate code governing legat procedure in
employment cases.'
I Labor Procedure Law (R.C.L. r99o,9zz).

o The plrenthetical is locatcd at the end of the citation but bcfirre any parallel

t citations. unlcss otherwisc indicated in table T2:

o Canada Act, t9Bz, c.u (U.K.), reprinted /n R.S.C. r985, app ll' no 5

o
(Can.).

h, Control of Fishing for Salmon Order zoo8 (S.1. 9Blzoo8) (lr.)'

http: / /www.attorneygenerat.ie/esi/ zoo8/ Bz6o6r. pdf.

o Non-English-Language Documents 20.2

a Documents Appearing in More than One Language 20.2.1

I Unlcss otherwisc rcquircd by the citltion, always citc thc most oflicial or
authoritativc version of the document. '[he documcnt itself should clitrify

I which version(s) is authoritativc. For documents publishccl in mtrltiple lan-

guages, use the English-languagc vcrsitln whencver it is as luthoritative as (or
morc authoritative than) other vcrsions. If the docume nt is sile nt on the issttc of

o authorit)', always cite thc English-language version unlcss thc purpose servcd bv
thc t itation rcquircs otltcrwisc.

O Titles and Names of Documents in Languages

Other than English
20.2.2

o (a) Original language and translation. \ffhen citing

guugc othcr than English, always givc the doctlment's
a document in I lan-
full title or namc in the

o original language thc first time the docume nt is cited. lf desircd, thc tlriginal-lan-
guagc title mal'be fbllowcd b1'brackets containing its shortened or full-lcngth
English title in thc same typeface as thc original:

o
 ) Verdrag tot het Vermiiden van Dubbele Belasting [Agreement for
the Avoidance of Double Taxationl I
(b) Capitalization. Capitalize names and titles in languages other than English
as they appear on the page. Capitalize translations according to rule 8. I
20.2.3 Abbreviations in Languages Other than English o
The abbreviations of reporters, codes, statutes, statutory collections, constiil-
tions, and periodicals in languages other than English may be unfamiliar to the
o
I
reader. Therefore, the fiilI form should be given the first time the source is cited,
and the abbreviation should be given in brackets. Thereafter for the whole
piece, the abbreviated form may be used without crosyreference.

Abbreviations for many legal materials in languages other than English are given
in table T2 ; for periodicals, see rule 20.6 . When abbreviating foreign legal mate-
rials for which an abbreviation is not provided, follow the usage of the source.
I
l' l BUncenucHEs GESETZBUcH IBGB] [Crvrr- Cooe] art. 13 (Ger.). o
) 2 Bundesgerichtshof IBG H] [ Federat Court of J ustice] Apr. 16, zoo8,
14o ENTSCHETDUNGEN DEs BuruoeseenrcHTsHoFEs rN ZrvtLsAcHEN
IBGHZI 245 (Ger.).
I
> 3 BGB
(Ger.).
art. rz (Ger.); see also BGH Mar. 3,2oo9, t4rBGHZ zqS QSo)
I
20.2.4 L^ngrages That Do Not Use the Roman Alphabet I
Transliterate all titles, names, or words cited that are not in the Roman alphabet,
using a standard transliteration system (for example, the ALA-LC Romanization I
Tables).

(a) Languages generally. For instructions regarding transliteration that are I

specifc to particular countries, check the relevant entries in table T2.
(b) Chinese language. I
(i) Chinese language romanization. For citations to Chinese language
sources,regardless ofiurisdiction or place ofpublication,always provide roman-
ization as instructed here.Whenever possible, also provide Chinese characters
I
for authors. titles. and case names. Do not use Chinese characters without
accompanying romanization, as some publishers or databases may drop them I
from citations. Use simplified or traditional characters to reflect the usage of
the source. Generally, add an English translation or shortened form in English as
provided nru.le 2O.2.2.Do not cite a Chinese language source in English only. I
For romanization of Chinese language citations, use the Pinyin romanization
system as set forth in the international srandard,Harryu Pinyin Fang'an (1958), o
and related documents. Do not include tone marks. Do not use "v" to represent
"ii.'Competing standards exist for word division in Pinyin. Follow commonly
accepted guidelines for word dMsion in scholady publications as summarized
o
in the examples below and in table T2. Note that the Pinyin standard used in
many libraries differs with regard to word division and separates most syllables, I
so when searching for sources in library catalogs, it may be necessary to break
up compound words into sep,rate syllables.
t
o For capitalization in Pinyin romanization, folkrw
Do not capitalize thc possessivc -de" tf!).
rule 8 and related guidelines.

o X[4. *
\.ltffr.At4'ffiAiFfr'll
Deng Xiaoping

DuiwaiMaoyiJingjiHezuoBu

I tt&li"
6i*ilir!
Xngzhengyuan

Xanggang Fali

o 4+.teh#ui, Taibei Difang Faluan

(ii) Chinese personal names. rJfhen citing a Chinese author or editor's name,

o regardfess of iurisdiction or place of publication, follow rules l5.l and 16.2,

giving the full name in the order it appears on the document. Repeat the full

a name in subsequent short citations to the source. For Chinese personal names
in case citations, follow rule 10.2.1(g).

(A) Chinese language sources. In Chinese language texts the surname

a
is
always given lirst. Transcribe authors and editors of Chinese texts in Pinyin,ioin-
ing multiple syllables of surname andlor forename without hyphens or commas.

I F Chen Hongyi
tr'l E
([f;9A&), Fazhi Qimeng yu Xiandai
* 5I[f ti* tt *#lF) Gsse).
Fa de Jingshen (i*

a b" Wang Taisheng ('E*+),

fF F! Hf tgF+i€ lr€) Qooz).
Taiwan Falii de Duanlie yu Lianxu (friqif

I (B) English language sources. Chinese names in English texts may follow
either Chincse (surname first) or English (surname last) word order. They also

o
may or may not bc spelled according to the Pinyin system and may vary in
fullness. Transcribe the full name in the order and in the spelling in which it
appears on the document.

a F ALBERT Hur.rc-vEe CnEru, AH

rHr PropLt's RepueLrc or
lr.ttnooucltott ro tHe LecnL SvsrEtu or
CHtrun bd ed. LexisNexis zoo4) (1992).

a h TAy-sHENG WnHc,
NIAL RULE (zooo).
Lecnl Reronu rN TATwAN Uruoen JnentesE CoLo-

o F
F
ZHu SnnzHu, Secuntrtes Rrculettotrt tN CHTNA

Guanghua Yu, Towards a Market Economy: Security Devices in

8-r3 (zoor).

I China,S Pnc. Rttvt L. & Pol'v l.r(tggg).

o Citations to Translations of Non-English-Language Documerfis 20.2.5

If desired, a work that conve niently reprints the primary authority in translation
may be cited when referring to a foreignJanguafie source that is not widely

o available to researchers in the United States. In such cases, provide the citation
to the original source in accordance with rules 2O and2l,and' provide a paral-

o lel citation to the translated version, according to rule 1.6(a), introduced by

"tronslated in":

I *" Ley Federal de Derechos de Autor [LFDA], Diario Oficial de la Feder-

aci6n IDOF] 2t-tz-t963 (Mex.), transloted in CopvntcHr LAWS AND
TREATES oF rHE WoRLD 5zr (U.N. Educ., Scientific & Culturat Org.

o et al. eds., r99z).

2O.3 Cases
I
Cite foreign cases according to

20.3.1 Common Law Cases

rule 1O as modified by the following instructions.

t
Ifthe reporter does not clearly indicate the court deciding the case,indicate the
court parenthetically: I
F R v. LockwoodQZSz) 99 Eng.Rep. rZg (K.8.).
I
t
But ifthe couft involved is the highest court in the jurisdiction, only the juris-
diction needs to be identified unless the iurisdiction is otherwise clear from
context:

) Chase v. Campbet[, [rg5z] S.C.R. +zS (Can.).

o
20.3.2 Civil Law and Other Non-Common Law Cases
Cite cases from non-common law countries according to table T2 as t
modified by the following instructions.
(a) Name of the court. Identii/ courts as indicated in rule 20.1. If not t
otherwise clear from the context, include an English translation of the court
designation:

)
I
I
Bundesgerichtshof IBG H] [Federal Court of J ustic ej Apr. 7, zoo3,
r54 ErurscterouNGEN DEs BuHoEsetntcnTsHoFEs tN ZtvtLsAcHEN
lBGHZls: (rz6) (Ger.).
O) Source. Cite the sources listed, with their abbreviations, in table T2. As
required by rule 20.2.3,gSve the full form the first time a source is cited, indi- t
cating in brackets the abbreviation that will be used subsequently.
Many civil law decisions do not appear in official reporters. If a case cited does
not appear in an official source, cite a journal or periodical, issued within the
I
jurisdiction if possible, or a reprint or translation of the decision according to
rules 1.6(a) or 2O.2.5 respectively. I
(c) Jurisdiction. If the national iurisdiction is not evident from the citation
or the context, include the iurisdiction, abbreviated according to table T1O, in
parentheses at the end of the citation, as required by rule 2O,1..
I
(d) Annotations. Annotations to civil law cases are cited according to rule 3.4:

F Cour de cassation [Cass.][supreme court for judicial matters] re

I
civ., Dec. t4,:,982, Bull. civ. l, No. 36o note (Fr.) (note of Ayn€s).
I
2O.4 Constitutions
Cite all foreign constitutions by name . If the nature of the document is not oth- o
erwise clear from the context, include "Constitution" in brackets following the
document name or abbreviation in the first citation. Successive citations may
exclude this note. If the country is unclear from the title of the constitution,
I
include the country abbreviation in a parenthetical at the end of the citation.

) Bu oesvrnFAssu
N NG IBV] [CoHsrrrurroH] Apr. 18, t99g,SR ror, art.
a
z9 (Switz.).
o
t Statutes 20.5

I Statutes in Common Law Systems

(lite like [J.S. statutcs (rule 12) if the iurisdiction's statutes appear in a codifica-
20.5.1

a tion or othcr compilrtion:

&',. Extradition Law,57t4-t95+, B LSI 44 $953-t95+) (lsr.).

o s of the lJnite d Kingdom (table T2.42 United King-

Othcrwise , cite likc statute
dom), noting thc iurisdiction parenthctically at the end of thc citation if n(x

o otherwise clcar from thc context:

.!. Emergency Powers Act (Act No. l/rgz6) (lr.).

C Statutes in Civil Law and Other Non-Common Law 20.5.2

I Jurisdictions
Oite generally according to rules found in table T2.When citing a codc,d<r

o not indicatc the year of the code unless citing a versitln no longer in forcc. In
accordance with rule 20.2.3, usc the ftrll publication name tlte lirst time thc
publication is cited, indicating in brackcts the abbreviation that will be usc<l

o subsequently. Thcrcafter,the abbreviatcd form may bc used:

|n- CoDE crvrr IC. crv.] [Crvrr- Cooe] art. mz (Fr.).

I (iivc the pr.rblishcr or editor and date of privately published sources onll' when
citinfi an annotation rather than thc codc itself:

O s' CoDE crvrr IC. crv.][Ctvtt-

Dattoz 1965) (Fr.).
Cooe]art.ro98 (6+th ed. Petits Codes

a Non-English-Language and Foreign Periodicals 20.6

a (a) In general. For all fbreign perioclicals, including both Iinglish- and non-
EnglishJanguagc sources, abbrcviate thc periodical namc according to table

o Tl3. Include thc country oforigin in

thc contcxt.
a parenthctical if not othcrwise clear liom

o fm' Catherine Labrusse-Riou , La filiotion et la mddecine moderne,33

REvur lrurrnnnroNALE DE DRotr Corvrpnni IR.l.D.C.] 4t9 $986)
(Fr.).

o For foreign newspapers, cite according to rule 16.6.

I b Marianne Kearney, Indonesia Risks Becoming Like Balkans: Mega,

Srnnrrs Trmes (Sing.), Oct.29,2oo1, at 3.
(b) Foreign-language sourc€s. Cite foreignJanguagc periodicals according to

o rule 16, as modilied by rule 20.2. Givc the author;titlc in the original langulge,
folkrwcd by a translation or shortened name in English, if de sircd (rule 20.2.2);

I the r-olumenumberof thcperiodicalif appropriate(rule L6.4);thefirll namcof

thc periodical, if it is being cited for the lirst timc, folkrwed by the oflicial abbrc-
viation in brackets (rule 2U.2,3):the page number(s);the year (rules 16.4 and

o
 16.5);and the abbreviation of the country of publication, if not otherwise clear
from the context. A hereinafter form,provided in brackets at the end of the cita- I
tion, may be given if desired.

) 1
Marie-Th6rdse Meutders-Klein, te droit de l'enfont face au droit
d I'enfant et les procrdations mddicalement assistdeslThe Right
t
of a Child Versus the Right to Have o Child and Medically Assisted
Procreationl,8T Revue TRtMEsTRtELLE DE DRotr Crvrr- [Rev. Tnrntt. I
) 2
Dn. Ctv.l645, 5sz (1988) (Fr.).

Aktuelle Fragen der Schutzbereichsbestimmung im deutschen I

und europiiischen PotentrechtlCurrent lssues in ldentifying the
Scope of Protection in German and European Patent Lawl, zoo3
GewensLrcFtsn REctrsscHurz uHo UnHEeennecHr [GRUR] 9o5
I
>
(Ger.) [hereinafter Scope of Protectionl.

4 Scope of Protection,supranotez,at9o6;see also Benjamin a

Taibleson & Rebecca Krauss, Embracing Convergence: FortyCoun-
tries in Comparative Perspective, rc6 REv. TRtM. Dn. Clv. n9 (zoo7)
(Fr.).
o
20.7 Short Citation Forms
I
(a) Cases. For common law citations, use short forms analogous to those pre
vided in rule 10.9, when permitted. For civil law citation forms, the short form t
should include enough information to uniquely identi$ the original source and
any additional information that would be helpfirl to the reader:
I
> 1
Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Naci6n ICSJN][National Supreme
Court ofJusticel, t8l 7 l zoot, "Frenquel, Adolfo c. Centro de
Ortopedias / recurso extraordinario," La Ley [1.1.] (zoor-D-zz)
t
(Arg.). But see Corte Suprema de Justicia [C.S.J.][Supreme Court],
:.5 noviembre t954,"Sulrez, Alfredo c. Perez, Estela," Rolde [a a
I
causa:. t24-2oo8 s., divorcio, REVIsrA Gncere Juniorcl [R.G.J.] No.
tgo p.t45 (Chite).
> CSJN, t8l7lzoot,
"Frenque[, Adolfo," L.L. (zoor-D-z3). But see

o
'?
C.S.J., rS noviembre t954,"Sulrez, Alfredo," R.G.J. No. r9o p. t46.

(b) Constitutions. Do not use a short form, other than'id.,'for constitutions.

(c) Statutes. Use short forms analogous to those provided in rule 12.10,
when permitted. Otherwise, include enough information to uniquely identiff
the original source and any additional information that would be helpfrrl to the
o
reader. The iurisdiction parenthetical may be included in the short form if it is O
I
not evident from either the elements of the short form citation or the context:

) 1
Loi 85-599 du m juitlet 1985 tendant i la constitution d'archives
audiovisuelles de la justice ILaw 85-699 of July u, 1985 for the
Formation of Audiovisual Archives of the Judiciaryl, JoURNAL
Orrrcrer oE Ln REpust-teuE FRANCAtse [J.O.][Orrrcrel Gnzerrr or
Fnlrcel, July tz, t985, p. 2885.
I
o
I
o ts 2 Ley No. zr7, z May ry96, Ley General del Medio Ambiente y los
Recursos Naturales ILey det Medio Ambiente] [Environmentat
and Natural Resources Law] tit. lll, ch. ll, sec. l, Le Gecern, Dtnnto

o Orrcrer- [1.G.], 6 June t996 (Nicar.).

ts 3 Law 8s-6gg of July rr, 1985, art. 4 (Fr.); Environmental and Natural

I Resources Law, tit. lll, ch. ll, sec. ll (Nicar.).

(d) Periodicals. tJse short forms analogous to those provided in rule 16.9.

o
o
I
I
o
o
o
t
o
o
I
o
t
o
o
)
t
2l INTTRNATIONAI MATERIAI,S
I
21.1 Basic Citation Forms
I
I
(a) Treaties and other international agreements. (rale 21.4)

Bilateral Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Japan-

U.S., art. X, Apr. z, L953,4 U.S.T. 2o63.

t
Trcaty
Agreement Concerning Payments for Certain Losses
Suffered During World War ll, Fr.-U.S., Jan. r8, zoor,
Temp. State Dep't No. or-35, zoor WL 4t6455.
Treaty of Ne utra [ity, Hun g.-Tu rk., Jan. 5, t929, too I
o
L.N.T.S. r37.

Multilateral Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of

I
Treaty Prisoners of War art. 3, Aug. 12, Lg4g,5 U.S.T. 3316,75
U.N.T.S. 135.
lnter-American Police Convention, Feb. 29, tg2o, r27
L.N.T.S. 433.
North American Free Trade Agreement, Can.-Mex.-U.S., I
Dec. t7, t992, 32 l.L.M. 289 (1993).

(b) International law cases. (rule 21.5) o

lntemational
Court ofJustice
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against
Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Judgment, 1986 l.C.J.
z).
4 0une
I
Fisheries Jurisdiction (U.K. v. lce.), Interim Protection o
Order, t97z l.C.J. tz (Aug. rZ).
Diversion of Water from Meuse (Neth. v. Betg.),
Judgment, ry37 P.C.l.l. (ser. A/B) No. 7o, at 7 flune z8).
I
Reservations to Convention on Prevention and
Punishment of Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, o
r95tl.C.l. r5 (May z8).
Court ofJustice Case C-zgl89, The Queen v. Sec'y of State for Transp. I
of the European ex parte Factortame Ltd., r99o E.C.R. l-2433.
Union
I
European

:f Y*-
Rishs
Court Kampanis v. Greece, 3r8 Eur. Ct. H.R. 29,35 G9g).
lreland v. United Kingdo m, z3 Eur.Ct. H.R. (ser. B) at z3
(rgz6).
t
Inter-American Tortrino
Commission on
H.R., Report No.
v. Argentina, Case n.597,Inter-Am. Comm'n
7/98, OEA/5er.L./V/11.98, doc. 7 rev. Il
I
Human Rights 15 $99).

Inter-American Restrictions to the Death Penalty (Arts. zr(z) and +(4) I

Court of Human American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory
Rights opinion OC-ll8l,Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) No. 3,li7o
(Sept. 8, 1983).
o
I
I International M/V Saiga (No. z) (St. Vincent
Tribunal fbr the
v. Guinea), Case No. z,
Order of Jan. 2o, t998, z ITLOS Rep. 4, 5.

I Law of the Sea

International Prosecutorv.
Court
Dyilo, ICC-otlo4-otlo6-z84z,ludgment
pursuant to Art.74 of the Statute, fl ro7 (Mar.

a
Criminal
r 4, zotz.), http : / /www. icc-cpi. i n t/ iccd o cs I do c I

docr37983B.pdf.

I Prosecuto r v. Kata n ga, ICC- ot I o 4- ot I o7 3 436- Anxll,

Concurring opinion ofludges Diarra and Cotte, 11 5
(Mar. j, zorl, http: I I www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/

o docr748ro5. pdf.

I International
Criminal
Tribunals
Prosecutor v. Tadid, Case No. fi-94-t1, Decision on
Defence Motion for lntertocutory AppeaI on Jurisdiction,
fl zo (lnt'l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia Oct. z,

I rye).
Prosecutor v. Kayishema, Case No. ICTR 95-t-T,
Judgment, 1l rz6 (May zr,r99).

o (c) International arbitrations. (rule 21.6)

I Amoco Int't Fin. Corp. v. lran, 15 lran-U.S. Cl. Trib. Rep.

rB9 Q98).

I Savarkar (Fr. v. Gr. Brit.), Hague Ct. Rep. (Scott) 275

(Perm. Ct. Arb. rgrr).

o (d) United Nations sources. (rule 21.7)

Verhrtinr rntl U.N. GAOR, 57th Sess.,4zd plen. mtg. at 3, U.N. Doc.

o Strmmarv
Meetilg Recorcls
Al Sl lPY.+z (Nov. t, zooz).

I I.l.N. Charter
Resolutiorrs
U.N. Charter art. z, fl r.

G.A. Res. B;z (lX), at r9 (Oct. zt,t95Q.

I Reports
G.A. Res. 47l1,llz (Sept. zz,t99z).

U.N. Secretary-General, An Agenda for Peoce:

I Preventive Diplomacy, Peocemaking ond Peace-

Keeping: Rep. ofthe Secretary-Generol,llt4, U.N. Doc.
Al +t I zzt's I z4tr (June q, t99z).

I (e) European Union materials. (rule 21.9)

I Council Directive zootlrS,zoor O.J. (L ro6) r (EC).

(0 Wortif."ae Organization. (rule 2l.ll)

o Pancl decisions Panel Report, Llnited Stotes-Sections 3ot-3to ofthe
Trade Act of 1974, WTO Doc. WT/DSrf z/R (adopted lan.

o z7 , zooo).

o
 Appellate
decisions
Body Appeltate Body Report, Brazil-Export Financing
Programme for Aircraft,ll rg, WTO Doc. WT/DS+6/AB/R I
Founding
(adopted Aug. zo, t999).

Marrakesh Agreement Estabtishing the World Trade I

Agreements
Ministerial
Organization, Apr. r5, t994, t867 U.N.T.S. r54.

World Trade Organization, Ministerial Declaration of r4 I

I
documents November zoor, WTO Doc. WT/MlN(oilDEC|t,4r t.L.M.
It+6 (zooz).

21.2 Non-English-Language Documents

For non-English-language documents, see rule 20.2.
I
21.3 Jurisdiction Not Evident from Context I
When citing a non-U.S. source, whether in English or another language, indi-
cate parenthetically the jurisdiction issuing the source, abbreviated according to I
a
tables T3 and T10, unless the iurisdiction is otherwise clear from the context
or other elements of the citation:

) Council Directive 66lqS art. ry, ry65-t966 O.J. Spec. Eo. zG5, z68
(Euratom).
o
21.4 Treaties and Other International Agreements
Citation of a treaty between two parties:
I
name of agreemenl

o
Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the
Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Estates,
f nheritances, and Gifts,* Fr.-U.S.,* Nov. 24, !978,*J2 U.S.T. 1935.
I
abbreviated names of parties to
fagreementL___l__r
signing date of
L___l__-_______J
one U.S. treaty source t
Citation of
name of
a treaty among more than two parties:
agreement subdivision cited
I'
date of signing one U.S. treaty source a
North Atlantic Treaty*sft. 5,* Apr. 4,1949,* 63 9tat.2247,"
34 U.N.T.S.243.
o
L___r___J
one international treaty source
I
o
Citation of a convention published by an intemational organization:

) Organization of American States, American Convention on Human

I
Rights, Nov. 22,t969, O.A.S.T.S. No.36, u44 U.N.T.S. rz3.
) United Nations Convention on the Law ofthe Sea, Dec. to, 1982,
1833 U.N.T.S.397.

Citation of a founding document creating a new international court or

organization:
o
I
I *
*
U.N. Charter art. 94, fl r.

Covenant ofthe League of Nations art. 16.

o A citation of a trcary or other international agreement-other than the U.N.

Charter and the Covenant of the League of Nations-should include the agree-

a ment's name (rde 2L.4.1); the state parties, if applicable (rule 21.4.2); the
subdivision referred to, if applicablc (rule 21.4.3); the date of signing (de
21.4.4):and the source(s) in which thc trcaty can bc found (tule 21.4,5):

I ts Statute ofthe International Tribunal for the Law ofthe Sea art.
z, Dec. ro, ry82,t833 U.N.T.S.56r.
1, fl

o Name of the Agreement 21.4.1

I Use the English-languagc version of a trcaty namc whenever possible. See

2O.2.2 regar<Jing thc treatment of treaties whosc names are not in English.
rule

I (a) First citation. Thc lirst citation of a treaty should contain its full name,
including both its form (rule 21.4.1(a)(i)) and its subject matter (rule
2r.4.r(a)(ii)):
o *" Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft,

I
Dec. 16, 7970,22 U.S.T. 164r, 86o U.N.T.S. ro5.

(i) Form of agreement. The title of the treaty should indicate the form of the
agreement (c.g., Agreement, Convention, Memorand um, Protocol, Treaty,

I Understanding). Usc only the lirst form designation that appears on the title
page, unless doing so would create ambiguity:

I F Convention
Not: Convention & Supplementary ProtocoI

I Cite lesser-included documents as subdivisions (rde 21.4.3).

(ii) Subiect matter. tjse the subiect-matter description that appears part of

I
as
the title of the agreement:

#' Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on

I Climate Change

(b) Subsequent citations. If a treaty's name is very long, or if the treaty is

o commonly known by a popular name, the lirst citation of the treaty should end
with a bracketed "hereinafter" short-form citation (rule 4.2(b)) to be used in
all subsequent citations. The short-form citation must be in the same rypeface

o as the original:
1
ProtocoI for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating,

o =
Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of
Warfare, June r7, t925, z6 U.S.T. 57r Ihereinafter Geneva Protocot].

o - 3 Geneva Protocol, supro note !, aI 572.

Parties to the Agreement 2L.4.2

O
@
When citinfi an agree ment be twccn two parties, indicate both parties, abbreviat-

I ing their names according to table Tl0:

 )
)
Japan-U.S.

Fr.-Ger.
I
Parties'names should appear in alphabetical order:

)
t
I
North American Free Trade Agreement, Can.-Mex.-U.5.,Dec. t7,
!992, 32 l.L.M. z8g (rggl).

2r.4.3 Subdivisions
When citing only part of an agreement, or when citing an appended document,
a
give the subdivision or appended document:

) Treaty on Commerce and Navigation, lraq-U.S., art. lll, fl z,Dec.3, I

)
1938,54 Stat. r79o.
Declaration on the Neutrality of Laos, Protocol, )uly 4, t952, t4 I
U.S.T. no4,456 U.N.T.5. 3or.

When citing a subdivision, it is not necessary to include a pincite for the treaty
series because the article, paragraph, or section number is sufficient. For a dis
I
cussion of citations to subdivisions and appendices, see des 3.3 and 3,4.
o
2r.4.4 Date of Signing
Give the exact date of signing:
t
) Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Suppression of the
Traffic in Women and Children, Nov. rz, ry47,53 U.N.T.S. 13. o
\ffhen multiple dates of signing are given for an agreement or exchange of notes
between two parties, give the first and last dates of signing: t
F Agreement on Weather Stations, Colom.-U.S.,
t954, t5 U.S.T. r355.
Apr. z7-May g,
t
If a treaty is not signed on a single date , use the date on which the treaty was
opened for signature, approved, ratified, or adopted, and indicate the signffi- I
cance of the date in italics:

) Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuctear Weapons, opened for I

signatureJulyt,tg6S, zr U.S.T. 483,729 U.N.T.S. r5r.
The date on which a treaty entered into force or other such date may be added I
I
parenthetically at the end of the citation if it is relevant:

) U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature Dec.

t
to,tg8z, 1833 U.N.T.S.397 (entered into force Nov. 16, 1994).
For abbreviations of the months of the vear. see table T12.

21.4.5 Tte*y Sources

See table T4 for a list of international reaty sources. Treaty sources of some
I
foreign states are listed with the other materials of those states in table T2.

(a) Agreements to which the United States is a pffty.

o
I
t (i) Bilateral treaties. For agreements betwecn the tlnited States and another
party, cite one of the following sourccs, in the fblkrwing order of preferencc:

I U.S.T. (orStat.);T.l.A.S. (orT.5.,or E.A.S.); U.N.T.S.;Senate TreatyDocuments

or Senate Executive Documents;the I)e prrtment of Statc Dispatch; Department
of State Press Releases. If the agrecncnt has not appearcd in one of these oflicial

o sources, cite an unofficial trerty sourcc

"
lrule 21.4.5(c)):
Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems, U.S.-

o U.S.S.R., May 26, 1972,23 U.S.T. 3435.

F Agreement on Defense and Economic Cooperation, Greece-U.S., at

o 4, Sept. 8, 1983, T.l.A.S. No. ro,Br4.

*n Tax Convention, Fin.-U.S., Sept. zr, 1989, S. Tnrntv Doc. No. ror-rr

t (rggo).

h' Memorandum of Understanding Regarding BitateraI Verifi cation

Experiment and Data Exchange Related to Prohibition of Chemical

I Weapons, U.S.-U.S.S.R., art. V(r), Sept. 23, 1989, Dre'r Sr. Burl.,
Nov. 1989, at rB Ihereinafter ChemicaI Weapons MOU].
s" Cuban-American Treaty, Cuba-U.S., art. l, Feb. 6-23,t9o3, T.S. No.
] tt8.

o F Agreement Regarding MutualAssistance Between Their Customs

Administrations, lr.-U.S., art. 3, Sept. 16,t996, zr4r U.N.T.S. 5t.

o (ii) Multilateral treaties. For agrccmcnts among three or morc parties to

which the United States is a parq', citc onc of the [J.S. dome stic sources liste d in
rule 21.4.5@)(i), if thcrein. Additionally, a p:rrallel citation may be added liom

I onc source publishe<I by an international organization (e.g., U.N.T.S., L.N.T.S.,

O.A.S.T.S., Pan-Am. T.S., O.j., E.T.S., or C.E.T.S.), if thercin:

I u' North Atlantic Treaty art. 5, Apr. 4, 1949,6jStaI. zz4t,:+ U.N.T.S.

243.

o lf none of these ofhcial sources can be obtained, citc rn unofficial treaty source
(rule 21.4.5(c)) or another reliablc source wherc tl-tc trerty can be found.

t (b) Agreements to which the United States is not a party. Cite one sourcc
publishe d by an international orglnizittion lrde 2l.4.5@)(ii)), if therein:

t F Treaty of Neutrality, Hung.-Turk., Jan.5,t9z9, roo

*
L.N.T.S. 137.

Agreement for the Avoidance of Doubte Taxation, Neth.-Swed., art.

I 4, Apr.z5,t95z,t63 U.N.T.S. r3r.

If not, cite the official sourcc of onc signatory., if therein, indicating parcntheti-
cally thc jurisdiction whosc sourcc is citcd according to rule 21.3 if it is not

o clear from the context. If the trcaty is not found in a signator,v's treaq' sotlrce,
citc an unoflicial treaty source (rule Zt.4.5kD:

o &" Agreement on Trade, Economic, and Technical Cooperation, Austl.-

Oman, Oct. 20, 1987, Irg8z] A.T.S. +.

a (c) Unofficial treaty sources. Vhcn a treaty does not appear in a required
source listed in rule 2t.4.5@)G) or 21.4.5b)Gi), cite International Legal

o Materials (l.L.M.), if therein:

 ) Olivos Protocol for the Settlement of Disputes in Mercosur art. 6,
Feb. r8, 2oo2,42l.L.M. 2. I
If a treaty is not found in l.L.M., cite another unofficial treaty source. These
sources include the websites of governments and intergovernmental oryaniza- I
I
tions, electronic databases, and sources such as the Foreign Relations of the
United States series, Parry's ConsolidatedTreaty Series, Hein's microfiche treaty
service, and Martens Nouveau Recueil:

) Agreement Concerning Payments for Certain Losses Suffered

During World War ll, Fr.-U.S., Jan. 18, 2oo1, Temp. State Dep't No. t
ot36,2ootWL 4t6465.
If no other citation is available, you
(rule 16).
may cite a book (rule 15) or periodical t
21.5 InternationalLa'gg
o
I
Cases
Cite according to rule 10 as modifed by the following instructions. If no
authofitative EnglishJanguage source is available, cite foreign-language sources
according to ntJ.e 2O.2.

The standard citation for an international law case includes: (l) the name of the
I
case;(2) the case number;(3) the reporter (ifany);(4) the characterization ofthe
decision (udgment, provisional measures, etc.); (5) a pincite (using paragraph
numbers, if available, rather than page numbers); and (6) a parenthetical with
I
the date , prefaced by name of court if not otherwise evident from the citation.

For onlineonly decisions, refer readers to the court or tribunal's website (pref-
o
erably to the specifc webpage or PDF that includes the court or tribunal's
decision). I
21.5.1 The International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court
International Justice
of I
The International Court of Justice (l.C.J.), also known as the ttr/odd Court,
in 1946.
I
I
replaced the Permanent Court of lntemational Justice (P.C.|.J.)

Cite a case before the lnternational Court of Justice or the Permanent Court
of lnternational Justice by: (l) the case name (rule 21.5.1(a,\); (2) the par-
ties' names, if any (rule 21.5.1O)); (3) the characterizarion of the decision
(Preliminary Obiection, Provisional Measure, Advisory Opinion, J udgment, I
I
etc.), if relevant; (4) the volume and name of the publication in which the deci-
sion is found (rule 21.5.1(c)); (5) the page or case number (rule 21.5.f(d));
(6) the pincite, if any, with preference for paragraph number when available
(indicated by the pilcrow symbol "lT"); and (7) the date (rule 21.5.f (e)):

) Mititary and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar. I

)
v. U.S.), Judgment, 1986 l.C.l. Rep. r4, tl r9o (une z7).

Reservations to Convention on Prevention and Punishment of I

)
Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, r95r l.C.J. Rep. r5 (May z8).

Diversion of Water from Meuse (Neth. v. Betg), ludgment, 1937

P.C.|.J. (ser. A/B) No. 70, at7 0une z8).
I
I
a ) Delimitation of Maritime Boundary in Gulf of Maine Area
(Can./U.S.), Judgment, ry8zl.C.). Rep. 56o, fl zz (Nov. 5).

o $(ihen citing a separate opinion of a iudgment in a published report, include

the lirst page of the judgment and a pincite for the separate opinion. Include a
parenthetical identi$ing the author of the separate opinion:

o b Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar.

v. U.S.), Judgment, rg86 l.C.J. Rep. r4, r8r, fl 3 \une z7) (separate

o opinion by Ago, l.).

t
f)o not include the iirst page of the iudgment when short citing:
!r Nicar. v. U.S., 1986 l.C.,|. at r8r.
rule 21.5.1(f) and court rules and acts according
o
Cite pleadings according to
to rule 21.5.1(g). If necessary cite yearbooks and annual reports of the World
Court according to rules 21.7.8 and2l.l5.

I (a) Case name. Give the case name as found on the first page of the report.
Omit the word "Case." Omit articles, such as "the." Do not abbreviate the names

o of countries wherc thcy appear in case namcs:

r Continental Shelf

o Not: Case Concerning the Continental Shelf

Note that an application may appear as the case name:

o b Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime

of Genocide (Bosn. & Herz. v. Serb. & Montenegro), tgg6l.C.l. SgS,

o fl 3r (July u).
(b) Parties' names. Give the names of the parties involved in a parenthetical

I phrase immediately following the case name . Abbreviate the names of countries
according to table Tl0.When a dispute is brought by a unilateral application
of one country against another, the countries' names are separated by "v' " If the

a case is brought on the basis of a special agreement between two countries, the
names of the parties are separated by a slash:

a F
b
(Nicar. v. U.S.)

(lndon./Matay.)

I In advisory opinions, no parties arc listed:

F lnterpretation of Peace Treaties with Butgaria, Hungary and

I F
Romania, Advisory Opinion, 195o l.C.J. 5S (Mar. lo).

Potish Postal Service in Danzig, Advisory Opinion, r9z5 P.C.l..l. (ser.

I B) No. u, at 6 (May 16).

(c) Volume number and name of publication. IdentiS the volume by the

t date, as required by rule 3.1(a). The International Court of Justice publishes

its opinions in Reports of Judgments, Aduisory Opinbns and Orders (l.C.l.):

t F r95o l.C.J. 65

t
Decisions and other documents of the PC.IJ. were published in seven series
(lettered A through f; including ffi). Indicate the series in citations to PC.IJ.
documents:
I
) t9z5 P.C.|.J. (ser. B) No. u ;
(d) Page or case number. Cite LCJ. cases to the page on which they begin.
Cite cases of the PC.IJ. by number: I
)
I
zoo6l.C.).to7
r93z P.C.l.J. (ser. A/B) No. Zo I
Use pincites to ref€r to specific paragraphs,

) 1985 l.C.J. r+, llrS

if available, or pages:
I
) tgll P.C.|.J. (ser. C) No. 52, at rz
t
See rule 3.3 for more information about paragraph numbers.
(e) Date. Provide the month and day:
t
) Nuclear Tests (N.2. v. Fr.), lnterim Protection Order, 973l.C.J.
0une zz).
rlS
I
I
(f) Separately published pleadings. Cite separately published pleadings by
the designation given in the document itself, followed by the name of the case
(de 21.5.1(a)); the names of the parties in a parenthetical (de21.5.1(b));
the volume number and name of the publication (rule 21.5.1(c)); and the
full date of the pleading. Separately published pleadings before the I.CJ. are
published in Ple ad.ings, Oral Arguments, Documents (1. C. J. Plead i n gs), while
o
PC.IJ. rules and acts were published in P.C.l.J.:

) Memorial of United Kingdom, Corfu Channel (U.K. v. Atb.), rq+q

o
)
l.C.J. Pteadings r9 (Sept. 3c,194).

Memorial of Denmark, Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Den. v.

I
Nor.), 1933 P.C.l.J. (ser. C) No. 62, at rz (Oct. 3t, t93t).

(g) Court des and acts. Cite court rules and acts by title, volume number o
and name of publication, and page or document number. I.CJ. rules and acts are
published inActs and Documents Concerning tbe Organization of tbe Court
(abbreviated l.C.J. Acts & Docs.), while those adiudicated by the PC.IJ. were
I
published in P.C.|.J.:

) Travel and Subsistence Regulations ofthe InternationaI Court of

I
)'
Justice, ry+Z I.C.J. Acts & Docs. 94.
Revised Rules of the Court,tgz6 P.C.l.J. (ser. D) No. r, at 33.
I
(h) Online materials. I.CJ. materials that have not been published may be
cited to International Legal Materials (l.L.M.) lrule 21.4.5(c)) or to the I.CJ. I
website (http://www.icj-cij.org) (rule f 8. 1):

) Maritime Delimitation in Black Sea (Rom. v. Ukr.), ludgment, Jl 5 t

o
(Feb. I, zoog), http : I lwww. icj-ci j.org/docket/fi tes I qz I t4987.pdf .

For oral pleadings, the date parenthetical should include the specific date and
session time:

I
t h LaGrand Case (Ger. v. U.S.), Verbatim Record, tlfl l.r-l.rg (Nov. r4,
2ooo, 3 p.m.), http://www.icl-cii.org/docket/fi les/ro+ | +66l.pdt.

a European Union Courts 2r.5.2

o Cite a case before the Court of Justicc of the European Union (formerly the
Court of Justice of the European (bmmunities) or the Gencral Court (formerly
thc Court of First Instance) by case number; the names of the parties, abbrcvi-

o ated according to rule 10.2 and table T6;and the official reports of the Court,
incltrding the 1'ear of decision (rule 21.5.2(a)). A parallcl citation to a private
scrvice may be made , if nccessary (rule 21.5.2(b)).

o For cases lodged beforc the Court ofJusticc sincc 1989, the case number will
contain the prelix "C"; older cases will not have a prelix. Cascs lodged before the

I Cencral Court, created in 1989, will carry the prelix "T." Where the Commis-
sion, Council, or Parliame nt of the European Union is onc of the partie s, givc its
"Com mission,""Council," or " ParliamenU'rcspectively:

o
name as

ts Case I-ryBlgB, Micro Leader Bus. v. Comm'n, ry99 E.C.R. ll-3989.

o ts Case C-zglBg,The Queen v. Sec'y of State forTransp. ex parte

Factortame Ltd., r99o E.C.R. l-2433.

o ts Case S8l6g,Elz v. Comm'n, ry7oE.C.R.5o7.

Cases on European Union law are often dccided in thc courts of member states.

o These cases should be citcd to the reporters of thc particular member state. If
necessary, such cases may also be cited to onc of the unofficial reporters col-
lecting materials regarding the Europcan Union (see rule 21.5.8).When citinfi

o such a case to European lJnion materials, indicatc the court and lurisdiction if
not clear from the context, as providcd by rule 20.1.

o (a) Official reports. For pre-1990 cases, cite th"'- Reports of Cases Before
tbe Court rf Justice of tbe European Cunmunities (E.C.R.). For posrl990
cases, cite rhe Reqorts r{ Cases BeJire the Currt of Justice and tbe Court of

a First Instance (also abbreviatcd E.C.R.). Place the ycar designation before thc
reporter abbreviation. Startinll in 1990, page numbers in the E.C.R. begin with

c a"1,""1ll'or"l||":
tr Case C-z86lot, Comm'n v. France, 2oo2 E.C.R. l-S+61.

o * Case 3ol79,Land Berlin v. Wigei, rg8o

&. Joined Cases 56 &
E.C.R. r5r.

SBl6/+, Etablissements Consten, 5.A.R.1. v.

o Comm'n, ry66E.C.R.299.

If an official report is not available in print, cite the oflicial website of the Court

I ofJustice of the European Union (http://curia.europa.cu) (for cases beforeJune,

1997 http://old eur-lcx.europa.eu) (rule 18.1), an electronic database (rule
18.3), or a private service (rule 21.5.2(b)):

o *o Case C-2791o6, CEPSAv. LVTobar, zooS EUR-LexCELEX LEXIS

zo99 (Sept. rr, zooS).

I (b) Private services. If necessary, pr<tvidc a parallel citation to one of the pri-
vate services providing selected reports of thc court's opinions. Contmon Mar'

o ket Ldw Reports (C.M.L.R.) is prcfi:rrecl. Vhen citing volumes through 1973,
 include the fi.rll volume number; when citing volumes 1974 and later, include
the issue number to reflect cessation of continuous issue numbering. Otherwise, I
vse Cornmon Market Reporter (Common Mkt. Rep. (CCH) (through 1988) or
European Community Cases (CEC (CCH). See rule 19 for treatment of CCH
looseleaf services: t
) Case 48178, Pubblico Ministero v. Ratti, 1979 E.C.R. t629,
C.M.L.R. g5 (rg8o).
t
o
) Case +Sl6g,lmperial Chem. Indus. v. Comm'n, r8 E.C.R. 6t9,lt97t-
f
1973 Transfer BinderlCommon Mkt. Rep. (CCH) 8t6t(tglz). o
21.5.3 European Court of Human Rights t
Cite cases before the European Court of Human Rights to European Court of
Human Rigbts, Reports of JudgnenK and Decisions (Eur. Ct. H.R.).Cite cases
before the court by case name (abbreviated according to rule 10.2); volume
o
number; reporte\ page number, where applicable; and year. Recent volumes are
numbered by year ofpublication and do not require a separate reference to the ;
I
year. Older decisions may also be cited to Publicatiolts of the European Court
of Human Rlgbrs, which was issued in multiple series (e.g., Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser.
A)) or Yearbook of tbe European Conuention on Human Rights (Y.8. Eur.
Conv. on H.R.):

) Papon v. France (No. z), zoor-Xll Eur. Ct. H.R. 235. I

) Kampanis v. Greece, 3r8 Eur. Ct. H.R. 29,35 G99).

Recent volumes contain several cases, but some earlier volumes contain only
o
one case.Where a volume conBins only one case, citing a beginning page is
unnecessary and all page numbers may be indicated directly by"at":

)
o
lreland v. United Kingdom, z3 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. B) at zZ Ggt6).

Until 1999, cases were also heard before the nowdefunct European Commis a
sion on Human Rights. These cases should be cited to Collections of Decisions
of tbe European Commission on Human Rigbts (Eur. Comm'n H.R. Dec. &
Rep.) orY.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R.,if therern.lf.not,cite European Human Rigbts
o
Reports (Eur. H.R. Rep.).When citing Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R.,indicate paren-
thetically whether the case was before the Commission or the Court. lndicate c
both the parties and the application number for the case:

) Y. v. Netherlands, App. No.7z45l3z,3zEur. Comm'n H.R. Dec. & I

)
Rep. 345,358 (1982).
Smith v. Belgium, App. No. 1;24176,8 Eur. H.R. Rep.445,478
(tg9z).
t
) lversen v. Norway, App. No. t458162, 1953 Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R.
I
t
278 (Eur. Comm'n on H.R.).

Ifa case before the European Court is not available in print, you may cite an
unofficial printed sorrce or the Court's official website, HUDOC (http://www.
echr.coe.int) (rule 18. L).
I
t
o Inter-American Commission on

o Cite cases before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights to the

Annual Report of tbe Inter-American Commission on Human Rtgrts (lnter
Am. Comm'n H.R.). l'he citation should include the case name ; the case num-

o ber; the volume name ; the report numbeq which includcs the ycar of the deci-
sion; the series and docket numbers; the pamgrnph number, if applicable; and

o
the year of the reporter:

i*" Tortrino v.Argentina, Case n.597,Inter-Am. Comm'n H.R., Report

No.t lg8, OEA/Ser.L./V/ll.9B, doc. 7 rev. fl 15 G99).

o t' Calde16n v. Colombia, Case ro.454, Inter-Am. Comm'n H.R., Report

4
t
No. 3z I 92, OEA/Ser.L./V/ | 1.83, doc. Q99z-t993).
Cite the English version whencvcr possiblc. If an official report is not yet avail-

t
able , cite the Commission's oflicial website (http://www.cidh.org) (rule 18.1).

Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2r.5.5

I For case s bcfore the Inte r-American (i)urt of Human Rights, cite the Inter-Amer-
ican Court of Human Rights, Decisktns andJudgme,?ts (lnterAm. Ct. H.R.).

o
The citation should include thc case name : the volumc number: the series: the
case number;the page number, if nceded;antl thc date. Cite the English vcrsion
whenever possible .

o (a) Advisory Opinions. Cite Atlvisory Opinions by the name of thc opinion;
"Advisory Opinion" and opinion code ; the rcport and volume number; the pin-

t cite, if an1'; and the date . Cite to SericsA:

:,. Restrictions to the Death Penatty (Arts. +(z) and 4(4) American

I Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-3/83, Inter-

Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) No. l, 'tl zo (Sept. 8, 1983).

(b) Contentious Cases. Cite Contcntious

o
Cascs by the name of thc case; the
matter of decision; the typc of opinion; the rcport and volume numbcr; the pin-
cite, if any; and thc date. Cite to Series (l:

I i, Batdeon-Garcia v. Peru, Merits, Reparations, and Costs, Judgment,

lnter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. r47,fl169 (Apr.6, zoo6).

a (c) Provisional Measures. Citc Provisionrl Mcasures by the namc of the case
or matter;"Provisional Measures"; and the typc of opinion.When citing the

o print reports, cite Serics E with thc volume number and the lirst page of the
decision; the section name in qurtes; the pincite, if any; and the date.When
citing an online version, citc the section namc in quotes; the pincite, if any; the

t court and the date:and the wcbsite IJRI- (rule 18.1):

= 86maca Vel6zquez v. Guatemala, Provisional Measures, Order

a of the Court, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. E) No. 4, at r, "Decides," 11 2

(Sept. 5, zoor).

o = Mendoza Prisons Regarding Argentina, Provisional Measures,

Order of the President of the Court, "Having Seen," fl zr (lnter-Am.
Ct. H.R. Aug. zz, 2oo7), www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/medidas/peni-

o tenciariamendoza_se_o4_in g. pdf.
 (d) Compliances with Judgment. Cite Compliances with Judgment by the
name of the case; "Monitoring Compliance with Judgment'; and the type o
o
of opinion.When citing the print reports, cite the volume number, the report
name, and the first page of the decision;the section name in quotes; the pincite,
if any; and the date.When citing an online version, cite to the section name in
quotes; the pincite, if any; the court and date; and the website URt (rule 18.1):

) Genie Lacayo v. Nicaragua, Monitoring Compliance with Judgment, I

Order of the Court, 1998 Rep. Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. 335, "Resolves," fl
r (Aug. 29, 1998). o
) Baena Ricardo et al. v. Panama, Monitoring Compliance with Judg-
ment, Order ofthe President ofthe Court, "Considering," tl r4
(lnter-Am. Ct. H.R. Feb. u, zooS), www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/super-
t
visio n es/ baena_rr_oz_o8_i n g. pdf.
o
21.5.6 lnternational Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Cite cases of the International Tribunal for the law of the Sea to the lntema- |'
tionalTribunalfor tbe Law of tbe Sea Reports of Judgments,Ad.aisory Opin-
ions and Orders (|TLOS Rep.). Cite cases before theTribunal by the case name
and the names of the parti€s in a parenthetical, abbreviated according to table
o
Tlo;the case number;the type of ruling and date;the volume number,the name
of the publication, and the page number; and the pincite, if any, with preference o
for paragraph numbers where available:

) M/V Saiga (No. z) (St. Vincent v. Guinea), Case No. z, Order of Jan. t
2o,t998, z ITLOS Rep.4, 5.
When print reports are unavailable, cite to theTribunal's official website (trttp://
t
t
www.itlos.org) (rule 16. 1):

) M/V Louisa (St. Vincent v. Spain), Case No. r8, Order zonltof lan.
!2, 2ou, http://www.itlos.org/index.php?id=r48.

2r.5.7 lntenational Criminal Court and Other Tribunals I

Cite cases of international criminal tribunals (e.g., the International Criminal
Court, the Intemational CriminalTribunal for the FormerYugoslavia, the Interna- I
tional CriminalTribunal for Rwanda, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts
of Cambodia, the Special Court for Sierra kone, and the Special Tribunal for
Lebanon) as follows: l) case name (include only one party on each side of the
I
"v." and include only the last name of individuals); 2) case number; 3) type of
ruling (include only the last name of judges); 4) paragraph number, if necessary; o
I
and 5) date. If the tribunal's name is not contained in the case number, add the
ribunal's name before the date:

) n ga, ICC- ot I o 4- ot I 07 3 436- Anxl, Mi no rity

Prosec uto r v. Kata
Opinion of Judge Wyngaert, fl 3zo (Mar. 7,zot4).
o
t
) Prosecutor v. Tadi€, Case No. lT-94-t-|, Decision on Defence Motion
for Interlocutory Appeal on lurisdiction, f Zo (lnt't Crim. Trib. for
the Former Yugoslavia Oct. z, t995).

I
t F Prosecutor v. Kayishema, Case No. ICTR 95-t T, ludgment,
(May zu tggg).
1l rz6

o Many cases can be found on ofhcial websites and should be cited pursuant to
rule 18.1:

o F. Prosecutor v. Gombo, Case No. ICC-or/o5-or/o8, Warrant of

Arrest, 1l zz (May 23, zoo9), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdo cs I doc I
doc535163.pdf.

o F Prosecutor v. Simba, Case No. ICTR-or-76-T, Judgement and

Sentence, fl z3 (Dec. g, zoo5),http://www.unictr.org/sites/

t unictr.org/fi les/case-documents/ictr-or-26/trial-iudgements/
en /o5rz13.pdf

o # Prosecutor v. Lukid, Case No. lT-98-32/t-T, Order to Disclose

Portions of the Transcript (lnt't Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugo-
slavia Jan. zz, zoog), http : //www.icty.org/x/cases/mitan lukic-

e sredoje_lu kic/tord /en /o9orz z.pdf.

I Other International Courts

When citing other international courts, analogizc the citation format to the for-
2r.5.8

o mat used for citing the courts dcscribcd above in rule 21.5.7. An international
court citation will gener.rlly contain the following information:(l) the parties to
the case, if adversarial; (2) the court-assigncd case number, if any; (3) the official

I reporter in which the case is published, with pincitcs, if the reporter has num-
bered pages and/or paragmphs; (4) the type of dccision; (5) thc court name, if

o not obvious from other ptrts of the citati<tn, ((r) the datc of the decision; and (7)
a web link, if an1,:

o c' Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front v. South Africa, Communication

335lzoo6, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights [Afr.
Comm'n H.P.R.l, fl rs (Apr. 23, zot3), http://www.achpr.org/fites/

o sessions/53rd/comunication s I i3s.o6 | achpr5S-335-o6-eng.pdf.

+- Ababou v. Morocco, No. ooz/zorr, Decision, African Court on

I Human and Peoples' Rights [Afr. Ct. H.P.R.], fl 6 (Sept. z,zott),

http ://www.african-co urt-cases-experts.org/ uptoads/ me dia I oo7
zon_decision.pdf.
-

o If cases cannot be found in oflicial reports, cite thc International I'aw Reports
(l.L.R.) (1950-present) or Annual Digest and Reports of Public International

o Lau Cases (Ann. Dig.) (1919-49).V<rlume numbers, rather than years, should
be used. Eady volumes of theAnnual I)igcst havc been renumbered according to
tables appearing in all volumes after volume 25.Include thc name of the court

o and the year of the decision in a parcnthetical:

F' Loomba v. Food & Agric. Org. of the United Nations, 47 l.L.R. 3Bz

o (lnt't Lab. Org. Admin. Trib. r97o).

t F Mayras v. Secretary-General ofthe League of Nations, 13 Ann. Dig.

r99 (Admin. Trib. of the League of Nations 1946).

o
21.5.9 International Cases in National Courts
I
If an international case is decided by a national court whose reporter is not indi-
cated in table T2, cite l.L.R., Ann. Dig., C.M.L.R., Common Mkt. Rep. (CCH),
a yearbook (rule 21.15),ot an online source (rule 18.1). Indicate the country
I
and coun of origin parenthetically if not otherwise clear from the citation:

) Abdul Ghani v. Subedar Shoedar Khan,38 l.L.R. I (W. Pak. High Ct. o
)
196D.
Ko Maung Tin v. U Gon Man, 14 Ann. Dig. 233 (High Ct. 1947)
(Burma).
o
o
21.6 International Arbitrations and Claims Commissions
Cite arbitral decisions and claims commission decisions by analogy to rule
21.5, modifed as follows. If adversarial parties are named, name as you would
fot a court case:
t
) Massaut v. Stupp ;
Otherwise, cite by the name of the fust-party plaintiff or by the subject matter
if no name is given. lndicate parenthetically the countries involved, when avail- I
able, if not otherwise evident:

> N. Atl. Coast Fisheries (U.K. v. U.S.), u R.|.A.A. 167,t96 (Perm. Ct. t
Arb. rgro).

Cite arbitration awards to the official source, if possible, unless that source is a o
pamphlet containing only a single judgment. Consult table T5 for frequently
cited arbitral reporters and claims commissions. Indicate the court or tribunal
unless it is identified in the name of the reporter:
I
F Amoco Int'l Fin. Corp. v. lran, r5 lran-U.S.
)
Ct.

Massaut v. Stupp, 9 Trib. Arb. Mixtes 3r5 (Ger.-Belg. r9z9).

Trib. Rep. r89 GgB).
o
F Savarkar (Fr. v. Gr. Brit.), Hague Ct. Rep. (Scott) zZS (Perm. Ct. Arb.
t9n).
o
) Case No. 5428 of :.988, r4Y.B. Comm. Arb. 46(lCC lnt'l Ct. Arb.).
For International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) awards,
o
include the frrll diplomatic names for each country involved, where relevant.
After the case number, include a description of the type of decision or ruling, a
a
when relevant:

) Soci6t6 G6n6rale de Surveillance S.A. v. Republic of the Phit., lCSlD

I
Case No. ARB I oz | 6, Obiections to J urisd iction, fl t5 4 (an. 29,
zoof,8 ICSID Rep. 5r8 (zoo5).
When decisions do not appear in a traditional printed source, an lnternet source
may be used pursuant to rule 1E.1:

) /n re Account ofGafner, Case No. CY96-4849, Certified Award, at z

o
a
(Ctaims Resolution Trib. zoo6), http://www.crt-ii.org/_awards/_
pd fs / G afn e r_E tisa beth. pdf. C
I
o United Nations Sources
The Official Records are the preferred sourcc for United Nations citations, but
21.7

o masthead documents and documents drawn from U.N. websites are acceptable
Press releases, salcs documents, yearbooks, and periodicals should be cited only
.

o when preferrecl sources arc unavailablc.

Whenever possiblc, paragraph and article numbers, rather than page numbers

o of the Oflicial Rccords, should be uscd for pincites. Some documents utilize
both unnumbered and numbered paragraphs, referred to as preambular and
operative paragmphs, respectively; cite language in preambular paragraphs b-v

a page number and language in operative paragxaphs by paragmph number. For

GeneralAssembly and Security Council resolutions, cite the Ofhcial Records and
provide a parallel citation for the individual resolution.

o This section covers the principal organs of the United Nations and scveral sub-
sidiaries of the Gencral Assembly. Subsidiaries of organs or committccs should

o be included in citations whenever appropriate. Other organs and committees

not specifically covered by this section should be cited anakrgously to the

I examples in this rule. If a committec is known by an abbreviittion, write out

the committee's full name and includc an abbreviation in bmckcts if useful for

t
subsequent citations.

Verbatim and Summary Records 21.7.1

t The GeneralAssembly, the Securiry Council, and the Economic and Social Coun-
cil have Official Records. All citations to verbatim and summary records should
be to the Oflicial Records whenever possible

a
.

Include the Oflicial Records title; thc subdivision of the organ, if nccessary; the
session and meetinfi number; the pincite, if necessary; thc [1.N. ckrcument sym-

o bol; and the date:

:'' U.N. GAOR, 56th Sess., 1st plen. mtg. at 3, U.N. Doc. Als6lPY't

o ,
(Sept. rz, zoor).

U.N. SCoR,59th Sess.,4893d mtg. at 2, U.N. Doc. S/PV.4893 [an.

t 75,2OOq.

o Resolutions and Decisrons

Authorized versions of resolutions appear in the Official Records. It has become
21.7.2

o customary, however, to cite elcctronic versions or resolutions found in the Offi-

cial Document Systcm (ODS) of the United Nations using resolution symbols.
For pincites to material within a resoltttion, use paragraph or article numbers.

I (a) General Assembly. After lgT6,GeneralAssembly resolution symbols are

designated as scssion numberAesolution number. The first resolution adopted

I during the forty-sevcnth GeneralAssembly would thus be G.A. Res. 47 lr'

Prior to l976,the resolution symbols continued increasing from year to year

and the session number was indicated as a Roman numerrl in parentheses after
O th€ resolution number

o
(i) General Assembly resolutions. GeneralAssembly resolutions are cited by
resolution number and date. I
)
)
G.A. Res.

G.A. Res.
8lz
47ltq,
(lX), at 19 (Oct.

fl S (Dec.
zt, t954).
$,t992). a
(ii) General Assembly decisions.
resolution number and date.
General Assembly decisions are cired by
o
) G.A. Dec.
zoo8).
6zlSSt, U.N. Doc. Al6llqg (Vot. lil), at 106 (Sept.15,
o
(iii) General Assembly resolutions known by a popular narne. For Gen-
eralAssembly resolutions known by a specific title (e.g., the Universal Declara-
tion of Human Rights), or for resolutions whose title is important in the context
o
cited, insert the title after the resolution number Note that some documents
or statements, such as the last of the three below, are included as annexes to
o
resolutions and need to be identified as such:

) G.A. Res.
to, t948).
zt7 (lll) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. o
) G.A. Res. 6olt,zoo5 World Summit Outcome (Sept. 16, zoo5). o
) G.A. Res. 47lri5, annex, Declaration on the Rights of Persons
Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities o
I
(Dec. r8, r99z).

(b) Security Council resolutions. Security Council resolutions and state-

ments of the Security Council president are cited by resolution number and
date.

) O
t
S.C. Res.5o8, fl 3 [une 5, r98z).
) S.C. Res. B25,1i8 (Oct.3r, zooo).
) 5.C. Pres. Statement zoo8l48 (Dec. zz, zoo8).
(c) Resolutions issued by other org:rns. Resolutions issued by other U.N. o
organs should be cited analogously to GeneralAssembly and Security Council
resolutions. List the title of the U.N. organ first.

F Economic and Social Council Res. ry9ol z6 (May 24, t99o).

t
) Trusteeship Council Res. zor4 (XXV|), at z (June .'ry6o).

(d) Resolutions by subsidiary bodies. Resolutioos by subsidiary bodies of

o
the principal U.N. organs should be cited by rhe name of the subsidiary body
and resolution number; the U.N. document symbol; the pincite, if any; and the
a
date:

) Human Rights Council Res. 5/r, U.N. Doc. Al6zlSl, at 48 (June 18,
o
zooT).

(e) Short form. Resolutions can subsequently be cited in short form, with o
"supra" and

)
a pincite:

S.C. Res. 5o8,supra note r, fl z. o

> H.R.C. Res.5/r, supranotez,flt,
o
o U.N. Reports
(a) In general. Rcports from U.N. organs, committees, or the Secre tariat should
2r.7.t

o include the name of the body and the subcommittee (both abbrcviated accord-
ing to rule 15.f(d)), if any; the title of the report; the pincite, if any; the docu-

o ment symbol; and the date. If a personal author is given, that person should bc
named as the author, with official role noted in parentheses if relevant (e.g.,
Maurice Kamto (Speciat Rapporteur)).

o (b) Reports of subsidiary bodies to parent organs. Reports of subsidiary

bodies to parcnt organs are usually part of the Official Records of thc parent

o orfaan, as are the reports of the principal organs to the GeneralAssembly. Include
the title of the report; the name of the body; the session number; the dates of
the session;the pincite , if any;the docttment symbol;the Ofhcial ltccord supple-

o ment number; and the date of publication:

F Rep. ofthe S.C., at16-17, U.N. Doc. Al6llz (zoo8).

o =
Comm. on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Rep. of the Legal
Subcomm. on lts Fiftv-Third Session, U.N. Doc. Al AC.roSlro6l

o (zot|.
& Int'[ Law Comm'n, Rep. on the Work of lts Sixty-Fourth Session,

o U.N. Doc. Al6llro,aI 46-5r(zorz).

+' Rep. of the Group of Experts on C6te d'lvoire (zoo6), transmitted

o by Letter Dated 17 October zooT from the Chairman of the Security

CouncitComm. Estabtished Pursuant to Resolution $72 (zoo4)
Concerning C6te d'lvoire Addressed to the President ofthe Secu-

o rity Councit, 1]fl 6r-8o, U.N. Doc. SlzooT l6u (Oct. r8, zooT).
(c) Reports from the Secretary-General or other officials. When citing a

o report published by the Secretary-General, or anyone acting in an oflicial capac-

ity as a committee chair, representative, envoy, etc., include in the citation: the
author of the report; the title of the report; thc pincite, if any; the body to which

o the document is delivered, if needed; the document symbol; and the date . If a
personal author is given, that person should be named as authoq with his or her

o official role noted in parentheses if relevant:

A n Agendo for Peace: Preventive Diplo-
a,' U.N. Secretary-General,
macy, Peacemaking and Peoce-Keeping,lt14, U.N. Doc. Al q lzll-
o SIz4rrtluneq,t99z).

o = Executive Chairman of the U.N. Monitoring, Verification and Inspec-

tion Comm'n (UNMOVIC), 8th Quarterly Rep. of the Executive
Chairman, UN Doc. Slzoozltg5, annex (Feb. z6,zooz).

o * Maurice Kamto (Special Rapporteur on the Expulsion of Aliens),

Fourth Rep. on the Expulsion of Aliens, U.N. Doc. A/CN.z+/Sg+ (Mar.

o 24, zooS).

(d) Reports from conferences. If a rcport is the product of a conference

o or a series of conferences, include in the citation: the confcrcnce name; the

report title; the pincite, if any; the document symbol, if available; and the offi-
cial document date. Do not include the location and dates of confbrences if

e listed separately on the title page of the document. Do not include dates if
 they are integrated into the title of the documenr (e.g.,"Report of High-Level
Conference of May zotz Concerning Rights of Indigenous Peoples."): o
) Wortd Conference on Human Rights,Vienna Declaration and
Programme of Action, fl lZ, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.r57 lz3 gune 25,
19%).
o
) U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, Rio Declaration
on Environment and Development, U.N. Doc. A/C0NF.r5r/26/Rev.r
o
(Vol. l), annex | (Aug.tz,t99z).

(e) Short forms. For reports v/ith long names, it is appropriate to list a short
o
form in brackets at the end ofthe firll citation (rule 4.2(b)).
o
21.7.4 Masthead Documents
Most U.N. documents are issued as masthead documents. Some documents o
originally published in masthead form, such as General Assembly and Security
Council resolutions, are subsequently issued in the Off,cial Records. Cite the
Official Record when possible. Masthead documents should be cited by the
o
name of the institutional author, if any (rule 21.7.4(a)); the title of the docu-
ment (rule 21.7 .4(b));pincite, if any; the document symbol (de 21.7.4(c)); )
and the date ofpublication.

) U.N. Secretary-General, Letter dated Mar. z, zoo6 from the Secre-

tary-General addressed to the President of the GeneraI Assembly,
o
)
U.N. Doc. Al6oltoS (Mar.3, zoo6).
9, zooS from the presi-
U.N. President of the S.C., Letter dated Dec.
o
dent ofthe Security Council to the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc.
SlzooSlZSt (Dec. 9, zoo8). o
) Prevention Through Education, Ministerial Declaration of the rst
Meeting of the Ministers of Health and Education to Stop HIV/AIDS
and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Latin America and the Carib-
I
bean, in letter dated Aug. r5, 2oo8 from the Charg6 d'affaires a.i. of
the Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations addressed o
)
to the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. Al6lllol (Aug. r9, zooS).
Permanent Rep. of Somalia to the U.N., Letter dated May rz, t
o
2oo8 from the Permanent Rep. of Somalia to the United Nations
addressed to the President ofthe Security Council, U.N. Doc.
Slzoo8l34 (May r4, zoo8).
) U.N. Secretariat, Expulsion of Aliens, Memorandum by the Secre-
tariat, flfl 702-44,Int'l Law Comm'n, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/565 fluly o
ro, zoo5).
(a) Author. Include the name of the author, as listed on the cover page of o
the document:

) U.N. Secretary-General, Letter dated Mar. z, zoo6 from the Secre- o

o
tary-General addressed to the President ofthe General Assembly,
U.N. Doc. Al6olto6 (Mar.3, zoo5).
>
c
U.N., Econ. & Soc. Council, Comm. on Arrangements for Consulta-
tion with Non-Governmental Orgs., Dev. of Tourism on the African
o Continent, Statement Submitted by the Int'l Union of Official Travel
Orgs., U.N. Doc. ElC.zlS6z (t96o).

o (b) Title. Crpitalize thc title in accordance with rule 8

(c) United Nations document symbol. Include the fl.N. documcnt symbol

o (rule 21.7.1), if available .

o U.N. Press Releases and Memoranda

Cite U.N. press rcleases and memomnda according to rule 17.2.3, but also
21.7.5

o include thc U.N. prcss releasc symbol:

jr' Press Release, Security Counci[, Security CouncitTakes Up Report
on Diamonds, Arms in Sierra Leone; Expert Panel Says Council

o Sanctions Broken'with lmpunity,' U.N. Press Release SCl6997

()an. zS, zoot).

o Adjudicatory Bodies Established by the United Nations 2r.7.6

o The International CriminalTribunals for thc Forme rYugoslavia and Rwanda, the
Special Court for Sierra Leonc, and othcr ad hoc and regional tribunals should
be cited according to rule 21.5-7.l'hc tl.N. AdministrativeTtibund should

o be cited t<tJudgments of tbe (l.N.Administratiue Tribunal (iudgments U.N.

Admin. Trib.) by judgment number:

o , Etdridge v. Secretary-General of the United Nations, .ludgments

U.N. Admin. Trib., No. 32, at 44 U.N. Doc. AI I DEC I lz (rgs).

o Sales Publications 2r.7 .7

o Numerous tl.N. agcncies publish rcports, studies, proceedings, and other doctt-
ments for sale . Citation of sales publications should include thc author and title
(rule 21.7.7G)); the page(s) or par.rgr.rph(s) (rule 21.7.7(b)); the [1.N. docu-

o ment symbol, if available (rde 21.7.7k)); the sales nunbcr lrule 21.7.7(d));
and the year lrule 21.7.7(e)).

o (a)Author and title. Include the author ancl title according to rules I 5. I and
15.3. Inch-rdc the name of the author if it is not apparcnt from the titlc of the

o document:

U.N. De p'r oF lNr'L Ecou. & Soc. Arratns, U.N. Mooel DoueLe
Tnxnttott Converultot,t Berwre lt DeveropEo AND DEVELoPING

o CouHrntes, at 243, U.N. Doc. ST/ESA/roz, U.N. Sales No. E'Bo.

XVl.; (rg8o).

o U.N. Drp'r oF EcoN. & Soc. Arrntns, CoMM.

HnNosoor oN THE LEAST
FoR DEV. Portcv,
Deveropeo Coururnv Cnrrconv: Incru-

o sroru, GnnounloN AND

No. E.o7.ll.A.9 (zoo8).
Sprctnl Supponr MEASUREs, U.N. Sates

o
(b) Pages or paragraphs. The volumc and subdivision dcsignations should be
followed by the pagc(s) or paraggaph(s) to which referencc is made . Introdttcc
page numbers with the word"at."

o
 (c) United Nations docurnent symbol. tnclude the
(rule 2 1.7. f ), if available.
U.N. document symbol
o
(d) United Nations sales number. Include the U.N.

)
sales number:

U.N. Dep'r oF INT'L EcoH. & Soc. Arrnrns, Wonlo EcoHollrc

o
Sunvrv t977,at l-r9, U.N. Doc. ST/ESA/82, U.N. Sales No. E.78.
tt.C.tGgt). o
(e) Year. Give the year ofpublication.

o
21.7.E Yeatbooks and Periodicals
United Nations yearbooks and periodicals collect summaries of the work of
subsidiary organizations and related documents. Citations should include the
o
author andlor title of the document or separately designated article (if any);
the name of the yearbook or periodical (abbreviated according to rule 1.6.4); o
and the U.N. document symbol (ruIe 21.7 .l) or, if none, the U.N. sales number
(rute 21.7.7(d)):
)
o
)
Summory Records of the 447th Meeting,[tglll:. Y.B. Int'[ L.
Comm'n r75, U.N. Doc. A/CN.+/SER.AIrytZ.

Human Rights in the Union of Burma in

o
ry5j, r953 Y.B.
o
on H.R. 31,
U.N. Sales No. t955.XlV.r.

) r98r U.N. Jurid. Y.B.4t, U.N. Doc. ST/LEG/SER.C/r9.

) 1985 U.N.Y.B. r39r, U.N. Sales No. E.84.1.r.
o
Matefial reprinted in yearbooks from other U.N. documents should be cited to
the original source or to the official records of a U.N. organ:

)
o
o
Report of the lnternationol Law Commission to the General
Assembly, 19 U.N. GAOR Supp. No. 9, at r, U.N. Doc. AlSSog Gg6l),
reprinted inltgglz Y.B. Int'l L. Comm'n r87, U.N. Doc. A/CN.+/
SER.A/1963lAdd.r.
o
2r.7.9 Regional Organi zation Documents
Resolutions, reports, and other similar documents produced by regional organi-
zations, such as the Organization ofAmerican States or theAfrican Union, should
o
be cited analogously to U.N. materials with pincites, if the reporter has num-
bered pages and/or paragraphs. O
2r.7.ro U.N. Charter o
See

)
de 21.4:

U.N. Charter art. 43, fl r.

o
2r.7.rr U.N. Internet Materials o
You may cite a website URI for materials without document or press release
symbols. United Nations websites are preferable to all other websites. Cite mate- o
a
rials in accordance with rule 21.7.4 and format them pursuant to rule lg.l:
o F U.N. Secretary-Generat, High-Levet Event on the Miltennium
Development Goals z5 September zoo8: Committing to Action:

o
Achieving the Miltennium Devetopment Goats: Background Note
by the Secretary-General 0uty zl, 2oo8), http://www.un.org/
m ilten n iu mgoats/zoo8h igh tevet/pdf/com miting. pdf.

o F Letter from the President ofthe G.A. to all Permanent Representa-

tives and Permanent Observers to the U.N. (Dec. 4, zoo8), http://

o *
www. un.org/ga/president/63 / letters/ udhrprogram me4rzo8. pdf.

U.N. President of the G.A.. Remarks on the Work to Date of the

o Sixty-Third Session of the U.N. G.A. (Dec. z3,zoo8), http://www.

un.org/ga/president/63/statements/gaz3rzoB.shtmt.

o League of Nations
Cite the League of Nations Covenant as:
21.8

o * League of Nations Covenant art. 16.

o Cite conventions and treaties promulgated by the League of Nations according

to rule 21.4.
(if not included in the

o
Cite other League of Nations materials by issuing body
title); title; document number; and ycar:
4 Reports Presented by the Comm. of Technical Experts on Double

o Taxotion and Tax Evasion, League of Nations Doc. C.zt6M.85 r9z7

ll (tgzt).

o European Union 2r.g

o (a) Acts of the Council and Commission.

(i) Sources. Cite publications of the (iruncil and Commission published begin-

o ning February 1, 2003, to the Official Journal of tbe Europedn Uion (O.1.).
Cite documents published between Janurry 1,1973, and January 31, 2003, to
the Official Journal of tbe European Communities (also abbreviated 0..1.).

o Cite documents published before January 1,1973,to the Special Edition of the
Official Journal of the European Communities (O.J. Spec. Eo.), if available;

o otherwise citc to theJournal Officiel des Communautds Eurolfiennes (1.O.).

Beginning with thc 1998 editions, the O.l. is available at the European Union's
official website, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/enlindex.htm. The online editions

o may be cited as oflicial editions and should generally include the same informa-
tion as citltions to paper versions.

o Cite volumes of O.J. and J.O. by ycar. .1.O. volumes publlshcd prior to 1968
were numbercd in a single series. Since 196u, O.J. and J.O. havc bcen published

o in parallel scries, paginated separately by issue. Legislative acts appear in the " 1"
series, while other documents appear in the "C" series. Citations to J.O. before
1968 must include the issue number,while citations to O'J. and J.O. since 1968

o must include both the series and the issue numbcr:

* t97tJ.O. (L zo) r.

o * t975o.1.(Llt)t.
 ) tg6t+1.O.(zld S.

Citations to the O.J. Sprc. Eo. must indicate the period covered by the issue:
o
) t965-t965 O.J. SpEc. Eo.265.
(ii) Legislative acts of the Council and Commission. Cite
o
o
Regulations,
Directives, and Decisions of the Council and Commission by the issuing institu-
tion, type of legislation, number, and subdivision (if applicable). If it is unclear
from the contefi that the source is a European Union (EU) or European Com-
munity (EC) act, indicate this with a parenthetical at the end of the citation
(de 20.1).If the act was not issued under theTreaty on the Functioning of the
o
European Union, indicate the authority for the promulgation of the act:

) Cou ncil Directive go I t+l 6, art. 5, tggo O.l. (L 266) r, z (EC).

o
) Council Directive 55145,
(Euratom).
art.5, r965-t965 O.J. Spec. Eo.265,258
o
) Commission Regulation 7251 67, 1967 l.O. (zS) t.
The full name of the legislation may also be provided, with or without the date:
o
) Commission Regulation z75tl9o of Sept.26,t99o, Fixingthe
lmport Levies on Compound Feeding Stuffs, annex, r99o O.l. (L
o
)
z6+) lz, t8.

Directive zootltS, of the European Parliament and of the Council

o
of rz March 2oo1 on the Deliberate Release into the Environment
of Genetically Modified Organisms and Repealing Council Directive
zolzzolEEC, zoor O..1. (L ro5) r, 3.
o
(iii) Other publications of the Council and Commission. Cite proposed
Regulations, Directives, Decisions, Conclusions, Resolutions, and other notices
o
of the Council and Commission by issuhg institution and title, as given at the
beginning of the item. o
For Common Positions, the complete date and the complete or short form
may be included:
title
o
l'

)
Council Common Position (EC) No. 57 lzoo3 of z5 June 2oo3, art. 2,
zoo3O.l.(C277) t,z. o
Administrative Commission on Social Security for Migrant Workers,
zoog O.J. (C zr3) 6,8.
o
(iv) COM and SEC documents. "COM" documents are proposed legislation
and other Commission communications to other European institutions, and the
Commission's preparatory papers.'SEC" documents are intemal documents of
o
the SecretariatGeneral concerning the operations of Commission departments.
Cite'COM" and "SEC" documents by the issuing body (unless clear from the o
o
title); the title; the pincite, if any; the 'COM" or "SEC" number, which includes
the year of publication in parentheses and the running number assigned to the
document; the word "final" (unless the version cited is not final); and the date:

) Commission Proposol for a Directive of the European Parlioment

and of the Council to Establish a New Financial Seruices Committee o
o
o
o ",,
Proposol for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the
Council Concerning the Registrotion, Evaluation, Authorisation ond
Registration of Chemicals (Reoch), C0M (zoo:) 644frnal (Oct. z9'

o 2oo3).

(b) Documents of the European Parliament.

o (i) Debates. Debates of thc Europcan Parliament are bound and published
in ihe European Parliamentary Debates (Eun. Pnnl. DEe.). Thc debates arc

o also published in thc annex to the Of|icial tournal of tbe Huntpean (/nion.
It is acceptablc to cite debates to the Ofticial Journal (O.J.) befbre they are

o bound. Include in thc citation thc name of the speakcr, the document number,
the full date, and rclevant information, including the name of the speakcr, in
pafcntheticals:

a :
. Eur. Parl. Deb. (;28) 4(May 24, 1989) (remarks of Mr. Kuijpers).
l975 O.l. (Annex ry3) n3 \uly g, tgl9 (remarks of President

o Ortoti).

(ii) Documents. Cite documcnts to liuropean Pailiament Session Documents

o (EuR. PARL. Doc.) (entitled European ParliamentWtrking Documents prictr

to 1988), if therein; otherwisc cite Pailement Europden Documents de Sdance

o
(PARL. EuR. Doc.). Include the &rcument numbcr:

, Eun. Pnnr. Doc. (COM zs8) S Ggt).

o Pnnr. Eun. Doc. (SEC 6a) 6 (1.g6t.

The namc may be included as wcll:

o Resolution on Action Required Internationatly to Provide Effec-

tive Protection for Indigenous Peoples, Eun. Pnnl. Doc. PV SB(ll)
(tgsd.
o (c) Founding treaties. Cite founding treaties according to rule 21'4.5:

o ' Treaty of Lisbon Amendingthe Treaty on European Union and the

Treaty Establishin g the European Comm unity, Dec. r3, 2oo7, 2oo7
O.J. (C ;o6) r Ihereinafter Treaty of Lisbon].

o , Consotidated Version ofthe Treaty on the Functioning ofthe Euro-

pean Union art. r5, May 9, zoo9, zoo8 O.J. (C n)
+z [hereinafter

o i,
TFEU].

Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European Union,

o the Treaties Estabtishing the European Communities and Certain

Retated Acts, Oct. 2,1997,1997 O.l. (C l+o) r.

o Subsequent citations should ttsc the appropriatc short fcrrm:

f FEU art. q7.

o ',
.
Treaty of Lisbon arts. 4-5.

Euratom Treaty art.4.

a
 The Treaty of Lisbon rename d the Treaty Establishing the European Community
(EC Treaty) to theTreaty on the Funcrioning ofthe European Union (|FEU) and o
renumbered its articles. For cuffent references to the founding treaty, cite the
TFEU according to its renumbered articles. To cite previous versions ofthe EU's
founding treaty, cite the name of the treaty, the article, the date (in parentheses),
t
and the current number of the article as found in the fiEU (in parentheses), if
still active: o
)
)
EC

EC
Treaty art. 49 (as in effect zoo5) (now TFEU art. 56).

Treaty art. 5: (as in effect 1994) (repealed by the Treaty of o

)
Amsterdam).

EEC Treaty art. 3o (as in effect rgS8) (now TFEU art. l+). o
(e) Reports, Green Papers, and Vhite Papers. Cite reports from institu-
tions and working groups within the European Union or European Communi-
ties according t o n;Jre 2l .7 .3 .lnclude in the citation of reports the issuing body
o
and the committee, dMsion, or group that produced the report, if applicable . If
a repoft is not given a document number, provide enough information to locate o
the document:

I Commission White Paper on European Governance, at r7, COM

(zoot) 482 finat(luty z5,zoot).
o
) lnitial Report of the Committee of Wise Men on the Regulation of
European Securities Morkets, at+ (Nov. 9, zooo), http://ec.europa.
o
eu/internal_market/securities/docs/lamfalussy/wisemen/
in itia l-report-wise-men_en.pdf. o
White Papers, Green Prpers, comments, notices, opinions, and proposals should
also be cited as reports: o
) Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on the "CoR proposals for
the lntergovernmentol Conference," zoo4 O.J. (Clz) t, z. o
Ifa source takes a form analogous to othef reports and is not given the type of
document number that Commission and Council acts are given (e.g., Council
Directive (EC) No. z5o4l9o),then it should be cited as a report.
o
(f) Press releases, Presidency Conclusions, and memoranda. European
Union and European Community press releases and memoranda should be cited
o
by source (with an indication of the status of the press release,including a num-
ber if applicable); the title; and the date in parentheses: o
) European Commission Press Release lplUl6So,The Commission,
the CounciI and the Parliament Debate the Future ofthe European o
o
Union with Religious Leaders (June ro, zor4).

Treat Presidency Conclusions of the Council like press releases and include the

o
exact date as well as the meeting place of the Council:

) Presidency Conclusions, Brussels European Counci[ (Dec. rz,

t
zoo3).
(g) European Court ofJustice materials. Cite European Court ofJustice
materials according to rwle 21.5.2.

o
I Council of Europe 2l.l0

o Cite debatcs of the Padiamentary Assembly, formerly the Consultative Assembly,

to the oflicial reports:

H, EuR. CoNSULT. Ass. DEe. roth Sess.639 (Oct. 16, r95B).

o h EuR. PARL. Ass. Dee. z3d Sess. +gg (Sept.3o, r98o).

o (lite documents

+
as follows:

Eur. ConsulI. Ass., Reply of the Comm. of Ministers,l2th Sess.,

t Doc. No. ttz6 (t96o).

Reccnt (louncil of Europe materials can bc found on the Council of Europe's

I oflicial website (http://assembly.coe .int) (and should be cited according to rule

r8.l).

o World Trade Organization

a citation refbrs to a W'TO or GA|T docu-
If it is unclcar from the context that
2l.tl

o mcnt, explain the reference in a parcnthctical following the citation.

(a) WTO panel and Appellate Body materials. Cite rcports of WTO prncls

o and the Appellate Body by their official documcnt symbol:

' Panel Report, lJnited States-Sections 3ot-3to ofthe Trode Act of

o ,
ry74,Wf O Doc. WT/DSr5z/R (adopted )an. 25, zooo) [hereinafter
Section 3or Panet Reportl.

o Appettate Body Report, Brozil-Export Financing Progromme for

Aircraft, fl r9, WTO Doc. WT/DSa6/AB/R (adopted Aug.
(lite communications of panels and thc Appellate
zo'r99).
well ls membcrs'

o
Body, as
commllnications to panels and the Appe llate Bocly, in a like format:
o' Preliminary Ruting by the Panel, Canada-Measures Relating to

o Exports of Wheat and Treatment of lmported Groin,ll23, WTO Doc.

WI lDSzt6ltz 0uty zr, zoo3).

o Request for Consultations by the United States, European Commu-

nities- Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech

o ,
Products, WTO Doc. WI lDSzgtlr (May zo, zoo3).
Request for the Establishment ofa Panel by Brazit, United Stotes-
Subsidies on uplond Cotton, WTO Doc. WI lDSz6l ll
(Feb. Z'

o 2oot.
A member's written submissions and oral statements to panels and the Appel-

o lrte Body are made public at the cliscretion of the individual member. Becluse
thcse documents are not normally publicly available, include precise informa-

o tion regarding their location:

r, First Written Submission of the United States, United States-
Subsidies on lJpland Cotton,tNI lDSz6l 0uly rr, zoo3),

o untriesTozoRegions/africa/agreements/pdfs/dispute-setttement/
dsz67 I asset-u pload-fi ler4B-5 598.pdf.

a
 (b) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) panel decisions.
Cite Basic Instrumen* and Selected Documents (B.|.S.D.), if therein. Include I
the title; case number, if listed; th€ document date; the ordinal number of the
supplement (annual volume); the page; and the year of publication:

) Report of the Panel, /ap an

o
-
o
Restrictions on lmports of Certain Agri-
culturalProducts,{l5.z.z,Ll6zSZ (Feb. z, rg88), GATT BtSD (f Sth
Supp.), at $3, zz9 Q989).

b Netherlands Measure of Suspension of Obligations to the united

Sfafes (Nov. 8,tgSz), GATT BISD (rst Supp.), aty
GgSl). I
(c) Reports. Cite reports from the WTO Secretariat and other bodies as you
would those from the United Nations (rule 21.7.3): a
) Council forTrade-Related Aspects oflntellectual Property Rights,
Note by the Secretoriot: Available lnformotion on the Existence of
Patents in Regard to the Diseases Referred to in the Declaration
t
on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, WTO Doc. lp lClW
0une u, zooz).
ly8 o
F Speciat Session of the Council for Trade in Services, Guidelines and
Procedures for the Negotiations on Trade in Seruices, WTO Doc. a
o
SlLlgl (Mar.29, zoor).
> GATT Secretariat,An Analysis ofthe Proposed llruguay Round

I
Agreement, with Particular Emphosis on Aspects of tnterest to
Developing Countries, GATT Doc. MTN.TNC/W/rzz (Nov. 29,t993).
(d) Founding agreements. Cite founding agreements according to rule
2r.4.5:
) Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organiza-
o
tion, Apr. $, 1994, 1857 U.N.T.S. r54 [hereinafter Marrakesh
Agreementl. I
) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Oct. 3o,
A-u, 55 U.N.T.5. r94 [hereinafter GATT].
t947,(rrStat.
o
The MarrakeshAgreement concluded the Uruguay Round, which resulted in a
set of agreements and appended annexes,some of which constitute agrcements
on separate trade issues. Indicate the part(s) of the agreement(s) rhey attach to,
o
if any:

l Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Setttement

o
of Disputes art. 1, Apr. 15, t994, Marrakesh Agreement Estabtishing
the Wortd Trade Organization, Annex z, t8G9 U.N.T.S. 4ot Iherein- a
o
after DSUI.
GATT<ra side agreements should be cited to an unoffrcial treaw source. such

o
as B.l.S.D.:

) Agreement Regarding International Trade in Textiles, Dec. zo, t973,

GATT B.|.S.D. (zrst Supp.), at 4 Gg7).

Subsequent citations should use the appropriate short form, citing only to arti-
cles or paragraphs:
o
o
I F, Marrakesh Agreement fl 5.

'dj. DSU art. 3.7.

a (e) Ministerial docurnents. Cite ministerial documents by name of

body, documcnt number, and to an unoflicial source, such as Intcrnational Legal
issr,ring

o Materials, if therein:
.+
Wortd Trade Organization, Ministerial Declaration of r4 November

I 2oo1, WTO Doc. WT/M

Doha Declarationl.
I N (ot) I DEC I t, 4t ILM 7 46 (zooz) [hereinafter

I (f) Other documents.

(i) Arbitration documents. Cite ICSID arbitration documcnts according t<-)

o rule 21.6.
(ii) Press releases. Cite press releases according to rwle 17.2.3.

I (iii) WTO website. Some documents may be found on theWTO's website, and
should be cited in accordance with rule 18.1.

o International Monetary Fund 21.12

t (a) Reports. When citing IMF Annual Reports, Regional Economic Reports,
Vorld Economic Outlook Reports, Gbbal Financial Stability Reports,
Monitors, or any other repons published by the IMB cite them as you would
Fiscal

o those from tlre tlnited Nations (according to nrJe 21.7.3):

* lMF, Promoting a More Secure and Stable Global Economy, AnnuaI

o i*
Report zor3 (Apr. zor3).

lMF, Building Momentum in o Multi-Speed World, Regional

Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa (May zor3).

o w lWt, Hopes, Realities, and Risks, World Economic Outtook (Apr.

zoB).

o *' lMF,Tronsition Chollenges to Stability, Globat Financiat Stability

Report (Oct. zor3).

I Executive Board documents. Executive Board documents are oflicial papers

for circulation to the Executive Board, the Executive Board's Committees, and

o thc staff. The citation should include the name of the body (abbreviated accord-
ing to rule 15.1(d)); the title of the rcport; the pinpoint cite, if any; thc docu-

o
ment symbol;and thc date:

F Committee on Rules for the Regular Election of Executive Directors,

Report ofthe Executive Directors to the Board ofGovernors on the

o Fifth Regular Election of Executive Directors, EB/CREED/S4lr Supp.

t Quly t5, 1954).

a '# Committee on the Budget, Notice and Agenda of Meeting gS/l,EBl

CB I Al gs I I Qune 26, t995).

I ls, Committee of the Whole for the zoo6 Annual Report, zoo6 Annual
Report, First Draft-lnstallment r, EB/CW/AR/o6lr 0uly rB, zoo6).

o
 Institutional archives. lnstitutional archives are departmental archives and
other collections. The holdings come in a range of formats including manu- o
scripts, digital records, photographs, audio recordings, and multimedia. Cite
these sources in accordance with the rule that governs the format of the
document.
I
Founding agfeements. Cite sources
)
as indicated in rule 21.4.5:
Articles of Agreement of the lMF, Art. 8, S 3, 6o Stat. !4o1.,2
o
U.N.T.S.lg.
o
21,13 Other Intergovernmental Organizations
Cite documents by other international organizations in the same manner as
I
United Nations documents (rule 21.7) or the forms in des 2t.8-21.l2.Cita-
tion should generally include: (t) the full name of the author or organization
(including an abbreviation from table T3 in brackets); (2) rhe ritle; (3) a pincite,
o
if available; (4) a document number, if available; (!) the frrll date in parentheses;
and (6) a web link or other information essential for locating the document: I
) lnt'l Atomic Energy Agency llAEAl, Supply Agreement for a Research
Reactorin Romania, at 3, IAEA Doc. INFCIRC/zo6 (June 72,r974). a
) lnt't CivilAviation Org. llCAOl, Manualof All-Weother Operations,
at z-2, ICAO Doc. gl5S-AN/gro (ld ed. zor3), http://www.caa.md/
files I zot3_tz | 5 43. pd f.
a
)
)
Org. of African Unity [OAU] Charter art. 3, fl z.
I
a
Decision on the Report of the African Committee of Experts on the
Rights and the Wellbeing of lnfants, Executive Counci[, Seven-
teenth Ordinary Session, EX.CL/Dec. S6g(XVll) [uly r9, zoro).
> AMISOM in Action, ArnrceH UtroH MrssroN
LETTER, lssue r, Aug. zoo8, at ro.
tN SoMALIA NEws-
o
)
)
Pact ofthe League ofArab States [LAS] art. ro.
Ass'n of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN] Charter art. 6, 1l z(a).
o
) Agreement on the Use and Maintenance of the Premises of the
ASEAN Secretariat, art. z, fl 3 (Nov. z5,r98t), http://agreement.
o
)
asean.org/media/downtoad I zot4o4t6t5z5o4.pdf.
Moazzam Ali et al., A Global Research Agenda for Family Planning, o
92 BULLEnN oF rHE WoRLD Hellrt OnGnHrzerroH [WHO] gf, gS
(zor:), http://www.who.int/bu[[etin/volum
pdf.
es | 9z I z I g-tzzz4z. t
) Christopher Dye et al., THr Wonlo HenlrH REpoRr 2013, Wonlo
H Enlrn ORenH rznrror'r [WHO] (zorl), http://apps.who.int/iris/bitst
o
ream | rc665 | 8Sl 6t I z I gt8gz4o59o837_eng.pdf.

Cite resolutions in similar fashion to U.N. ftneralAssembly and Security Coun-

cil resolutions (rule 21.7.2),listing the organization, the document number,
o
and the date: O
a
I s, Int'lAtomic Energy Agency IIAEA], General Conference
z, IAEA Doc. GC(XXVIll) lRESlLtl/'t (Sept. zB, tg8+).
Res. 434, at

o M Int'lAtomic Energy Agency IIAEA], Assembly Res. Ar5-7 (tg6+) (no

longer in force, in Assembly Resolutions in Force, at l-zr, ICAO Doc.
gSog (tg86).

o If useful, provide the title of a rcsolution or regulation. As with U.N. resolutions,

the title comes after the resolution or regulation number:

o F lnt'l Atomic Energy Agency IIAEA], Assembty Res. Ar5-7, Condemno-

tion of the Policies of Apartheid and Racial Discrimination of South

I Africa Gg6r',) (no longer in force), in Assembly Resotutions in Force,

at l-zr, |CAO Doc. 95o9 (1986).

o ts Int'l Tetecomm. Union flTUl, Reg. 4.2, Geographical Distribution

ond Gender Distribution, rn General Secretariat of the International
Telecommunication Union, Staff Regutations and Staff Rules, at 3z

o (zor3).

A citation of a source that is diflicult to find cxccpt online should include infor-

o mation indicating the online location, preferably citing to an oflicial database

of sources:

o s lnt'[ Maritime Org. IlMO], A. S8S (r+), Provision of Facilities in Ports

forthe Reception of OilyWastesfrom Ships (Nov. zo,r98S), http://

I
www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/lndexoflMOResolutions/Pages/
Assem bly-%z 8 Ao/o2).aspx.

o International Non-Govemmental Organizations (NGOs) 21.14

Cite materials from international NGOs anakrgously to Unitcd Nations materials

o in rule 21.7. Include the name of the organization, including the appropriate
abbreviation according to rule 21.13;the title ofthe document;thc document

o
number, if any;and the date:

tu Amnesty lnt'l, Sierra Leone: Ending lmpunity an Opportunity Not to

Be Missed,Al IndexAFR 5tl6olzooo (uty 26, zooo).

o Yearbooks 21.15

o Cite United Nations yearbooks according to rule 21.7.8. Cite other intcrna-
tional ),earbooks or annual reports as periodicals (rule 16). Italicize article titles,

o but do not italicize the names of materials not ordinarily italicized (such as casc
names in footnotes). Give thc ycarbook titlc in the original language (abbrevi-
ated according to tables T3 and T13, and rule 20.2.3) and, if not obvious, the

o name of the issuing organization. For example

f'
:

Ronatd Graveson, The lnequality of the Applicable Law, r98o Bntr.

o Y.B. lrr'r L.2jr,233.

tu, Revised Staff Regutations,7922-1925 P.C.l.J. Ar.rr.r. Rep. (ser. E) No.

I y at8a (r9z).
ei" X. v. Belgium, 196r Y.B. Eun. Cottv. or'r H.R. (Eur. Comm'n of H.R.)

o 221!.
 ) Jean Boulouis, Cour de lustice des Communaut€s Europdennes,
1955 AHHurrne FneHgars oe Dnorr lrurEnHarrorunl (Centre National I
o
de [a Recherche Scientifique) 333.

b Recommendations of the Customs Co-Operotion Council on the

Customs Treatment of Products lmported forTesting, t97zEun.
Y.B. (Council of Eur.) 429.
o
21.16 Digests
Citations to digests should be avoided whenever a more official source is
I
available.

(a) Annual digests. Since 1973, the United States Department of State has pub- o
lished an annual Digest of United States Practice in lntemational Law Provide
the title for the subsection, the year, the title of digest, the chapter and subsec-
tion number, and a pincite if available:
o
)> U.N. Plan for Namibian Independence, tgSg-go DrcEsr or Ururrro
Srnres PRAclcE rrrr lrurent'trrrornl LAw, ch. 7, SA(r) at r98.
!
(b) Named digests. Eady digests were multi-volume sets edited by a single
editor and known by that editor's name. For these digests, provide the title of
a
the section (including subtitles, if relevant, as under de 15.3), the volume
cited, the editor's name followed by the word Drcrsr, the s€ction number, and o
I
the page reference, if any:

) Access to Courts, 8 WHrremat Dre esr, ch.4, $7, at 4o8.

(c) Foreign digests. When citing digests of another country cite analogously
to those published in the United States. If the digest is published as an annual o
series, cite according to rule 21.1.6(a). If the digest is identified by its editor's
name, cite according to rule 21.16(b). The fust time a foreign digest is cited,
always provide the firl title ,followed by the abbreviation in brackets if useftrl for
I
subsequent citations, similar to de 2O.2.5.
(d) Digests published as periodical sections. When a digest appears as an
o
annual or periodical section of a journal, cite the digest as an article under de
16. Otherwise, cite the particular section in question as included in a larger
wor-k:
o
) John R. Crook, Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating
to lnternotional Law, ro4 Arvr. J. Inr'l L. q89 (zoro).
o
21.17 Short Citation Forms o
(a) Treaties and other international agreements. Subsequent citations to
treaties and other international agreements may use both"id." and"supra,"Prc o
vide the name of the treaty, followed by "supral'and the pages on which the
cited material appears:

)
I
o
Convention for the Avoidance of Doubte Taxation, supra note 6,
a|25.
) Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, suprd note 1,
zr U.S.T. at 486, 729 U.N.T.S. at t67
o
o If the first citation contains a "hereinafter" short title,
subsequent "su p ro" cites.
use that short title in

t (b) International law cases and arbitrations.

those provided in rule 10.).
[Jse short forms analogous to

o (c) United Nations and other intergovernmental organizations materi-

als. Subsequent citations to materials of intcrgovernmental organizations may
use both "id. " and" supra" :

o :*
+
G.A. Res. t962, supra note 4, at 22.

Permanent Missions to the United Nations: Report of the Secretary-

o General, supra note 6, at r8.

If the first citation contains "hereinafter" short title, use the short title in sub-

I
a

sequent "Suprd" cites:

ir, Completing the Internal Market, supro nole 72, at9.

t (d) Yearbooks and digests. Subsequent citations to articles in yearbooks and

digests should follow the short forms for periodicals lrule 16.9). Subsequent

o citations may use both"id." and"supro)'

o
o
I
o
t
o
o
o
o
o
I
o
@
I \ti!{..r"r Iiifli${f {{ ( i{!{}\

o T1 TJNTTED STATES JURTSDTCTTONS

The abbreviations and citation conventions listed in this table, except as noted,

o are primarily intended to serve a national audience. Practitioners should also

adhere to local citation rules (see Bluepages table BT2). The preferred sources

o ofcitation are suggested when relevant. In the absence of such preference, the
user may cite to any listed sources, as appropriate. ln general, when citing to

t
online sources, be sure to cite to stable tlRls of the specilic provision cited in
accordance with the principle s of rule 18.

I Tl.L Federal Judicial and Legislative Materials

For more information about the federal court system, including a list of the

o disrict courts and the teritorial lurisdiction of the courts of appeals, access
http ://www.uscourts. gov.

o Supreme Court (U.5.): Cite to U.S., if therein; otherwise, cite to S. Ct., L. Ed.,
or U.S,L.W., in that order of preference.

I
o United States Reports
u 9t U.S. to date 1875-date u.s.
r Wallace 1863-1874 e.g., 68 U.S. (t Watt.)

o r
!
I
Black
Howard
Peters
186l-1862
1843,1860
1828-1842
e.g., 66 U.S. (r Btack)
e.g., 42 U.S. (r How.)
e.g., z5 U.5. (r Pet.)

O ,
'
rJ(/h€aton

Cranch
l8l6- 1827
l80l-18r5
e.g., r4 U.S. (r Wheat.)
e.g., 5 U.S. (r Cranch)

a r Dallas
b Supreme Court Reporter
1790-1800
1882-date
e.g., r U.5. (r Datl.)
s. ct.

I e United States Supreme Court

R€ports, Lawyers' Edition
o United States Law\feek
1790-date

1933-datc
L. Ed., L. Ed. zd

u.s.L.w.

t Circuit Justices (e.g., Rehnquist, Circuit Justice): Cite to U.S., if therein;

otherwise, cite to S. Ct., L. Ed., or U,S.L.W., if thercin, in that orderof preference .

o r
'
United States Reports
Supreme Court Reporter
1893-date
1893-date
U.S.
S. Ct.

a ,

I
United Stares Supreme Court 1790-date
Reports, Lawyers' Edition
tlnited States law Week 1933-date
L. Ed., L. Ed. Zd

u.5.1.W.

o Some cases presided over by CircuitJustices are found in other reporters and
should be cited as follows:

o M Halperin v. Kissinger, 8o7 F.zd 18o (Scalia, Circuit Justice, D.C' Cir.
1986).

o |' United Statesv. Benson, 3tF.896 (Fietd, CircuitJustice, C.C.D. Cal.

1887).

o
I
Unitecl States Jurisclicti*ns I
Courts of Appeals (e.g., zd Cir., D.C. Cir.), previously Circuit Courts
of Appeals (e.g., zd Cir.), and Court of Appeals offor the District of o
Columbia (D.C. Cir.): cite to F., F.zd, or F.3d, if therein.
> Federal Reporter 1891-date F., F.zd, F.3d o
> Federal Appendix

Circuit Courts
2001-date F. App'x
(e.9., C.C.S.D.N.Y., C.C.D. Cal.) (abolished 19l2): Cite to F. t
or F. Cas.
> Federal Reporter
> Federal Cases
1880-1912
1789-1880
F.
I
I
F. Cas.

Citations to F. Cas. should give the case number parenthetically.

)" Oelrich v. Pittsburgh, r8 F. Cas. 598 (C.C.W.D.

70'444).
Pa. rSSg) (No.

a
Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals (Iemp. Emer. Ct. App.) (created
1971, abolished 199r, Emergency Court of Appeds (Emer. Ct. App.)
(created 1942, abolished 1961), and Commerce Court (Comm. Ct.) (created t
1910, abolished l9l3): Cite to F. or F.zd.
> Federal Reporter r9ro-r993 F.,F.zd I
United States Court ofAppeals for the Federal Circuit (Fed. Cir.) (created
l!82), successor to the United States Court of Customs and Patent
Appeals (C.C.P.A.) (previously the Court of Customs Appeals (Ct. Cust.
o
App.)) and the appellate jurisdiction of the Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.): Cite to
F., F.zd, or F.3d, if therein; otherwise, cite to the respective official reporter. o
> Federal Reporter
> Court of Claims Reports
1910-date
1956-1982
; Court ofCustoms and Patent 1929-1982
F., F.zd, F.3d
Ct. Cl. I
o
C.C.P.A.
Appeals Reports
> Court of Customs Appeals r9ro-r929 Ct. Cust.
ReDorts

United States Court of Federal Claims (Fed. Cl.) (created 1992), formerly t
o
United States Claims Court (Cl. Ct.) (created 1982), and successor to
the original iurisdiction of the Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.): Cite to one of the
following reporters:
> Federal Claims Reporter
> United States Claims Court
1992-date
1983-1992
Fed. Ct.
ct. ct. I
o
Reporter
> Federal Reporter r93o-r932 F.zd
1960-1982 F.zd
> Federal Supplement
> Court of Claims Reports
1932-1960 F. Supp.
1863-1982 Ct. Ct. o
United States Court of International Trade (Ct. Int'l Trade)
1980), formerly United States Customs Court (Cust. Ct.) (created 1926):
(created

Cite to the official reporters, if possible; if unavailable, cite to F. Supp., F.

I
Supp. zd, or F. Supp. 3d to Cust. B. & Dec. (an official publication), or to
l.T.R.D. (BNA), in that order ofpreference. I
t
I
o -

ts
Court of International Trade
Reports
Customs Couft Reports
1980-date

l9l8- 1980
Ct. lnt'l Trade

o r Federal Supplement 1980-date F. Supp., F. Supp. zd,

F. Supp. 3d

o F Customs Bulletin and Decisions 1967-date

'InternationalTradeReporter
Decisions
1980-date
Cust. B. & Dec.
r.T.R.D. (BNA)

o District Courts (e.9., D. Mass., S.D.N.Y.): For cases after 1932, cite to
Supp., F. Supp. zd, F.Supp.3d, F.R.D., or 8.R., if therein; otherwise, cite to
F.

I Fed. R. Serv., Fed. R. Serv. zd, or Fed. R. Serv. 3d. For prior cases, cite to F.,
F.zd, or F. Cas., if therein.

o a Federal Supplement

. Decisions
1932-<Jate F. Supp., F. Supp. zd,
F. Supp. 3d

o
Federal Rules 1938-date F.R.D.

= West's Bankruptcy Reporter 1979-dtte B.R.

" Federal Rules Service 1938-date Fed. R. Serv. (Caltaghan),

I Fed. R. Serv. zd
(Caltaghan),
Fed. R. Serv. ld (West)

o e Federal Reporter
. Fedeml Cases
1880- 1932
1789-1880
F., F.zd
F. Cas.

o Citations to F. Cas. should give the case number parenthetically.

* Ex porte McKean, 16 F. Cas. 186 (E.D. Va. 1878) (No. 88t+8).

I Bankruptcy Courts (e.g., Bankr. N.D. Ca[.) and Bankruptcy Appellate

Panels (e.g., B.A.P. rst Cir.): Cite to 8.R., if therein; otherwise, cite to a

o service (rule 1!).

F Bankruptcy Reporter 1979-dxte B.R.

a Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation 0.P.M.1.) (created 1968)

Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act (Reg't Rail Reorg. Ct.)
(created 1973): cite to F.5upp., F. Supp. zd., or F. Supp. 3d.
and

o r Fedeml Supplement 1958-datc F.

F.
Supp., F.Supp. zd,
Supp. 3d

o Tax Court (T.C.) (created 1942), previously Board of Tax Appeals (B.T.A.):
Cite to T.C. or B.T.A., if therein; otherwise , cite to T.C.M. (CCH), T.C.M. (P-H),

o
T.C.M. (RlA), or B.T.A.M. (P-H)
= United Stat€s Tax Court Reports 1942-date T.C.
+ Reports of the United States t924-1942 B.T.A.

o Board of Tax Appeals

s Tax Couft Memorandum
Decisions
1942-date
1942-r991
r.c.M. (ccH)
T.C.M. (P-H)

o r Board of Tax Appeals

1991 -date
t928-1942
T.C.M. (RrA)
B.T.A.M. (P-H)

o
Memorandum Decisions

United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (Vet. App.),

previously United States Court of Veterans Appeals (Vet. App.) (created

o 1988): Cite to Vet. App., if therein.

United State.s Jurisdictitns I
> West's Veterans Appeals
Reporter
1990-date Vet. App.
I
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (C.A.A.F.),
previously United States Court of Military Appeals (C.M.A.): Cite to o
I
C.M.A., if therein.
> Decisions of the United States r95r-r975 C.M.A.
Court of MilitaryAppeals
> rvest's MilitaryJustic€ Reporter
> Court Martial Reports
1978-date
L95r-r975
M.J.
C.M.R. I
Military Senice Courts of Criminal Appeals (A. Ct. Crim. App.,
Crim. App., C.G. Ct. Crim. App., N-M. Ct. Crim. App.), previously Courts
A.F. Ct.
t
of Military Review (e.g., A.C.M.R.), previously Boards of Review (e.g.,
A.B.R.): For cases after 1950, cite to M.J. or C.M.R. For earlier cases, cite to
the official r€porter.
> Sfest's MilitaryJustice Reporter 1975-date M.J.
t
> coufr Marrial Reports 195l-1975 C.M.R. O
Statutory compilations: Cite to U.S.C., if therein.
> United States Code <tit. no.> U,S.C. 5 x (,year,) o
o
(26 U.S.C. may be abbreviated as l.R.C.)
> United States Code Annotated <tit. no.> U.S.C.A. $ x (West
.yearr)
> United States Code Service .tit.
no.> U.5.C.5. 5 x
(LexisNexis ,year') o
I
> Gould's United States Code Unannotated <tit. no., U.S.C.U. 5 x
(Goutd .year,)

Session laws
l United States Statutes at large <vol. no.> Stat. (page
no., (.yearr)
I
(Cite public laws before 1957 by chapter number; cite subsequent acts by
lic law number.)
pub
t
Tl.2 Federal Administrative and Executive Materials I
The following is a noncxclusive table of administrative agency and executive
materials, with an emphasis on citation forms that vary from rule 14. Ifhere I
an agency entry only lists that agency's official publications, no unique citation
format is used and agency materials can be cited following rule 14.
I
o
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA)
Decisions: Cite decisions as: <case name), ASBCA No. ,decision number),
(citation to service,. Note that in citations to the Board of Contract Appeak
Decisiorx (BCA), published by Commerce Clearing House, the publisher is not
indicated and the volume number serves to indicate the year of the decision. t
> KAMP Sys., Inc., ASBCA No. 55317, o8-1 BCA 1133,148.
I
o
o
I Civilian Board of Contract Appeals (CBCA)
Decisions: Cite in the same manner as decisions of the Armed Services Board

o of Contract Appeals, but include the opposing agency in the case name. Cite
decisions ofits predecessors, the Board ofContract Appeals for the f)epartment
of Agriculture, Energy, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor,

o Transportation, Veteran Affairs, and the General Services Administration, in

the same manner.

o ) Ftathead Contractors, LLC v. Dep't of Agric., CBCA u8-R, oZ-2 BCA

fl 33,688.

I Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFIC)

Decisions: Cite as: ,case name'. CFTC No. ,docket number>. ,citation to
secondary source if avai163ls, (date').
a

o ) Conway Family Trust v. Dorman Trading, LLC, CFTC No. rz-Rooz,

zor4 WL 2ooto47 (May 9, zor4).

o * ln re J.P. Morgan Sec. LLC, CFTC No. t4-19,20:^4 WL 18rZ86S fluty

29, zot4).

I Interpretive Letters, No-Action Letters, and Exemptive Letters: Cite a

service (rule 19) or an electronic database (de 18.3), if therein. Include the

o full name of the correspondent, if available, the CFTC docket number, and the
full date on which the letter became publically availablc.
)
o Kenneth M. Rosenzweig, CFTC No-Action Letter, CFTCLTR No.
13-54,2o13WL 5488947 (Sept. 27, zor3).

I > CFTC
(CCH)
No-Action Letter, CFTCLTR No. 94-7o, Comm. Fut. L. Rep.
fl 26,t59 (May 23, t994).

I
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB)
Decisions: Cite decisions as: <case name>, CFPB No. ,decision number'
,citation to secondary source if available, (,date').

I F ACE Cash Express, Inc., CFPB No. zor4-CFPB-ooo8.

o
Departrnent of Agriculture (USDA)
Decisions: Cite to the Agriculture Decisions (Agric. Dec.).

I |" Western Cattle Co., 47 Agric. Dec.99z,1o52 (U.S.D.A. 1988)

0uly 8, zorz+).
Directives: Numerous organizations within the USDA issue directivcs. These

o should be cited as: ,issuing agency abbreviated according to tabte below,

Directive ,directive number,, ,directive titte, (U.S.D.A. ,year,).

o > FSlS Directive 7$o3, Advanced Meat Recovery Using Beef

Vertebral Raw Materials (U.S.D.A. zooz).
Service
o > Agricultural Marketing

'Agricultural Research Servicc

s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
AMs
ARS

o
APHIS
> Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion CNPP

o
United States J urisdictions t
> Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service
C5REE5
o
I
> Economic Research Service ERS
) Fann Service Agency FSA
> Food and Nutrition Service FNS
> Food Safety and Inspection Service
> Forcign Agricultural Service
FSrS
FAS o
> Forest Service
> Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stocklards
Administration
FS

GIPSA I
> National

> National
Agricultural Ubrary
Agricultural Statistics Service
NAL
NASS
I
> National Institute of Food and Agriculture
> National Resources Conservation Service
NIFA
NRCS o
> Risk Management Agency
> Rural Business Cooperative Service
RMA
RBCS o
I
> Rural Development RD
> Rural Housing Service RHS
> Rural Utilities Service RUS

Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric o

I
Administration (NOAA)
Decisions in Consistency Appeals Under the Coastal Zone Management
Act: Cite decisions of the Secretary of Commerce under the Coastal Zone
Management Act as: Decision and Findings in the Consistency Appeal
of <party name,, from an objection bV ,state or relevant state agency's
n36g, (Sec'y of Commerce ,date'). To date these decisions are not published
o
in an official reporter; indicate the source where the decision is located.

) Decision and Findings in the Consistency Appeal of the Va. Elec.

o
and Power Co., from an objection by the N.C. Dep't of Envtl.,
Health and Natural Res. (Sec'y of Commerce May r9, 994),htt1l I o
coast.noaa.gov/czm /consistency/appeals/fcappealdecisions/
mediadecisions/virgin iaelectric.pdf.
Other NOAA Decisions: Cite decisions of administrative law iudges in
I
civil administrative law cases to the Ocean Resources and Wildlife Reporter
(O.R.W.), if therein. Otherwise cite to an appropriate secondary source . I
)
)
J.H. Miles & Co.,4 O.R.W. zz3 (NOM rgSS).
Rio San Marcos, Inc., zoo8 WL64zo99 (NOM Feb. n,zoo8). o
Decisions of tbe Ad.ministratorfor Appeals

)
(NOM App.; should
Lars Vinierud Fisheries, Inc., 5 O.R.W. zro (NOM App. 1990).
so speclff.
t
Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
Decisions: Cite decisions of the Commissioner of Patents to Decisions of tbe
I
Commissioner of Petents (Dec. Comm'r Pat.) following rule 14.3, except
that if the party name includes a procedural phrase, it should be included. o
> Ex parte Latimer, 1889 Dec. Comm'r Pat. rz3.
I
o { l*ltlli liIrilrr*, llrr il*{tic {[lr'rir'

o Cite decisions by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (P.T.A.B.) as: <case name),
No. ,docket number>, (citation to secondary source if availabte, (P.T.A.B.
,date'). Cite decisions of its predecessor, the Board of Patent Appeals and

o Interferences (B.P.A.|.) as: (case name,, No. ,docket number>, ,citation to

secondary source if avaitabte> (B.P.A.l. ,date,).

o b SAP Am., Inc. v. Versata Dev, Grp., Inc., No.

(P.T.A.B. June u, zor3).
CBMzorz-oooor

o W Ex parte Baggett, No. zooT-2548 (B.P.A.l. Mar. ro, zoo8).

W Exporte Fallaux, No. zoo8-zz5r, zooS WL z463ot4 (B.P.A.l. June

o t7, zooS).
Cite decisions of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (T.T.A.B.) as: <case
name>, <citation to secondary source> (T.T.A.B. <year>).

o s" Bos. Red Sox Baseball Ctub, Ltd. v. Sherman, 88 U.S.P.Q.zd (BNA)

t r58r (T.T.A.B. zooS).

Patents: Cite the patent number. The date the patent was filed may be included
if relevant.

o M' U.S. Patent No.4,4o5,829 (filed Dec. !4,tg77).

The patent name andlor issuing date may be included if relevant.

o ts Cryptographic Commc'ns Sys. & Method, U.S. Patent No.

4,4o5,829 (filed Dec. U,1977) (issued Sept. zo, 1983).

o To cite a specffic field ofthe title page, include the field code in brackets.
p U.S. Patent No. 4,4o5,829, at [ZS] (fited Dec. U,197:).
o Cite a specific portion of patent text, a patent figure, or an item within a ligure

t
according to the following examples:

M U.S. Patent No. 4,4o5,829 col. z [. lo (fited Dec.4, t977).

p, U.S. Patent No. 4,4o5,829 fi9.3 (fited Dec. 14, t977).

o b U.S. Patent No.4,4o5,829 fig.3, item zz (filed Dec.4,t977).

The short form for a patent includes an apostrophe followed by the last three

o digits of the patent number.

t
F '829 Patent.
Trademarks: Cite registered trademarks as: ,TRADEMARK NAME,, Registra-
tion No. ,registration number,.

o Ah, INTERNATIONAL WALKIE TALKIE, Registration No. 3,o16,449.

Vhere the trademark is unnamed. the description filed with the Trademark

o Office may be used.

ts The mark consists ofa stylized representation ofa peacock, Regis-

o tration No. L,93t,255.

Cite tradcmarks that have been filed, but not approved, as: U.S. Trademark

o Application Serial No. ,SeriaI Numbel, (filed .date,).

h U.S. Trademark Apptication Serial
zooT).
No.77l34t,9ro (filed Dec. t,

o
tJnited States Jurisdictions I
Official Publications:
> Official Gazette of the United States Patent Off. Gaz. Pat. Office
I
Office (1872-1971)
> Official Gazette of the United States Patent and
Trademark Office
Off. Gaz. Pat. & Trademark I
I
Office
> Trademark Manual ofExarnining Procedure TMEP (Sth ed. Sept. zooT)
> Manual of Patent Examining Procedure MPEP (8th ed. Rev. 7, Sept.

> Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of

2oo8)
TBMP Gd ed. Rev. z, June I
Procedure

Department of Education
zo'3)

t
Reports: Cite reports of tlJLe lrxtitution of Education Scimces as: Institute of
Education Sciences, <title, (page, (,date,).

)
o
Institute of Education Sciences, Evaluation of the Personnel Devel-
opment Program to lmprove Services and Results for Chitdren with
Disabilities p (2o14).
o
Proceedings: Cite federal student aid proceedings as: <case name), U.S.
Dep't of Educ., No. ,docket number) (,date'). I
) Va. Potytechnic Inst. & State Univ., U.S. Dep't of Educ., No.
rr-3o-SF (Mar. 29, zotz). o
Deparhnent of Homeland Security, Bureau of Customs and Border
Protection a
The Bureau of Customs and Border Protection and its predecessors have
two official reporters: Administratiue Decisions Under Immigration and
Nationality Laws (1. & N. Dec.; and the Customs Bulletin and Decisions
I
(Cust. B. & Dec.).

Department of Justice
I
Advisory Opinions: Cite published, formal advisory opinions in the
manner as adjudications under rule 14.3. Cite Attomey General opinions
same
o
to Opinions of tbe Attornq)s General (Op. Att'y Gen.) and opinions from
the Office of Irgal Counsel to Opinions of tbe Offi.ce of Legal Counsel of tbe I
t
Departtnent of Justice (Op. O.L.C.).
) Legality of Revised Phila. Plan, 42 Op. Att'y Gen. 4o5 Og6g).
F Applicability of Exec. Order No. 12,674to Pers. of Reg'I Fishery
Mgmt. Councils, r7 Op.0.L.C. 15o, t54Gg%).
I
o
Department of Labor
Decisions in Petition for Modification Cases Under Section lol.(c) of the
Mine Act, 30 U.S.C. $ E11(c): At the time of publication, rhese decisions were
not reported in any official reporterorservice. Cite as: ,description ofdecision,,
(case name), Docket No. .docket number) (Dep't of Labor.date,). I
) Administrator's Proposed Decision and Order, RAG Emerald Res.,
Docket No. zooz-MSA-3 (Dep't ofLaborAug. 6,zooz). o
I
o { 'lrit*' { :ht;<{*::r tlu"isr{i{ t i,rmq;

I F ALJ's Decision and Order, RAG Emerald Res., Docket No. zooz-
MSA-3 (Dep't of Labor May r5, zoo3).

I Decisions in Enforcement Actions Brought by the Office of Federal

Contract Compliance Programs: At the time of publication, these decisions
were not reported in any official reporter or service. Cite as: ,case name>,

I ,docket number', ,description of decision, (Dep't of Labor ,dateD.

b OFCCPv. Greenwood Mills, Inc.,8g-OFC-lg, Secretary's Decision

I s'
and Order of Remand (Dep't of Labor Nov. zo, t995).

OFCCP v. S. Pac. Transp. Co., 79-OFC-roA, ALJ's Recommended

o Decision (Dep't of Labor Nov. 9,1982).

Decisions by the Benefits Review Board: Cite to a service following rule

o 19.
> P.M.N. v. Bajkowski CoalCo., 33 Black Lung Rep. 0uris) r-ro (Ben.

o
Rev. Bd. zoog).

h T.M. v. Reinhalter Shipping Co.,44 Ben. Rev. Bd. Serv. (MB) zr, z3
(zoo9).

I Department of the Interior

Cite agency decisions to Interior Decisktns (lnterior Dec.) or Interior and

o General Land Office Cases Relating to Public Lands (Pub. Lands Dec.;, if
published therein, as per rule 14.3.

o Where a board within the agency issues the opinion, note the board in the same
parenthetical as the date, using the abbreviations below:

o ,
ts Fortune Oil Co., 90 Interior Dec. 84 (IBLA rg8f).
InteriorBoardoflandAppeals IBLA

I ' InteriorBoardof IndianAppeals

Department of State
lBlA

I Reports: The Department of State publishes reports of the Bureau of

Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Cite as: U.5. Dep't of State, Bureau of

t Democracy, H.R. and Lab., ,title, <page> (<date>).

b U.5. Dep't of State, Bureau of Democracy, H.R. and Lab., Interna-

tional Retigious Freedom Report 13 (zop).
a Department of the Treasury

a Regulations: Although Department of Treasury regulations are published

under title 26 of the C.F.R., cite as ,Treas. Reg.,. pe1 unamended regulations,
cite to the year of promulgation. If the regulation is a temporary regulation,

o indicate such:

F Treas. Reg. $ r.7z-r6(a) (tg5:).

o F Temp. Treas. Reg. 5 r.ff8-4T(k) (rg8S).

Citations to specilic questions and answers should be cited as:

o tu Treas. Reg. 5 r.7z-r6(a), Q&A (r)(a) (rg6:).

If any subsection of the cited section has been amended or for some other

o reason appears in substantially different versions, give the year of the last
tinitcd States J urisdictitns I
amendment. Follow this form even if the particular subsection cited has never
been amended. t
) Treas. Reg. $ r.6r-z(c) (as amended in rggl).
When the source of the amendment is relevant, indicate it. I
) Treas. Reg. 5 r.6r-z(c) (as amended by T.D. 85o7,
l.R.B.8).
tgg536
I
Cite proposed Treasury regulations to the Federal Register.

) Prop. Treas. Reg. $ t.7o4-t,48 Fed. Reg. 987r, 9872 (Mar.9, 1983).
I
Treasury Determinations: Cite Revenue Rulings, Revenue Procedures, and
Treasury Decisions to the Cumulatiue Bulletin (C.8,) or its advance sheet, the
Intemal Reuenue Bulletin (l.R.B.), or to Treaswy Decisions Under Internal
a
Reaenue Laws ([reas. Dec. Int. Rev.), in that order ofpreference.

) Rev. Rul. 83-t37,t983-zC.B.4t.

a
)
)
Rev. Proc.85-47,198537 l.R.B. ro.
o
I
T.D.2747,20 Treas. Dec. Int. Rev. 457 (r9r8).
The Cumulatiue Bulletin has been numbered in three series: by volume
number from l9l9 to 1921, by volume number and part number from l92l to
1936, and by year and part number from 1937 to date.

> T.B.R. 29, I C.B. zlo Ggrg).

I
)
) T.D.
l.T.2624, u-r C.B. rzz Q93z).

5zz, r978-r C.B. 59.

I
I
7

The abbreviations used in the above examples and other abbreviations are
explained in the introductory page s of each volum e of the Cumulatiue Bulletin .

Private Letter Rulings: Cite by number and the date issued, if available.
> 1.R.5. Priv. Ltr. Rul.86-or-orz (Sept. 3o, 1985).
I
Technical Advice Memoranda: Cite by number and the date issued,
available.
if
o
> f .R.S. Tech. Adv. Mem.85-o4-ooS (Sept. 28,t984).
General Counsel Memoranda: Cite by number and the date on which the I
memorandum was approved.
> l.R.S. Gen. Couns. Mem.39,417 (Sept. 3o, 1985). I
Other Treasury Determinations: Cite all other Treasury materials, including
Delegation Orders (Deleg. Order), Treasury Orders (Treas. Order), Treasury
Directives (Ireas. Dir.), Notices, Announcements, and News Releases to the
t
Cumulatiue Bulletin, Internal Reaenue Bulletln, or Intemal Reuenue Manual
(lRM), if therein. Otherwise cite by number and date issued. o
>
>
1.R.5. Deleg. Order

f .R.S. Notice 84-9,

r-35 (Rev.
1984-tC.8.341.
r), IRM r.z.4o.r7 0une r9, zoo8).
I
> l.R.S. News Release lR-84-ur (Oct. r9, 1984).
Cases: Cite the names of Tax Court and Board of Tax Appeals decisions as I
those of a court (de
10.2), not as those of an agency.

t
o
o F Benson v. Comm'r,8o T.C. 789 (rS8f).
h' Price v. Comm'r, +6 T.C.M. (CCH) 6SZ (rS8f).

I If the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service has published an

acquiescence (acq.), acquiescence in result only (acq. in result), or

o nonacquiescence (nonacq.) in a decision of the Tax Court or Board of Tax

Appeals, that fact may be indicated in the citation of the case.

b N.M. Bancorp. v. Comm'r, 74T.C.g4z (r98o), ocq. in result,

O t983-zC.B.t.
Similarly, an action on decision (action on dec.) may be cited as subsequent

I history by appending its identilying number, if any, and its full date.
p Keller v. Comm'r, 79T.C.7 (1982), action on dec., t984-q7 (Apr.

o 4,1984.
See generally de 1O.7 (prior and subsequent history of cases).

o Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Decisions: Cite decisions to Enuironmental Administratiue Decisions

I (E.A.D.), if therein. Indicate whether the Environmental Appcals Board (EAB)

law ludge made the decision, if not obvious from the

t :j;;:Jdrnt"O,rative
W Solutia, Inc., ro E.A.D. r93, zr4 (EAB zoor).
P' Geron Furniture, lnc.,t994 EPAALJ LEXIS 53.

o Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Decisions: Most EEOC decisions do not have readily identifiable titles, and

o should therefore be cited using the decision number in place of the title, and
otherwise per rule 14.3.

o h EEOC Decision
(tgtt).
No.7t-24444,4 Fair Empt. Prac. Cas. (BNA) t8

a EEOC Federal Sector decisions have party names and should therefore be
in accordance with rule 14.3.
cited

o Executive Office ofthe President

Executive Orders, Presidential Proclamations, and Reorganization
Plans: Cite by section number to 3 C.F.R. as per rule 14.2 except that,
o because all executive orders are not reprinted in successive years ofthe
thc original year of promulgation, rather than the most recent edition of the
C.F.R.,

o C.F.R., must be cited. Append a parallel citation to the U.S.C. if also therein.

h Exec. Order No. tt,6o9,3 C.F.R. S 585 GgltrgT5), reprinted as

o amended in 3 U.S.C. $ 3or app. at 4o4-o7 (zoo6).

Cite to the Federal Register if the material is not in the C.F.R.

I &' Proclamation No.5366,5o Fed. Reg.37,635 (Sept. r+, rg8S).

A parallel citation to th.. Statutes at Large may also be givcn.

a F. Reorganization Plan No. r of1978,3 C.F.R. lzt(tgZ8),reprinted in

5 U.S.C. app. at 866 (zoo5), and in 9z Stat. 378r OglS).

o
United States Jurisdictions o
Other Presidential Papers: Cite to the Public Papers of tbe Presidents
n
the Pub lic P apers, cite
(Pu B. PAP E Rs), if therein. For material not recorded I
the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (WEEKLY Coltp. Pnes.
Doc.), published from 1965 to January 29,2009, the Dai.ly Compilation of
Presidential Docurnents (Detlv Cotrle. Pnes. Doc.;, published fromJanuary
I
29,2009 to date, or the U.t Code Congressional and Administratiue News
(U.S.C.C.A.N.) (rule 12.6). o
)
)
Memorandum on New Tools to Help Parents Balance Work and
Family, r Pue. Pnpens 84r (May 24,t999).
Presidential Statement on Signing the Consolidated Appropria-
I
tions Resolution 2oo3, 39 Weerlv Comp. Pnes. Doc, zz5 (Feb. zo,
zoo3). o
) Remarks on the National Economy, 2oo9
z (Feb. +, zoog).
DATLY Conap. PnEs. Doc.
t
Budgets: Cite govemmental budgets as books (rule 15).
) Orrrce oF MGMr. & Buoe Er, Exrc. Orrtce oF THE PRESIDENT, o
Buoeer or rHe UHtteo Sreres GovtnNMENt, FtscelYenn zoo3
(zooz). I
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Decisions: Cite decisions of administrative law iudges in civil penalty
enforcement matters adjudicated under 14 C.F.R. Part 13, Section 13.16 and
I
subpart G, as slip opinions following ntle 14.3.2(b).

) Siddall, Docket No. CPo5WPoor6 (FM Oct. 7, zoo8).

o
Decisions of the Administrator or his delegate are cited using an order number
rather than a docket number.
a
) Alaska Airlines, Inc., FM Order No. zoo4-8, zoo4 WL 3r98zo (Oct.
4, ZOO4), I
Decisions of the Office of Dispute Resolution for Acquisition (ODRA)
adludicated under 14 C.F.R. Part 17 should incorporate the rype of dispute in I
I
the citation.

)> Protest ofthe United Parcel Service, Docket No. o8-ODRA-o4oo

(Sept. rz, 1999).

Citations to other FAA decisions and orders should indicate the nature of the
decision preceding the date.
I
) Paul D. Asmus & P.D. Aviation Consulting v. Haw. Dep't of Transp.,
Docket No. 16-o5-u, Determination of the Director of Compliance t
)
and Fietd operations (Apr. rz, zoo6).
Steere v. County of San Diego, FM Docket No. 16-99-15, Final a
I
Agency Decision (Dec. Z, zoo4).

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Citeto the Federal Communications Commission Reports (F.C.C., F.C.C.zd),
published 1934-1985, or the Federal Communications Commission Record
(FCC Rcd.), published since 1986.
I
I
o [,ni€*.rei ],i{ntr"r $rm rnrliq f !*r*s

I Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)

Cite decisions tothe Federal Energ) Guidelines: FERC Reports (FERC).

o Federal Labor Relations Authority (FIRA)

Cite decisions to the Decisions of the Federal Labor Relations Authority

o (F.L.R.A.).

Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC)

o Cite decisions to rhe l-ederal Mine Safety and Health Reuieu Commission
Decisions (FMSHRO.

t Federal Reserve System

Enforcement Actions: Cite writtcn agrcemcnts resulting ftom cnforcement

o actions as: Written Agreement Between (private bank name, and ,Federal
Reserve Bank name,. Docket No. ,docket number> (,dateD.

o F Written Agreement Between Ridgedate State Bank and Federal

Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Docket No. o3-oz4-WA/RB-SM (July
29,2oo3).

o Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

I Cite decisions to th-. Federal Trade Commission (F.I .C.).

Government Accountability Office (GAO)

o Bid Protest Decisions: Cite to Decisbns of tbe Comptroller General of the

(lnited States (Comp. Gen.), if therein.

ts Astrophysics Research Corp., 66 Comp. Gen. 2!1 (198).

o Cite unpublished decisions to a readily accessible sourcc, as follows:
.protesting party', <docket number', <volume number or year' <source>

o ,location within source volume or year) (Comp. Gen. ,date'). Note that
when citing these cases to the Comptroller General's Procurement Decisions,

o published by West, the publisher is not indicated:

9* Def. Sys. Group, B-z4oz95,tggowLz9396 (Comp' Gen. Nov.6,

o 1990).

$" f nfo. Ventures, lnc.,B-232o94, 88-z CPD tl ++l (Comp. Gen' Nov'

o 4, 1988).
Where a decision resolves multiple bid protests, each of which has its own
docket number, indicate this by inserting "et at." after the docket number.

o ts Midtand Supply, lnc.,B-z987zo et al., 2oo7 CPD 1l z (Comp. Gen.

t
Nov. 29, zoo5).

International Trade Commission (USITC)

Publications: For investigations, cite as: ,title or case name)' Inv. No.

o <number>, USITC Pub. <number) (,date,) (,statusD. where a single decision

contains multiple investigation numbers, this should be indicated. For other

o publications, omit investigation number and status.

ts Certain Tissue Paper Prods. from China, Inv. No.73r-TA-ro7oB,

USITC Pub. 3ZS8 (Mar. 25, zoo5) (Finat).

o
 United States Jurisdictions o
) Grain-0riented Elec. Steelfrom lt. & Japan, Inv. Nos. 7ot-TA355,
z3t-T A-659 -660, US ITC Pub. 3396 (Feb. 7, zoor) (Prelim i nary). I
Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB)
Cite decisions to the Deckions of tbe tJnited States Merit Systems Protection o
Board (M.S.P.B.).

National Labor Relations Board (NIRB) I

Cite decisions and orders to the Decisions and Orders of tbe National Labor
Relations Board (N. L. R. B.). I
National Mediation Board (NMB)
Cite decisions to the Decisions of tbe National Mediation Board (N.M.B.). I
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
Cite decisionsto the National Transportation Safety Board Decisions
o
(N.T. S. B.), published ftom 1967 - 1977, if therein.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

o
Cite decisions of the NuclearRegulatory Commission totheNuclear Regul.atoty
Commission Issuances (N.R.C.). Cite decisions of its predecessor, the Atomic I
Energy Commission (1955-1975) to the Atomic Energlt Commission Reports
(A.E.C.).
I
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC)
Decisions: Cite commission decisions reported in a service as: (party name>, I
I
<service volume number> .publisher, <service, abbreviated as below>
,page/paragraph number, (No. ,docket number>, <yearr.

F Burkes Mech., lnc., 21 BNA OSHC z136 (No. o4-o475, zooT).

or: Burkes Mech., Inc., zooT CCH OSHD

zooT).
11 32,922 (No. o4-o475, I
Where an administrative law judge, rather than the commission itself, issued the
decision, indicate this parenthetically at the end of the citation. o
) Pike Elec., lnc., zt BNA OSHC zr53 (No. o6-ot66, zooz) (ALJ).
OSHRC uses abbreviations for services reporting its decisions that vary from
o
table T15:
> Occupational Safety & Health Cases @NA) osHc o
> Occupational SafeW

'Where
a
& Health Decisions OSHD

decision is not cited in any service or database, it may be cited as a slip

I
opinion using de 14.5.2.1}o).

> Z & P Builders, No. o8-o93o (OSHRC Dec. r9, zoo8). I

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Interpretive lretters, No-Action Letters, and Exemptive Letters: Cite a I
service (rule 19) or an electronic database (de 18.3). Include the full name
of the correspondent and the full date on which rhe lettef became publicly o
I
available.
t {l Itillrr.il''"Irurrr

I ts Union Carbide Corp., 5EC No-Action Letter, [1994-1995 Transfer

Binderl Fed. Sec. L. Rep. (CCH) 1176,gtt (Apr. 15, 1994).

o L Squadron, Ettenoff, Plesent & Lehrer, SEC Interpretive Letter,1992

WL 55818 (Feb. 28, r99z).

Releases: Cite the Federal Register, SEC Docket, or a service (rule 19). If
o the release has a subiect-matter title, it may be presented in a shortened form.

t
Include the act under which the release was issued, the release number, and
the full date.

h' Customer Limit Orders, Exchange Act Release No.34,79,1t994-

o 1995 Transfer Binderl Fed.Sec. L. Rep. (CCH) Ii8S,+l+ (Sept. 29,

199d.

o F Regulation of Securityholder Communications, Exchange Act

Release No.29,315, +gSEC Docket U7 \uneq,r99t).
If the release is an adiudication, abbreviate the parties' names accorcling to

o rule 14.3.L(a).
M' Am. KioskCorp., Exchange Act Release No. 585o4, zooS WL

o 2574438 (une 27, zooS).

If the adtudication occurred before an administrative law iudge, indicate this

o fact in the date parenthetical.

h Am. Kiosk Corp., Exchange Act Release No. 57866, zoo8 WL
zzz9644 (ALJ May 3o, zoo8) (default order).

o If a particular release is issued undcr the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or
the Investment Company Act, a parallel citation should be given in that order.

o M lmolementation of Standards of Professional Conduct for Attor-

neys, Securities Act Release No. 8r5o, Exchange Act Release No'

o 46,868,Investment Company Act Release No. 25,829, 67 Fed. Reg.

7r,67 o (proposed Dec. 2, 2oo2).
Staff Interpretations: Cite 5EC Staff Accounting Butletins, Staff Legat
I Bulletins, and Telephone Interpretations as follows:

F' SEC StaffAccounting Bulletin No.56,49 Fed. Reg.4936 (May zl'

o 1980.
SEC Filings: For annual reports, proxy statements, and other company filings

o required under federal securities laws, provide the name of the company
(abbreviated according to rule f5.1(d)), thc title as given in the document,
the form type in parentheses, thc page number if applicable, and the full date

o of filing with the SEC.

s' Coca-Co[a Co., Annual Report (Form ro-K) (Feb. z7,zoo4).

a 0,, Sony Music Entm't Inc., Statement of Changes in Beneficial Owner-

ship (Form +/A) (Jan. z3,zoo4).

a If citing annual reports, prory statements, or othef documents in a form other

than that filed with the SEC, treat as books under rule 15.

o F. Cocr-Cor-a Co., zoo3 Suwtnanv AHHUAL REPoRT I Qoot+).

o
 [Jnited $tates Jurisdi*tions I
Small Business Administration (SBA)
Decisions: Cite decisions as: (party name), SBA No. .docket number) I
o
(dateD.
) Ace Technical, LLC, SBA No. SDBA-r78 (Apr. 17, zoo8).

The docket number indicates the type of decision:

> Economically Disadvantaged Women Owned EDWOSB o
I
Small Business
) Business development program BDP
> Service disabled veteran owned business VET
> Size determination
> Small disadvantaged business
stz
SDBA I
I
> North American Industry Classification System NAICS
> Women Owned Small Business Program WOSB

Social Security Administration (SSA)

Rulings and Acquiescence Rulings: Cite to the Social Securitjt Rulings, I
I
Cumulatiue Edition (S.S.R. Cum. Ed.), if therein. If not located therein, cite to
another official source, such as the Cod,e ofFederal Regulations ot the Federal
Register. Otherwise, cite a commercial database or other readily available
source. Cite Social Security Rulings as SSR and Social Security Acquiescence
Rulings as SSAR.

> SSAR gz-z(6), 57 Fed. Reg. q,

t
9z6z (Mar.
I
r99z).
) SSR oo-4p, 2ooo WL r8987o4 (Dec.4, zooo).

Surface Transportation Board (STB)

Cite materials from the Surface Transportation Board to the Surface I
I
Transportation Board Reporter (S.T.B.). Cite materials from its predecessor,
the Intefstate Commerce Commission (lCC), to the Interstate Commerce
Commission Reporter (|.C.C., l.C.C. zd).

For unpublished decisions, the official date is the date on which the STB (or
ICC) served the decision on the parties or otherwise liled it, not the date ofthe
decision itself.
o
Tt.3 States and the District of Columbia
I
Alabama (Na.) I
http //www .ju dicial. alab ama. gov
:

http / / alisondb. legislature. state. al.us/acaslACASloginMac. asp

:
I
Supreme Court (Ala.): Cire to 5o., So. zd, or 5o. 3d, if therein.
> Southern Reporter 1886-date So., So. zd, So.3d I
r84o-r975
I
> Alabama Reports Ata.
> Pofter 1834-1839 Port.
> Stewart and Porter l83r-r834 Stew. & P.
> Stewart
> Minor
1827-1831 Stew.
1820-1826 Minor I
I
o I * iti.:*l 1*tr.:ia:= -l irri\t{ it{ inlt \

I Court of Civil Appeals (Ata. Civ. App.) and Court of Criminal Appeals
(Ata. Crim. App.), before 1969 Court of Appeals (Ata. Ct. App.): Cite to So.,

o
So. zd, or 5o. 3d, if therein.

' Southem Reporter 191 l-date So., So. zd, So.3d

h Alabama Appellate Courts l9ll-1974 Ata. App.

o Reports

Statutory compilations: Cite to ALA. Coor lpublished by l[est), if thcrein

t r Code ofAlabama, 1975 0vest)

,
ALA. CoDE 5 x-x-x (yeap)
Michie's Alabama Code, 1975 (LexisNexis) Ala. Cooe $ x-x-x

o
(LexisNexis.yean)

Session laws: Cite to Ala. Laws, if therein

o "
r
Alabama Laws
West's Alabama Legislative Service
,year, Ala. Laws < page no.>
,year, Ala. Legis. Serv.
,page no.' (West)

o r Michie's Alabama Code <year> Advance

Legislative Service (lexisNexis)
,year,-, pamph. no.' Ala.
Adv. Legis. Serv. (page

I Administrative compilation
no.' (LexisNexis)

a r Alabama Administrative Code Au. Aowrrr'r. Coog

(yeap)
r. x-x-x.x

o Administrative register
" Alabama Administrative Monthly ,vol. no.' Ala. Admin.

I Monthty <page no.>

( month day, year,)

o Alaska (Alaska)
http ://www. courts.
hnp://w3.legis.state.ak.
alaska. laov

a
r,rs/

Supreme Court (Alaska): Cite to P.zd or P.3d.

o " Pacilic Reporter l9(r0-date

Court of Appeals (ALAsKA Cr. APP.): Cite to P.2o or P.3o
P.zd, P.3d

o ' Pacific Reporter

District Courts of Naska (D. Alaska):

l9{i0-date P.zd, P.3d

These courts had local iurisdiction

I from l8tl4 to 1959. Cite to F. Supp., F., or F.zd, if therein; otherwise, cite to
Ausre or ALnsrn Feo., in that order of preference .

t w Fcderal Supplement
r
ts
Federal Repofter
Alaska Reports
tL)46-1919
l 8n6- 1 932
1887-1958
F.

Alaska
Supp.
F., F.zd

o " Alaska Federal Reports 1869-1937 Alaska Fed.

United States District Courts for California and Oregon, and District

o Courts of Washington (D. Cat., D. Or., D. Wash.;: These courts had local
iurisdiction in Alaska until 1884. Cite to F. or F. Cas.

t " Federal Reporter 1880-1884 F.

 United States Jurisdictions a
> Fedeial Cases F. Cas.

(Citations to F. Cas. should give the case number parenthetically, e.g., The
I
Ocean Spray, r8 F. Cas. 558 (D. Or. r8Z5) (No. ro,4rz).;
> Alaska Federal Reports 1869-1937 Alaska Fed. I
Statutory compilations: Cite to ALASKA Snr., if therein.
> Alaska Statutes (rxisNexis) Ausxa Srar. $ x.x,x o
> $[est's Alaska Statutes Annotated
GYear,)
Ansra Srnr. AHl. $ x.x.x I
I
(West <yean)

Session laws: Cite to ALASKA Srss. Lnws, if therein.

I
> Session Iaws of Alaska .year, Alaska Sess. Laws
<Page nO.)
> Alaska Statutes <year> Advance Legislative ,year,.pamph. no.,
Service (rxisNexis) Alaska Adv. Legis. Serv.
{ page no.) (LexisNexis) o
t
> West's Alaska Legislative Service ,year, Alaska Legis. Serv.
,page no., (West)

Administrative compilation
> Alaska Administrative Code
(IexisNexis)
Ausre
g x.x
Aoltnrr. Cooe tit. x,
(year,)
o
Arizona (Ariz.) I
http://www.az.courts. gov
http ://www .azleg.gov / ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp
o
Supreme Court (Ariz.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein.
> Pacific Reporter 1883-date P., P.zd, P.3d t
> Arizona Reports

Court of Appeals (Ariz. Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein. I

> Pacffic Reporter
> Arizona Reports
1965-date P.zd, P.3d
1976-date Ariz. I
> Arizona Appeals Reports 196r-1977 Ariz. App.
Tax Court (Ariz. Tax Ct.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d, if therein. t
> Pacific Reporter 1988-date P.zd, P.3d

Statutory compilations: Cite to Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann., if therein. I

> Arizona Revised StatutesAnnotated (West) ARrz. REv.
(.year')
Srar. Att. $ x-x
I
> Arizona Revised Statutes
(IrxisNexis)
Anrz. Rev.Snr. $ x-x
(LexisNexis ,year,)
I
Session laws: Cite to Ariz. Sess. Laws. if therein
> Session lrws, Arizona ,year, Ariz. Sess. Laws I
I
(page no.)
a
t ! Arizona Legislative Service
CWest)
,year' Ariz. Legis. Serv.
,page no., (West)

o Administrative compilation
r Arizona Administrative Code Anrz. Aorvrtt't. Cooe $ x-x-x

o Adrninistrative register
(year,;

o o Arizona Administrative Register <vol. no.) Ariz. Admin. Reg.

<page no.>

o
(month day, year,)

etL""""r t*t.f
o http,//www. courts. arkansas. gov
hnp ://www. arkleg.state. ar.us

o Public domain citation format:

citation format for cases afte
Arkansas has adopted a public domain
r February 13, 2OO9 . The format is:

t F Smith v. Hickman, 2oo9 Ark. t2, at t, ztl S.W.ld 34o, 343.

h' Doe v. State, zoog Ark. App. 3t8, at 7, zoog WL z4o6t3, at * 8.

o For additional instruction, consult Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 5-2.

Supreme Court (Ark.): Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or S.W.3d, if therein.

o "
"
South Westem Reporter
Arkansas Reports
1886-date
r837-2oo9
S.W., S.W.zd, or S.W.3d
Ark.

o Court of Appeals (Ark. Ct. App.): Cite to 5.W.2d or S.W.3d, if therein

o South lffestem Reoorter r979-rJrte S.W.zd,5.W.3d

I bArkansasAppellateReports 1981-2009 Ark.App.

I Arkansas R€pofts

I Statutory compilations: Cite to Anr. CoDE ANN. (published by LexisNexis),

if therein.

o , Arkansas Code of 1987 Annotated (LexisNexis)

* lwest's Arkansas Code Annotated

Anx. Cooe AHru. $
x-x-x (,yearr)
Anr. Cooe Ann. $

O Session laws: Cite to Ark. Acts, if therein.

x-x-x (West,year,)

o " Acts of Arkansas 0Vest)

' Arkansas Code of 1987 Annotated.yeaP
,year> Ark. Acts (page no.>
,year,-,pamph. no., Ark.

a Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) Adv. Legis.

Serv..page

t
no.' (LexisNexis)
* West's Arkansas Legislative Service ,year, Ark. Legis. Serv.
,page no., (West)

o Administrative compilation
" Code of Arkansas Rules x-x-x Anr. CooE R. 5 x

o (LexisNexis) (LexisNexis ,year')

United States Jurisdictions a
Administrative registers: Cite to Ark. Reg., if therein.
> Arkansas Register {vol. no.} Ark. Reg. <page t
> Arkansas Govefirment Register
no., (.month year,)
,iss. no., Ark. Gov't Reg.
(page no.) (LexisNexis
I
< month year>)
I
California (Cal.)
http ://www.courts. ca. gov
http ://www.legislature.ca. gov
I
Supreme Court (Cal.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. I
1883-date
I
> Pacific Reporter P., P.zd, P.3d
> Califomia Reports 1850-date Cal., Cal. zd, Cal.3d, Cal.
4th
> West's Califomia Reporter

> Califomia Unreported Cases

1959-date
1855-1910
Cal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. zd, Cal.
Rptr. 3d
Cal. Unrep.
o
Court of Apped (Cal. Ct. App.;, previously District Court of Appeal (Cal.
Dist. Ct. App.): Cite to P. or P.zd @efore 1960) or Cal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. zd
I
(after 1959), or Ca[. Rptr. 3d, if therein.
> West's Califomia Reporter 1959-date Cal. Rptr., Cat. Rptr. zd, Cat. I
> Pacific Reporter
> California Appellate Reports
1905-1959
1905-date
Rptr.3d
P., P.zd
Cat. App., Cal. App. zd, Cal.
I
App.td, Cal. App. 4th
Appellate Divisions of the Superior Court (Cal. App. Dep't Super. Ct.):
a
Cite to P. or P.zd Gefore 1960) or to Cal. Rptr., Ca[. Rptr. zd (after 1959), or
Cal. Rptr.3d, if therein. o
> West's Califomia Reporter

> Pacific Reporter

1959-date

1929-1959
Cat. Rptr., Cat. Rptr. zd, Cat.
Rptr.3d
P., P.zd
I
> Califomia App€llate R€ports
Supplement (bound with Cal.
App.)
1929-d^te Cal. App. Supp., Cat. App.
zd Supp., Cal. App. 3d
Supp., Cal. App. 4th Supp.
I
Statutory compilations: Cite to either the West or the Deering subiect-matter
code, if therein.
I
! West's Annotated Califomia Codes CnL..SusJEcr, Cooe 5 x
(West,yeap) I
> Deering's Califomia Codes,

>
Annotated (LexisNexis)
(renamed .Food
Agricultural
Clr. ,Sus,ecr' CooE $ x
(Deering <year')
Acnrc.
I
I
and Agricultural'
n 1972)
> Business and Professions Bus. & Pnor.

I
> Civil Crv.
> Civil Procedure Crv. PRoc.
r Commercial Cowr.

a
I ti

o b Corporations

' Education
Conp.
Eouc.

t '
'
Elections
Evidence
Er-Ec.
Evro.

t
r Family Fnu.
, Financial Frr.r.

" Fish and Game FlsH & GAME

o r Food and Agricultural (formerly "Agricultural")

h (iOvemment
FooD & AGRrc.
Gov'r

t
, Harbors and Navigation HARB. & NAV.
' Health and Safety Henlrn & Snrerv
I Insufance I Ns.

o " Labor
' Military and Veterans
Lne.
MrL. & VEr.
PeHnr

o 'Penal
'Prob:rte
r Pnblic Contract
Pnoe.
PuB. CoNT.

I u Public Resources
e Public Utilities
r Rcvcnuc and Taxation
Pue. Res.
Pue. UrrL.
Rev. & Trx.

o F Streets rnd Highways

r Unemployment Insurance
srs. & HrcH.
Uremp. lHs.

o 'Vehiclc
' Water
Vex.
Wer:n

I r Welfare and Institutions

Session laws: Cite to Cal. Stat., if therein.

WELF. & lNsr.

I e Statutes

h
of California
lfest's California Legislative Service
,yean Ca[. Stat. ,page no.'
,year' Cal. Legis. Serv.
,page no., (West)

o ' I)eering's California Advance Legislative Service

(LexisNexis)
<year'-,pamph, no.' Cal.
Adv. Legis. Serv. .page

o Administrative compilation
* (lalifornia Code of Regulations (West)
ns.' (LexisNexis)

tit. x, 5 x

o
CAL. CoDE REGs.
l,yearD
Administrative register

o o (lalifornia Regulatory Notice Register ,iss. no., Ca[. Regulatory

Notice Reg. <page no.>

a (,month day, year,)

t Colorado (Colo.)
http ://www.coufis. state.co. Lls
http://www.tornado.state.co.us,/gov-dir /leg_<Lir / olls/session-

o laws_of-colorado.htm
Public domain citation format: Colorado has adopted a public domain

o citation format for cases afte r January , 2012. The format is:
1
Ufl ited States Jurisdictiorrs I
)
F
lannone v. Callahan, zotz CO 22,

Ca[[ahan v. lannone, zor5 COA r4,

ll L3.

!|fl 8-12
o
For additional information, consult Rules of the Supreme Court
Colorado, Chief Justice Directive 12-01.
of
I
Supreme Court (Colo.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein; orherwise, cite
to Colo., if therein, orto Colo. Law. or Brief Times Rptr. o
> Pacific Reporter

> Colorado Reports

1883-date
1864-1980
P., P.zd, P.3d
Colo. I
I
> Colorado Lawyer 1972-date Colo. Law.
> Brief Times Reporter 1977-1996 BriefTimesRptr.
> ColoradoJournal 1996-2002 Coto. J.
> Iaw Week Colorado z0Oz-da,te L. Week Colo.

Court of Appeals (Colo. App.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein; otherwise, o
cite to Colo. App., if therein, or else to one of the other reporters listed below.
> Pacific Reporter 1970-date
r9r2-r9r5
P.zd, P.3d t
I
P.
189l-1905 P.
> Colorado Court ofAppeals 1891-1905 Coto. App.
Repofts

> Colorado lawyer

1912-l9rt
1970-1980
1972-date
Coto. App.
Colo. App.
Colo. Law. t
> Brief Times Reporter
> ColoradoJoumal
1977-1996
1996-2002
2002-date
Brief Times Rptr.
Coto.j. I
I
> Law Week Colorado L. Week Colo.

Statutory compilations: Cite to CoLo. REv. Srer., if therein.

> Colorado Revis€d Statutes (rnsNexis)

> West's Colorado Revised Statutes Annotated

Colo. Rrv. Srar. $ x-x-x
(.year)
Cot-o. Rev. Srar. Atr,r. 5
t
Session laws: Cite to Colo. Sess. Laws. if therein
x-x-x (West <year)
t
> Session laws of Colorado (rxisNexis) .year, Colo. Sess. Laws
(page no.) I
.yean Colo. Legis. Serv.

I
> Colorado Legislative Service (West)

<page no., (West)

Administrative compilations: Cite to CoLo. Cooe Rees.. if rherein.

> Colorado Code ofRegulations Cor-o. Cooe Rees, $ x-x
a
I
l,yearD
> Code of Colorado Regulations (IrxisNexis) <vol. no.> CoLo. Cooe Rees.
$ x-x (LexisNexis ,year')

Administrative register
> Colorado Register .iss. no,> Colo. Reg. <page I
no., (.month year)
I
O
O
a Connecticut (Conn.)
http :,//www. jucl. state. ct. us

I hnp ://www. cga. ct. gov/current/ pult /titles. htm

Supreme Court (Conn.), previously Supreme Court of Errors (Conn.): Cite

o to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein.

a Atlantic Reporter 1885-date A., A.zd, A.3d

o '
* Day
Connecticut

F Root
Repofts l8l4-date
1802-1813
1789-1798
Conn.
Day
Root

a r Kirby 1785-1789 Kirby

Appellate Court (Conn. App. Ct.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if therein.

o " Atlantic
'
Reporter
Connecticut Appellate
1983-date
Repofts 1983-date
A.zd, A'3d
Conn. App'

o Superior Court (Conn. Super. Ct.) and Court of Common Pleas (Conn.
C.P.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if therein; othcrwise, cite to Conn. Supp., if

o therein, or else to one of the other reporters listed below.

F Atlantic Reporter 1954-<late
19.t5-datc
A.zd, A.3d

o ts

F
+
Connecticut Supplement
Connecticut Law Reporter
Connccticut Superior Court
1990-date
1986-1994
Conn.5upp.
Conn. L. Rptr.
Conn. Super. Ct.

o Reports

Circuit Court (Conn. Cir. Ct.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if therein

o l
p
Atlantic Reporter
Connecticut Circuit Couft
196r-1974
196l-1974
A.zd, A.3d
Conn. Cir. Ct.

I Reports

Statutory compilations: Cite to CoNN. Grn. Srnr., if therein.

I " General Statutes of Connecticut ConH. Geru. Srnr. $ x-x

(,year')

t
> Connccticut General Statutes Annotated (West) Cor'rr. Gen. Snr. Artt. 5
x-x (West ,year)

Session laws: Citc to Conn. Acts. Conn. Pub. Acts. or Conn. spec. Acts, if

o therein.

" Connecticut Public & Special 1972-da,tc ,year, Conn. Acts <page

o no., (lReg. or 5pec.l Sess.)

Acts
* Connecticut Public Acts 1650-197r .year, Conn. Pub. Acts
<page no.'

o " Connecticut Special Acts r789-197r ,year, Conn. Spec. Acts

<page no.)

I (published under various

Laws, Special Laws,
titles-i.e., Resolves & Private Laws, Private & Special
Resolves & Private Acts, Resolutions & Private Acts, Private

I Acts & Resolutions, and Special Acts & Resolutions-and with various volume
designations-i.e ., by year or volume number)

o
 United States J trrisdicticns a
> Connecticut Legislative Service (West) <year) Conn. Legis, Serv.
,page no., (West) I
Administrative compilation
> Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies CoHr. AeeHcres REGs. 5 o
Administrative registers: Cite to Conn. 1.J.,
x-x-x ((year,

if therein. I
> Connecticut Law Joumal <vol. no.> Conn. L.J. <page
no., ((month day, year) I
t
> Connecticut Govemment Register (IrxisNexis) ,iss. no., Conn. Gov't Reg.
<page no.> (LexisNexis
,month year)

D"h*; @;i:)
http://www. courts. state. de. us
I
http ://www. delcode. delaware. gov

Suprerne Court (Det.), previously Court of Errors and Appeals (Del.): Cite
o
to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein.
> Atlantic Repoftef 1886-date A., A.zd, A.3d
o
> Delaware Reports

> 3l Del. ro 59 Del. r9r9-1966 Det. I

> Boyce
> Pennewill
> Marvel
1909-1920
1897-1909
e.g., z4 Del. (r Boyce)
e.g., r7 Del. (r Penne)
e.g., r5 Del. (r Marv.)
I
I
1893-1897
> Houston r85r-1893 e.g.,6 Del. (r Houst.)
> Haffington 1832-1855 e.9., 1 De[. (r Harr.)
> Delaware Cases 1792-1830 Del. Cas.

Court of Chancery (Del. Ch.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein. I

> Atlantic Reporter
> Delaware Chancery
1886-date
Repons f814-1968
A., A.zd, A.3d
Det. Ch. o
1792-1830
I
> Delaware Cases Del. Cas.

Superior Court (Det. Super. Ct.), previously Superior Court and Orphans'

I
Court (Det. Super. Ct. & Orphans' Ct.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if therein;
otherwise, cite to one of the official reporters fisted under Supreme Court
(Det).
> Atlantic Reporter 1957-date

Family Court (De[. Fam. Ct.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d

A.zd, A.3d
a
> Atlantic Reporter 1977-date
Statutory compilations: Cite to Del. Cooe ArH., if therein
A.zd,A.3d
t
> Delaware Code
(I€xisNexis)
Annotated Del. Cooe
(,year)
Arr. tit. x, 5 x
I
> West's Delaware Code Annotated DEL. CoDE
(West <year>)
Ant. tit. x, $ x
I
I
o { lt*ltr +$,\t ll{*s .$ur iqrli*.tr ls:rrF

o Session laws: Cite to De1. Laws, if therein.

" laws of Dclawarc <vol. no.' Del. Laws.page

I " Delaware Code Annotated <year>

n6., (year')
,year>-, pamph. no., Del.

t
Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) Code. Ann. Adv. Legis.
Serv.,page no.,
(LexisNexis)

t
F West's Dehwarc Legislative <year> Del. Legis. Serv.
Service .page no.' (West)

Administrative compilations: Cite to Del. AoutH. CoDE, if therein.

I r Delaware Administrative Code x-x-x DEL. Aorutru. Cooe $ x

(,year,)

o ' Code of Delaware Regulations (LexisNexis) x-x-x DEL. Cooe REcs. 5 x

(LexisNexis,yean)

t Administrative registers: Cite to Del. Reg. Regs., if therein

. Delaware Register of Regulations <vol. no., Del. Reg. Regs.
<page no.) (month day,

o r Delaware (iovemmcnt Register (LexisNexis)

Yeaf')
,iss. no., Del Gov't Reg.

o <page no.) (LexisNexis

(month year>)

o District of Columbia (D.C.)

http ://www.clccourts.gov

t http :,//www. clccouncil.washington.dc. us/dcoffi calcocle

Court of Appeals (D.C.), previously Municipal Court of Appeals (D.C.)

o Cite to A.zd or A.3d

" Atlantic Reporter 1943-dtte A.zd, A.3d

t United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

(D.C. Cir.), previously Court of Appeals of/for the District of Columbia
(D.C. Cir.), prcviously Supreme Court of the Distriat of Columbia (D.C.):

o Cite ro F., F.zd, or F.3d, if therein.

n Federal Reporter 1919-date F., F.zd, F.3d

o " UnitedStates
Reports
(burtofAppeals

of
1941-date U.S. App. D.C.

App. D.C.

o " Appeal Cases, District 1897-1941

Columbia
b District of Columbia Reports

I r
+
Tucker and
Mackey
Clephane 11192-1893
18ti0-1892
zr D.C. (Tuck. &
72-2c'D.C. (Mackey r-9)
e.g., 12 D.C. (r Mackey)
Ct.)

o aMacArthurandMackey
" MacArthur
1879-1880
1873-1879
rr D.C. (MacArth. & M.)
8-ro D.C. (MacArth.
e.g.,8 D.C. (r MacArth.)
r-3)

o p District of oolumbia
(reported by Mackey)
Reports 1863-1872 6-7 D.C.
e.g., 5 D.C.

o
 United States J urisrlictions o
> Hayward & Hazleton, Circuit
Court (Circuit Court Reports,
1-2 Hay. & Haz.
e.g., 1Hay.&Haz. I
I
vols. 6-7)
> Cranch, Circuit Court 1801-1840 r-5 D.C. (Cranch r-5)
e.g., z D.C. (z Cranch)

Superior Court (D.C. Super. Ct.), previously Municipal Court (D.C. Mun.
Ct.): Cite to Daily Wash. L. Rptr.
> Daily Washington Law Reporter l97l-date
I
o
Daity Wash. L. Rptr.

Statutory compilations: Cite to D.C. Cooe, if therein.

> District of Columbia Offrcial Code
> rVest's District of Columbia Code
(West)
QrxisNexis)
Annorated
D.C. Cooe gx-x (year,)
D.C. Code Ann, $ x-x (West
<tear>)
I
Session laws: Cite to Stat., D.C. Reg., or D.C. Code Adv. Leg. Serv., if therein.
> United States Statutes atlatge <vol. no.) Stat. <page no.,
I
> District of Columbia Register
(,yeap)
<vol. no.> D.C. Reg. <page o
> District of Columbia Official Code
Legislative Service
kxis
no.> (month day, year,)
Advance <year)<pamph. no.> D.C.
Code Adv. Leg. Serv.
I
> District of Columbia Session law Service West
(page no.)
,yean D.C. Sess. L. Serv. I
Municipal regulations: Cite to D.C.
,page no.> (West)

Mun. Regs., if therein. I

> Code of D.C. Municipal Regulations

> Code of District of Columbia Muni

D.C. Mun. Regs.
(ryear,)
tit. x, $ x
I
I
D.C. Code Mun. Regs. tit. x
cipal Regulations (LexisNexis)
$ x (LexisNexis <year,)

Administrative register
> District of Columbia Register <vo[. no.> D.C. Reg. <page
no.> (month day, year,) o
Florida (Fla.)
http ://www.fl courts. org
o
http ://www. laws. fl rules. org
o
I
Supreme Court (Fla.): Cite to So., 5o. zd, or 5o. 3d, if therein
> Southem Reponer 1886-date So., So. zd, So.3d
> Florida Reports 1846-1948 Fla.
> Florida IawWeekly 1978-date Fta. L. Weekly
District Court of Appeal (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.;: Cite to So. zd or So. 3d, if
I
therein.
> Southern Reporter 7957-drte So. zd, So. 3d I
> Florida law Weekly 1978-date Fta. L. Weekly

I
I
o [,rli{r'rl \{;{ { c]h t$} r {\*{{c. {!*m'q

t Circuit Court (Fla. Cir. Ct.), County Court (e.g., Fla. Orange County Ct.),
Public Service Commission (Fta. P.S,C.), and other lower courts of record:

I Cite to Fla. Supp. or Fla. Supp. 2d, if therein.

'
r
Florida Supplement
Florida Lrw weekly Suppleme nt
1950- 1991
1992-d^te
Fta. 5upp., Fta.5upp. zd
Fta. L. Weekty 5upp.

o Statutory compilations: Cite to FLA, Srnr., if therein

I t
"
Florida Statutes
west's Florida Statutes Annotated
FLA.5rAr. 5 x.x (year,)
FLA. 5rAr. ArH. $ x.x (West
,yearr)

o * LexisNexis Florida Statutes Annotated FLA.SrAr. Arn. 5 x.x

(LexisNexis,year,)

I Session laws: Cite to Fla. Laws, if therein

r Laws of Florida ,yean Fla. Laws,page no,'

o e West's Florida Session Law Service ,year' Fla. Sess. Law Serv.
,page no.' (West)

I Administrative compilation
r Florida Administrative Code Annotat€d
(LexisNexis)
FLA. ADMTN. Cooe Arun. r.
x-x.x (,year')

o Administrative register: Cite to Fla. Admin. Reg., if th€rein.

o Register 2012-<late
> FloridaAdminisrative <vol. no.> Fla. Admin. Reg.
<page no'> ('month day'
Year')

o e Florida Administrative
(LexisNexis)
Veekly 1996-2012 <vol. no., Fta. Admin.
Weekly <page no.>
(,month day, year,)

o Georgia (Ga.)

o http :,//www.€aeorgiac()urts. orll

hnp ://www. legis. ga. gov,/Legislation/en-tJS/default. aspx

O Supreme Court (Ga.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.zd, if therein.

r South Eastern Reporter 1887-date S.E.,5.E.zd

o r Georgia Repons 1846-date Ga.

Court of Appeals (Ga. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.zd, if therein

o '
'
South Eastem Reporter
Georgia Appeals Reports
1907-date
1907-date
5.E., S.E.zd
Ga. App.

o Statutory compilations: Cite to Gr. Cooe AHru. (published by LexisNexis),

if therein.

a
, Oflicial Code of Georgia Annotated Ge. Cooe Arn. $ x-x-x
(LexisNexis) (.yearD
, West's Code of Georgia Annotated Gr. Cooe AHru. $ x-x-x

o (West,year,)

o
United States Jurisdictiorrs I
Session laws: Cite to Ga. Laws, if therein.
> Georyia Laws <year) Ga. Laws.page no.>
I
> Georgia,yean Advance legislative Service
(LexisNexis)
,year,*pamph. no.> Ga.
Code Ann. Adv. Legis.
Serv.,page no.,
I
> West's Georgia legislative Service
(LexisNexis)
{year) Ga. Code Ann. Adv. I
Administrative cornpilation
Legis. Serv, (page no.)
(West)
I
> Official Compilation Rules and
Regulations of the State of Georgia
Gn, Corvrp, R. & Ree s. x-x-
x.x (year,) I
Administrative register
> Georgia Govemment Register (LexisNexis) <iss, no., Ga. Gov't Reg.
o
<page no.> (LexisNexis
<month year,) I
Hawaii (Haw.)
hnp://www. courts. state.hi.us I
http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov,/docs/HRS. htm

Supreme Court (Haw.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d, if therein. I

> Pacific Reporter
> West's Hawaii Reports
r9t9-d^te
(begins 1994-dAte
P.zd, P.3d
Haw. I
I
with vol. 76)
> Hawaii Repors (ends with vol. 1847-1994 Haw.
75)
Intermediate Court of Appeals (Haw. Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if
therein. I
> Pacific Reporter
> $[est's Hawaii Reports (begins
with vol. 76)
1980-date
1994-drte
P.zd, P.3d
Haw,
I
> Hawaii Appellate Reports 1980-1994 Haw. App.

Statutory compilations: Cite to Hew. Rev. Srnr., if therein. I

> Hawaii Revised Statutes Hnw. REv. Srnr. 5 x-x
(.Year') o
I
> Michie's Hawaii Revised Statutes Annotated Hnw. Rev.5rrr. AnH. $ x-x
(kxisNexis) (LexisNexis <year>)
> West's Hawai'i Revised Statutes Annotated Hnw. Rev. Srer. Atr,r. 5 x-x

Session laws: Cite to Haw. Sess. Laws, if therein.

(west.year')
I
> S€ssion laws of Hawaii <year> Haw. Sess. Laws
(page no.) I
> Michie's Hawaii Revised Statutes Annotated
Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)
<year>-(pamph, no.) Haw.
Rev. Stat. Ann. Adv.
Legis. Serv. <page no.) I
o
(LexisNexis)
t |' rri*t'el iilal{'q .} nrrlstIiil{ imm,$

I F Vest's Hawai'i Legislative Service <year) Haw. Legis. Serv.

,page no.> (West)

I Administrative compilation
+ Code of Hawaii Rules (LexisNexis) Haw. Cooe R. $ x-x-x

I Administrative register
(LexisNexis ,year,)

t ' Hawaii Government Register

(LexisNexis)
,iss. no., Haw. Gov't Reg.
<page no.> (LexisNexis
,month year)

o Idaho (Idaho)

o http://www.isc.idaho.gov
http ://legislature. idaho. govlstzltutesmles. htm

Supreme Court (ldaho): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein

O r Pacilic Reporter l88J-date P., P.zd, P.3d

I F Idaho Reports 1tt66-date ldaho

Court of Appeals (ldaho Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein

I L Pacilic Reporter

r Idaho Reports
1982-date
1982-dare
P.zd, P.3d
ldaho

I Statutory compilations: Cite to IDAHo CoDE (published by LexisNexis), if

therein.
lonHo Cooe $ x-x (,year,)

c ' Idaho Code (LexisNexis)

P West's Idaho Code Annotated loano Cooe AHru. $ x-x
(West ,year')

o Session laws: Cite to ldaho Sess. Laws, if therein.

p Idaho Session Laws .year, ldaho Sess. Laws

t r Idaho Code Annotated Advance Legislative

Service (LexisNexis)
<page no.>
(yearr-(pamph. no.'
ldaho Code Ann. Adv.

3 ,
Legis. Serv. <page no.)
(LexisNexis)
.year, ldaho Legis. Serv.

o
West's ldaho Lcgislative Service
,page no., (West)

Administrative compilation: http://adminrules.gov/rules/current/

o u Idaho Administrative Code lonno AomtH. Cooe r.

x.x.x.x (,yearr)

o Administrative register

t Idaho Administrativ€ Bulletin <vol. no.) ldaho Admin.

'
Bull. .page no., (.month
day, year,)

o
t
United Statcs J urisrlictions o
Illinois (Ill.)
t
t
http ://www. state. il. us/court
http://www .lIga.gov /Iegislation/ilcs. asp

t
Public domain format: Illinois has adopted a public domain citation format
for cases afterJune 3l,20ll. The format is:
) Loup v. Dube, zor4 lL rorz35, tl 5.

) Dubev. Loup, zor5 lLApp (rst) !o!2r4,1l1lzo-zz,

For additional instruction, consult lllinois Supreme Court Rule 6.
I
Supreme Court (lll.): Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein.
1884-date I
t
> North Eastem Reporter N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d
> Illinois Official Reports 2Dll-d^te ,year, lL,docket no.,
> Illinois Reports
> u
> Gilman
l1[.

> Scammon
to date 1849-2011
1844-1849
1832-1843
111., l1l. zd
e.9.,6 ltl. (r Gilm.)
e.g., z ll1. (r Scam.)
t
>
> Breese

West's Illinois Decisions

18r9-1831
1976-dtte
r ll1. (Breese)
Itt. Dec. a
Appellate Court (lll. App. Ct.): Cite to N.E.zd or N.E.3d, if therein.
> North Eastem Reporter r936-date N.E.zd, N.E.3d t
>

>
Illinois Official Reports
lllinoisAppellate Court Reports
zoll-date
1877-20rr
ryear) lL <docket no.)
ltl. App., ltl. App. zd, lll.
App.td
I
> West's Illinois Decisions

Illinois Circuit Court (lll.

1976-date Itt. Dec.

Cir. Ct.), previously Court of Claims (lll. Ct. Cl.):

I
Cite to
>
lll. Ct. Cl., if therein.
Illinois Coun of Claims Reports 1889-date Itt. ct. ct. I
Statutory compilations: Cite to lLL. COMp. Srer., if therein.
> Illinois Compiled Statutes .ch. no.,lLt. CoMp.
t
SrAT. <act no., / ,sec.
ns. > (<year>) I
I
> Sfest's Smith-Hurd Illinois Compiled Statutes ,ch. no.> Comp. Srar.
lr-r-.
Annotated Art. <act no.> / .sec. no.>
(West,year)
> Illinois Compiled Statutes AnnoBted
(kxisNexis)
<ch.
AttN.
no.,lt-t-. Cotrirp. Srer.
<aCt nO,'/
ns., (lexisNexi5,year)
,SeC.
a
Session laws: Cite to ll[. Laws. if therein. o
lll. Laws (page no.)

I
> Laws of Illinois <year,
> Illinois kgislative Service ($(est) <year> ll[. Legis. Serv. ,page
no.> (West)

I
I
t { rrit' rl !i.rrr r

I e Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated Advance

Legislative Service (LexisNexis)
,year.,pamph. no., l[[.
Comp. Stat. Ann. Adv.
Legis. Serv. <page no.)

I Administrative compilations: Cite to lt-t-.

(LexisNexis)

AomtH. CoDE, if therein

a r Illinois Administrative Code It-t-. Aot'nrr,r. CoDE

(<year>)
tit. x, S x

I r Code of Illinois Rules (LexisNexis) ,vo[. no.r lt-t-. Cooe R. ,rule

ne., (LexisNexis <year,

o Administrative register
o lllinois Register ll[. Reg. ,page
<vo[. no.)
no., (,month day, year,)

I Indiana (Ind.)

a http ://www. in. gov/judiciary

https ://iga. in. gov,/legislat iv e / law s/ 2014 / ic

o Supreme Court (lnd.): Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein.

F North Eastem Reporter l8U5-date N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d

o * Indiana Reports
r BlacKord
1848-1981
1817-1847
Ind.
Btackf.

I Court of Appeals (lnd. Ct. App.), previously Appellate Court (lnd' App'):
Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein.

t " North Eastem Reporter

' Indiana Court of Appeals
Reports (prior to 1972,
1891-date
t890-t979
N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d
Ind. App.

o
Indiana Appellate Court
Reports)

Tax Court (lnd. T.C.): Cite to N.E.zd or N.E.3d, if therein.

o * North Eastem Repofter 1986-date

Statutory compilations: Cite to ltto. Cooe, if therein.
N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d

o r Indiana Code
F west's Annotated Indiana Code
lND. CoDE $ x-x-x-x (,year)
lND. CoDE Attru. $ x-x-x-x

I * Bums Indiana Statutes Annotated (LexisNexis)

(west ,year')
Ir,ro. Cooe AHx. S x-x-x-x
(LexisNexis ,year')

o Session laws: Cite to lnd. Acts, if therein.

I s Acts, Indiana

" West s Indiana Lcgislative Servicc

<year' Ind. Acts ,page no.
,year' Ind. Legis. Serv.
,page no.' (West)

a ' Bums Indiana Statutes Annotated

Advance Legislative Service (LexisNcxis)
.year,-,pamph. no.' Ind.
Stat. Ann. Adv.
Legis. Serv. <page no.'

o (LexisNexis)

o
United States Jurisdictions I
Administrative compilations: Cite to
> Indiana Administrative Code
lND. Aomtn. Cooe, if therein.
<tit. no.> ltrto. Aotvtttt. t
> West's Indiana Administrative code
COoe ,rUle nO., (<yearr)
<tit. no,> lt'to. AowttH.
CoDE ,rule no.,
I
Administrative register
(West.year')
I
> Indiana Register ,vol. no., Ind. Reg. .page
no., (.month day, year) I
Iowa (Iowa)
http ://www.iowacourts. gov
I
http ://www. legis. iowa. gov

Supreme Court (lowa): Cite to N.W. or N.W.zd, if therein.

I
>
>
North Vestem Reporter
Iowa Reports (cite to
1879-date
edition 1855-1968
N.W., N.W.2d
lowa I
published by Clarke for vols.
l-8.)
> Greene 1847-1854 Greene I
> Moris
> Bradford
1839-1846 Morris
1838-1841 Bradf. I
Court of Appeds (lowa Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.zd.
> North Westem Reporter 1977-date N.W.2d I
Statutory compilations: Cite to lowA Coor, if therein.
> Code of Iowa lown Cooe 5 x.x (<year,) I
> West's Iowa Code Annotated lown Cooe Arr. 5 x.x
(West,year)
I
o
Session laws: Cite to lowa Acts. if therein
> Acts of the State of Iowa <year> lowa Acts .page no.,
> Iowa Legislative Service (West) ,year, lowa Legis. Serv.
,page no.' (West)
o
t
Administrative compilation
> Iowa Administrative Code lowl Aorrlrr,r. Cooe r. x-x.x
(.yearr;

Administrative register
> Iowa Administrative Bulletin ,vo[. no.r lowa Admin. o
Bull. (page ns.) (<month
day, year,)
I
http ://wvw. kscourts. org I
http ://www. kslegislature. org

Supreme Court (Kan.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein.

l88J-date
t
o
> Pacific Reporter P., P.zd, P.3d
> Kansas Reports Il62-dare Kan.
t
I McCahon 1858-1868 McCahon

Court of Appeals (Kan. Ct. App.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein

I , Paci-fic Reporter 1895- 1901

1977 -<1:xe
P.
P.zd, P.3d

a ' Kansas Court ofAppeals Reports 1895-1901

1977-date
Kan. App.
Kan. App. zd

Statutory compilations: Cite to KAN.5TAT. ANN., if therein

o w Kansas Statutes Annotated Ken. Srnr. AruH, $ x-x

(Year')

t p West's Kansas Statutes Annotated Karu.

, yearr)
Srer. Arun. 5 x-x (West

a Session laws: Cite to Kan. Sess. Laws. if therein.

p Session laws of Kansas <year, Kan. Sess. Laws

a
(page no.>
9 West's Kansas Legislative Service ,year, Kan. Legis. Serv.
,page no.' (West)

I Administrative compilation
r Kansas Administrative Regulations (updated by Karu. Aotvttru. Rees. $ x-x-x

I supplements)

Administrative register
(,year,)

I " Kansas Register .Vol. nO., Kan. Reg.,page

ns.' (month day, year,)

t Kentucky (Ky.)

I
http'//www.courts.ky.gov
http ://www. lrc. ky. govlstatutes/index. aspx

Supreme Court (Ky.): before 1976 the Court of Appeals (Ky.) was the

I highest state court. Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if therein.

s South Westem Reporter

I e Kentucky R€ports
r 78 Kt. to 3r4 Ky. 1879-1951
1866-r879
Ky.
e.g.,64Ky. (r Bush)

o " Bush

" Duvall 1863-1866 e.g.,6zKy. (r Duv.)

! Metcalf 1858-1863 e.g., 58 Ky. (r Met.)

o * Monroe, Ben
F Dana
1840-1857
1833- 1840
e.g., 40 Ky. (r B. Mon.)
e.9., 31 Ky. (r Dana)

I "
"
Marshall, JJ.
Monroe, T.B.
1829-t832
1824-1828
e.g., z4 Ky. (r J.J. Marsh.)
e.g., r7 Ky. (r T.B. Mon.)
u

t ' Littell 1822-1821 e.g., Ky. (r Litt.)

Littell's Selected 1795-r82r .g., 16 Ky. (r Litt. Set. Cas.)
' Cases e

" Marshall, A.K. 1817- 182 l e .g., 8 Ky. (r A.K. Marsh.)

o " Bibb
n Hardin
1808-1817
1ft05-1808
e.s,4 Ky. (t Bibb)
3 Ky. (Hard.)
z Ky. (Sneed)

I
= Sneed 1801 -1805
. Hughes 1785- 1801 r Ky. (Hughes)
United States Jurisdictions I
Opinions
> Kentucky
rKentuclrylawReport€r
lf64-t886
1880-1908
Kv.op.
Ky. L. Rptr. I
> Kentucky Appellate
> KentuckyAttomeys
Reporter
Memo
Summary
1994-2N0
200l-2007
Kv.App.
Ky. Att'y Memo I
I
> Kentucky taw 196-date Ky. L. Summ.

Court of Appeals (Ky. Ct. App.) (for decisions before 1976, see Kentucky

I
Supreme Court): Cite to S.W.zd or 5.W.3d, if therein.
> South Westem Reporter 1976-date S.W.zd, S.W.3d
KentuckyAppellateReporter 1994-2OOO Ky.App.
KentuckyAttomeys Memo
Kentucky law Summarv
2OO1-2OO7 Ky. Att'y Memo
1966-date Ky. L. Summ. o
Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes.
! Baldwin's Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated Kv. Rev. Srar. Ann. $ x.x I
I
(West) (West,year>)
> Michie's Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated Kv. Rev. Srnr. Arun. 5 x.x

t
(LexisNexis) (LexisNexis ,year,)

Session laws: Cite to Ky. Acts, if therein.

I
> Acts of Kentucky <year> Ky. Acts <page no.)
Kentucky Revised Statutes and Rules Service <year> Ky. Rev. Stat. & R.
(West) Serv. ,page no., (West)
> Michie's Kentucky Revised Statutes Advance
Legislative Service (rxisNexis)
(year)-<pamph. no., Ky.
Rev. Stat. Adv. Legis. Serv.
page no.) (LexisNexis) I
t
<

Administrative compilation
> Kentucky Administrative Regulations Service <tit. no.' KY. ADMTN.

Administrative register
ReeS. ,rule nO., (.yearr)
I
' Administrative Register of Kentucky <vo[. no.> Ky. Admin. Reg.
<Page no.> ('month Year>) t
Louisiana (La.)
http://www.lasc.org
I
http //www. legis. la. govllegis,/LawSearch. aspx
:

Public domain citation format: Louisiana has adopted a public domain

I
citation format for cases after December 31,1993. The format is:
) State v.Ray,97-to9: (La. App. lCn.zlr+lg8); 7o5 So. 2dt295.
o
) State v. Ray, 97-ro93, p. z (La. App. 3 Cir. zlr+lg8);7o5So. zd
7295,7296. I
) State v. Fleury, zoor-o87t, p. 5 (La. rc | $ | o)i 7gg So. zd 468,
472. I
For additional information, consult Rules of the Supreme Court of Louisiana,
part G, section 8.
I
I
o {'r'ritr..tl S{u{q,\, Itrri\iqIir { i*u'rc

o Supreme Court (La.), before 1813 the Superior Court of Louisiana (La.)
and the Superior Court of the Territory of Odeans (Orleans): Cite to So.,

o So. zd, or So. 3d, if therein.

p Southem Reporter
il Louisiana Reports
1886-date
190l-1972
So., So. zd, So.3d
La.

o *LouisianaAnnualReports
r Robinson
1846-1900
1841-1846
La. Ann.
Rob.

o l
'
Louisiana Reports 1830-1841
Maftin (LouisianaTerm Reports) 1809-1t|30
La.
Mart. (o.s.), Mart. (n.s.)

o Court of Appeal (La. Ct. App.): Cite to 5o., 5o. zd, or So. 3d, if therein.
r Southem Reporter 1928-date
1924-1932
So., So. zd, So.3d

o
n Louisiana Court of Appcals La. App.
Reports
ts Peltier's Decisions, Parish at 1917-1924 Pett.

I I
Orleans
Teissief, Orleans Court of
Appeals
1903-1977

a "
,
Gunby's Reports
McGloin
r885
1881 - 1884
Gunby
McGl.

t Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes.

e West's Louisiana Statutes Annotated La. Srnr. Arur. $ x:x (year)

o l Wcst's Louisiana Children's Code Annotated Ln. Cutt-o. Cooe Al1,|. art. x
(yearD

t
, West's Louisiana Civil Code Annotated Lr. Crv. Cooe ANN. art. x
(.yearD
y west's Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Lr. Cooe Crv. Pnoc. ArH.
art. x (,year,

o
Annotated
b West's Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Ln. Cooe Cnrm. Pnoc. Arn.
Annotated art. x (year,)

o " rvest's Louisiana Code of Evidence Annotated Ln. CooE EvrD. ANN. art. x
(.year')

t , West's Louisiana Constitution Annotated

Session laws: Cite to La. Acts, if therein.

Ln. CoHsr. ANN. art. x
(Year')

t '
"
State of Louisiana: Acts of the Legislature
West's Louisiana Session Law Service
<year, La. Acts,page no.'
,yean La. Sess. Law Serv.
,page no., (West)

a Administrative compilation

I " Lonisiana Administntive Code La. Aowrrr.r. CoDE

(.year';
tit. x, 5 x

o Administrative register
* Louisiana Register <vol. no.> La. Reg. ,page

t
no.' (,month day, yearD

o
United States Jurisdictions o
Maine (Me.)
http / / www. courts. state. me. us
I
I
:

http ://www. mainelegislature. orgllegis/statutes

I
Public domain citation format: Maine has adopted a public domain citation
format for cases after Decembet 31,1996. The format is:

) Bangor Publ'g Co. v. Union St. Mkt., 1998 ME 37,7c,6 A.zd S9S.

) Bangor Publ'g Co. v. Union St. Mkt., 1998 ME 37,Ii3,7c,6 A.2d

o
t
595,595.
For additional information, consult Administrative Order of the Supreme
Judicial Court-New Citation Form (Aug. 20, 1995).

Supreme Judicial Court (Me.): Cite to A., A.zd or A.3d, if therein.

> Atlantic Reporter 1885-date A., A.zd, A.3d
a
> Maine Reports

Statutory compilations: Cite to ME. Stat., if therein t

> West's Maine Statutes
> Maine Revised Statutes Annotated (West)
ME. SrAr. tit. x, 5 x (,year,)
ME. REv. Srnr. AHr. tit. x, $ I
Session laws: Cite to Me. Laws, if therein.
x (year,)

I
,yean Me. Laws.page no.,
a
> Iaws of the State of Maine
> Maine Legislative Service (West) <year> Me. Legis. Serv.
<page no., (West)

Administrative compilation
> Code of Maine Rules (LexisNexis) x-x-x Me. Cooe R. $ x
I
(LexisNexis ,year,)
o
t
Administrative register
> Maine Govemment Register (rxisNexis) <iss. no,> Me. Gov't Reg,
(page no.) (LexisNexis
,month year,)
I
t
Maryland (Md.)
http ://www.courts.state.md.us
http / / mgaleg. maryland. govlwebm ga,/frmStatutes. aspx
:

Court of Appeals (Md.): Cire to A., A.zd or A.3d, if therein.

> Atlantic Reporter 1885-date
I
I
A., A.zd, A.3d
> Maryland Repons 1851-date Md.
! Gill 1843-r8rr Gilt
> GiIl andJohnson
> Harris and Gill
1829-1842
1826-1829
1800-1826
G. &J.
H. & G. I
I
> Harris andJohnson H. &J.
> Harris and McHenry 1770-1774 H. & McH.
17ffi-1799

o
o
I Court of Special Appeals (Md. Ct. Spec. App.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if
therein.

I * Atlantic
F
Reporter
Maryland Appcllate Reports
1967-d^te
7967-<lxe
A.zd, A.3d
Md. App.

o Statutory compilations: Cite by sublect to either Michie's Mo. CooE At'ttt. or

west's Mo. CooE Aruru., if therein.
F Michie 's Annotated Code of Maryland Mo. Coor ArH., .subiect'5

o !
(LexisNexis)

W€st's Annotated Code of Maryland

x-x (LexisNexis,year')
Mo. Coor Ar.rr.r., ,subiect, $

o ts Agriculture
F tsusiness Occupations and Professions
x-x (West <year,
Acnrc.
Bus. Occ. & Pnor.

a r
"
Business Regulation
Commercial I:w
Bus. Ree.
Cowr, Llw

o 'Constitutions
' Corporations and Associations
CoHsr.
Conps. & Ass'r,rs

I
* Correctional Services Conn. 5envs.
* Courts and Judicial Proceedings Crs. & Juo. Pnoc.
* Criminal Law CRrM. LAw

o r Criminal Procedure
' Economic Development
CRrM. PRoc.
EcoN. DEv.

o " Education Eouc.

> Election lrw ELEC. LAw
) Environment Eruvrn.

I * Estates and Trusts

F Family Law
Esr. & TRUsrs
FAM. LAw

o
* Financial Institutions FrN. lNsr.
: Health-General Hellru-Geru.
' Health Occupations Heelrn Occ.

o '
'
Housinli and Community Development
Human Services
Hous. & CMrY. DEv.
Huru. Senvs.

I F Insurance

' Labor and Employment

b Land Use
lNs.
Lae. & EMpL.
LAND U5E

o ts

.
Local Government
Natural Rcsources
Locnl Gov'r
Nnr. Res.

I n Public Safety
r Public
> Real Property
Utilig
Pue. Slrerv
Pue. UrrL.
Renl Pnop.

o t
F State
State Finance and Procurement
Govemment
Srarr FtH, & Pnoc.
Srnrr Gov'r

o b State Personnel and Pensions

t. Tax-Cieneral
l Tax-Property
Srnre Pens. & Pens.
Trx-Geru.
TAX-PRoP.

o . Transportation TRANSP.

o
LTn ited Statcs J urisdictions I
Session laws: Cite to Md. Laws, if therein.
> Iaws of Maryland .year' Md, Laws ,page no.' I
> Michie's Annotated Code of Maryland Advance
Ifgislative Service (rxisNexis)
<year><pamph. no.>
Md. Code Ann. Adv.
Legis. Serv. <page no.>
I
l West's Maryland Legislative Service
(LexisNexis)
<year> Md, Legis. Serv.
,page no., (West)
o
Administrative compilation I
I
> Code of Maryland Regulations Mo. Cooe Rees. <reg. n6., (,year)

Administrative register
> Maryland Register <v6l. no.) Md. Reg. (page no.)
(,month day, year')
I
Massachusetts (Mass.)
http ://www. mass. gov/courts I
http ://www.malegislature .gov /Law s/ Generallaws

SupremeJudicial Court (Mass.): Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein. I

> North Eastern Reporter
> Massachusetts Reports

> 97 Mass. to date

l88t-date
1867-dzte
N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d

Mass.
t
> Allen

, Gray
l86r-1867
r854-1860
e.g., 83 Mass. (r Atten)
e.g., 67 Mass. (r Gray)
o
> Cushing
> Metcalf
1848- 1853
1840-1847
e.9., 55 Mass. (r Cush.)
e.g., 4z Mass. (r Met.) I
> Pickering
r Tyng
1822-1839
1805-1822
e.g., 18 Mass. (r Pick.)
e.9., 2 Mass. (r Tynd
t
t
> Villiams 1804-r805 r Mass. (r WiltJ
Appeals Court (Mass. App. Ct.): Cite to N.E.zd or N.E.3d, if therein.

I
> North Eastern Reponer 197Z-da:te N.E.zd
:MassachusettsAppealsCourt 1972-date Mass. App. Ct.
Reports

Lower Courts (Mass. Dist. Ct., Bos. Mun. Ct.): Cite to Mass. App. Div., if
therein; otherwise cite to Mass. Supp. or Mass. App. Dec., if therein. o
1936-1950
a
> Reports of Massachusetts Mass. App. Div.
Appellate Division 1980-date
> Massachusetts Reports Mass. Supp.
Supplement
> Massachusetts Appellate Mass. App. Dec. I
t
Decisions
> Appellate Division Advance r975-1979 ,year, Mass. App. Div. Adv.
Sheets 5h. <page no.)

Statutory compilations: Cite to MAss. GEN. LAws, if therein.

I
o
a I r:iifci g!itl.r,'\ .i{}r'i.!{l!:':ic*:

I F General Laws
West)
of Massachusetts (Mass. Bar Ass'n/ MAss. GEN. Lnws ch. x, 5 x
(<Year))

I Mess. Gen. Lnws AHn. ch.

o Massachusetts General Laws Annotated CWest)

x,$x(West,year')
* Annotated Laws of Massachusetts @exisNexis) MAss. ANN. Lnws ch. x, 5 x

I Session laws: Cite to Mass. Acts, if therein.

(LexisNexis ,year')

a r Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts .year> Mass. Acts ,page

no.>

o ' Massachusetts Legislative Service (West)

* Massachusetts Advance Legislative

,yean Mass. Legis. Serv.
,page no. (West)
'
,year.,pamph. no., Mass.

I Service (LexisNexis) Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page

no. (LexisNexis)
'

I Administrative compilations: Cite to official Mess. Cooe Rees., if therein.

> Code of Massachusetts Regulations ,tit. no., Mnss. Cooe

t u Code of Massachusetts Regulations (LexisNexis)

R6GS. .Sec. n9., (,year,)
,tit. no.' MAss. CoDE REGs.
<sec. no.> (LexisNexis

I Administrative register
,year')

t ' Massachusetts Register ,iss. no.' Mass. Reg. ,page

no.'(,month day, year)

t Michigan (Mich.)
http :,//www. courts. mi. gov

o http: //www.legislature.mi.gov

I Supreme Court (Mich.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.zd, if thercin.

r North Vestem
* Michigan Reports
Report€r l8-9-tlatc
1847 -d^te
N.W., N.W.zd
Mich.

a t Douglass
* Blume, Unreported
1843-1847
opinions 1836-1843
Doug.
Btume Unrep. Op.

o ? Blume, Supreme Court

Transactions
1805-1836 Blume 5up. Ct. Trans.

I Court of Appeals (Mich. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.zd, if therein

l
I
Nofth Western Reporter
Michigan Appeals Reports
1965-date
r965-drte
N.W.zd
Mich. App.

I Court of Claims (Mich. Ct. Cl.): Cite to Mich. Ct. Cl.

t - Michigan Court of Claims

Reports
1939-1942 Mich. Ct.

Statutory compilations: Cite to MtcH. Co|tp. Lnws, if therein.

Cl.

I $ Michigan Compiled Laws (1979) Mtcn. Cot'rtp. Lnws $ x.x

(,year')

o
tlrritecl States J urisdictions a
> Michigan Compiled laws Annotated (!$Fest) Mrcn. Cotrap. Lnws ArH. 5
x.x (West (year, t
> Michigan Compiled Laws Service (rxisNexis) Mrcx. Coanp. Lnws Senv. 5
x.x (LexisNexis (year,
I
Session laws: Cite to Mich. Pub. Acts, if therein.
> Public and l.ocal Acts
State of Michigan
of the kgislature of the ,year' Mich. Pub. Acts
<page no,)
t
> Michigan Legislative Service (West) ,year, Mich. Legis. Serv.
(page no., (West) o
> Michigan Advance Legislative Service
(kxisNexis)
<year!(pamph. no.' Mich.
Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page
no.> (LexisNexis)
t
Administrative compilation
> Michigan Administrative Code MtcH. Aot'ltttrt. Cooe r. x.x
I
Administrative register
(,yearD
o
> Michigan Register ,iss. no,> Mich. Reg. .page
no. > (<month day, year') I
Minnesota (Minn.) t
http ://www. mncourts. gov
http ://www. revisor. mn. govlpubs
t
Supreme Court (Minn.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.zd, if therein.
> North Westem Reporter
> Minnesota Reports
1879-date
185l-1977
N.W., N.W.zd
Minn.
I
Court of Appeals (Minn. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.zd.
> North rVestern Reporter 1983-date
o
I
N.W.zd

Statutory compilations: Cite to MtNN. Stlt,, if therein.

> Minnesota Statutes

> Minnesota Stafutes Annotated (West)

Mrnn. Srrr. $ x.x (.year)
Mtttr. Srnr. AHr. $ x.x
(West <year)
t
Session laws: Cite to Minn. Laws, if therein.
> Laws of Minnesota <yean Minn. Laws <page
I
> Minnesota Session law Service (West)
no.)
,year> Minn. Sess. Law a
Administrative compilation
Serv. ,page ns., (West)

I
> Minnesota Rules

Administrative register
MtHtrt. R. (rUle nO.) (,yearr)
o
> Minnesota State Regster ,vol. no., Minn. Reg. <page
nq., (<month day, year) I
I
t I I rr rtr"d $t:r{+.:+ .$ urt'l.t"rilic f i{rm$

o Mississippi (Miss.)
hnp://www.courts.ms.gov

I hnp ://www.sos. state. ms. us,/ecl-pubs,/rnscode/

Public domain citation format: Mississippi has adopted a public domain

o citation format for case s afte r July | , 1997 . The format is:
M Pro-Choice Miss. v. Fordice, 95-CA-oo96o-SCT (Miss. rgg8).

I b Pro-Choice Miss. v. Fordice, 95-CA-oo95o-SCT (fl 1) (Miss. rgg8).

For additional information, consult Mississippi Rules of Appellate Procedure,

o Rule 2fi(O.

t
Supreme Court (Miss.): Cite to So., So. zd, or So. 3d, if therein.

" Southem Reporter 1886-date 5o., So. zd, So.3d

p Mississippi Reports

a !
r
23 Miss. to 254 Miss.
Smedes and Marshall
l85l-1966
r843- r850
Miss.
e.g.,9 Miss. (t 5. & M.)

I
r Howard 1834-1843 e.g., z Miss. (r Howard)
e Valker l8l8- 1832 r Miss. (r WatkeD
e Mississippi Decisions 1820- I 885 Miss. Dec.

o Court of Appeals (Miss. Ct. App.): Cite to So. zd or 5o. 3d

1991-date
t " Southem Reporter 5o. zd, So.3d

Statutory compilations: Cite to Mtss. Cooe Arut. (published by LexisNexis),

if therein.

3 ' Mississippi CotJe 1972 Annotated (LexisNexis) Mrss. Cooe Anu. $ x-x-x
(Year')

o F West's Annotated Mississippi Code Mrss. Cooe AruH. $ x-x-x

(West,yeap)

o Session laws: Cite to Miss. Laws, if thercin.

' General Laws of Mississippi ,yean Miss, Laws,page

I
no.)
Mississippi General laws Advance Sheets ,year,-, pamph. no.' Miss.
'
(LexisNexis) Laws Adv. Sh. , page no.,

o
(LexisNexis)
n West's Mississippi Legislative Service ,yean Miss. Legis. Serv.
.page no.> (West)

I Administrative compilation
r Code of Mississippi Rules (LexisNexis) ,tit.
no.>-<ch. no.' Mtss.

a CooeR.Sx(LexisNexis
<year>)

o Adrninistrative register
, Mississippi Govemment Register (LexisNexis) ,iss, no.' Miss. Gov't Reg.

o
<page no.> (LexisNexis
,month year,)

I
 United States lurisdictions a
Missouri (Mo.)
http://www. courts.mo. gov
I
http://www.moga.mo. govlindex. html

Supreme Court (Mo.): Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if therein.

I
> South r*restem Reporter 1886-date
182l-1956
S.W., S.W.zd, S.W.3d
a
t
> Missouri Reports Mo.

Court of Appeals (Mo. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or S.W.3d, if therein.
) South rvestern Reporter l902-date
I
S.W., S.W.zd, S.W.3d
> Missouri Appeals Reports 1876-1914 Mo. App.

Statutory compilations: Cite to Mo. Rrv. Snr., if therein.

> Missouri Revised Statutes
> Vernon's Annotated Missouri Statutes (Sfest)
Mo. Rrv. Srnr. 5 x.x (year')
Mo. Ar,il'r. Srer. $ x.x (West
a
Session laws: Cite to Mo. Laws, if therein.
<Yeart)

o
> Session Laws of Missouri
> Missouri Legislative Service (West)
<year>
<year>
Mo. Laws <page no.>
Mo. Legis. Serv. I
o
<page no., (West)

Administrative compilation
> Missouri Code of State Regulations Annotated Mo. CooE REGS. ANN. tit. x,
$ x-x.x (,year,) t
Administrative register
> Missouri Register ,vo[. no., Mo. Reg. <page t
I
no., (,month day, year,)

Montana (Mont.)
http ://www. montanacourts. org
http ://www. leg. mt. govlbills,/mca_toc,/index. htm o
Public dornain citation format: Montana has adopted a public domain
citation format for cases after Decembe r 31, 1997. The format is: I
)

)
Mont. Envtl. Info. Ctr. v. Dep't of Envtl. Quatity, 1999 MT 248,296
Mont. zo7, 988 P.zd t236.
t
Mont. Envtl. Info. Ctr. v. Dep't of Envtl. Quality, t999 MT
296 Mont. 2o7,988P.2d t236,
248,ll2t,
I
t
For additional instruction, consult Order In /e: Opinion Forms and Citation
Standards of the Supreme Court of Montana; and the Adoption of public
Domain and Neutral-Format Citarion @ec. 16, 1997), Order in the Matter of

o
Amending Citations Standards for the Montana Supreme Court (fan. 22, ZOO9).

Supreme Court (Mont.): Cire to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein.

> Pacific Reporter
> Montana Reports
> State Reporter
1883-date
1868-date
1945-da;te
P., P.zd, P.3d
Mont.
State Rptr.
I
I
o
I Statutory compilations: Cite to MoNT. Cooe AHt., if therein.
h Montana Code Annotated Monr. Coor AHru. $

t n west's Montana Code Annotated

x-x-x (.yearr)
MoHr. Cooe Arun. $ x-x-x

t
(West.year,)

Session laws
. ,year' Mont. Laws,page

o
laws of Montana
no.>

Administrative compilation
o " Administrative Rules of Montana Morr. Aot'rtttt. R. .rule
nO.r (.yeafr)

I Administrative register
' Montana Administrative Register .iss. no.' Mont. Admin. Reg.

o (page no.> (month day,

year>J

o Nebraska (Neb.)
https',Tsupremecourt. nebraska. gov/

t http ://www. nebraska legislature. gov/laws,/browse-statutes. php

Supreme Court (Neb.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.zd, if therein.

o '
"
North Westem Reporter
Nebraska Repons
1879-date
1860-date
N.W., N.W.zd
Neb.

I Court of Appeals (Neb. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.zd, if therein.

r North western Reporter 1992-dtte N.W.2d

o u NebraskaAppellate Reports 1992-date Neb. App.

Statutory compilations: Cite to NEB. Rev. Srnr., if therein.

o u Revised Statutes of Nebraska Nee. Rrv. Srer, 5 x-x

(Year')

o " Revised Statutes of Nebraska Annotated

(LexisNexis)
* rvest's Revised Statutes of Nebraska Annotated
NEe. Rrv. Srnr.
(LexisNexis ,year')
Ar,rru. $

Nea. REv. Srnr. Arur. 5 x-x

x-x

o Session laws: Cite to Neb. Laws, if therein.

(West,year')

o '
"
laws of Nebraska
rffest's Nebraska Legislative Service
,year, Neb. Laws,page no.t
.year, Neb. Legis, Serv.

o Administrative compilation
,page no., (West)

a n Nebraska Administrative Code ,tit. no.' Nre. AoMrH. Cooe

5 x-x (.year')

o
a
United States Jurisrlictions o
Nevada (Nev.)
I
t
http ://www.nevadajudiciary.us
hnp ://www. leg.state. nv.us/law1.cfm

Supreme Court (Nev.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein.

> Pacific Reporter
> Nevada Reports
1883-date
1865-date
P., P.zd, P.3d
Nev.
I
Statutory compilations: Cite to Nev. REv. STAT., if therein
o
t
> Nevada Revised Statutes Nrv. Rev. Srar. $ x.x
(,year')
> Michie's Nevada Revised Statutes Annotated Nev. Rev. Srnr. Arr. $ x.x
(IrxisNexis)
> West's Nevada Revised Statutes Annotated
(LexisNexis .year,)
Nev. Rev. Srnr. Arr,r. $ x.x
(West,year>)
t
Session laws: Cite to Nev. Stat., if therein.
> Statutes of Nevada ,year' Nev.stat. <page
o
I
no.>
D West's Nevada Legislative Service <year, Nev. Legis, Serv.
<page no., (West)

Administrative compilation
> Nevada Administrativ€ Code Nev. AomrH. CooE 5 x.x o
Administrative register
(,year,1

t
> Nevada Register of Administrative Regulations ,vol. no., Nev. Reg. Admin.
Regs.,reg. no., (,month I
I
day, year,)

New Hampshire (N.H.)

http ://www.courts. state.nh.us

Supreme Court (N.H.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein

o
> Atlantic Reporter
> New Hampshire Reports
1881-date
1816-date
A., A.zd, A.3d
N.H.
o
Statutory compilations: Cite to N.H. Rev. Srar. AHl. (published by West),
if therein.
o
> New Hampshire Revised Statutes
(West)
Annotated N.H. Rev.
(yearD
Srnr. Atr,r. $ x:x
a
a
> Lexis New Hampshire Revised Statutes N.H. Rev. Srnr. AHr,r. g x:x
Annotated (LexisNexis ,year,)

Session laws: Cite to N.H. Laws or N.H. Legis. Serv., if therein.

> Laws of the State of New Hampshire (West)
> New Hampshire Legislative Service (West)
<year) N.H. Laws ,page no.>
<year) N.H. Legis. Serv.
o
<page no.>
o
I
a Irlr"i';riri t!,;r:r

t M Lexis New Hampshire Revised Statutes

Annotated <yean Advance Legislative Service
(l,exisNexis)
<year)-(pamph. no., N.H.
Rev. Stat. Ann. Adv.
Legis. Serv. (page no.)

o Administrative compilations: Cite to N.H. Coor AomtH.

(LexisNexis)

R. AruH., if therein

o , New Hampshire Code of Administrative

Annotated (l,exisNexis)
Rules N.H. Cooe Aomtn.
Ar.rn. ,dep't name as
R.

abbreviated in Rutes' ,rule

I " Code of New Hampshire Rules (LexisNexis)

ne.' (,year')
N.H. Cooe R. ,deprt

a
name as abbreviated
in Rutes' .rule
nq.' (lexisNexis <year>)

t Administrative registers: Citc to N.H. Rulemaking Reg., if thcrein

. New Hampshire Rulemaking Registcr <vol. no.) N.H. Rulemaking
Reg. .page no.' (,month

o . New Hampshirc (iovernment Register

day, year')
,iss. no., N.H. Gov't Reg.

o (LexisNexis) <page no.> (LexisNexis

<month Yearr)

o NewJersey (NJ.)
hnp ://www. jr.r clicia ry. statc. nj. Lls

t Irttp:,/,/www. n jleg.stete .ni. us

Supreme Court (N.1.), previously Court of Errors and Appeals (N.J.): Cite

o to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein

e Atlantic Reporter
o NewJersey Reports
Iti85-clate
194tt-date
A., A.zd, A.3d
N.J.

o ,
.
NewJersey Law Reports
NewJersey Equity Rcports
1790-1948
l 815- l 948
N.l.L.
N.j. Eq.

o ' NewJersey Miscellaneous

Reports
1923-1918 N.J. Misc.

I Superior Court (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div., N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div., N.J.
Super. Ct. Law Div.), previously Court of Chancery (N.J' Ch.), Supreme
Court (N.1. Sup. Ct.), and Prerogative Court (N.J. Prerog. Ct'): Cite to A.,

t A.zd, or A.3d, if therein.

: Atlantic Reporter 1885-datc A., A.zd, A.3d

o * New Jersey Superior Court

Reports
u NewJersey Law Reports
1948-date

7790-t94t)
N.l. 5uper.

N.j.L.

c s NewJersey Equity Reports

t New Jersey Miscellaneous
1830- I 948
192J-1948
N.J. Eq.
N.J. Misc.

a
Reports

County Court (c.g., Essex County Ct.) and other lower courts: Cite to A.zd,
if therein.

T Tax Court (N.1. Tax Ct.): Cite to

" NewJerseyTax(i)urtReports 1979-date
N.J. Tax.

N.l. Tax

o
United States Jurisdictions o
Statutory compilations: Cite to N.J. Srar. Anr., if therein.
> NewJersey Statutes Annotated (West) N.,. SrAr. Arr,r. 5 x:x (West I
> NewJersey Revised Statutes (2013)
(year,
N.J. REv. Srnr. $ x:x (,year,) I
Session laws: Cite to N.J. Laws, if therein.
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I
> NewJersey Session law Service (year) N.J. Sess. Law Serv.
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Administrative compilation
> NewJersey Administrative Code (rxisNexis) N.J. Aotrarr, Cooe $
(.year)
x:x-x.x
t
Administrative register
> NewJersey Register @exisNeds) <vol. no,> N.J, Reg, <page
t
Administrative report
no.' (,month day, year)
o
> New
Jersey
Reports
Administrative 1979-date N.J. Admin., N.J. Admin. zd
o
N;; M&;; (n.il.i
t
t
http ://www. nmcourts. gov
http ://www. nmonesource. com,/nmnxtadmin/nmpublic. aspx

t
Public domain citation forrnaft New Mexico has adopted a public domain
citation format for cases effectiveJuly l,2Ol3. The format is:
) Atlixco Coa[. v. Maggiore, 1998-NMCA-r34, 125 N.M. 786,965 P.2d

)
370.
Atlixco Coal. v. Maggiore, 1998-NMCA-134,11!4,125 N.M. 796, 965 o
P.zd 37o.
For additional information, consult New Mexico Supreme Court Rule 23-l 12 t
(effective June 4, 2004) and New Mexico Supreme Court Order No. 13€30G
013 (May 13,20lr.
t
t
Supreme Court (N.M.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein.
> Pacific Reporter 1883-date P., P.zd, P.3d
> New Mexico Reports 1852-2012 N.M.

Court of Appeals (N.M. Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein.

> Pacific Reporter r967-date P.zd, P.3d
o
> NewMexicoReports 1967-2012 N.M.
c
Statutory compilations: Cite to N.M. Srnr. AHt., if therein.
> New Mexico Statut€s Annotated 1978
Greene)
(Conway N.M. Srnr. Aun. $ x-x-x
(.yearr) t
> West's New Mexico Statutes Annotated N.M. Srnr. ArH. 5 x-x-x
(West,yearr) t
o
o { 'lx I ii r 'l.l

e " Michie's Annotated

(LexisNexis)
Statutes of New Mexico N.M. Srnr. Arur. $ x-x-x
(LexisNexis ,year')

o Session laws: Cite to N.M. Laws, if therein.

" Laws of the State of New Mexico (year> N.M. Laws,page no.,

o ,

=
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N(est's New Mexico Legislative Service

,year, N.M. Adv. Legis.
Serv. ,page no.'
,year, N.M. Legis.

o Administrative compilation
Serv. ,page n6.' (West)

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(LexisNexis ,year')

O Administrative register
, New Mexico Regist€r <Vol. no.) N.M. Reg. ,page

o New York (N.Y.)

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o http ://www. courts. state. ny. us

http :/,/assembly. state. ny. us/leg,/

o Court of Appeals (N.Y.) after ltt47: Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein

t = North Eastem Reporter

= New York Reports 1847-date
- west's New York Supplement 1956-datc
l8tl5-datc N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d
N.Y., N.Y.zd
N.Y.S.zd

I (The first series of N.Y. is reprinted in N.Y.S. and N.Y.S.zd without separate
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o
the lirst series of N,Y.)

Court for the Correction of Errors (N.Y.) and Supreme Court of

Judicature (N.Y. Sup. Ct.) (highest state courts of law before 1847): Cite to
o one of the following reporters.
. Lockwood's Revemed Cases 1799-1847 Lock. Rev. Cas.

o ' Denio's Reports

" Hill and Denio Supplement

l 845-
1842-1844
18411 Denio
Hilt & Den.

o
(Lalor)

" Hill's Repofts 1841-1844 Hitt

' Edmond's Select Cases 1831-1853 Edm. Sel. Cas.

o . Yates'Select Cases
. Anthon's Nisi Prius Cases
1809
1807-l85I
Yates 5e[. Cas.
Ant. N.P. Cas.

o " Wendell's Reports 1828- l84l Wend.

' Cowen's Repons 1823-1829 Cow.
Johnson's Reports 1806-1821 lohns.

c
'
' Cain€s'Reports 1803- 1805 Cai.
* Caines'Cases 1796-1805 Cai. Cas.

o Coleman & Caines' Cases

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t794-1805
1799-r80)
t79t - I 800
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lohns. Cas.
Cole. Cas.

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> Edwards' Chancery

> Sandford's Chancery

Reports
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Reports
l83l-1850
1845-1848
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Sand. Ch.
I
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Sentinel
Reports
184l-1847
1828-1845
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Paige Ch.
o
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) Hoffman s Chancery Reports l8J9-1840
>Hopkins'ChanceryReports 1823-1825
l8l9-1841 cl. ch.
Hoff. Ch.
Hopk. Ch.
I
> Lansing's Chancery
>Johnson'sChanceryReports
Repofts 1824-1826
1814-1823
Lans. Ch.
Johns. Ch.
a
>NewYorkChanceryReports
Annotated
1814-1847 N.Y. Ch. Ann.
I
Supreme Court, Appellate Division (N.Y. App. Div.), previously Supreme
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t
t
> \ttrest's New York Supplement 1888-date N.Y.S., N.Y.S,zd
> Appellate Division Reports 1896-date A.D., A.D.zd, A.D.3d
> Supreme Court Reports r814-1896 N.Y. Sup. Ct.
> Iansing's Reports
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Reports
1869-1873
1847-1877
Lans.
Barb. I
Other lower courts (e.9., N.Y. App. Term, N.Y. Sup. Ct., N.Y. Ct. Cl., N.Y.
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> west's New York Supplement
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1892-date
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Misc., Misc. zd o
Other lower courts before 1888: Cite to one of the following reporters.
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I8t4-r875
1844-1886
Abb. Pr., Abb. Pr. (n.s.)
How. Pr., How. Pr. (n.s.)
I
Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following sources, if therein.
> McKinney's Consolidated Laws of
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N.Y. ,susjscr> Lnw 5 x
(McKinney ,year,)
o
> New York Consolidated Laws
Service @exisNexis)
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(Consol..yearr) o
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(LexisNexis)
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N.Y. ,suelecr' Llw
(LexisNexis ,year,)
ABAND. PRoP.
5x
o
'
>
Agncult ural Conservation Aenrc. Consenv.
(
Agnculture and Markets AGRrc. & MKTs.
> Alcoholic Beverage Control
> Alternative County Govemment
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ALco. BEV. CoNT.
Alr, Courrv Gov'r
ARrs & Culr. Arr.
c
> Banking
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Blrrrre
Brr. Ono.
a
> Business Corporation Bus. CoRP.
o
o { lririr,.lsf h{lre*s .}mn i utiir'lt

o r
'
Canal
Civil Practice Law and Rules
Cnnnl
N.Y. C.P.L.R. <rule no,)

o
(McKtnuev .year,)
or:
N.Y. C.P.L.R, <rule no.)

o . Civil Rights Ctv.

(Cor,lsot-. ,year,)

Crv.5env.
Rtcrrs

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" Commerce
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Cotvt.
Coop. Conp.

o F
* Countl
Correction

o Criminal Procedure
Connecr.
Counrv
Cnrm. Pnoc.

o r Debtor ancl Creditor

e Domestic Relations
DEBr. & CRED.
Doru. Rel.

o " Economic Development

" Education
EcoN. DEV.
Eouc.

t n Elder
6 Election
. Eminent Domain Procetlure
Eloen
ELEc.
Ervr. Dom. Pnoc.

o " Employers'tiabiliry
h Energy
EwtpL'ns Ltne.
Eu e nev

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Esr. Powens & TRUsrs
Exec.

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Frn. Senv.
GrH. Ass'Hs

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r
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o ,
"
General Municipal
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o '
* Indian
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INDIAN
I Ns.

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ft
Judiciary (lourt Acts
JUD.
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o
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r Local Finance Loclt- Ftu.

o "
F
Mental Hygiene
Military
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Pnesenv.
o
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PENAL o
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PUB. HEALTH
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o
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o
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o
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a
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Tnx t
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Towr
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TnnHsp. Conp.
UNcoNsot.
u.c.c.
I
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VEH. & TRAT.
Vrlue e o
o
VoL. AMBUL. WoarEns'
Benefit Ber,
> Volunteer Firefighters' Benefit Vol. Frne. Ber.
> Workers' Compensation WonxEns'Comp.
o
o I ili;',t 'r1:::r I ,tii i.t':!: ri,:r;"

o Uncompiled lawsr Cite to one of the following sources, if therein. For the
user's convenience, the McKinney's volume in which the law appears is

o indicated parenthetically below.

s McKinney's Consolidated Laws N.Y..Lrw, 5 x (McKinney
,year')

o * Consolidated Laws Service N.Y.,Lnw>5x(Consot.

<Year'J

o " New York Consolidated I-aws Unannotated

n New York City Civil Court Act (29A)

N.Y.,Lnw, 5 x (LexisNexis
,year,)
Crrv Crv. Cr. Acr

o ; New York City Criminal Court Act (294)

o Code of (lriminal Procedure (1 1A)
Crrv Cnrn. Cr. Acr
Cooe Cntm. Pnoc.

o ' Court of Claims Act (29A)

. Family Court Act (29A)
w Uniform City Court Act (29A)
Cr. CL.
Fem. Cr. Acr
Acr

UNTFoRM Crrv Cr. Acr

o " Uniform District Court Act (294)

n Uniform Justice Court Act (29A)
UHrronm Dtsr. Cr. Acr
Unrronm lusr. Cr. Acr

o Session laws: Cite to official N.Y. Laws, if therein; otherwise, cite to N'Y'
Sess. Laws, if therein.

o r Laws of New York

- McKinney's Session Laws of
,year' N.Y. Laws ,page no.'
New York (West) ,year, N.Y. SeSS. LawS
<page no.>

o * Ncw York Consolidated laws Service

(McKinney)
<year>-<pamPh. no.' N.Y.

o
Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis) Consol. Laws Adv.
Legis. Serv. <page no.>
(LexisNexis)

o Administrative compilation
" Official Compilation of Codes, Rules N.Y. Cotvtp. Cooes R. &

o tit. x, $ x (year,)
& Regulations of the State of New York ovest) Rees.

Administrative register

o - New York State Register .vo[. no.' N.Y. Reg. ,page

no.' (.month day, year')

o North Carolina (N.C.)

http://www.nccourts.org

o http ://www. ncleg. net/gascripts,/sta

Supreme Court (N.C.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.zd, if therein.

tu tes/statutes. asp

o , South Eastern Reporter

" North Carolina Reports
, 63 N.c. to date
1887-date S.E., S.E.zd

o
1868-date N.C.
- Phillips'Equity 1866- 1868 6z N.C. (Phit. Eq.)
- Phillips'taw 1866-1868 6r N.C. (Phit.)

o , Winston
" Jones' Equity (54-59)
1863-1864
1853- 1863
6o N.C. (Win.)
e.g., 54 N.C. (r Jones Eq.)

o ' Jones' Law (46-53) 1853-1862 e.g., 46 N.C. (r Jones)

Uilited States Jurisdictions a
> Busbee's Equity
> Busbee's Law
r8t2-1853
1852-1853
ql N.C. (Busb. Eq.)
++ N.C. (Busb.)
o
> Iredell's Equity
> Iredell's
)
(36-43)
law (23-35)
1840-1852
1840-1852
1834-1839
e.9.,36 N.C. (r lred. Eq.)
e.9., 23 N.C. (r lred.)
€.g., 21 N.C. (r Dev. & Bat.
o
o
Devereux & Battle's Equity
(21-22) Eq')
> Devereux & Battl€'s Law r834-1839 e.9., 20 N.C. (l & 4 Dev. &
(r8-20)

o
Bat.)
(16-17)
> Devereux's Equiry 1826-1834 e.9., 16 N.C.(r Dev. Eg.)
> Devereux'sIaw (12-15) 1826-1834 e.g., rz (r Dev.)
N.C.
> Hawks (8-11)
> Murphey (5-7)
1820-1826
r804-r813
r8l8-1819
e.g.,8 N.C. (r Hawks)
e.g., 5 N.C. (r Mur.) o
> Taylor's
Repons
North Carolina Term 1816-1818 + N.C. Oaylor)
o
r8r3-r816 4 N.C. (Car. L. Rep.)
o
> Carolina Law Repository
> Haywood (2-3) 1789-1806 e.g., z N.C. (r Hayw.)
> Conference by Cameron & 1800-1804 r N.C. (Cam. & Nor.)

>
Norwood
Taylor r798-1802
r778-r797
r
r
N.C. (Tay.)
N.C. (Mart.)
o
o
> Martin

Court of Appeals (N.C. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E.zd, if therein.

1968-date
o
> South Eastern Reporter S.E.zd
> North Carolina Court ofAppeals 1968-date N.C. App.
Reports

Statutory compilations: Cite to N.C. GEN. SrAT. (published by LexisNexis),

if therein. o
> General Statutes of North Carolina OrxisNexis) N.C. Grn.
(Year')
Srer. 5 x-x

Arr.
o
o
> West's North Carolina General Statutes N.C. Grr. Srar. $ x-x
Annotated (West,year,)

Session laws: Cite to N.C. Sess. Laws. if therein.

> Session laws of North Carolina <year> N.C.Sess. Laws
<page no.)
o
> North Carolina <year> Advance Legislative
S€rvice (IrxisNexis)
,yearr-,pamph. no.> N.C,
Adv. Legis. Serv. <page
no., (LexisNexis)
o
r Nonh Carolina kgislative Service (West) ,year, N.C. Legis. Serv.
,page no., (West) o
Administrative compilation
> Nonh Carolina Administrative Code (\Ufest) <tit. no,> N,C, ADMTN. o
Administrative register
COoe,rule n9.' (year,)

I
> North Carolina Register (l.rxisNexis) ,vo[. no., N.C. Reg. <page
no., (,month day, year') o
o
o I *irr ri 3!

o North Dakota (N.D.)

http ://www. nclcou rts. g()v

o hnp://www.legis.ncl. gov

Public Domain Citation Format: North Dakota has adopted a public domain

o citation format for cases after Dccember 31,l()()6. The format is:
* Kautzman v. Kautzman, zoo3 ND r4o,668 N.W.zd 59.

o s Kautzman v. Kautzman, zoo3 ND t4o,1'9,558 N.W.zd Sg,61.

For additional information, consult North Dakota Rule s of Court, Rule 1 1.6.

O Supreme Court (N.D.): Citc to N.W. or N.W.zd, if thcrein.

* North Westem Reporter 1890-date N.W., N.W.zd

o ! North Dakota Reports 1n90-1953 N.D.

Suprerne Court of Dakota (Dakota): Citc to N.W., if therein.

o '
"
Nofth western Reporter
Dakota Reports
IU79-18ri9
1tt67-l8tt9
N.W.
Dakota

o Court of Appeals of North Dakota (N.D. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.zd.

" North West€rn Reporter l9tt7-date N.W.zd

o Statutory cornpilations: Cite to N.D. CEnr. Cooe, if therein
.
o
North Dakota Century Code (LexisNexis) N.D. CeHr. Cooe $ x-x-x
(<year>)

=. West's North Dakota Century

(lode Annotated N.D. CeHr. Cooe AruH. 5

o Session laws: Cite to N.D. Laws, if therein.

x-x-x (West,year')

o > Laws of North Dakota

? North Dakota Century Code <year> Advance
Legislative Service (LexisNexis)
,year, N.D. Laws ,page no.,
,year,-,pamph. no.,
N.D. Cent. Code Adv.

o Legis. Serv. <page no.'

(LexisNexis)

o
! West's Nofth Dakota Legislative Service ,yean N.D. Legis. Serv.
,page no., (West)

o Administrative compilation
F North Dakota Administrative Codc N.D. ADMTN. Cooe ,rute
no., (,year,)

o Ohio (Ohio)

o http ://www. sconet.state.

ht tp:,/, t'odcs.oh io. gov,/ort
()h. Lls

o Public Domain Citation Format: Ohio has adopted a public domain citation
format for cases decided after April 30, 2002. The format is:

o * State v. Lynch, 98 Ohio St. 3d 5r4, 2oo3-Ohio-2284,781 N.E.zd

1185.

o
tlnited Sfatcs J uri*dictions o
) State v. Lynch,98 Ohio St.3d 5r4, zoo3'Ohio-2284,787 N.E.zd
u85, at tl3. o
For additional information, consult the Suprenxe Court of Ohio Writing
Manual (2ded.20lT. o
Supreme Court (Ohio): Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein.
> North Eastem Reporter 1885-dat€ N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d o
o
> ohio state Reports 1852-d^te Ohio St., Ohio St. zd, Ohio
5t. ld
> Ohio Reports 1821-l8tl Ohio
> Vilcox's Condensed Reports
r u(rright
1821-1831
r83r-r834
1809-1899
Wilc. Cond. Rep.
Wright o
o
> Ohio Unreported Cases Ohio Unrep. Cas.

Court of Appeds (Ohio Ct. App.): Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein.
1926-date
o
> North Eastem Reporter N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d
> Ohio Appellate Reports 19r3-date Ohio App., Ohio App. zd,
Ohio App. 3d
>

>
Ohio Circuit Court Reports
Ohio Courts of Appeals Reports
r9r4-r917
1916-1922
Ohio C.C.
Ohio Ct. App. o
Other law courts: Cite to N.E., N.E.zd, or N.E.3d, if therein; otherwise, cite
to another reporter in the following order of preference.
I r926-date
o
o
North Eastern Reporter N.E., N.E.zd, N.E.3d
> ohio Miscellaneous Reports l%2-2012 Ohio Misc., Ohio Misc. zd
> Ohio Bar Reports 1982-1987 Ohio B.
F Ohio Opinions 1934-1982
1922-1954
Ohio Op., Ohio Op. zd, Ohio
op.ld o
o
> Ohio Law Abstract Ohio Law Abs.
> Ohio Nisi Prius Reports 1903-1934 Ohio N.P., Ohio N.P. (n.s.)
> Ohio Decisions 1894-r92r Ohio Dec.
>
>
Ohio Decisions, Reprint
Ohio Circuit Decisions
1840-1893
1885-1923
Ohio Dec. Reprint
Ohio Cir. Dec. o
o
> Ohio Circuit Court Decisions r90r-1923 e.g.,t3-23 Ohio C.C. Dec.
r Ohio Circuit Court Reports 1885-1901 Ohio C.C.
> Ohio Law Bulletin r876-192r Ohio L. Butl.
>

>
Ohio Circuit Court Reports,
New Series
Ohio Law Reporter
1903-1917

1903-1934
Ohio C.C. (n.s.)

Ohio L.R.
o
> Tappen's Reports

> Anderson's Unreported Ohio

l8l6-1819
1990
Tapp. Rep.
Ohio App. Unrep. o
Appellate Cases

Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes. o

> Page's Ohio Revised Code Annotated
(LexisNexis)
> Baldwin's Ohio Revised Code Annotated
OHro REV. Cooe AHr. 5 x.x
(LexisNexis .year,)
OHro REv. Cooe AHn. 5 x.x
o
(west) (West,year)
o
o
o { ul{r,r{

t Session laws: Cite to Ohio Laws, if therein.

r State of Ohio: Legislative Acts Passed and Joint ,year, Ohio Laws .page no.,

o '
Resolutions Adopted
Page's Ohio Legislative Bulletin (LexisNexis) ,year' Ohio Legis. Butt.
<page no. > (LexisNexis)

o " Baldwin's Ohio Legislative

OVest)
Service Annotated ,year, Ohio Legis. Serv.
Ann. ,page 6s., (West)

o Administrative compilation
* Baldwin's Ohio Administrative Code Cwest) Onro AornrH. CooE .rute

o n6., (,ygarr)

Administrative and executive registers: Cite to one of the following registers.

o n Baldwin's Ohio Monthly

r
Record

Reports
1977-date Ohio Monthty Rec. <page
no.> (<month year))

o
C)hio Government 1965-lL)76 Ohio Gov't <page no.>
(.month day, year)
b ohio Department Reports 19t4-1964 Ohio Dep't <page no.'

o Oklahoma (Okla.)
(,month day, year,)

o http://www.oscn.net
hnp ://www. oklegislature. govlosstatuestitle.html

o Public domain citation format: Oklahoma has adopted a public domain

citation format for cases after May l,lL)97. The format is:

o F Herbertv. Okla. Christian Coa[., 1999 OK9o,99zP.zd3zz.

cr Herbertv. Okta. Christian Coal.,t999 OKgo, fl 2,992P.2d322,

o 325.
For additional information, consult Oklahoma Supreme Court Rule 1.200(e) and

o Oklahoma Criminal Appeals Rule 3.5(c).

Supreme Court (Okla.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein.

o 'Pacilic Reporter
r Oklahoma Repons
Itt90-date
Iu90-1953
P., P.zd, P.3d
Okta.

o Court of Appeals of Indian Territory(lndian Terr.): Cite to S'W., if therein

'
.
South Wcst€m Reporter 1896-1907
1896-1907
S.W.

o
Indian Territory Repofts Indian Terr.

Court of Criminal Appeals (Okla. Crim. App.;, before 1959 Crirninal Court
of Appeals (Okla. Crim. App.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein.

o '
'
Pacilic Reporter
Oklahoma Criminal
1908-date
Reports l90ti-1953
P., P.zd, P.3d
Okta. Crim.

o Court of Civil Appeals (Okla. Civ. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d.

, Pacilic Reporter l97l-dare P.zd, P.3d

o Statutory compilations: Cite to OKLA. Sur., if therein

o
United States Jurisdictions o
) Oklahoma Statutes (West) Oru. Srer. tit. x, $ x
(.year') t
> Oklahoma Statutes Annotated (West) Oxu. Srnr. Anr. tit. x,
(West,year')
5x

o
Session lawsl Cite to Okla. Sess. Laws, if therein.
> Oklahoma Session laws (West) .yean Okla. Sess. Laws
<page no')
o
Oklahoma Session Law Service Of/est) <year' Okla. Sess. Law Serv.
<page no., (West) I
Administrative cornpilation
> Oklahoma Administrative Code Oru. Aotrittr. Cooe $ x:x-
o
x-x (,year')

Administrative registers: Cite to one of the following sources. o

> Oklahoma Register

l
1983-date <vol. no.) Okla. Reg. <page
no., (,month day, year') o
o
Oklahoma Gazette 1962-1983 <vol. no,) Okla. Gaz. ,page
no.> (<month day, year,)

http ://www. courts.oregon. govlOJD

http://www.oregonlegislature.govlbills laws/Pages
I
Supreme Court (Or.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein. o
> Pacific Reporter
> Oregon Reports
1883-date
1853-date
P., P.zd, P.3d
Or. o
Court of Appeals (Or. Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein.
> Pacifrc Reporter r969-date
r969-drte
P.zd, P.3d a
o
> Oregon Reports, Court of Or. App.
Appeals

Tax Court (Or. T.C.): Cite to Or. Tax.

> Oregon Tax Reports 1962-drte Or. Tax

Statutory compilations: Cite to On. Rrv. Srrr., if therein.

o
> Oregon Revised Statutes

r West's Oregon Revised Statutes Annotated

On. Rev. Srar. 5 x.x (,year')
On. Rrv. Srar. AHr,r. S x.x
o
(West ,year)

Session laws: Cite to Or, Laws, if therein. When citing statutes repealed during
o
or after 1953, indicate parenthetically the former Or. Rev. Stat. sections.
> Oregon Laws and Resolutions .yean Or. Laws <page no., t
,year> Or. Laws Spec,
sess. ,page no.,
<year> Or. Laws Adv. Sh.
o
: Vest's Oregon Legislative Service
No. x, ,page no.>
.yean Or. Legis. Serv. o
o
.page no.' (West)
o I'lrillil t{l,iii'""-i 111i ili{i'^ ll'uir

o Administrative compilation
" Oregon Administrative Rules On. Aot'rttt't. R., rule

o Administrative register
ns.' (,year')

o . Orecon Bulletin (vo[. no.> Or. Bull. ,page

no., (,month day, year,)

o Pennsylvania (Pa.)
https :,/u jsportal. pacourts. us/

o http,//www. legis. state. pa. us/cfckrcs/legis/l

Supreme Court (Pa.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein.

i/public

o - Atlantic Reporter
u Pennsylvania state Reports
1885-tl:rte A., A.zd,
1845-date Pa.
A.3d

o .
,
Monaghan
Sadler
" Walker
1888-1890 Monag.
1885-1889 Sadter
1855- 1885 Walk.

o i Pennypacker
, Grint
1881-1884
l8l4-1863
Pennyp.
Grant

I " watts and Scrgeant

,
,
Wharton
184r-1845
1835- l84l
1832,-1840
Watts & Serg.
Whart.
Watts

o
Watts
, Rawlc 1828-1835 Rawle
' Penrose and Watts 1829-1832 Pen. & W.

o , Sergeant and Rawlc

h Binncy
r
1814-1828 Serg. & Rawle
1799-1814 Binn.
l79l-1808
o
Yeates Yeates
" Addison r19r-r799 Add.
, Dallas 1754-1806 Dalt.

o ' Alden 1754-1814 Ald.

Superior Court (Pa. Super. Ct.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein. For

o cases dccided
citation format:
after December 31, 1998, use the following public domain

o F

'
tr Rapagnani v. Judas Co.,t999 PA Super zo3.
Atlantic Reporter l9J I -dare
Court 1895-1997
A., A.zd, A.3d
Pa. Super.

o
Pennsylvania Superior
Reports

Commonwealth Court (Pa. Commw. Ct.): Cite to A.zd or A.3d, if thercin.

o " Atlantic Reporter

r Pennsylvania Commonwealth
r97o-<Jtre A.zd, A.3d
1970-1994 Pa. Commw.

o Court Reports

Other lower courts: Cite to Pa. D. & C., Pa. D. & C.zd, Pa. D. & C'3d, Pa.

o D. & C.+th, or Pa. D. & C.5th, if thcrein. Not all lower court decisions
are reproduced in the reporters listed below, and it nray be necessary, on
occasion, to cite to the legal reporter for an individual county, if availablc. For

o a comprehcnsive list of Pennsylvania county collrt reports, consult chaptef

United litates Jurisdictions o
seven, appendix four, Fnam Y. I,ru rr ar., PrNnsvrvewn l"EcAI RrsrmcH
(2008).
> Pennsylvania District and County l9l8-date
llmnnoor

Pa. D. & C., Pa. D. & C.zd,

o
Reports Pa. D. & C.3d, Pa. D. &
C.4th, Pa. D. & C.5th
O
> Pennsylvania District Reports
> Pennsylvania County Court
1892-r92r
r870-r92r
Pa. D.
Pa. C. a
I
Reports

Statutory compilations: Cite to Pl. CoHs. Srlr. (79 titles), if therein. These
publications should not be confused with Pa. Cooe, which is a code of regula'
tions, not of legislation.
> Pennsfvania Consolidated Statutes <tit. no.' PA. CoNs. Srnr. $
o
> Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes and Consolidated
Statutes Annotated ($/est)
x (yearr)
(tit. no.) Pe. Srlr. nro
CoHs. Srer. ArH. 5 x
o
> Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes and Consolidated
(West.year')
<tit, no.) Pn, Srlr. lno o
I
Statutes (West) Cors. Srnr. Arr.r, 5 x
(West,year,)

Session laws: Cite to Pa. Laws. if therein.

> Iaws of Pennsylvania
> Purdon's Pennsylvania Irgislative Service
,year> Pa. Laws <page no.>
<year, Pa. Legis, Serv.
t
(West)

Administrative compilation
<page no., (West)
o
> Pennsylvania Code (Fry Communications) <tit. no.r Pa. Coor 5 x.x
(.year'; I
Administrative register
> Pennsylvania Bulletin (Fry Communications) .vol, no., Pa. Bull. <page o
Rhode Island (R.I.)
ne.' (month day, year,)
o
https://www.courts. ri. gov
http :,/webserver. rilin. state. ri. us/Statutes o
Supreme Court (R.1.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein.
> Atlantic Reporter 1885-date A., A.zd, A.3d
o
Reports 1828-1980
> Rhode Island R.l.

Statutory compilations: Cite to R.l. Get. Laws, if therein.

O
> General Laws of Rhode Island (LexisNexis) <tit, no.> R.l. Gen. Lnws 5
x-x-x (Year') o
> rJi'est's General laws of Rhode Island Annotated (tit. no., R.l. GEN. LAws
Atr,r. 5 x-x-x (West.yearr) I
Session laws: Cite to R.l. Pub. Laws, if therein.
> Public laws ofRhode Island and
Plantations
Providence <year, R.l. Pub. Laws {page I
o
no.)
o
I .

-
Acts and Resolves of Rhodc Island and
Providence Plantations
<year> R.l. Acts
(page nO.>
& Resolves

o Rhode Island Advance Legishtive Service ,year,-,pamph. no., R.l.

(LexisNexis) Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page
no.' (LexisNexis)

o . West's Rhode Island Advancc Legislativc Service <year> R.l. Adv. Legis. Serv.
,page no.' (West)

I Administrative compilation
, Code ofRhode Island Rules (LexisNexis) no.>-<ch. no.' R.l. Cooe

o Administrative register
$ x (LexisNexis ,year>)

o ' Rhode Island Government Register (LexisNexis) ,iss. no., R.l. Gov't Reg.
<page no.> (LexisNexis
<month Year,)

a South Carolina (S.C.)

o http://www. jr-rclicial.state.sc. r-rs

hnp ://www. scstatelx)use. g<>v/c<>cle,/statrnast. php

o Supreme Court after 1868 (S.C.): Cite to 5.E. or S.E.zd, if thercin.

- South Eastem Reporter
.
l8tt7-date S.E.,5.E.zd

o South Carolina Reports 186{i-date

Court of Appeals (5.C. Ct. App.): Citc to S.E.zd. if
5.C.

the re in.

o -
'
South Eastem Reporter
South Carolina Reports
l9ti3-date
1983-datc
S.E.zd
S.C.

o Courts of law before 1868: Citc t<l S.C.L.

South Crrolina Law Reports
' tuchardson (J7-4, ltt50-lU6u c.g., 37 5.C.1. (f Rich.)

o ' Strobhart (32-a6)

. Richardson (30-31)
lu46-1850
1841-ltl46
e.g., 32 5.C.1. (r Strob.)
e.g., 3o S.C.L. (t Rich.)

o . Speers (28-2D
' McMullan (26-27)
,Cheves
ltl42-11144
1840-1t142
18J9-lti40
e.g., z8 S.C.L. (r Speers)
c.9., 26 5.C.1. (r McMut.)
zS S.C.L. (Chev.)

o ,Rice
" Dudley
l|Stt-1839
lU37-1818
zzr S.C.L. (Rice)
zl S.C.L. (Dud.)

o ,' Riley
Hill (19-21)
' Bailey (17-lti)
l{136-ltt37
1833-1U37
zz S.C.L. (Rit.)
e.g., r9 S.C.L. (r Hilt)
(t Bail.)

o
lU28-1832 e .g., 17 S.C.L.

'Harper ltl23-1824 16 S.C.L. (Harp.)

McCord (12-15) 1tt21-l|2u e.9., 12 5.C.1. (r McCord)

o .NottandMcCord(10-ll)
. Mill ((ionstitutional) (8-9)
1817-1820
1til7-llll8
e.g., 10 5.C.1. (1 Nott & McC.)
e.e.,8 S.C.L. (t Milt)

I Treadwav

. Bav (l-2)
(6-7)
Brevard (3-1)
1tt12-lttl6
1793-1u16
1783-ltl04
e .g., 5 S.C.L. (r Tread.)

e.g., 3 S.C.L. (r Brev.)

e.g., r S.C.L. (r Bay)

o
 U nitcd States Jurisdictiorrs o
Courts of equity before 1868: Cite to S.C. Eq.
> South Carolina Equity Repofts t
r Richardson's Eqtity
>stfobharr'sEquifi(20-2T
(24-35) 1850-1868
1846-1850
e.g., z4 S.C. Eq. (r
e.g., 20 S.C. Eq. (r Strob.
Eq.)
Rich. Eq.)
o
> Richardson's Equity
> Speers'Equity
> McMullan's Equity
(18-19) 1844-1846
1842-1844
e.g.,r8 S.C. Eq. (r Rich. Eq.)
r7 S.C. Eq. (Speers Eq.) o
> Cheves'Equity
> Rice's Equity
1840-1842
1839-1840
1838-1839
16 S.C. Eq. (McMul. Eq.)
r5 S.C. Eq. (Chev. Eq.)
r4 S.C. Eq. (Rice Eq.)
o
> Dudley's Equity
> Riley's Chancery
>Hill'sChancery(10-ll)
1837-1838
1836-1837
r3 S.C. Eq. (Dud. Eq.)
rz S.C. Eq. (Ril. Eq.) o
Cases
> Richardson's

Equity
1833-1837
183l-1832
e.g., ro 5.C. Eq. (r Hitl Eq.)
9 5.C. Eq. (Rich. Cas.) o
t
> Bailey's 1830-1831 8 S.C. Eq. (Bail. Eq.)
> McCord's Chancery (6-7) 1825-1827 e.g., 6 S.C. Eg. (r McCord
Eq.)
Equity
I
> Harper's 1824 5 S.C. Eq. (Harp. Eq.)
l Desaussure's Equity (1-4) 1784-1817 e .9., 1 S.C. Eq. (r Des. Eq.)
Statutory compilation
> Code of l"aws of South Carolina 1976 Annotated S.C. Cooe Ant. g x-x-x I
t
(,yearr)

Session laws
> Acts andJoint Resolutions, South Carolina <year) S.C. Acts rpage no.,

Administrative compilation: Administrative regulations appear in volumes

1-10 of S.C. CooE ArH. This publicarion should not be confused with the
o
statutory compilation of the same name, which also contains volumes l-10.
> Code ofLaws ofSouth Carolina
(West)
lgT6Annotated: S.C. Cooe ANN. REGs..reg o
Code of Regulations

Administrative register
no.) (<year))
o
> South Carolina State Register <vol. no.) 5.C. Reg. <page
nq.) (<month day, year,) o
South Dakota (S.D.)
http ://www.ujs.sd.gov
o
http ://www. legis. sd. govlStatutes/Codifi ed_Laws
o
t
Public domain citation format: South Dakota has adopted a pubtc domain
citation format for cases after December 31,1996. The format is:
D Wutf v. Senst, zoo3 SD ro5, 569 N.W.zd r35.
) Wulf v. Senst, 2oo3 SD ro5, 1,t4,669 N.W.zd t3S,r4t.
For additional information, consult South Dakota Rules of Civil procedure
o
t
$
15-26A49.1.

Supreme Court (5.D.): Cite ro N.W. or N.W.zd, if therein.

o
o
t e North Western Reporter
e South l)akota Reports
N.W., N.W.zd
s.D.

o Supreme Court of Dakota (Dakota): Cite to N.W., if therein.

s North Westem Reporter 1879-1889 N.W.

o r Dakota Reports

Statutory compilation
Iti67-ltt89 Dakota

o ' South l)akota Codified Laws (West) S.D. Coorrreo Lnws $ x-x-x
(,year')

I Session laws: Cite to S.D. Sess. Laws. if thcrein.

n Session Laws of South Dakotr ,year, S.D. Sess. Laws
,ch. x 5 x'
o
<page no.>

Administrative compilation

o
. Administrative Rules of South Dakota S,D. Aotvtu.t. R. ,rule
p9. (,year,)
'
Administrative register
O " South Dakota Register <vol. no.' S.D. Reg. .page

t
no., (,month day, yearD

Tennessee (Tenn.)

o http :,//www.tnc()Llrts.laov
http :,//www. lexisnexis. c<>m/hr>ttopics/tnct>cle

o Supreme Court (Tenn.): Oite to 5.W., S.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if thercin.

o Sonth Western Rcporter
.
Itl8(r-datc S.W., S.W.zd, S.W.3d

o Tennessee Reports
| 60 Tenn. to zz5 Tenn.
" Heiskell
1a72-r972
1870-1874
Tenn.
c.g., 48 Tenn. (r Heisk.)

I - Coldwell
' Head
1860-r870
1ti5tt- I ti60
e .g., 41 Tenn. (r Cotd.)

e.g., 38 Tenn. (r Head)

I > Sneed
* Swan
* Humphreys
1853- l 858
l85l - l ri53
rri39- 1u5I
e.g., 33 Tenn. (r Sneed)
e.g., 3r Tenn. (r Swan)
e.g., zo Tenn. (r Hum.)

o o Meigs

' Yerger
1 838- 1 u39
181{l- 1837
19 Tenn. (Meigs)
e.g., 9 Tenn. (1 Yer.)

I s Martin & Yerger

n Peck
,
1825-r82tl
1821-1824
l8l6-ltrltt
8 Tenn. (Mart. & Yer.)
z Tenn. (Peck)
e.g., 4 Tenn. (r Hayw.)

I
Haywood

" Cooke 181 1-1814 3 Tenn. (Cooke)

s Overton r 79l - 1815 e.g., r Tenn. (r Overt.)

t Court of Appeals (Tenn. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W.zd or S.W.3d, if thcrein

" South rvestem Reporter l()J2-dnte S.W.zd, 5.W.3d

o r'Iennessee Appeals Reports 1925-1971 Tenn. App.

Court of Criminal Appeals (Tenn. Crim. App.): cite to S.W.zd or S.W.3d, if

a therein.
 Urrited Statcs Juriscl iction.s o
> SouthVestem
> Tennessee Criminal
Reports
Reponer
Appeals
1967-date
1967-1971
5.W.zd,5.W.3d
Tenn. Crim. App. o
Statutory compilations: Cite to Tetr. Cooe
if therein.
Art. (published by IrxisNexis), o
> Tennessee Code Annotated orxisNexis) TEHI. Cooe
(,yearr)
Arr. $ x-x-x
o
> West's Tennessee Code Annotated TErH. Cooe
(West,year,)
Atn. $ x-x-x
o
Session laws: Cite to Tenn. Pub. Acts or Tenn. Priv. Acts, if therein.
> Public Acts of the State of Tennessee <year) Tenn. Pub. Acts o
o
<Page nO.)
> Private Acts of the State of Tennessee (year> Tenn. Priv. Acts
<page no.)
> Tennessee Code Annotated Advance Legislative
Service (rxisNexis)
<year)-(pamph. no.> Tenn.
Code Ann. Adv. Legis.
Serv. <page no.>
o
> Vest's Tennessee legislative Service
(LexisNexis)
(year) Tenn. Legis. Serv.
,page no.' (West)
o
Adrninistrative compilation
> Official Compilation Rules & Regulations of the TeHr. Coanp. R. &
I
State of Tennessee

Adrninistrative register
ReeS. ,rule ns.' (.year')
I
> Tennessee Administrative Register <vol. no.) Tenn. Admin. Reg.
<Page no.> (,month Year) o
Texas (Tex.) o
http ://www. txcourts. gov
http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us

Supreme Court (Iex.): Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if therein.

t
> South Vestern Reporter
> Texas Reports
1886-date
1846-1962
5.W.,S.W.zd,5.W.3d
Tex.
o
> Synopses ofthe Decisions
the Supreme Court ofTexas
Arising from Restraints by
of 1862-1865 Robards (no vot. number)
o
Conscript and Other Military
Authorities @obards) o
t
> Texas Iaw Review (containing 1845-1846 65 Tex. L. Rev. [e.g., Lamar
previously unpublished cases v. Houston (Iex. 1845),65
from the 1845 term) Tex. L. Rev.38z (Paulsen
rep. 1986)l
> Digest ofthe Laws ofTexas
(Dallam's Opinions)
1840-1844 Dallam (no vol. number)
o
o
> Texas Supreme CounJoumal 1957-date Tex. Sup. Cr. J.

Court of Criminal Appeals (Iex. Crim. App.), previously Courrt of Appeals

(Iex. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W., S.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if therein.

t
t
o 'SouthWestemReporter
" Texas Criminal Repons
1892-date
1892-1962
5.W.,5.W.zd, S.W.3d
Tex. Crim.

o ' Texas court ofAppeals Reports 1876-1892 Tex. Ct. App.

* Condensed Reports of 1876-1883 White & W.
Decisions in Civil Causes in 1883-1892 Witlson

o the Court of Appeals (V/hite &

lVillson vol. l) (Willson vols.
2-4)

o Commission of Appeals (Tex. Comm'n App.): Cite to S.W. or S.W.zd, if

therein.

o -

.
South Vestem Reporter

Texas Reports
1886- 1892
1918-1941
r879-1892
s.w.
5.W.zd
Tex.

o 19r8-1945
" Texas Unreported Cases (Posey) r879-1884 Posey

a " Condensed Reports of Decisions 1879-1883 White & W.

in Civil Causes in the Court of
Appeals (\X/hite & Villson)

I Officially published opinions of the Commission of Appeals from 1879 to

1892 were adopted by thc Supreme Court and should be cited as opinions
of the Supreme Court. Opinions of the Commission of Appeals from l9l8 to

o 1945 have a notation from the Supreme Court that usually appears in the linal
paragraph of the opinion, e.g., "opinion adopted," "holding approved," or

o "iudgment adopted." Commission opinions that were adopted by the Supreme

Court should be cited as opinions of the Supreme Court. "Holding approved"
and "iudgment adopted" opinions are cited by using "holding approved" or

o "iudgm't adopted," e.g., Savage v. Cowen, 33 S.W.2d 433 (Tex. Comm'n

App. r93o, judgm't adopted).

o Courts of Appeals flex. App.;, previously Courts of Civil Appeals (Tex.

Civ. App.l: Cite to S.W., 5.W.zd, or 5.W.3d, if therein.

I * South Vestem Reporter

r Texas CMI Appeals Reports
1892-date
ltl92-1911
S.W., S.W.zd, S.W.3d
Tex. Civ. App.

o For additional information on the history and structure of Tcxas courts and on
local citation rule s, the following sources are sugge sted: TExAs l-{'w Rll'IEv Ass'N,
THe GnErr,rsoor: Tnxes Rurrs op Fonlt (12th ed. 2010); Lvon M.V. BneNlr, Trx,ts

o Lsc,rl Rlsnencu (1995); and A Rtntnnut;r Gtnot ro Tnxm l-tw,wl LEc,tr Htstonv
(Karl T. Gruben &James E. Hambleton eds., 2d ed. 1987).

o Statutory compilations: Texas is nearing the completion of a recodification

of its laws. Cite to the new subiect-matter TEx. Cooe AHH', if therein;
otherwise, cite to TEx. Rev. Ctv. Srnr. Arn. or to one ofthe independent

o codes contained in the seies Vernon's Texas Ciuil Statutes or Vernon's Texas
Statutes Annota.ted. Note that the indcpendent codes are not part of the ncw

o subiect-matter TEx. CoDE ANN.

" Vernon's Texas Codes Annotated

(west) Tex. .SuglEcp Cooe Anru.
x (west .year,
5

O Vernon's Texas Revised Civil Statutes Annotated

(west)
TEx. REV. Crv. Srnr. AnH.
art. x, S x (West ,yearD

o
 tJrrited States Jurisdictions I
> Vernon's Texas Business
Annotated (West)
Corporation Act Tex. Bus. CoRP. AcrANN.
art. x (West (year,) I
t
> Vemon's Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Tex, Cooe Cnrm. Pnoc. AtH.
Annotated (West) art, x (West (year,
r Vemon's Texas lnsufanc€ Code Annotated Tex. lrs, CooE Arirru. art. x

o
(West) (West.year,)
l Vemon's Texas Probate Code Annotated (West) TEx. PRoB. Cooe AtH. 5
x (West <year>)
>
>
Agficulture
Alcoholic Beverage
> Business and Commerce
Ae nrc,
Arco. BEV. I
I
Bus, & Cowr.
> Business Organizations (effective
Jan. l, 2006) Bus. Ones.
> Civil Practice and Remedies Crv. PRAC. & REM.
> Education
> Election
> Estates
EDUc.
ErEc. o
o
EST.
> Family Fnru.
> Finance FrH.
> Govemment
> Health and Safety
> Human Resources
Gov'r
Henlrx & Sarew o
o
HuM. REs.
> Insurance lNs.
> Iabor LAB.
> Iocal Government
> Natural Resources
Loc. Gov'r
Nrr. Res. o
o
> Occupations Occ.
> Parks and l/ildlife PARKs & WtrD.
> Penal PElrnl
> Property

' Special District Local Laws

Pnop.
Spec. Drsrs. o
a
> Tax Tex
> Transportation TnnHsp.
> utilities Urr l.
> water

Session laws: Cite to Tex. Gen. Laws, if therein.

Weten
I
> General and Special Laws of the State of Texas <year> Tex. Gen. Laws <page
no.> t
o
> Vemon's Texas Session Law Servic€ (West) <year> Tex. Sess. Law Serv.
<page no.r (West)
> Laws ofthe Republic ofTexas (year> Repub. Tex. Laws
<page no.>

Session laws passed before 1941 must be cited according to the exact title, e.g.,
I
Tex. Loc. & Spec. Laws, Tex. Gen. & Spec. Laws, andTex. Gen. Laws. The
Revised Statutes were enacted and published separately in 1879, 189j, l9ll, I
I
and 1925 and should be cited as <year) Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. xxx. The Code of
Criminal Procedure and Penal Code were enacted and published separately in
1856,1879,1895, l9ll, and 1925 and should be cited 25 <!€ilr> Tex. Crim.
Stat. xxx.
o
o 'r{ t{r \ fitl

o Administrative compilation
, Texas Aclministrative (lode (West) ,tit. no.' Tex. Aotvttt't, Cooe

I Administrative register
5 x.x (,yearD

I ' Texas Register (LexisNexis) no., Tex. Reg. .page

(month day, year')

O Ut"ft fUi"f,l
http :/,/www. Lltc()Lllts. g()v

I http,//rvww. le. utah.gov,/l ltahCocle/title. jsp

Public domain citation format: lJtah has adopted a public domain citation

o format for cases after December 31, 199tt. The format is:
F. Wickham v. Galetka, 2oo2 UT 7z,6tP3d 979.

o ts Gittey v. Blackstock, zooz UT App 4r4, fl ro, 6t P 3d 3o5.

For additionat information, consult tltah Supreme Coun Standing Orde r Nt'r. 4

o (effective Jan. 1tt, 2000).

Supreme Court (Utah): Citc to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if thcrcin.

o r
'
Pacific Rcporter
tltah Rcports
Itttil -date
t87a-1971
P., P.zd, P.3d
Utah, Utah zd

o Court of Appeals (Utah Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein

* Pacific Reporter l9tl7-date P.zd, P.3d

I Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the folkrwing codes, if thcrein

' Iltah Code Annotated Urru Cooe Anru. $ x-x-x

o '
(LcxisNexis)

West's lltah Code Annotated

(LexisNexis ,year,)
Unu Cooe
(West.year)
AruH. $ x-x-x

o Session laws: Citc to Utah Laws, if thcrcin.

r <year' Utah Laws,page no.

o
Laws of Utah
> tltah (irdc <year> Advance Legislative Service .year,-,pamph. no., Utah
(LexisNexis) Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page

o r Utah Legislative Servicc (West)

no., (LexisNexis)
,year, Utah. Legis. Serv.

t
.page no., (West)

Administrative compilation
" tltah Administrative (i)de
o
Urex Aomtn. Cooe r. x-x-x
IyearD

Administrative register
o " lltth State Bulletin ,iss. no., Utah Bu[t.,page
no., (,month day, year,)

o
o
 United States Jurisdictions o
Vermont (Vt.)
http ://www.vermontjudiciary. org
t
http / / Ie gislatu re. ve rmont. gov,/statutes
:

Public domain citation format: Vermont has adopted a public domain

I
citation format for cases after December 31,2002. The format is:

) Charbonneau v. Gorczyk, zoo3 W 1o5, fl 3, t76Yt.t4o,838

o
A.zd tr7.
For additional information, consult Vt. R.App. P.28,2. t
Supreme Court (Vt.): Cite to A., A.zd, or A.3d, if therein.
> Atlantic Reporter 1885-date A., A.zd, A.3d
o
> Vermont Reports
> Aikens
1826-date
1825-1828
Vt.
Aik. o
> Chipman, D.
> Brayton
1789-1824
l8l5-1819
1800-1803
D. Chip.
Brayt. o
I
> Tyler Tyl.
> Chipman, N. t789-r79r N. Chip.

Atl.
o
Statutory compilations: Cite to Vr. Srnr. (published by lrxisNexis),
if therein.
> Vermont Statutes Annotated (LexisNeds) Vr. Srar. AHH. tit. x, 5 x

> \Vest's Vemont Statutes Annotated

(.year';
Vr. Srar. Atr. tit. x, 5 x o
a
(West,year')

Session laws: Cite to Vt. Acts & Resolves, if therein.

> Acts and Resolves ofVermont

> Vermont <yean Advance lrgislative Service

,yean Vt. Acts & Resolves
<page no.)
o
I
<year>.pamph. no.) Vt.
(lfxisNexis) Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page
no., (LexisNexis)
> $[est's Vermont Legislative Service (year) Vt. Legis. Serv. <page
nq., (West)
I
o
Administrative compilation
> Code ofVermont Rules (LexisNexis) <tit. no.>-<ch. no.) Vr. CoDE
R. $ x (year,)
Adrninistrative and executive register
> Vermont Govemment Register QrxisNexis) ,iss. no., Vt. Gov't Reg.
o
<page no,) (LexisNexis
<month year)) o
Virginia (Va.)
http ://www.courts.state.va. us
t
http://lis.virginia. govl000/src. htm
o
Supreme Court (Va.), previously Supreme Court of Appeals (Va.): Cite to
S.E. or S.E.zd, if therein.
t
t
o South Eastcrn Reporter
Virginia Reports
IUttT-date 5.E., S.E.zd

I 75 Va. to date
Grattan
Ittti0-drte
1841- 1880
Va.
e.!t., 42 va. (r Gratt.)
e.i.., 40 va. (r Rob.)

t
Robinson 1812-1811
Lciglt t829-t842 e (r Leigh)
.!{., 28 Va.
Randolph IU2 I - 1828 e.g,.,22Va. (r Rand.)

o Gilmer
Munfortl
Hening & Munford
I

I
ti20- I ttzI
til 0- 1820
1806- r810
zr Va. (Gitmer)
c.g., 15 Va. (r Munf.)
e.g., 11 Va. (r Hen. & M.)

I Call
Virginia Oases, Crimitral
1179-t825
1789- 1826
e.s., 5 Va. (r Catt)
e .g., 3 Va. (r Va. Cas.)

I Washin!lton 1790-t796

Court of Appeals (Va. Ct. App.): citc to S.E.zd, if therein

c.!1., 1va. (r wash.)

o South Eastern Reponer

Virginia (irurt of Appeds
Reports
l9tt5-date
l9tt5-datc
S.E.zd
Va. APP.

o Circuit Court (Va. Cir. Ct.): Cite to Va. Cir.

Virginia Oircuit (irurt Opinions 1957-date

o
Va. Cir.

Statutory compilations: (lite to VA. CoDE At'ttt. (pnblished by LcxisNexis),

if thcrcin.

o Code of Virginia I 950 Annotated (LexisNcxis) Va. Cooe

(,year,)
Ar'rru. $ x-x

I West's Annotated Code of Virginia VA. CoDE Attn. S x-x (West

<Yeaf
'>J

o Session laws: Cite to Va. Acts, if therein.

Acts of the (ieneral Assembly of the
Commonwealth of Virginia
<year> Va. Acts ,Page no.'

o Virginia ,r'ear Advance Legislative Service

(LexisNexis)
,year,-,pamph. no., Va.
Adv. Legis. Serv..page

o West's Virginia Legislative Service

ns.' (lsxisNexis)
.year' Va. Legis. Serv.
,page no., (West)

o Administrative compilation

I Virginia Aclministrative (i)de (West) ,tit.

no.> VA. ADMtN. CoDE
$ x-x-x (,year')

Administrative register
o Virginia Rcgister of Regtrlations (LexisNcxis) <vo[. no.> Va. Reg. Regs.
<Page no.> ('month day,

o Year))

o
o
United States Jurisdictions I
Washington (Wash.)
http://www.courts.wa.gov
o
http / / app.leg.wa. govlrcw
:

I
Supreme Court OVash.): Cit€ to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein.
r Pacifrc Reporter
) Washington Reports
1880-date
1889-date
P., P.zd, P.3d
Wash., Wash. zd
t
> !flashington Temitory Reports 1854-1888 Wash. Terr.

Court of Appeals (Wash. Ct. App.): Cite to P.zd or P.3d, if therein.

I
> Pacific Reporter
> Washington Appellate
1969-date
Reports 1969-date
P.zd, P.3d
Wash. App. a
Statutory cornpilations: Cite to WASH. Rev. Cooe, if therein.
> Revised Code of$fashington WAsH. REv. Coos $ x.x.x
I
> West's Revised Code of rvashington Annotated
(,yearr)
WAsH. REV. CooE Arrir, 5
x.x.x (West <year>)
I
> Annotated Revised Code
Washington (rxisNexis)
of WAsH. REV. Cooe Arn.
x.x.x (LexisNexi5 <year>)
5
I
Session laws: Cite to Wash. Sess. Laws, if therein.
: Session laws of Washington ,year, Wash. Sess. Laws
o
> West's Washington Legislative Service
<page no.>
.year, Wash. Legis. 5erv.
,page no.' (West)
o
Administrative compilation
> rVashington
o
o
Administrative Code Wasr. Aomrru. Cooe $ x-x-x
0yearD

Administrative register
> rVashington State Register ,iss. no.> Wash. Reg. <page
no., (,month day, year,)
t
West Virginia (W. Va.) o
http //www. courtswv. gov
:

hnp ://www.legis. state.wv.us/wvcode,/code.cfm o

Supreme Court of Appeds (W. Va.): Cite to 5.E. or 5.E.zd, if therein.
F South Eastem Reporter 1886-date S.E., S.E.zd I
1864-date
I
> West Virginia Reports W. Va.

Statutory compilations: Cite to W. Vn. Coor, if therein.

> West

> Michie's
Virginia Code
Vest Virginia Code Annotated
(LexisNexis)
W. Va. Cooe $ x-x-x (year,)
W. Va. Cooe AHr. $ x-x-x
(LexisNexis ,year,)
I
> West's Annotated Code of West Virginia W. Ve. CooE Atttt. $ x-x-x
(West <year,) o
Session laws: Cite to W. Va. Acts. if therein
I
a
I Acts of the Legislature of Vest Virginir .yean W. Va. Acts ,page
no,>

t West Virginia
(LexisNexis)
<1'car> Advancc Legislative Servicc <year>-<PamPh. no.' W. Va.
Adv. Legis. Serv. ,page
no., (LexisNexis)

I West's West Virginia Legislative Service <year> W. Va. Legis. Serv.

<page no.>

o Administrative compilation
' West Virginia (lode of State Rules W. VA. CoDE R. 5 x-x-x

o
(,yearr)

Administrative regist€r

o West Virginia Register <vot. no.> W. Va. Reg. .page

'
no.> (<month day, year')

Wisconsin (Wis.)
O http :/,/www.wicoLlrts. gov

o http ://www. legis.wisconsin. gov/r'sl>,/stats.html

Public domain citation format: Wisconsin has adopted a public domain

o citation format for cases decided after December 31, 7999. The format is:
F- Glaeske v. Shaw, zoo3 Wl App 7r, z6r Wis. 2d 549,66tN.W.2d 72.

o * Glaeskev. Shaw, 2oo3 Wl App 7r,ll9,z6tWis. zd 549, 661

N.W.zd 72.

I For additional information, consult Wisconsin Supreme Court Rulc 80.

Supreme Court (Wis.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.zd, if thcrein.

lr.l-9-date
o s North western Repofter

'
" Pinney
Wisconsin Reports l85J-datc
Iti39-1u52
N.W., N.W.zd
Wis., Wis. zd
Pin.

o e Chandler
F Bumett
1819-1812
1tt42-184j
Chand.
Bur.

o u Burnett (bound with

laws for Dec. 1ti41)
session 1841 Bur.

o Court of Appeals (Wis. Ct. App.): Citc to N.W'zd, if thcrcin

u North Wcstern Reporter

= Wisconsin Reports
l97tt-date
l97u-clate
N.W.2d
Wis. zd

o Statutory compilations: Cite to Wts. Srnr., if therein

n Wisconsin Statutes Wts. SrAr. $ x.x (year,)

o h N0est's Wisconsin Statutes Annotated Wrs. Srar. Ar.rn. S x.x (West

<year>)

o Session laws: Cite to Wis.Sess. Laws, if therein

.Wisconsin Scssion Laws ,yean Wis. Sess. Laws

o F Vest's Wisconsin Lcgislative Service

<page no.>
,yeal Wis. Legis. Serv.
,page no.' (West)

o
 [.inited States Jurisdictions I
Administrative compilation
> ufisconsin Administrative Code Wrs. AonnlH. Cooe .agency t
abbreviation, g x-x
(,year)
I
Administrative register
r Wisconsin Administrative Register (iss. no.> Wis. Admin. Reg.
<Page no.) (,month day,
I
Year')
I
Wyoming (Wyo.)
http://www. courts. state.wy.us
http ://legisweb. state.wy. us/LSOVEB/wySrarutes. aspx
I
Public domain citation format: rVyoming has adopted a public domain
citation format for cases decided after December 31,2003. The format is:
I
)
)
CLC v. Wyoming, zoo4 WY

Wyoming, zoo4 WY 2,]i

z,8zP3d rz35 (Wyo. zoo4).
4,82P3d t235, rz36 (Wyo. zoo4).
I
o
CLC v.

For additional information, consult OrderAmending Citation Format (Aug. 19,

2OO5).

Supreme Court (!Vyo.): Cite to P., P.zd, or P.3d, if therein.

> Pacifc Reporter 1883-date P., P.zd, P.3d
I
> $fyoming Repofts

Statutory cornpilations: Cite to Wyo.

1870-1959
5rlr.
Wyo.

AHH.lpublished by LexisNexis),
I
if therein.
r Wyoming Statutes Annotated (LexisNexis) WYo. SrAT. x-x-x
I
t
Arirr,r. 5
(,year)
> West's Vyoming Statutes Annoarcd WYo. SrAT. AHw. $ x-x-x
(West.year)
Session laws: Cite to Vyo. Sess. Laws, if therein.
laws of t0fyoming
o
I
> Session <year> wyo. sess. Laws
<page no.>
> West's $fyoming l€gislative Service <year, Wyo. Legis. Serv.

Administrative compilation
(page no.> (West)
I
> Code of I7yoming Rules QrxisNexis) <tit. no.r-,ch. no.> Wyo.
CooeR.$x(LexisNexis o
I
<year>)

Administrative register

I
> Wyoming Govemment Register QrxisNexis) ,iss. no., Wyo. Gov't Reg.
<page no.) (LexisNexis
,month year)

I
o
a
t Tl.4 Other United States Jurisdictions

o American Samoa
http:,//www.asl>ar.org

o High Court of American Samoa (Am. Samoa):

Samoa zd, or Am. Samoa 3d.
Cite to Am. Samoa, Am.

t . American Samoa

Statutory compilation
Reports 19o0-date Am. Samoa, Am. Samoa zd,
Am. Samoa 3d

o . American Samoa Code Annotated AM. SAMoA Cooe Arun. 5 x

0Year')

o Administrative compilation
,. American Samoa Administrative Code A'\n.Samor Aot'ntH. Cooe $

o CanalZone (C.2.)
x (,year,)

o (now part of Panama)

o United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (E.D'
La.): This court has iurisdiction over litigation pending as ofApr. 1, 1982, in the
United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone. Cite to F' Supp.

o " Federal Supplement 1982-1983 F. Supp.

o United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone (D.C.Z.):
This coun ceased to exist on Mar. 31, 1982. Cite to F. 5upp.

' 1946-1982 F.5upp.

o
Federal Supplement

Statutory compilation

o " Panama Canal Code C.Z. Cooe tit. x, 5 x ('year')

(enacted as Canal Zone Code, Pub. L. No. 8l'8+5,764 Stat' t (t962), and

a reclesignated ancl continued pafiiarlly in force by the Panama Canal Act of

1979,Pub. L. No.96-7o, 5 llol0),93 Stat. 452,49r.

t Guam (Guam)
http :/,/guamsupremecourt. com

o Guam cases that cannot be located in paper form may be available at one of the
following locations:

o ' http://www.lurispacilic.com
' http://guamsupremecourt.com/supreme.html

o Supreme Court of Guam (Guam): Cite using the following pr.rblic domain
format:

o "* Adamsv. Duenas, 1998 Guam r5.

- Adams v. Duenas, 1998 Guam r5 fl z.

o
 tirrited States Ju risdirtions I
District Court of Guam (D. Guam): Cite to
Supp.3d, if therein.
F. Supp., F. Supp. zd, or F.
o
> Federal

>
Supplement

Guam Reports
l95l-date

r95r-r9ao
F. Supp., F. Supp. zd,
Supp. 3d
Guam
F.

I
Statutory compilation
> Guam Code Annotated <tit. no.> Guam Cooe At'tt. 5
I
Session laws
x (,yearr)
I
> Guam Session laws Guam Pub. L. ,law no.t
(,yearr)
I
Administrative compilation
(tit. no.> GUAM
I
I
> Adminisu?tive Rules & Regulations of the ADMTN. R. &
Govemment ofGuam REes. 5 x (,year,)

Navajo Nation
http ://www. navajocou rts. org> I
Supreme Court (Navaio), previously Court of Appeals (Navaio): Cite to
Navaio Rptr. I
> Navajo Reporter 1969-drte
District Court (Navajo D. Ct.): Cite to Navajo Rptr.
Navajo Rptr.
o
> Navajo Reporter 1969-date Navajo Rptr.
I
Statutory compilation
> Navajo Nation Code Annotated (West) Nevnjo Nnrror Cooe AHx. o
I
tit.x,$x(<year,)

Northern Mariana l"l;;d" (N:'M";. i:)

http ://www. cnmilaw. org

Public domain citation format: The Commonwealth of the Northem

I
Mariana Islands has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after
June 15, 1996. The format is: o
> Lifoifoi v. Lifoifoi-Alda n, tgg6 MP t4.

Suprerne Court (N. Mar. l.): Cite to N. Mar. l.

I
> Northem Mariana
Reporter
Islands 1989-date N. Mar. l.
o
District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands, Trial and Appellate
Divisions (D. N. Mar. l. and D. N. Mar. l. App. Div.), and Cornmonwealth
Superior Court (N. Mar. L Commw. Super. Ct.), previously Commonwealth
I
Trial Court (N. Mar. l. Commw. Trial Ct.): Cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. zd, or
F. Supp.3d, if therein. o
o
o
o b Federal

:= Northern
Supplement
Supplement

Islands
1979-cltte F.Supp., F. Supp. zd,
Supp. 3d
F.

I
N<rrthern Mariana Islands 1979-date N. Mar. l. Commw.
(lommonwealth Reporter

Statutory compilation
o * Northern Mariana Islands (lommonwcalth
(irde (LexisNexis)
,tit. no., N. Mnn. l. Cooe
x (year')
5

o Session laws
* Northern Mariana Islands Session Laws ,yean N. Mar. l. Pub.

o
L.
,law no,,

o Administrativ€ compilation
- Northern Mariana Islands Administrative
(irclc
.tit. no., N. Mnn. l. Aoltttt.
Cooe 5 x (,yearD

I Administrative register
<vo[. no.> N. Mar. l.

o ' Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth

Rcgister Reg.,page no., (,month
day, year,)

o Oklahoma Native Americans

o Tribal Courts, Courts of Indian Offenses (Appellate Division), Courts of

Indian Appeals, and Courts of Indian Offenses: Cite to Okla. Trib.
1979-dtte
I r ()klahoma Tribal (lourt
Reports
Okla. Trib.

o Puerto Rico (P.R.)

hnp://w-ww.ramajuclicial.pr (in Spanish)

o Public domain citation format: Pucrto Rico has adopted a public domain
citation format for cascs de cided after De cembcr 31, 1997 Tl-rc format is:

o + Spanish: Guzman Rosario v. Departamento de Hacienda, 98

TSPR ra8.

o u' English: Guzman Rosario v. Departamento de Hacienda,98

PRSC r+8.

o Supreme Court (P.R.): Cite to P.R. or P.R. Offic. Trans., if therein; otherwise
citc to P.R. Dec. or P.R. Sent.. in that order of Dreference.
1978
,

o " Puerto Rico Reports lri99- P.R.

, Official Translations ofthe 197|-date P.R. Offic. Trans.
()pinions of thc Supreme

o (irun of Puerto Ric<r

" l)ecisiones de Puerto Rico
" Sentencias del Tribunal
1899-date
1899-1902
P.R. Dec.
P.R.Sent.

O Supremo de Ptrcno Rict>

o
[,hitr{l $tat.cs Jurisdictitlns I
Circuit Court of Appeals (P.R. Cir.): Cite to T.C.A.
> Decisiones del Tribunal de 7995-date T.C,A.
I
Circuito de Apelaciones de
Puerto Rico
I
Statutory compilation
> Laws of Puerto Rico Annotated @exisNexis) P.R. Laws Ar.rt. tit. x, 5 x
(year)
I
> Leyes de Puerto Rico Anotadas @exisNexis) P.R. Leves At. tit. x, $ x
(,year,) I
Session laws
> Laws of Puefto Rico (year) P.R. Laws,page no.> I
> Leyes de Puerto Rico (LexisNexis) <year' P.R. Leyes,page no.'
I
Virgin Islands (V.I.)
http :,//www.visupremecourt. org I
All courts:
>
Cite to V.l.
Virgin Islands Reports l9l7-date v.t. I
Statutory compilation
t Virgin Islands Code 1962-date tit.
t
o
V.l. CoDE ANN.
Annotated (kxisNexis)
x, S x-x (year)

Session laws: Cite to V.l. Sess. Laws. if therein.

> Session Iaws of the Virgin Islands <year) V,l. Sess. Laws (page
no.)
I
> Virgin Islands Code Annotated Advance
kgislative Service @exisNexis)
<year,-< pamph.
Code Ann. Adv.
no.' V.l.
I
Legis, Serv. (page no.)
(LexisNexis)
I
I
Adrninistrative cornpilation
> Code of U.S. Virgin Islands Rules ,tit.
no,>-<ch. no., V.l, CoDE
(IrxisNexis) R. $ x-x (LexisNexis,year,)

Administrative register o
> Virgin Islands Govemment Register
(LexisNexis)
<iss. no., V.l. Gov't Reg.
<page no.) (LexisNexis
I
<month year)
o
I
o
I
I i ,,1,1 ;,,:,1' 1i"l l.,ijlr;:,"t!';, 1li,l..ir 1i!;.i, ,tr jlifrrjir i
i
ilrr
rli'i]

a T2 FORETGNJURTSDTCTTONS

o T2.l
(Civil l.rru )
Argentine Republic

o Cases

o (litation lirrmat: .court name' [.court abbreviation'] [,Engtish translation

of court name,l, .date in day/month/year format', ".6s5s name) / <type

t of case'," ,name of publication, [,abbreviation of publication>] (<year>-

.volume'-,page number') (.country abbreviation if not evident from
context, ).

o The partl namcs are scparatcd b)"'c.,' rvlrich refers to "contra," thc
transhtion of versus.'
Sllanish

o "* Corte Suprema de Justicia de [a Naci6n [CSIN][National Supreme

Court ofJustice]t,$lllzoor, "Frenquet, Adolfo c. Centro de Orto-

o feJerat
pedias / recurso extraordinario," La Ley [1.1.] (zoor-D-zz) (Arg.).

l".i"ai.ti""
o Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Naci6n (CSlN) (Nationd Snprctrtc (br.rrt
ofJnsticc: hillhest court on constituti(xr:rl lnd fccleral nrattcrs): (litc to Fallos,

o if tlrcrcin: othenvisc cite to 1.1., E.D., orJ.A.: Cimara Nacional de Casaci6n

Penal (C.N.C.P.) (Nationul (ilt- rt of Appcul on Criminal Nhtters: I-tigltcsl li'clcrll
court on criminal matters): (lite to 1.1., E.D.. or l.A.; Cimara Federal de

o Apelaciones (CFed.) (lctlcnrl courts ofxppeals) andJuzgado Federal (Juzg.

Fed.) (krwcr f'ederal courts): (lite to 1.L., E.D., or J.A., rppending thc specific
iurisdiction to thc court nlme lncl coun ltbbreviatirtn.

o . Falkrs rlc la CorteSuprcma 186 i-clate e.g., Fattos (t997 - 299 -t4z)

t
dc la Naci<in
clc.f ustici:r

' Rcvista.luridica Argct.ttiua- 19.16-clate e.g.. L.L. (t985-E-z9z)

l.1r Lcy
. El I)clccllr 9(r2-clate c.g.. E.D. (t972- 4z-934)

o
I

' Jurispruclencia Arllcl-rtiul I 9I tl-date es.l.A. (t96t-Yl-Zlz)

o Ordinary iurisdiction
Provincial courts: Corte de Justicia (CJ) ((lotrrt of.Justice:
pnx'ir-rcirl court in the provinces of (.atamarca (Cat.), Sllta (Sta.). uncl San
highest

o Juan (Sln.)), Corte Suprema de Justicia (CSl) (Supreme

(irurt ol .fttstice
highest provincial court in the provinces of Srnta lrc (SFe.) and'l'ucttm:in
:

(Tuc.)). Superior Tribunal de Justicia (STJ) (Superior Tribunal of .lustice:

O highest provincial court in the provinccs of Chrco (Cha.). Chubut (Cht.),
Corrientes (Ctes.), Entrc Rios (ERs.), Irormosa (For.), Juiuv (lui.), l.ir Pampr

o (LPa.), Misiones (Mis.), llio Negro (RNg.), San Luis (51s.), Smtiago clel Estero
(5go.). ancl Tierra clel I'uego (TFg.)), Suprema Corte de Justicia (SCJ)

a (Supre mc (lourt of .Justicc: highest provincirl court ill the provittccs of llucnos
Aires (BAs.) and llcr.rckrza (Mza.)), Tribunal Superior de Justicia (Trib.
Sup.) (Supcrkrr'Iribunltl of Justicc: Itighcst provir-rcill cotttl in thc provinccs

o of Crirclobrr (Cba.), La Rioia (LRi.), NcucFr6n (Nqn.). ancl Santa (lruz (SCz.)),
Foreign Jurisdictions: Argentirre Republic ol
Cirnan de Apelaciones en lo Civil y Comercial (CApel.CC) (provincial
courts of app€als in civil and commercial matters), Cimara de Apelaciones r1
en lo Penal (CApel. Penal) (provincial courts of appeals in criminal matters),
Cimara del Trabaio (CTrab.) (provincial courts of appeals in labor matters),
and Juzgado de Primera Instancia (1a Inst.) (provincial lower courts
I
of ordinary iurisdiction): Cite to 1.1., E.D., or J.A., adding the name of the
province or region when the report is local. I
Append the specific province to the court name and court abbreviation. Include
the sala (section or panel), if applicable, after the court and province name. I
> Civ. y Com. Mendoza, sala 4a, l4,l4lt98o, Rep. LL XL-r724, n. 50.

Courts with iurisdiction over the federal district of Buenos Aires: o

Cirnara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil de la Capital Federal
(CNCiv.) (National Court of Civil Appeals of the Federal Capital: court of I
appeals in civil matters, divided into sections A, B, C, etc.), Cfunara
de Apelaciones en lo Comercial de la Capitd Federal (CNCom.) (National
Court of Commercial Appeals of the Federal Capital: court of appeals in
Nacional

t
commercial matters, dMded into sections A, B, C, etc.), Cimara Nacional de
Apelaciones Especial Civil y Cometcial de la Capital Federal (CNEspecial
Civ. y Com.) (National Court of Special Civil and Commercial Appeals of the
I
Federal Capital: court of appeals in civil and commercial matters), Cirnata
Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Penal Econ6mico de la Capital Federal a
(CNPenal Econ6mico) (National Court of Economic Criminal Appeals of
the Federal Capital: court of appeals in economic criminal matters), Ciman
Nacional de Apelaciones del Trabajo de la Capital Federal (CNTrab.)
I
(National Court oflaborAppeals ofthe Federal Capital: court ofappeals in labor
matters), Cimara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Federal y Contencioso I
Administrativo de la Capital Federal (CNFed.) (National Court of Appeals
in Federal and Administrative Litigation of the Federal Capital: court of appeals
in administrative matters), andJuzgado Nacional de Primera Instancia (ra
I
Inst.) (ower courts of ordinary jurisdiction): Cite to 1.1., E.D., or J.A.
o
Constitution
> CoNst:ttucr6N NAcToNAL Corsr. Nrc. I
> Art. 4, Consrrrucr6r'r Necrotal [CoHsr. Nnc.] (Arg.).
I
Codes
> C6Drco Cn'r (Civil Code) C6o. Crv. o
(Commercial Code)

I
> C6orc,o oe CoMERcro C6o. Com.
> C6orco Prner (Criminal Code) C6o. Per.
' C6DIGo Pnocrsar Cnrr y ColrrncIel DE r.{ C6o. Pnoc. Crv. Y
NAcI6N (Civil and Commercial Procedure
Code)
> C6otc,o PRocEsAL PENer
or L{ NAcr6N
Coltl.

C6o. Pnoc. Psr,r.

o
(Criminal Procedure Code)
o
I
t Irlw"r'l:;rl .Irrl itr{lr { !lrt,rt: ,\l"t;r titi!rl{. ${('1}tii}ftr

o Include publication information for the version cited, if available:

+ C6orco PeHnr-[C6o. Peru.] [CntmtHeL CoDE] art. zz (Abetedo Perrot,

I Buenos Aires, rgZr) (Arg.).

Statutes and decrees

o Citation frrrmat: Law No. ,law number,, ,province abbreviation, if relevant,,
.promulgation date', [,volume number,] <reporter abbreviation,,fi rst

t page' (country abbreviation if not evident from context').

= Law No. 23o98, oct. r9, rq8q, [XLIV-D]A.D.L.A. 3zl3 @tc.).

t (;ite to onc of the following.

' BoLItriN ()HCIAL B.O.

o * Anells l)lt LECIST"{CIoN AR(iENTINA

= EL DEREcrro-LsctstN;ttiN ARGENTINA
A.D.L.A.
E.D.L.A.

o
. ANTJART() r)E LEGISIACI6N (fttusnnutxru<re A.L.l.A.
A(;ENt tNA)

o Periodicals
. Rsrrsr,rJunilrtcA LA LEY L. L.

o " JuRIspRr rr)EN(itA AR(iBNt lNA

r EL DERE(:tto
l.A.
E.D.

o lnternet sourc€s
http://wnry.boletinoficial.gob.ar (Official Gazette; paid subscription and

t free access to cuffent issue)

http://www.diarioiudicial,com.ar (legal portal with free subscription)

o http://www.boletinofi cial. gob. ar (paid subscription)

http://www.abeledoperrot.corn (paid subscription)

o http://www.infoius.gob.ar (database of the Ministry of Justice; free

subscription includes national, provincial, and municipal legislation, court

o decisions, and scholarly sources)

http://rqry.infoleg.gob.ar (Ministry of Economy Database of legislation in

I PDF format; free access)

http://www.diputados.gob.arlindex'html
access
(National Congress portal; frce
to legislation since 1983, Decrees of the Executive Power since 1993,

I and bills since 1862)

http://t ww.csin.gob.ar (database of the Supreme Court; free access to full

o text of Supreme Court decisions from 1994 to present; summaries of Supreme

Court decisions from 1863 to S€ptember 2012)

I http://www.iieditores.com.ar (Law Library Online; paid subscription with

daily updates; free newsletter)
http ://www. nyulawglobal. o r g/ glob alex/ ar gentina I htm#-Provincial-

o
.

Judicial-Power (free research guide to the Argentine Legal System written

in English)

o
 Foreign Juristlictions: Australia t
T2.2 Australia I
(Common Law)

Cases
t
Reported decisions
Citation format: <case name, in italics, (,year of publication, when
I
different from volume number,),volume number, <reporter
abbreviation,,first page,,,page(s) of specific material, if I
desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context').
Or: <case name, in italics> [.year of volume, if it constitutes volume
number'] ,part number, if applicable' ,reporter abbreviation, ,first page,,
I
.page(s) of specific material, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not
evident from context,). t
Only the name of the first plaintiff and first defendant should be cited. Where
there are multiple proceedings between the same parties, the number of the
decision, if included in the case name itself, should be indicated in square
t
brackets. For example:
> Mabo v Queenslond [No. z] (t992) r75 CLR r, 5 (Austt.).
I
Note that all case names are in italics, and the abbreviation "v" for "versus" is
not followed by a period. Case names may be abbreviated according to tables I
T6 and TlO but should also not include periods. For example:
> GA v Dep' t of Educ & Training [zoo+] NSWADT z (Austt.). o
Where the Commonwealth of Australia is aparty, retain only "Commonwealth"
as the party name. Where a state or territory is a party, omit ,,State of, or I
"Teritory of' and retain only the state or teffitory name as the party name
(for example, "Queensland" rarher than "State of eueensland,,). I?here an
Attorney-Gene ral is a patty, cite as "A-G." Where the Department of public t
Prosecutions is a party, cite as "DPP." Both "A-G" and "DPP" should be followed
by the relevant iurisdiction short abbreviation in parentheses. For example:
o
I
> Silbert v DPP (WA) Izoo+l HCA 9 (Austt.).

Jurisdiction short abbreviations are as follows: Commonwealth (Cth), New

South Wales (NSW), Victoria (Vic), South Australia (SA), Western
Australia (WA), Tasmania (Tas), Queensland (Qld), Northern Temitory
(NT1, and Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The Crown is abbreviated as I
"R" except as a respondent, when it is cited as either "The Queen,, or ,,The
King." For example:
>
I
Dickson v The Queen (zoto) z4t CLR 49r (Austl.).
In some reporters, the year actsas the volume number, so there is no separate
volume number and parentheses should not be placed around the year. When
I
the year is the volume number, the year is cited in square brackets. The volume
year should be cited even when it differs from the year of the decision. When I
more than one part is issued per volume, the part number is cited after the
volume number. For example:
>
o
Perini Corp v Commonwealth1196912 NSWLR 53o (Austt.).

I
o
o In somc instances, a reporter uses parlgraph rcfcrcnces or othcr indicia r:Lther
thar-r page numbers. In such instances, citc to thc subdivisiott refcrcnce rtsed

I l'rr,the repurtcr. For examplc:

. Hart v HerronlryS4lAust Torts Report fl1l 8o-zor (Austl.)'

o
'fhe bcst availablc rcport of a casc shortld bc citctl. Vhen availablc, an ofhcilrl
reporter should bc citcd. A gencrtlist reportcr is prcfcrretl to a subjcct spccific
reportcr. lVhcn inclucling morc than onc citatiotl. citc the official reporter lirst.

o Thc corrcct lbbrcviation firr a reporter will be inclucled in the front of thc
reportcrs. Official rcporters include thc Cttrnnumu,calth I'au Relxrrl.s (CLR).
the F'ecleral Court Reports (FCR), the Victoriurt R('P()rts (VR), rtnd thc Nea'

o South Wales Lau,Reltorts (NSWLR).

If relevant. thc court mrv bc citcd in ptrcnthescs sttbscqucnt to a citlttiott. For

o example
,
:

Aldrickv EM lnvs (QId) Pty Ltdl2oool2 Qd R f+6 (Court of Appeat)

I (Austt.).

I
Courts
High Court of Australia (the tirul court of lppeal rlith botlr original ltltl
appellate iuriscliction sincc l90l): Citc to CLR, if thcrein. An aventtc of lppcal

o to thc Privy Council (PC) was previously pcrmittecl, but limitetl il-r l96U ancl
abolishcd in 1975. All appcals fiom state and tcrritory cotlrts to tlte P(l wcrc
abolished in thc 1980s. Iror Privl Cortncil dccisions, cite to a rc1-rot'tcr listecl

o rrnrler table T2.42 \Jnited Kingdom. if the

Austr:rlirur reportef .
re in; othe rwise , citc to an olhcial

o Federal Court of Australia (cstablished in 197(r, sits in cach state and it.t
thc Australian (iapital 'l'erritorv and thc Northertr Tcrritory', rvitlt original
juriscliction and lppellatc juriscliction liom single iuclges of the Fctlcral (irttrt.

o dccisions (otlrer than familv law decisions) of the Fcdcrll (lirctrit (lotrrt, and
some clecisions of State and I'erriton, Sultrcme Cortrts): (litc to FCR, if thercin.

o Family Court of Australia (established in 19'5, with original ancl appcllatc

jurisdiction rcgurding famil.v and chilcl support disptltcrs (other than in Vcstcrt-t

t Australia); heurs mainh' complcx cascs and appells): (litc to Fam LR, if therein.

Federal Circuit Court of Australia (lormerll thc Federal Magistrates

o Court. which wus estublishect in 2000) (cstablishctl iu 201.1. sits in each

stxtc cnllitul and othcr maior regional centers and is the onll' fcderal cottrt
that rcgularl-v conducts regional circtlits; proviclcs an ltccessiblc alternative to

I litigxtion in thc F'ccleral (lourt of Atlstrltlia and Irlmilv Court of Attstralir' with
which it broadl-v sharcs jurisdiction): Cite to FCR, if therein.

o There are sevcrll luthorizccl f'ederal Iltw rcports in Austrllix, atlcl a nttnrber
of aclclitional subjeclspccific rcpol'ts that ma.v itlstl llc rtsetl. Sonre law sclrool
wchsites list various lltw rcports lnd their abbreviltions, including:

o . The Univcrsirv of Melbournc.

authorised-law-reports.
http://unimelb.libguides.com/

o . l'lre []niversitv

. l'hc I
of Adclaicle , http://t,try.adelaide.edu.au/libtary/abott/
lib r arie s / law / res e arch/cases.
nivcrsity of Westem Austrxlit, http://guides.is.uwa.edu' au/
I

case law.
Irnrcign Juri.srlicionsl Artstrill ia a
The following are malor Australian federal law reports (* indicates an authorized
reporter): I
>
>
Commonwealth law Reports'
Federal Court Reports*
l9O3-date CLR
1984-date FCR
1976-date Fam LR
I
o
) Family Law Reports*
l Australian Argus Law Reports 1960-1973 AALR
(previously the Argus law Reports
Oic) (1895-1959) (AlR) and continues
as Australian Law Reports (ALR))
) Australian Law Reports 1973-dare ALR
I
> F€deral Irw Reports
L Australian Law Journal Reports
1956-<lare
r927-d^te
FLR
ALJR I
l Administrative Law Decisions
> Australian Criminal Reports

> Commonwealth Arbitration Reports

1976-date
1979-<hte
1905-1994
ALD
A Crim R
I
I
CAR
> Commonwealth Public Service r92r-r984 CPSAR
Arbitration Reports
1974-1989
o
> Australian Company l-aw Reports ACLR
> Australian Corporations and Securities 1989-date ACSR
Reports
>

>
Australian Bankruptcy Cases
Intellectual Property Reports
1928-1964
1982-date
1981-date
ABC
IPR I
I
> Industrial Reports lR
> Australasian Tax Reports 1970-1990 ATR
> Australian Tax Reports l99o-date ATR
! Australian and New Zealtnd Income Tax
Reports
1940-1969
1969-date
AITR
I
I
> Australian Tax Cases ATC
r Commonwealth Taxation Board of r950-r9a6 CTBR (NS)
Review Decisions
1925-1937
o
> Decisions of the Income Tax Board of CTBR
Review, Commonwealth
> Decisions of the Board of Review, 1937-1950 CTBR
Commonwealth Taxation Board of
Review Decisions
I
Unreported decisions
When the court has adopted an unreported case, cite in medium neutral
format as: (case name, in italics, [,year'] ,unique court identifier) <case
o
number or reference assigned by the court; if none assigned, then court
n6ms' (date of judgment in day month year format') <page(s) of specific I
materia[, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
> SZQM v Minister for lmmigration and
zor:)
Citizenshiplzogl FCA S (rS o
o
January (Austt.).
otherwise, cite unreported decisions as: <case name, in italics' (Unreported,
<court name>, <name of judge,, date of iudgment in day month year
format,) ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (.country abbreviation
if not evident from context,). I
o i a:at'::ii: il:; '.:1ir 1i:r:r'.r l:."i

+ Browne v Dunne (Unreported, Supreme Court of Queensland,

O Btand J, 22luly 1999) z (Austt.).

I References to fudicial officers

Abbreviations are as f<rlkrws.

I = (lhiefJustice
r Acting Chief Justice
c,
ACJ

t,I
o
i Justice(s)
! Acting Justice AJ

" Judlte Judge

O ,

=
Justice(s) of Appeal
Magistfate
,A, JJA
Magistrate

a Master
e Master
' Presidcnt P

" Vicc-Presiclent VP

I Constitution

o The enacting legislation fcrr the Australian Constitution is thc Commonwealth

of Australia Act, rgoo (lmp), 63 & 54 Victoria,c. rz, S S (U.K.). Citation may
bc madc directly to the Australian (lonstittltion. For example

a
:

* Austrolian Constitution s 5t.

t Constitutions of Australian states should be cited

Statutes and regulations

as <lrdinary statutes

t (litation formirt fbr statutes: ,short title of the act, in itatics' <year of
passage, in italics, (,jurisdiction short abbreviation') 'subdivision, if
relevant> (.country abbreviation if not evident from contextD.

o (Statutes of the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory were
refcrred to as ordinances prior to self-government.)

o The short title of an act is found within the text of the act. When an act does
not have a short title, thc long title should be used. For example:

a w Trode Practices Act tgz4 (Cth) s z (Austt.).

Subclivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:

o . chapter(s)
. scction(s)
ch, chs

I
s, ss
* schedule(s) sch, schs
" part(s) pt, pts

o " division(s)
'subdivision(s)
div, divs
sub-div,
sub-divs

o u paragraph(s)

rWhcre multiple abbreviations and numbers are necded, no comma should bc

para, paras

a used bctween them (e .g., Pt III div 7\

o
 i:,i1\. l.,1tal I tiiii.{ t
Acts cited are pr€sumed to be as amended. Anending acts do not need to bc
cited unless the amending statute is being directly cited. Ref'erence to the year I
should be to the year the act wls originally passecl, not thc ycar of ame ndmcnt.

Citation format fbr delegated legislation (regulations, orders, etc.): (name of I

delegated legislation, in italics' <year of passage, in italics, (,iurisdiction
short abbreviation') .subdivision, if relevant, (country abbreviation if
not evident from context,). I
w Family Low Regulations ry84 Qth) reg zo$) (Austt.).
Pnrvisions within a rcgulation are simply rcfcrred to ls regulations. Subdivisions
o
with corresponding abbreviations include the folkrwing:
rcgulation(s) reg, regs
a
chapter(s)
ordcr
mle(s)
ch, chs
o
r, ll
a
sub-regulation(s) sub-reg,
suD-regs o
strb-rule(s)

(iitation format for bills: ,bitI name> (year of submission, (,jurisdiction

sub-r, sub-rr
o
short abbreviation,) .subdivision, if relevant> (,country abbreviation
if not evident from context,). Note that the titles of bills arc not italicized.
Provisions within a bill are usually ref'erred to as clauses (cl or cls) or schedules
I
(sch or schs). Provisions within

* Migration Amendment Bill zor3

a table or schedulc ma_v be rcf'errcd to as items.

(Cth) sch 1 item 9 (Austl.).

o
Copies of bills arc available fiorn thc relcvant parliament's website. For
cxample, (lommonwealth bills are available at http://wr.w.aph.gov.au/ a
Padiamentary Business/Bills_Legislation.
(;itation format
Memorandum,
for cxplanatory memoranda of bills: Explanatory
.bill name, <year of submission' (.lurisdiction short
o
abbreviation,) ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (country
abbreviation if not evident from context,). a
e' Explanatory Memorandum, Clean Energy Legistation (Carbon Tax
Repeat) Bit[ zor3 (Cth) z (Austt.). o
Citation lbrmat frrr parliamcntary dcbates (Hansard): .jurisdiction fu[[ name',
Parliamentory Debafes,, legislative chamber,,,date of debate in day month
(fu[[ name of
a
I
year format>, ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired'
speaker and position if appticable,) (country abbreviation if not evident
from context,).

= Commonwealth, Parliomentary Debates, House of Representa-

tives, z5 June zoo8, 5823 (Robert McCtettand, Attorney-Generat) o
o
(Austt.).

Oopies of parliamentary debates are availablc from thc relevant padiament's

website. F'or cxamplc, copics of Commonwcalth parliament dcbatcs arc
availablc at http ://www.aph. gov.au/parliamentary_business/hansard.
o
O
I
o Treaties
(litation firrmat for trcaties in the Austrtlian Trcaty Serics: .treaty name, in

I italics,, signed ,date of conclusion in day month year format,, [,year,]

ATS,reference number' (status and date, if appticable,),articte number,.

I r' Treaty on Judiciol Assistance in Civil ond Commercial Matters

Between Australia and the Republic of Korea, signed r7 September
1999, [zooo] ATS 5 (entered into force 16 lanuary 2ooo) art 9.

I Citation Guide

I 'l'hc most recent guicle to legal citation in Artstralia is the 2010 second ccliticxr
of the Australietrt Guitle to Lega! Cittrtintr,lvailable at http://www.law.
unimelb.edu.aw/ files/ dmfile /FinalOnlinePDF-20 1 2Reprint.pdf

o
.

Internet sources

I There arc scveral lice Internet sourccs for pdmitn legal materiltls.
(loml.aw is mlnagecl bl the Ofhce of Parliamentan Cottttscl irtlcl is itrtenclctl ttt

I provide low or no-c<lst access to the larv. (lolttllrv incluclcs Cot.t-tt.uonrvealth

primary legislation (and lr-rcillttry docttmcrtts) :tncl thc l:ctlcritl llcgistcr of
Lcgislative Instmments (F'RLI) (establishecl inJar-ruaq' 2(X)5 uncler the Legislativc

o Instrumcnts i\ct 2(X)3). (,ontlaw llso contains tll Cornmotrlvealth (iazcttc

Notices publisl-red since Jull' l, 2011; copics of (ieneral and Spccial Noticcs

t publishcd bctween October t, 20l2 rtnclJtrnc 10, 201J; and PDF versions of
Gxzettes publishcd bctweenJull' 1, 2(X)2 ancl Decenrber.ll, 2012. (lrtzettes itre
no longer printed.

a The PI)F vcrsiotts of all legislativc instrunrcnts itncl mlnv Acts ott (lomLaw
arc authoritativc. Authoritative text is stlmpccl \\'ith the clocttnlent's tttticlttc
identificr on cvcq' page ancl rclcvant rccorcls are markccl with one of two

o variations tlf a "tick" krgo. This logo clisph.vs a mall of Artstrlrlirr in bluc ovcrlaitl
with a rcd check mark. (irml-aw is rtccessiblc at http://tryw.comlaw.gov.au.

t Austlll, the Austrahsiun Legal lnfirflnation Institutc, is I joint flcilitl of thc

ljnivcrsity of 'l'echnology Svdney and tl-tc Ljniversit'l' of New South Wales.
Austl.II contains primary and scconclary nuterials, irlclutling (irmmonwcalth

o and state ancl tcrritory legisllttirxt lncl case lar'. i\r,rstlll is not an authoritltivc
source. It clocs not alwa,vs contain the rnost ttp-to-clittc legishtion, altl-rotrgh it

o usually contains thc most recent cases as well its <>ral argument transcrillts fi<lm
the High (lourt of Australil. AustLII is rrvnilable at http://wqrw.austlii.edu.au.

t All Australian strtes and territories publish their statutcs on thc Intcrnct'
indicatcd below. Not all clatabases are comprchensive.
http://vqrw.legislation.act.gov.au (Australian Cirpital 'l'e
as

rritory- Legislrttion

o Registcr)
http://wv.'w.padiament.nsw . gov.at / pr od/padment/nswbills.nsV
V3BillsHome (Ncw South \Walcs Bills lnd Exphnatory Notcs)
o http://r"wry.legislation.nsw.gov.au (Ncw Sotrth Wltlcs lcgisllttion)
(Quecnslancl

o
http://www.legislation.qld.gov.auloQPChome.htm
lcgislation and bills)
http://www.parliament. sa. gov. aullegislation/BillsMotions/SALT/

o Pages/default.aspx (Soutl-r Australia bills)

Foreign Jurisdictions: Australian $tates and Tcrritcries I
http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/index.aspx (South Austratia bills since
2005 and legislation) t
http ://www. parliament.tas. gov. aulbills,/billssearch.htm
Clasmania bills)
http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.aulindex.w3p (current Tasmania legislation)
I
http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au (Victoria legislation and bills)
http ://www. slp.wa. gov. au,/legislation /statutes.nsf/default.htunl
I
(Western Australia legislation and bills)
http://www.nt.gov.au/dcmAegislation/current.html (Northem Territory I
I
legislation)
http://www.nt .gov.au/ dcmAegislation /register.html (l.,lorthern
Territory bills)
http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf (Norfolk Island legislation and bills)
Some Australian courts also publish fudgments on the Int€met (sometimes via o
AustLII). Databases may not be comprehensive . For example:
http:/ /urww.iade.barnet.com.au/ (udgments and Decisions Enhanced
database)
I
http:/ /www.austlii.edu.aulau/cases/ 6h/HCA (High Court of Australia)
http://www.fedcourt.gov.au (Federal Court of Australia) I
http://wnrw.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au
South lflales)
(Supreme Court of New
I
I
http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au (Supreme Court of Victoria)
http://www.supremecourt.tas,gov.au (Supreme Court of Tasmania)

t
http://www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au (Supreme Court of Westem
Australia)
http://www.sclqld.org.au (Supreme Court of Queensland)
http://www.supremecourt.nt.gov.au (Supreme Court of the Northem
Teffitory)
http://www.courts,act.gov.au/supreme/ (Supreme Court of the
o
Australian Capital Territory since 2002)

Guides to online resources for Australian law are available at the following
I
website:
http://www, aph. gov. au,/About-Parliament/Parliarnentary-
Departments/Parliamentary_Libtary / Browse_by_Topic,/
o
Auslaw (Federal Parliament's Parliamentary Library)
Other legal materials, including various secondary sources, are available
a
from commercial publishers, including Thomson Reuters (includes Westlaw
Australia), CCH Australia, and LexisNexis Australia. I
T2,2.1 Australian States and Teritories t
Cases
Cite to a reporter below, in the following order of preference:
o
Australian Capital Territory
> Australian Capital Tenitory Law Reports 2008-date ACTLR
o
o
t l;nli'i11lr -!ttc i e{lt:t iirll}; .-1..iir*t l; rii,;n ir{;rlr" ", ,$1{(i. tr t i f,;i,r}r'ir':.

o b Australian Capital

New South Wales

Teffitory Reports r973-2008 ACTR

I " New South Wales [.aw Reports

:
.
New South Wales Reports
1970-date
1960-1970
NSWLR
NSWR
sR (Nsw)

o
Statc Rcports, Ncw South Wales 1901-r970
n New South Wales Law Reports 18ri0- l 900 LR (NSW)
New South Wales Supreme Court Reports, 1862-r876 NSWSCR (Eq)
'
o Equity
" New South Walcs Supreme Court Reports,
Law
1862-r879 NSWSCR (L)

o = New South Wales Supremc Court Reports,

New Series
1825- 1879 NSWSCR NS

I r Weekly Notes
r Industrial Arbitration Rcports, New South
Wales
1881- 1970
1902-l9l I
l9t2-1926
WN (NSW)
AR (NSW)

I " New
!
South lvales Industrial Gazette
1927-d^te
1 9I 2-date NSW lndus Gaz
LGR (NSW)

t
New South Wales Local Government Reports 191 1- 1956
* Land Appeal Court Cases 1890-1921 LACC
* Lancl:rnd Valuations Court Reports, New 1922-r970 NSW LVR
South Valcs

o ' New South Vales Workers' Compensation

Reports
1926- 19fi0 WCR (NSW)

o Northern Temitory
* Northem Territory Law Rcports I 99 1 -date NTLR

I l Northern Territory Reports

Queensland
r Queensland Reports
r979-r99r

I 958-date
NTR

QdR

o r Queensland
,
State Reports

Queensland LawJournal Reports

1902-1957
1881-1901
SR (Qd)
QLI

o " Queensland Law Reports by Ileor

. Queensland Supreme Court Reports
r Quecnsland Law]'er, Repofts
1876-r878
1ni9-
1973-date
1tt81
QLR (Beor)
QSCR
Qtd Lawyer Rep

o '. Queensland Justice of thc Peacc and Local

Authorities' Journal, Rcports
7907 -1972 QJP Rep

o r Queensland Land (;ourt Reports

" Crown Lands Law Report, Queensland Land
(lourt
1971-date
18i9- 1973
QLCR
CL (Q)

o South Australia
" South Australian Strte Reports 1927 -d^te SASR

o State Rcports S<-ruth Austmlir

n South Australian Law Reports
t92l-1950
r 865- ltt92
1899-l 92 I
SRSA
SALR

a i South Austrxlian Industrial Reports

Tasmania
!
I9I 6-date SAIR

Tas
Tasmanian Reports 979-date
O
1 R
p
Tasmanian State Reports l9/tl-1918 Tas SR
905- 1940 Tas

o
!- Tasmanian Law Rcports l LR
 I
Victoria
'Victorian Reports 1957-datc VR
o
! Victorian Law Rcports
r Victorian Law Rcports, Equit,y
1875-1956 VLR
1875-1881 VLR (E) a
' Victorian Lirw Rcports, Insolvencl', Probate
and Matrimonial (lauses
i Victorian Llw Repons, Iaw
187i-1881 VLR (l)
1875-1tlu1 VLR (L)
I
h Victorian Law Rcports, Mining
, Australian Jurist Reports Oictoria)
1875-188.i
Iu70-1u7.1
VLR (M)
A Jur Rep I
Western Australia
Western Australian Reports
West Australian Llw Reports
1960-datc
1898- r 958
WAR
WALR
t
State Rcports, Wcstcrn Australia 1979-d:rte SR (WA)
o
T2.3 Austria, Republic of
(Civil Lalv)
t
Cases
I
(litation format firr first citati<ln of decisions of courts of last resort: ,court
name, [,court abbreviation'][.English transtation of court name'] ,date of
decision,,,docket number', <volume number, if desired' (reporter name>
o
[,reporter abbreviation,] No. ,case number> (,country abbreviation if not
evident from context,),
a
?. Oberster Gerichtshof [OGH] [Supreme Court] Jan. 15, zoot, 4 Ob
3rt I ooi, 74 Erurscner ou NGEN DES 6srennercHrscH EN OBERSTEN o
e
GrnrcHrsHores rN ZrvrLsAcHeu ISZ] No. 5 (Austria).
Oberster Gerichtshof IOGH] [Supreme Court] Jan. 27, 2ot4, o
t6 Ok tt I g, https : / / www. ris. bka. gv.at / Do ku m e nte /,1 ust iz /
lR _zor 4o tz7_OG H oooz_or6oO Kooou_r3 ooooo_oo3 /
llR _zor 4otz7 _OG H oooz_or6oO Kooou_r3ooooo_oo3. htm l.
I
Citation of krwer court case to a spccial subiect collection of dccisions:
i' Landesgericht fi.ir Zivitrechtssachen ILGZ] Wien, Apr. z, zooz, 4z
o
R 382 I otz, 39 EH e- u N D FAM I Lr EN REcHTLTcH E ErrscH er ou r'r c Er'r
IEF-Sr-c] No. roz.649 (Austria). o
Citation formtt fbr cor.rrt decision in collection of dccisions in a pcriodical:
,court abbreviation,,,date of decision,,,docket number,, .name of
collection of decisions' [,abbreviation of cotlection of decisions']
I
,case number within coltection,, rn ,volume number' ,periodical name,
,first page,, ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (,year') (.country o
abbreviation if not evident from context,).
F OGH, Nov.26, 2oo2,7Obz68lozx, EvroEr{zelntt
in 58 oSre
DER REcHTSMTT- I
o
rE LETSCH E I DU r'rCe r.r I EVBr-] Zocf. I 53, n n ercH rscH E

luntsreru-Zerruruc z6o (zoo3) (Austria).

o
t
t Ordinary iurisdiction
Oberster Gerichtshof (OGH) (Suprenre (irurt): (lite to SZ lirr civil nrttters

o antl to 5St firr criminrl mattcrs, or to a pcriodictl. specill srtltiect rcporlcr.

or elcctronic sourcc: Oberlandesgericht (OLG) (higher rcgionrtl cortrt fi)r
appcals fionr a Llnclesgericht), Landesgericht (LG) (regionlrl trial cottrts ancl

I courts <>f appcals fionr a l3czirksgcricht), lr-rtl Bezirksgericht (BG) (locrrl tli:rl
courts): (litc to lnv itvailablc sortrce, nltnring thc cotlrt's locatiou (e.g.. OLG
Wien or LG Satzburgl. In Wicn untl (ifitz, the Lantlesgcricltt is split irlto lt cotlrt

o tirr civil matters (LGZ) (c.g., LGZ Wien) lntl onc firr crinitltl cases (LGSt).
' Il\Ts(.ngu)r Nct,N l)t-rs ()s'r'r,rtRtttcttts(.ttEx 19l9-19J8 SZ

I ,
()BljRS'lt\ (irtur.tLtsttort,s tl Ztttt.:.tt.tlt,\
Ihls<:rtt:lotrlt<;llN r)Its
(;rRt(.rrr.Str()I,;s lN
()tltittslliN
SrgAt,sActljN
l()t(r-d:tte
l92l-l9.ltt
l9 i()-dlrtc
SSr

o Special iurisdiction

o Arbeits-und Sozialgericht (ASG) (tritl court fi)r labor aucl sociul insufiurcc
matters): Citc to AneRSLG fi>r hbor nritttcrs. and SVSrc f<rr sociltl itrstlrancc
mattcrs. if thcrein; Handelsgericht (HG) (triil cotrrt ancl cottrt of rtppcals lirr

o commcrcial matters): (lite to HS, if thcrcin; Kartellobergericht (OGH as

KOG) (clivision of Suprcnte (.ottrt firr antitrtlst nlatters) lrncl Kartellgericht

t (KartG) (trill cuurt firr alttitrgst mttters): Cite to the sotlrcc wherc t|c dccisigu
is rcprintecl.

t SAt'tNfl .t

I\ls(.lilIl)t
5( )ZlAl.\
rN(; ARlllirrstiliclLl
\(;t,\
t.lcllllll

lltslcHIltt N( isltF(.1 ITI-l(.1

jil.il)t rN(;tiN
Itl
l9l.l-(hte

l9l5-tl:rte
An e

SVSTG

o
ENt s(

HANI)t,t-sRt'( ;Ht t.t<.ttt, Ext s<.ut,tt>t \<'t,l |9J9-tltte HS

I Constitutional iurisdiction
Verfassungsgerichtshof (VfGH) ((i)nstittltiorlal Oorrrt): oitc to VrSlc. if
thcrein.

o llr{KI,\rr\rsst' I \D Ilt-.s(tttl.fssl,
VERt,,\ssl N(;s(;trtilcil l st t( )trhs
I)l,s l92l-l9lJ.
I 916-prcscllt
VrSlc

I r Verfassungsgerichtshof [VfGH] [ConstitutionaI Court], Oct. r5,

2OO4, ERKENNTNISSE UND BeSCHt-0SSe DES vERFASSUNGSGERICHTS-

o HoFEs [VFSLG] No.

Administrative jurisdiction
17339lzoo4 (Austria).

o Irt>rnlt for first citution of Atlmitristrativc (lottrt of .lusticc clecision: <court

name, [,court abbreviation'][, Engtish transtation of court name'] 'date of
decision,, ,docket number>, <votume number' (reporter name, [.reporter
o abbreviation,l (case number within cottection, (,country abbreviation if
not evident from context').

o = Verwaltungsgerichtshof [VwGH] [Administrative Court of Justice]

June 29, zooo, 96 I ot I to7 1, 55 Enreru rurru tsse u ND BEScHLUSSE

a DES VERWALTUNGSGERICTHSHOFES
[VwSLc] 15 444 A (Austria).
ADMINISTRATIVRECHTLICHER TEIL

o
i 1:ri1 r.l: , i1ltl'r!irr'1rii'rf rl'{!lrll o
r' Verwattu n gsgerichtshof [VwG H ] [Ad m inistrative Court of J ustice]
lan. 25, t98o, t753179, 35 EnrrnrurrrssE UND BescHlUssE oes
I
VrnwnlruHesGERrcHTsHoFEs FrNANzREcHrr-rcHrn TetL [VwSt-c]
54:.l F ltgSo (Austria). o
Verwaltungsgerichtshof (VwGH) (Administrative Court of Justice): Cite
to VwSt-c, distinguishing betwcen administrative and liscal decisions by the
letters A or F after the case number.
I
ERKINNTNTSSE r rND I][sclil.lissE
Ixs Vlnwe.l.TuN(isc[Rr(]l rfsr IoFls
1916-d^re VwSr-c
I
AonrNtstn,rlvnn<:rnr-t<;r ten Tsrr-
ERKFTNN'I NIssE t rNI) Btisct ILUSSE
r)ES VER'JrAI-I t rN(;scERIcl rrst IOtTES
1946-date VwSle
t
o
FrN,ruznncr rrr.r<;rrrn T'trr-

Electronic citations
citation format: ,court name, [,court abbreviation'] [,court name in
translation,l, <f,61s', <dock€t number,, .URL-tink to BKA/RlS, (,country I
I
abbreviation if not evident from context,).
. Verfassungsgerichtshof [VfGH] [Constitutional Court], Sept. 28,
zoo 4, Bzgz I o4, https: / /www.ris.bka. gv.ati Doku mente/Vfgh /
IFR_o99 59o7 z *o 4Boo2gz _z_or/J FR_o99
pdf (Austria).
5g 07 2 _o 4Boo2g2 _2 _ot.
a
Constitution
a
t
(litation format: .constitution name' [.constitution abbreviation']
ICorusrtrurtoll] .federal law gazette abbreviation' No., num ber,/.year'
,"as amended" or "as last amended by" and citation of amending [aw,
if pertinent,, .article number, if desired,, .paragraph, if desired,, ,[ink to
consolidated version in BKA/R15, if available, (,country abbreviation if
not evident from context').
o
,'' Buru ors-VrRFAssu NGscEserz IB-VG] [Corusrrrurroru] BGBr- No.
tlt93o, as last amended by Bundesverfassungsgesetz o
IBVG] BGBL I No. z/zoo8, art. t47,1l z, http://www.ris.bka.gv.atl
GeltendeFassun g.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnu
I
t
m mer=1oooo138 (Austria).

(lite fecleral statutes of constitutional rank and constitutional provisions in

f'cderal statutcs and treaties of international law according to the format for
these enactments.

"" Br rxot:s-VnnressuN(;sclisE
.
I'z B-VG I
i
Menschenrechtskonvention (European C(tlvention on
Human Rights)
st.ratsgrunclllesetz iiber die allgemcinen Rechte cler
MRK

SIGG
o
Codes
Staatsbiirger (fecleral bill of rights)
I
(litation format:,name of code' [,abbreviation of code,] [,Engtish
transtation of name of code'] .section, if desired',paragraph, if
O
o
a
o desired', ,link to consolidated version in BKA/RlS, if available, (,country
abbreviation if not evident from context').

I ' AlLcrturtrurs BURGERLTCHES GESETZBUcH [ABGB] [Crvlr- Coor] 5

84r, http: / /www.ris.bka.gv.at/GettendeFassun g.wxe?Abfrage= Bu
tooot622 (Austria).

I
nd esn o rm e n &G esetzes n u m m er =

Ar_r_(;tlN,tUNrjs Biln(;ERl.tcilrs (;r,sEtZril rcII (()vlt. (lol)ti) ABGB

FI Nr)r,r.s(;risrtfztlt IcH ((,()MN4lit{cIAl- (l()l)t1) HGB

o STr{Ar,(;Eslr'r'zBI rct t (PLN,u

S'I'RA.l,pROZltss()Rt>NttNt; (Ci<lt>tt
(i >tx)
of (lRIMlNAL Ptt<><:ntlt lttr)
SrGB
SrPO

I Ztvtt.pnoz|ss<tttt)NI jN(;

Statutes and regulations

(()\4t. PR(x.Et)tllili Sl A l til l) zPo

o (litarion format: .futI or short name' [,abbreviation, if it exists,] [,Engtish

translation of name'l ,date of promutgation (optional), .gazette of

I promulgation> [<gazette abbreviation'] No.,number'/'year', "'as

amended," if appticable', ,section, paragraph, or other subdivision, if
desired'. ,link to consolidated version in BKA/RlS, if available' (,country

a abbreviation if not evident from context,).

'
t
RecHrsnnwALrsoRDNuNG IRAO] [Acr oN ArroRNEYs] RetcHs-
GESETZBLATT [RGBr-] No. g61t868, as amended, 5 r fl z tetter D'
https: / /www.ris.bka. gv.at/Gettende Fassun g.wxe?Abfrage= Bunde

I ',
snormen &Gesetzesn um mer=70007673 (Austria).

SrnnrsonucKEREtGESErz l996lAcr on rsr Stnts PntHrtt.te Orrtce

I or

sno
799618u

rm e n
tt

https: / /www.ris.bka.
& Ge
oEse rs Erze

s etze snum m er=

IBG BL] No. t I t997, as amended,
Lnrr
gv.at/Geltende Fassun g.wxe?Abfrage= Bunde
7oo o 6 67 5 (Au st r i a).

o 'fhe date of enactmettt is not rcquircd. Tl-rc clate of promulllatiou also is not
rcquircd, unless it is pertincnt. Thc law or rcgulation bccomes cff'ectivc on thc
dirl'after promulgation in thc gazctte , rtnless otherwisc spccified

o (liter Bundesvcrfassungsgesetz (BVG) (fcderal statute of constittttional

rank), Bundesgcsetz (BG) (fedcral stittlrtc), or Vcrordnung (V) (regtrlation)

I to Btrntlesgesetzblatt (BGBI). (lite their prcdecessors, a l{cichsgesctz (RG)

or Clcsctz (G), to Reichgesetzblatt (RGBL) <x deutscbes Reichsgesetzblall

o (DRGBL), or a Staatsgcsctz (StG) or (lesetz (G) to St.talgesetzblotl (STGBL).

Since 1997, thc RLtnelesgesetzbltttt is publishecl in thrce pans: Tcil I (statutes)'

t Teil II (regulations), and'feil Ill (treatics). For 1940-1945, thc deutscbes

Reicbsgesetzblat, cotlsists of two plrts: Teil I (stirtutcs and regulations)
anrl Teil II (treatics). Since January l, 2001, tlle elcctronic version of tlrc

o Ilunclcsgesctzbtatt, whicll is avrilable at http://wv"ry.ris.bka.gv.atlBund, is

the tuthofitativc version. llsing the elcctfollic version of this sortrce docs t.tot
change thc format or the citatiul.

a BuNtxs<;rsritzBtafl I
Bt:xoesr;r,s[tzttt-ltt lI
1997-date
1997-tlatc
BGBI-
BGBL ll
|

I Rr Nr)Es(;tisBt zrlrAfi III

B( rNDEs(;ltsFirzllr.A rr
1997-dlte
t915-t996
BGBt-
BGBL
lll

I DEr',tsclIlts Rt,t<.tIst;t:st'tzgt.'rL'T I 1940-1915 oRGBt- |

Forcign J urisdictinns: rtrustriit o
> DEUTSCHEs RErcHscEsETzBlATr
> GrsErzsLerr FUR DAs
II
l,\ND OsrennetcH
r94o-r945
1938-1940
oRGBL ll
GgLO I
>

>
Busorscpserznu.T-r
StaatscEsetznLlt-r
r92o-r938
1918-1920
BGBI-
STGBI I
t
> REIcHScEsE TZBLATT r849-r9r9 RGBL

Periodicals
> Eltt>mqznler.t DER Rt<THTsMITTELENTScHEIDUN()EN IN
OstmnrrcHrscHE JtrFJsrENzErruNG
>JunrstscHr BrltTrER
EvBr-
I
o
JBr
> OsmnnrrcHrscut Junrsruru-Zrrrunc 6Jz
t OsrunnucHrscsrs Rrcut nm rVntscH,ut RoW
> OsrunnucHrscHrs B,lxr-Ancnrv
> OsrrnnncrilscgE BL|T'IER FUR GEWERBUCHEN fucHTsscuttrz uNo
0eR
0aL I
t
Unurnrnnrr;ut
> ECOLEX

Osrnnnntculs<;m Znnscsnrr, WrRTscHAFrsREcnr

ECOLEX
0zw
I
I
FUR

> DER GESELISCHAFTER GesRZ

> Ztn'scHrum' FUR VERvALTTJNG ZN

Legislative materials
Citation format: ,legislative body name, [,legislative body abbreviation,]
I
[,Engtish translation of name,] ,legislative period) [,legislative period
abbreviation'l,legislative period number>,materia[s name, [.materials I
abbreviation,l No. .document number>,,link
material, (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
>
to parliamentary

Nationalrat INR] [National CounciU Gesetzgebungsperiode IGP] z+

I
Beilage IBlS] No. 168o 446, http://www.parlament.gv.atlPAKT/
VHG/XXIV/l / l_or68o/index.shtmt (Austria). a
Internet sorrces o
The Austrian Bundeskanzleramt (Federal Chancellery) maintains Rechtsinforma-
tionssystem (BKA/RIS), a free electronic legal database available at http://www.
ris.bka.gv.at. BKA/RJS contains the federal statutory gazettebackto 1848 and t
links to earlier collections of laws as provided by the Austrian National Library.
BKA,/RIS also provides a consolidated version of federal laws as currently in effect,
texts of the decisions of the courts, legislation of the I;inder (states), some trarc
t
lations of federal laws, and some administrative directives and draft legislation.

The decisions of the Landesverwaltungsgerichte are available at o

Bundeskanzleramt Rechtsinformationssystem @KA/RIS), https://www.ris.bka.
gv.atlLvwg; the decisions of the Bundesverwaltungsgericht are available at
https://www.ris.bka.gv.atlBr.vrg; and the decisions of the Bundesfinanzgericht
o
are available at https://findok.bmf.gv.atlfindok?execution=e
a website of the Federal Ministry of Finance.
1s1&BFG_Suche=1,
t
t
o
I 't !;r r':lri:: , ;

a T2.3.1 Austrian Linder

I Cases
All courts are f'cderal courts, listccl above

t Constitutions
. L\NI)ltsVERFAsstiN(; LVG

o Citirrion formrr: LnruoesvenressuHc ILVG] [Srarr ConsrrrurroN],

,article number, if desired, (,name of state') .tink to BKA/RlS, if

t availabte, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context').

t" LANDESVERFASsUNG ILVG][SrnrE Corsrrrurron], art. 3 (Kiirnten),

I https: / /www.ris.bka. gv.at/Gettende Fassun g.wxe?Abfrage= LrK&G

esetzesn um mer=roooozoS (Austria).

o Statutes and regulations

(litc l Landcsverfassungsgesetz (LVG) (strte constitutional statutc),

o Landesgesctz (LG) (statc statute), or Verordnung (V) (administrative regulation)

to [.andesgesetzblatt (LGBL). Oite by numbcr/ycar.
zrlrAt'r' LGBt

o
LANr )tis(irisr-tf

t T2.4
(Civil Law)
Belgium, Kingdom of

o All f'ederal lnd regional statutcs and legislative matcrials have official vcrsions
in French (thc language in Wallonia) and l)utch (the languagc in Flanclers).
The same lpplies to thc case law of the two highest courts in Bclgium, thottgh

a dccisions of lower courts are issucd in one language <tnh'. Furthermore, thc
namcs of all Bclgiln courts exist in two languages. It is customarv in llelgian
legal publishing to cite to the vcrsion that is in thc same language that one is

o writing in, eithcr l)utch or Frcncl.r. I3elgian citation rtrles and customs diffcr
slightlv bctween the Frcnch- and Dutch-spcaking parts of the countn'.

I Cases
citation firmrat: ,court name' [,court abbreviation'] [,Engtish translation

o of court name'l ,city, if applicabte', ,chamber, if appticable' ,date of

decision, ,reporter or journaI name' [,reporter or journal abbreviation,]

o (year of publication,, <part number, if applicabte>, <case number, if

applicable', ,first page,, ,author of case note, if applicabte' (country
abbreviation if not evident from context,).

o r" Tribunal de Premi6re Instance [Civ.][Tribunal of First Instance]

Charleroi, 2e ch. Apr. g,2oo3, Revue oe Dnotr oe u Sanr€ [Rev.

I r'
dr.sant6l zoo3, 768 (Betg.).
Tribunal de Commerce [Comm.][Commerce Tribunat] Ostende, R6f,

t Oct. rz, 1987, Revue oe Dnort CotvtturnctaL Belcr IRDC] 1988, 268,
note Verougstraete (Betg.).

o
Foreign Juristlittions: Belgiunr t
> Hofvan Beroep IHvB] [Court ofAppeaU Antwerpen, Feb. 18, zoo3,
RecHrsruNote WEEKBLAD IRW] zoog, s84 (BelS.). I
Ordinary iurisdiction
Court of Cassation: Cour de Cassation (Cass.)/Hofvan Cassatie (Cass.): I
Cite to PAs., or to ARR.CASS., if therein; oth€rwise, cite to the official online
version, giving the date and docket number only, or cite to another Belgian o
I
law review.
> PAsrcRrsrE Brrcs (French) l79l-d?;te Pns.
> ARRESTEN vAN HET Hor V.tN CASSATIE 1937-date ARR.CASS.
(Dutch)

Prior to 2003, the Pasicrlsie was published in three parts: Part I, the Cour de I
Cassation decisions; Partll, a selection of courts of appeal cases; and Part III,
a selection of lower court cases. ln 2OO3, the publisher decided to maintain I
I
only Part I.

> Hof van Cassatie [Cass.] [Court of Cassation], Dec. 24,1993, ARR.
Cnss. 1993, nrZ (Betg.).
> Cour de Cassation [Cass.] [Court of Cassation], Oct. 3, 1985, Pns.
rg87, l, No. 64, 886 (Belg.). o
> Hof van Cassatie [Cass.] [Court of Cassation], Mar. r5, zoo7, AR
Fo5oo49N, http://www.cass.be (Belg.). o
Cours d'Appel (CA)/Hoven van Beroep (HvB) (Courts ofAppeal). There
of appeal: Anvers/Antwerpen and Gand/Gent in Flanders, Lieg€/
are five courts I
Luik and Mons8ergen in Wallonia, and Bruxelles in the bilingual capital region
Brussels.
I
Cour du Travail (Cour. Trav.)/Arbeidshof (Arbh.) (Labor Court: hears
appeals in social law matters).

Cour d'Assises (Cour. Ass.)/IIof van Assisen (Assisen) (Coun of Assizes:

t
court of original iurisdiction for very serious crimes; the only Belgian court
with a iury). I
Tribunaux de Premiire Instance/Rechtbanken van Eerste Aanleg
(tribunals of first instance: ordinary courts of original iurisdiction, either in
civil matters (Civ./Rb.); in commercial matters as Tribunaux de Commerce
t
(Comm.)/Rechtbanken van Koophandel (Kh.) (commerce tribunals);
in criminal matters as Tribunaux Correctionels (Corr,)/Correctionele o
Rechtbanken (Corr.) (criminal tribunals); or in social iustice matters as
Tribunaux du Travail Gri b. Trav.)/Arbeidsrechtbanken (Arbrb.) (labor
tribunals)).
I
Tribunaux desJuges de Paix 0.P.)/Vredegerechten (Vred.) (Justices ofthe
Peace : hear civil and commercial low-value claims).
o
Tribunaux de Police (Pol.)/Politierechtbanken (Pol.) (Police Courts:
with minor offenses).
deal
I
Journals
Belgian law reviews are either in French, in Dutch, or bilingual. Most journals
o
publish case law, and they are the main source for lower courts' case law. All
o
a iir::il,

o types of cases are reported in thesc journals, and thcre is no preferred citation.
Several iournals and their abbreviations follow. For a full list of abbrcviations,
http://www.law.kuleuven .be/rechtsaf /
o
see .

+
JouRNAr- oes TmsuNeux 1882-date jT
. Crur'tqtrr DEJtJRIspRIrDENc[ BELGE 1947-dare
o
RE\.IJE RCJB

" NrEtrv Jumnrs<Lr Wuernra.D 2002-.J^te NJW

s AI-GEMEEN JuRtDIs<:tt TtJDs<:Hnn-I 1994-2002 A'T

o - RwUr

'
r)EJuRrspRUlxN(;E Ds
BRTJXII,I,ES

JLrRrsPRtrr)ENcE D[ LticE
Lrict, MoNs 1987-date
1888-1987
ILMB

JL

O *
.
RTCHTSPRAAK ANTVERpEN BRUssrt. GENT

TrJos<:Hntrr v<ton IJrtc;ts<:tt HeNorlsnr<:trt-

2003-date
1968-date
RABG
TBH-RDC

I '
Rr\.r;n DE

RE\.riE GENERAT.
Dnort (irtrturn<rAl
l)[ I)Rorr
Ttlosr;tnrn"l vooR IlRrcts<:n
BBLcE
Cn'rt. l]Rt-<;r-
BtiRCERLIIK
1987-d^te TBBR-RGDC

I RE(rrr

Administrative iurisdiction

o Citation format for highest administrative court: (court name, [,court

abbreviation,] [.Engtish translation of court name>] ,date of decision,,
(names of parties,, <case number>, <reporter name or website, [,reporter

o abbreviation,l, <year of publication,, (page, (<country abbreviation if not

evident from context').

t Conseil d'ftat (CE)/naad van State (RvS) (Council of State): Cite to RACE
or Arr.RvS fur cases decided prior to lL)94; cite to the official publicatkrn

t on the website of the Council for cases decided 'tfter 1994, using the date ,
names of parties, and docket number. The Council of State is the highest
administrative court in Belgium and seryes as a court of first instance for iudicial

o review of administrative acts and as a court of appeal for various administrative

commissions.

o " REc(IltrL Dls ARREIs r)rj C()NSEIt- l)'ETA]'

(French)
1948-1991 RACE

t tx Rr,tr 1948-1994
p VRR7.\NIELIN(; v,rN Annsstnr veN Arr.RvS
vAN STA'Ir (l)utch)

= Conseil d'Etat [CE] [Councit of State] June 3, r975,Beeckman,

o No. r7.o55, REcuet DEs ARRCTs DU CoNSEIL o'Ernr IRACE], r975

(Belg.).

a e" Raad van State IRvS] [Councit of State] Nov. 4, 1985, Vtaamse
Gemeenschap, No. z5.797,VEnzamrLtHc vAN ARRESTEN vAN DE

t r'
Rnno vnr Srare [Arr.RvS], rgSf (BetS.).

Conseil d'Etat[CE][Councit of State] Nov. 25, 2oo4, Ingrosso, No.

t37.642, http: / /www.conseildetat.be (BelS.).

I Constitutional f urisdiction

t Citation format: ,court name' [,court abbreviation,] [,English translation

of court name,] ,case number,, (date of decision,, ,reporter name'
[,reporter abbreviation'][,Engtish translation of reporter name,], ,date of
publication', ,page' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).

o
l oreign J urisdictions: Rel giuttr I
Cour Constitutionnelle (CC)/Grondwettelifk Hof (GwH) (Constitutional
Court (Cour d'arbitrage/Arbitragehof prior to 200D): Cite to M.B. or 8.S., I
if therein; otherwise, cite to the court's website, giving the date and docket
number only.
t
} MoNITEIJR BErcE/BnrcrsCu STMTSBI-{D
(Official Gazette of Belgium, case
extracts only)
1845-2003
(print)
1997-date
M.B./8.S.

t
t
(online)
> Rrcunn DEs ARRtTs or r-l Coun 1985-drte ACC/Arr.GwH
CoNs'nrti'noNNEIE/ARRESTEN
GnoNnwttruJr Hor (complete official
versions of cases)
> Cour Constitutionnette ICC] [ConstitutionalCourt] decision no
o
t44lzoo8, Oct. 3o, 2oo8, MoNTTEUR BELGE IMB] [Officiat Gazette of
Belgiuml, Nov. zo, 2oo8, 61,692 (Belg.). o
> Grondwettelijk Hof IGwH][Constitutionat Court] decision no
n3 | 2oo7, luly 26, zoo7, http: | | www. grondwettetii khof.be (Be lS.).
I
Constitution
} I-A CONSTITTITION COIST. I
Citation format: (year) Corusr. <article, (,country abbreviation
evident from context,).
if not
I
The original 1831 constitution was amended on numerous occasions. The most
recent version was published in 1994. If desired, cite by date: I
Codes
> t994 CoHsr. art. r (Betg.).
I
Ciration format: ,code name, l.code abbreviation,] (article> (.country
abbreviation if not evident from context,). I
> CooE Crvrr- [C.Crv.]
> CODE Cnll/BuncsRrrJx WE-rBoex
art.235 (BelS.).
C.Ctv./BW o
> Coos DE Coulrrn<;o/ktnoEK vAN KoopnalrDEr
> CoDE D'INSTRUc'r'roN CTMTNELr-E/WETBOEK vAN
StnervomrnrNc
C.Corvrrvr./WKn
C.l.Cn./Sv. I
> CoDE JuDrcrArna/GrmcurEr-rJr
> CoDE PENAT"/STRAFVETBoEK
Wrrsorr C.Juo./Gen.W.
C.PEn./Sw. o
Statutes and decrees
Citation format: <statute or decree name, [.English translation of statute or
o
decree namer] of .date of enactment', ,"MoNlrEUR Belce" or "BELGtscH
Sralrsglro", [,"M.B." or "B.S.",] [Officiat Gazette of Belgium], .date of o
publication,, ,edition if applicable,, ,first page, if not citing the online
version> (country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
I
> Loi relative
IProduct
i
[a responsabitit6 du fait des produits d6fectueux
LiabitityAct] of Feb. 25, r99r, Morurreun Belee [M.B.]
[Official Gazette of Belgium], Mar.22, t99t,5884.
t
I
I i 1,t'1 {i;il.il;, r:riir i;1:r:ih. l;i ij-'.iiir,:

I u- Wet houdende diverse bepalingen ILaw Concerning Diverse

Dispositionsl of Dec.z7,2006, BELGTscH Srnnrseuo IB.S.]
[Official Gazette of Betgium], Dec. 28, 2006,3d ed., http://www.
o staatsblad.be.
rn45-2oo.l M.B./8.5.

I " MoNrr'rl rR Brx;l/Bgt.< ; tst ;r t ST,\AI sBLAI)

(0fficial Gazette of Bctgium) (print)
1997-date
(online)

o ! Ilul-r-EtrN ()r,lrr;rEr- l)l]s L()ts ur AnRfi|]s

R()YAtrx l)E BEl.(;relrI
178u-ltt45 Butt.Off.

a Treaties and conventions

Citation format: ,name of law ratifying the treaty, [,Engtish translation

o of law name,] of ,date of [aw,,,"Montteun Btlce" or "BelctscH

SranrseLaD", [,"M.B." or "8.S.",] [Official Gazette of Betgium], .date

a of publication,, ,first page, (,country abbreviation if not evident from

context').
e i
o
Loi portant assentiment [a Convention de Budapest retative
au contrat de transport de merchandises en navigation int6ri-
i
eure (CMNI), faite Budapest le 22 juin zoor ILaw Ratifying the

o Budapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods

by lntand Waterway (CMNI), Done at Budapest on June zz, zootl
of June 29, zoo8, MoHtreuR BELGE IM.8.][Officiat Gazette of

o Belgiuml, Oct. 10, zoo8,54,229.

I Internet sources
http://www.belgiumlex.be (acccss to the constittlti(x-I, cocles, official
gazette, consolidated legislation, court dccisions, and othcr official

o publications)
http://wwv.iust.fgov.be (Ministry of Justice)

o http://w*ry.lachambre.be (House of Representatives, providing

recent legislirti(n)
acccss to

I http:,/www.senaat.be (the Federal

lcgislation)
Senate, providing acccss to rccent

o http://wvw.vlaamspadement.be (Flemish Parlirmcnt)

http:,7w"sry.parlement-wallon.be (Vdloon Parliamcnt)

t http://wrv,pcf.be (French Community Parliantent)

http:/,/tr*ry.padbruparl.irisnet.be (llrussels Parliament)

I http://u"ww.furidat.be (thc Judicial Powcr, providing

database of case law)
a free searchablc

t http://www.councilofstate.be (Council of
database of its iudgnrents)

http://wwry.constitutionalcourt.be (Constittrtional Court, provicling

State, providing access to a

I access to a database of its judgments)

http://r.wry.ejustice.just.fg ov.be/ cgi/ w elcome.pl (olIicial Gazcttc,

o provicling acccss to back issues (2002-datc))

Foreign J lrrisd.ictions: llraeil o
http://www.eiustice.iust.fgov.be4oi4oi.htm (consolidated legislation,
providing access to federal and regional materials) I
http://www.fisconet.fgov.be (federal tax legislation)
http://wallex.wallonie.be Cfly'alloon legislation)
o
http://www.gallilex.be (French Community legislation)
http://www.codex,vlaanderen.be (Flemish legislation) I
Most important commercial databases including books and joumals:
http://www.iura.be (books and loumals from Kluwer publisher) o
http://www.furisquare.be (books
Anthemis and other publishers)
and ioumals from Intersentia, die Keure,
o
http://www.stradalex.com @ooks and joumals from Larcier publisher)
I
T2.5 Btazil,
(Civil Law)
Federative Republic of
I
Cases
Citation format: .court abbreviation'-,chamber/region number,, .docket
I
number,, Relator: <relator name), .judgment date in day.month.year
format,, <volume number,, <reporter name> [<reporter abbreviation,], o
,publication date in day.month.year format,, ,first page,, ,page(s) of
specific materia[, if desired, (country abbreviation if not evident from o
> TRF-2, Ap. Crim. No. r99o.5r.or.043265-8, Relator: Des. Fernando
I
t
Marques, L4.!r.2oo8,232, DrARro oa Jusrt$ [D.J.], z8.u.zoo8, r3
(Braz.).
> T.,.M.G., Ap. Civ. No. r.ooz4.o8.r5853o-9/oor Belo Horizonte,
Relator: Des. Fernando Caldeira Brant,z6.tt.zoo8, 136, Di6rio do
J ud ici6rio Eletrdn ico I D.J.e.], og.t2.zoo8, t47
(Braz.). o
Official gazettes
> DLiRro
s.T.F.)
Orrcnr o,r Ur.leo (federal laws and cases from D.O.U. I
> DrARro oeJusrq.r (righer court cases)
> Dr,iRro OFrcrAL Dos Esreoos (state laws and cases)
D.J.
D.O.E.
O
> e.g., Rio deJaneiro
> e.g., Slo Paulo
D.O.E.R.J.
D.O.E.S.P. l
I
> e.g., Minas Gerais D.O.E.M.G.

Higher courts
Supremo Tribunal Federal (5.T. F.) (highest coun of appeals on constitutional
matters): Cite to R.T.J., R.S.T.F., or S.T.F.J., if therein.

19t7-d^te
I
a
> Rrttstl Tnrurstner nr JunrsenuD€NclA e.g., R.T.l.
5O/ 1O1
> RrvtsrA oo Supneuo TnrsuNAL Frorner 1914-1956 R.S.T.F.

a
I tJq:.'i1tr,!l: lrtl!: I i:'rl"-: l1r;lr!!

o h SripREMo TnrnttN.Lt Fronnat.Juntsrntll)ENcll

(available at http://w.ww.stf.jus.br)
S.T,F.|.

o Superior Tribunal de Justiga (S.T.J.) Gighest court of appeals on all non-

constitutional mattcrs): Cite to R.S.T.l., S.T.J.l., or R.T., if therein.
, lo Itrsrl(tA 1989-datc
o
R[vrsrA Srn'Entott TntsuN'\t- l)F] R.S.T.|.
* SrrpsRr()R TruRrrNe.l Dri JIISTIQA s'T'J'J'
jRISPRrjDliNclA
Jt

o "
(available at http://wwv.stj.jus.br)
RIVISI'A nr>s Tttu]uNAls 1912-clxe R.T.

o Tribunal Superior do Trabalho (T.S,T.) (highest court of appeals on labor

law): Cite to R.T.S.T. or T.S.T.|., if therein.

" Rrvrst.r oo Tnrrulln. Sttprnlon no Tn,ttte.uto 1946-date R.T.S.T.

o r TnrsuneL SupEtu()lt D() TRAItAr.tto

Jt TRISPRTJT)ENctA
T.S.T.'.

I (availablc at http://www.tst.jus.br)

Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (T.5. E.) (highest court of appcals on electoral

I law): Citc to T.S.E.J.. if the rcin.

p 'l'rr.rsurl,u SupriRroR Et.lrtott,LlJttnlst'ntrtriN<;lq. (available
http://www.tse. jus.br)
at T.S.E.J.

o Superior Tribunal Militar (S.T.M.) (highcst court of appeals on militar)'

law): (lite to S.T.M.l., if th(rcin.

o F SrlpEriroR TnllrN.,lr. Mmrln Jr;ntsrntrl)iiNctA (available

http ://wwry. stm.ius.br)
at 5.T.M.J.

I Federal coutts
Tribunal Regional Federal (TRF',region number>, e.g., TRF-r) (regional

o fedcral court of appeals on matters of federal intercst): Cite to R.T.R.F', if

therein.

o o Rr'.vrsre. lo'I'nlRtrN.q.L RE(iloNAL Ft,osnnL (regiclns vary)

Yara da Justiga Federal 0.F.) (federal district courts on mattcrs of fcderal
R.T.R.F.

t intcrest): Indicate number and city.

State courts

o Tribunais de Justiqa dos Estados O.l. ,state initials,,

Minas Gerais) (higher state coufis of appcals): Cite
e .9., T.J.M'G. for
to D.J..state initials' (e .9.,

I D.J.M.G. for Minas Gerais), if therein.

o ST.IL'n'sJlor<;rARy GAzETlu
; Rgvtst.r uos Tntgutl,Lls
(regions vary)
1912-date R.T.
c.g.. D.l.M.G.

o > ItNrs'rA FonrNsn 1904-date R.F.

a C"""tit"ti""
. (l()Nsttrt:tei() Ft:rxnhL C.F.

I s" CoNsrrurqAo Feoennl [C.F.][Cor.rsrrrurtoN] art. 3 (Braz.).

o
.F'oreign Jurisdictions : tsrazil t
c;i;;
> C6orco on Acu,rs C.ae
I
I
.

> C6orco Cnrl c.c.

> C6Drco Counncrer (Pt. I revoked, recodified in Civil C.Cotvt.

>
Code. 2002)
CdDrco ELETToML c.E.
I
I
> C6orco FLoRxsrAL C.rlon.
> C6Drco DE MNAS C.mrn.
> CoNsouoecAo oes Lrrs no Tn.nsAulo c.L.T.
> C6mco Pouer
> C6or<;o Pexlr Mnrten
c.P.
c.P.M. o
> C6nrco DE PRocEsso
> C6orc,o os PRocrsso PnNAr
Cn'L c.P.c.
c.P.P. I
hqnusrru,u c.P.t.

I
> C6orc,o DE PRopRTEDADE

> C6uco or Pnottqeo n Dnrrse Do CoNSUMIDoR c.D.c.

> C6uco TRTBUTARTo N.lcror.rAr c.T.N.
> C6orco Bmsrlrtno
> C6Drc,o DE PRocEsso
DE TELECoi\4uNrcAqoES

Prnat Mlrrren
c.B.T.
c.P.P.M. I
} C6DIGo
> C6uco
DE CAQA

BRAsTLETRo or ArnoN.(rntce
C.ce.
c.B.A. o
>

>
C6orco or TniNsrto Bnesnerno
Este,I.uto oe CnreNqe B no AoorrscBr,rte
c.T.B.
E.C.A. I
Statutes
I
I
> ESTATUTo DA ADvoc-{cIA E DA ORDEM Dos ADvocADos Do E.O.A.B.
Bnrsrl
> ESTATUTo oe Croeor E.Cro.
> EsrAT'uro

>
oe Cruerqe E

EsrAT!'ro or Drrrse oo ToncBoon

Do ADoLEScENTE E.C.A.
E.D.T. I
> ESTATUTo Do DESARMAMEI.TTo

> ESTATUTO Do ESTRANGEIRo

E.Des.
E.Esr.
t
t
> ESTATUTo Do IDoso E.lDs.
> Estenro ne Icueroeor Recnr E.l.Rnc.
> Estltuto no iNoro E.IND.
> Eretuto neJwrnruor

> EsrAT!'ro oos Mrrtanrs

E.luv.
E.Mtt-. t
Musrus

o
> EsrA'r'uro nos E.Mus.
> Es'rLrtiro NecroueL oe MtcnonupnrsA E DA EMpREsA DE E.M.EMP,
Pequeruo Ponrr
> ESTATUTo Dos RTFUGIADoS

> EsrAT'uro DA TERRA

E.Rera.
E.Trn. I
o
o
t
I Statutes and decrees
Citation format: <statute/decree number', de <date of promutgation in

o Portuguese,, ,official gazette name' [,official gazette uO5r"ulu1isn,] de

,date of publication in day.month.year format' (country abbreviation if
not evident from context,).

o Or: ,statute/decree number', de ,date of promulgation in Portuguese',

,reporter name' [,reporter abbreviation,],,volume number, (,number,,

I t. ,tomo number'): ,page(s)' de ,date of publication in day.month.year

format, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).

I Usc "t." to rcf'er to "tomo," which is Portuguesc for "volume."

Official g zettes

o " DrAnro Or,r<;rel u.q. tlrvrAo (available at

}rtl.p:/ /portaL in.gov.br) (fedcral laws)
1ti62-clate D.O.U.

I
- I)rAnr<> OFr(.rAr- <of state name> (state larvs, e.g.. D.O.E.R.J.
regions vary)

t
$' Decreto No. 6.626, de 3 de Novembro de zoo8, DrAnro Orrcrnl on
UnrAo ID.O.U.] de 4.n.zoo8 (Braz.).
{s" Decreto No. 4r.565, de z7 de Novembro de zoo8, DtAnto Ortctnl

o Do Rro DE Jarurrno ID.O.E.R.J.] de z8.n.zoo8 (Braz.).

Alternate sources

o Citation format: ,statute/decree number', de .date of promulgation in

Portuguese',,publication name, [,publication abbreviation'],,date of

I publication, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context').

Or: ,statute/decree number,, de ,date of promulgation in Portuguese',
.reporter abbreviation,,,vOlume number, (,nUmber,, t.,tomo number,):

o ,page(s),, ,date of pubtication in month year format,

abbreviation if not evident from context').
(,country

o e ILFJ,/tsiA LItx
b (l()LE(.Ao l)AS Ltits
Lex
Cot. Leis Rep.

I
Fed. Brasil

*' Lei No. 9.zt5,de zz de Dezembro de 1995,Cor. LErs REP. FED.

t87 Gz, t.r): S388, Dezembro r995 (Braz.).

o
BRAsrL,

Treaties and conv€ntions

I ' (.olcr,'lio tle Att.rs Inlernlcionais l92 t--1964 Co[. Atos

I nternacionais,
No. ,treaty

o number'

I
Ministry of Forcign Affairs:
http://www2,mre.gov.br/dai,/bilaterais.htm (intcrnttional bilateral agree.
mcnts b1, country)

I http:/ / www2.mre.gov.brldailquadros.htm (international bihterll

mcnts by topic and international multilateral agreements)
agrec-

o
Foreiglr J uri*dir:tinns: fl alrada I
Internet soufces
Presid6ncia da Repfblica
I
http://www4.planalto.gov.brflegislacao (Website of the Brazilian
Presidency that provides free acc€ss to the Constitution, laws, codes, statutes,
a
provisional measures, decrees, and historical legislation.)
Senado Federal I
http://egis.senado.gov.br/sicon/ (website of the Brazilian Federal Senate that
provides free access to laws and bills and is searchable by topic.)
I
a
Cimara dos Deputados
(Iris do Imp6rio):
Irnperial laws
http / / www 2.camara.leg.br /atividade-legi slativ aAe glslacao /
o
|

publicacoes,/doimperio (Website of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies that

provides free access to the laws in force in the country between 1808 and
1889.)

Republican Laws (tris de Repriblica) (until the year 2000): t

hW / wyw 2.canata.leg.bt /atividadeJegislativalegislacao/
publicacoes/republica (Website of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies that
provides free access to the laws in force in the county between 1890 and
t
2000.)

Legislation (Legislaqlo):
o
httpf /www2.carnan.leg.br/atividade-legislativaflegislacao
the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies that provides free access to laws and bills
(\0?ebsite of
o
and is searchable by topic.)

Previous Constitutions (Constituig6es Anteriores): t

http':/ / www 2.camara.leg.br / atividade-legi slativ a/legislacao /
Constituicoes-Brasileiras/anteriores.htrnl (Website of the Brazilian
Chamber of Deputies that provides free access to the previous Btazllnn
I
constitutions.)
I
T2.6 Canada
(Common Law and Civil Law (Qu6bec)) I
Cases I
Privy Council (P.C.) (criminal appeals until 1935, civil appeals until 1949):
T2,42UnrtedKingdom if therein; otherwise
Cite to reports listed undertable
cite to Olms.
I
l Great Britain priry council iudicial committee, decisions Olms.
relating to the British North American Act, 1867, and
o
the Canadian Constitution 1867 -19t4, arranged by
Richard A. Olmsted
I
Supreme Court of Canada (S.C.C.): Cite to S.C.R. if therein; otherwise cite
to D.L.R.
1876-date
I
o
> Canada: Supreme Court Reports 5.C.R.
t i r't r !;:: l:,:;
":,:-ilr
i i,::tt. l...tri..-:J:t

t Dominion Law Reports l9l2-date

Federal Court (Fed. Ct.) (formedy the Exchequer Court): Cite to F.C. or Ex.
D.L.R.

o C.R. if thereinl otherwise cite

" Federal Corrt Reports

to D.L.R.
1971-dlte F.C.

I ' Exchequer Court Repons 1875-1971

Tax Court of Canada (Can. Tax Ct.): Cite to C.T.C. or Tax A.B.C. if therein;
Ex. C.R.

o otherwise cite to D.T.C. or D,L.R.

P Canada Tax Cases 1985-date C.T.C.

o . Canada Tax Appeal Board Cascs

* I)ominion Tax Cases
1915-r972
1920-date
TaxA.B.C.
D.T.C.

o There are six main citation stylcs used by Canadian case reporters:

1) Reporters for which the year constitutes the volume number. The following

o reporters lit this description during the specilied year ranges:

" Supreme (lourt Reports 1923-1974 S.C.R.

I r97r-1973
* Federal Court Reports F.C.
i ()ntario Reports 193r-1962 0.R.

Citation formar: ,case name>, [,year of report>] ,abbreviation of report'

o ,first page, (country abbreviation' ,province abbreviation, if applicabte'

,court abbreviation, if appticable').

I *
+
Chase v. Campbe[1, [rg6z]5.C.R. +zs (Can.).

Rom6o Lafrance c. H6pitat St-Luc et Commission des affaires

I sociates, Irg8o]C.A. +gZ (Can. Que.).

Always include the province abbreviation for decisions of provincial courts.

o Only include the court abbreviation when it is not apparent from the rcporter.
When citing French translations of Canadian cases, the party names are

I
separatcd by "c.," which refers to "contre," the French translation of "versus."

2) Reporters that begin at volume one each year, and are thus organized by year
first, then volume number. The following reporters lit this description during

I the specified year ranges:

" Supr€me (louft Reports 1975-tlate S.C.R.

o b Fedefal Oourt Reports

b Federal Court Reports
1974-2003
2o04-d:nte
1963-1973
F.C.
F.C.R.

o " Ontario Reports 0.R.

N Dominion Law Reports 1923-1955 D.L.R.

I Omit the year of decision when it is the same as the reporter year:

Citation format: <case name>, [,reporter year>] <vo[ume number> <reporter

abbreviation',fi rst page, (country abbreviation,,province abbreviation,

I if applicabte, <court abbreviation, if applicabte').

F R. v. Morgentater, [1993] 3 S.C.R. +6f (Can.).

o + Brockville Hotel Co. v. Aga Heat (Can.) Ltd., Itgt++lz D.L.R. 698
(Can. Ont. C.A.).

o Includc the vear of decision when it is diffcrent fiom the reDorter vear:
 o
citatbn fixmat: <case name> ((year of decision'), [,reporter year'] 'volume
number,,reporter abbreviation,,first page' (,country abbreviation, o
,province abbreviation, if appticable, ,court abbreviation, if appticabte').
e Swiss Bank Corp. v. Air Can. (rq8z), [rg88] tF.C.7t (Can. C.A.). o
l) Reporters that are dividccl into series, and are thus organized by series lirst,
then volume numbcr. The folkrwing reporters lit this description during the I
I
spccilicd )'ear ranges:

" ()ntarir> Rcports (2d, .ld) 1971-datc O.R. zd, O.R.

3d
l)ominion Law Reports (2d, 3d, 4th) 1956-date D.L.R. zd,
D.L.R. 3d, o
t
D.L.R. 4th

Many other Canadian casc reporters lit this dcscription. In addition, some
Canadian and provincial ldministrative tribunal reporters sttch as I'abour
Arbitratktn Casc.s (L.A.C.) lit this description.

Ciration fbrmat: ,case name> (<year of decision,), <volume number>

I
,reporter abbreviation' <series>,first page' (,country abbreviation'
,province abbreviation, if appticable' ,court abbreviation, if appticabte,). o
Weberv. Ont. Hydro Gggz),g8 D.L.R.4th 3z (Can. Ont. C.A.).
*. DeTorzi Estate v. Read (zoo8), l8 E.T.R. 3d 3r8 (Can. Ont. Sup. I
o
ct. J.).
M Ferrelv. Ontario (Att'y Gen.) (tgg8),42 o.R. 3d 97 (Can. Ont. c.A.).
w Westfair Foods Ltd. v. U.F.C.W., Local r4oo (zoo8), r75 L.A.C. 4th r
(Can. Ont.).
t
4) Reportcrs that are organized by volume onl,v . The following rcporters fit this
description during the speciliecl year rxnges:

' Supremc C()urt Reports t876-r922 S.C.R.

I
" Albcna Repons
5 ()ntario Reports
1977 -d:tte
r882-1901
A.R.
0.R. o
| ()ntario Law Reports
F f)ominion Law Reports
r90l-
t%o/19J1
t9r2-1922
o.L.R.

D.L.R.
t
'
u
Saskatchcwan Ileports
Exchequcr Coun of(lanada Report
1979-date
1875-1922
Sask.
Ex. C.R.
R.
o
In addition, some Canadian ar-rd provincial administrative tribunal rcporters
such as the Ontario Securities Commission Bulletin (O.S.C. Bu[[.) and the o
Carutdian. Human Rigbts Reporter (C.H.R.R.) lit this description.

Citation fbrmat: .case name' (,year of decision,), ,volume number' o

I
<reporter abbreviation,,fi rst page' (,country abbreviation',province
abbreviation, if applicable' <court abbreviation, if applicable').
p R. v. Chehimi (1.Y.) (zooz), 4r9 A.R. l:6 (Can. Atta. Q.B).

n' R. v. Moolla (M.) (zoo8), 3ro Sask. R. 254 (Can. Sask. C.A.). o
o
n* Falconer v. The Queen (r88q), z Ex. C.R. 8z (Can.).
o
I F' Leamy v. The King bgt6), st+ 5.C.R. r43 (Can.).
* 5t. John (Re) (tgg8), zr O.S.C. Butt. 385r (Can. Ont. Sec. Com.).
I * Corren v. B.C. (Ministry of Educ.) (No. z) (zooS), SS C.H.R.R. D/26
(Can. B.C. H.R.T.).

a 5) Ncutral citltions.
Sincc l99it. nrany Canadiun cor-lrts and administrativc lribuuals haye

o adoptecl ncutral citations. 'l'hc ncutral citation is applicd to the casc prior to
clisseminltion ancl tl.rus ciurnot be changccl. A ner.rtlal citution is denotccl bv trvo
r.nain characteristics: the vcar of decisiorr witlxrut brackcts or parcnthescs. irnd

o the court abbreviation, not sepxrated by pcriods. Ncutrll citations are prefc'rrecl
over other citations. A ne utral citalion shoukl ltlwl1's be placcd bctirrc l parellcl

o case citlrtion.
(litation lirrmar: ,case name>, ,year of decision, .neutral citation court
abbreviation, .document number',,paratleI citation, if desired, (country

o abbreviation
a pplicable,).
if not evident from context' (province abbreviation, if

e * MacDonald v. Taubner, zoo6 ABQB r38 (Can.).

e R. v. Fuhrer, zooTABQB 58, 4t3A.R. l8S (Can.).

a :" R. v. Mann, zoo4 SCC 5z,lzoo4l3 S.C.R. sg (Can.).

@ L. v. Fraser-Cascade Sch. Dist. No. 78, 2oo4 BCHRT zl6 (Can.).

a I\rr furthcr infirrmation, see (lanacliin (litation (irmmission, Tlrc Preparation,

(litation and Distribution of Clnacliun l)ecisions, u'hich is available mhttpsz//

I lexum.com/cc c-ccr / pr epar ation/en.

6) (lasc citxtions to clectronic systcms.

I 'l'he two main clcctronic lcgal research systems fix (lanadl are Westluw Canadu
(WL) rnd Quicklaw (QL). Each systcm assigns its own citations to clecisiorrs that

o
it collccts. WL citations are normallr,dcnotetl by two rlain characteristics: thc
_vear of dccision without brackets
(x pltrcntlrcses, ancl the clectronic reportcr
name that includcs thc word 'Carswell.' QL citations arc norrnalll denotecl

o ll'thrce urain chlracteristics: the 1'ear of dccision in brackets, the clectronic

fcportcr irbbrcviation thirt includcs thc letter "l," ancl tl.rc documcnt number
precedecl by "No." A ncutral citation or a citation to r printed rcportcr is

o prefL'rred.

WL citation format: ,case name', <year of decision, <online reporter name>

I ,document number> (.country abbreviation,,province abbreviation, if

applicable' <court abbreviation, if appticabte') (WL).

o ,' Appte Computer Inc. v. Mackintosh Computers Ltd., 1987

CarswetlNat 675 (Can. F.T.C.D.) (WL).

I QL citrtion format: .case name), [<year ofdecision,] ,online reporter name,

No,,document number, (country abbreviation,,province abbreviation,
if appticable' ,court abbreviation, if applicabteD (QL).

o iVictorov v. Davison, [rg88l O..|. No. r9o (Can. Ont. H.C.J.) (QL).
(lanl.ll is a free collcction of (lanadiln cases. tribunal clccisions. and law. (lanl.ll

a provicles its orvn citation systefi, clenotccl bv tlrrcc mlin cltlractc|istics: thc
Forcign Jurisdictiuns: Citnrcla I
year of decision without brackets or parentheses, CanLII as the reporter name,
and the document number applied by CanLII.
I
CanUI citation format: ,case name>, (year of decision, CanLll .document
number) (,country abbreviation' <province abbreviation, if applicable, o
(court abbreviation, if applicable,).

> Doug Burns Excavation Contracting Ltd. v. Int'l Union of Operating I

Eng'rs, Local 721, L999 CanLll ro8r (Can. N'S. 5.C.).

Pinpoint citations I
Generally, it is appropriate to provide a pinpoint citation to a specific page in
the print€d reporter, especially for cases published prior to 2002. For SCC cases
published after 1996, and other cases published fiter 2OO2, provide a pinpoint
I
citation to the specific p ragr ph, if available. Pinciting to a paragraph is also
appropriate when referring to content from an online legal research service' I
> Chase v. Campbell, hg6zlS.C.R. 425,426 (Can.).
> Brown v. Lefebvre (zoo7),4r9 A.R. 347, para, z+ (Can. Alta' Q.B.). I
> Bank of N.S. v. Visentin, [rqg6] O.J. No. 4563, para.2 (Can. Ont.
Gen. Div.) (QL). I
> L. v. Fraser-Cascade Sch. Dist. No. 28, zoo4 BCH RT 276, para. 4
(Can.). o
Order of rqrorters
Neutral citations and citations to official and semiofficial reporters are preferred o
over all other citations. Dominion Lau Reports is the preferred unofficial
reporter. Printed reporters are preferred over electronic reporters.
I
Official reporters
> Canada Supreme
> Canada
Court Reports
law Reports: Supreme Court
1876-1922
of 1923-1969
S.C.R.
S.C.R.
I
Cxtada
> Canada Supreme Court Reports 797o-drte
r87t-r970
S.C.R. o
o
> Exchequer Court of Canada Report Ex. C.R.
> Canada Federal Court Reports 197r-2003 F.C.
2004-d^te F.C.R.
Case reporters from the provinces and temitories
*denotes a reporter that is published under the auspices of a law Society t
>
>
*Alberta Reports
*Alberta Law Reports
1976-date A.R.
1908-1932/1933 Atta. L.R. o
> Alberta law Reports (2d)

>Alberta lrw Reports (3d)

>Alberta Iaw Reports (4th)
1977-1992
1992-2002
2o02-date
Alta. L.R. zd
Alta. L.R. 3d o
I
Atta. L.R.4th
> *British Columbia Reports l%7-1947 B.C.R.
> British Columbia Iaw Reports 1977-1986 B.C.L.R.
) Brirish
> British
r British
columbia Irw Repofts (2d)
Columbia Law Reports (3d)
Columbia Iaw Reports (4th)
1986-1995
1995-2002
2o02-d^te
B.C.L.R. zd
B.C.L.R. ld o
o
B.C.L.R.4th
o
t ! Manitoba Law Reports
".Manitoba Reports
. Manitoba Reports (2d)
l88l-r961
1875- 1883 Man. L.R.
Man. R.

o
1979-date Man. R. zd
* Maritime Provinces Reports: Cases 1929-1968 M.P.R.
decided in the Supreme (lourts of Ncw

t Bmnswick, Newfoundlancl, Nova Scotia

and Prince Edward Island
" New Brunswick Repofts 1825-1929 N.B.R.

o '
*New Bmnswick Reports (2d)

" Newf<>undland Law Reports

*Newfoundland & Prince Edward Island
1969-date
7817 -1946
N.B.R. zd
Nfld. L.R.

o
o 197 l -date Nftd. &
Reports P.E.t.R.
' *Northwest Territories Reports 19ti3- 1998 N.W.T.R.

o ,.Nova Scotia Rcports

n *Nova Scotia Reports (2d)

78a4-1929
1()65-1969
1970-date
N.S,R.

N.5.R. zd

o ' ()ntario Appeals Reports

"
()ntario Appcal Cases
. *()ntario Law Reports
1876-1900
l9tt4-date
o.A.R.
o.A.c.

o n *Ontrrio Weekly Notes

, ()ntario Reports
1901-1931
7909-1962
18ft2- l90l
o.L.R.
o.w.N.
o.R.

I * *Ontario Rep(xts
- *Ontario Reports (2d)
19Jr-1973
r974-1991
o.R.
O.R. zd

I * *Onrario Reports (3d)

n *Recueils de jurispmdence du
Qtt€bec
(continues (1.A., C.S., C.P., C.S.P., TJ.)
1991 -clate
1986-date
O.R. 3d
R.J.Q.

o , *Recueils de
Cour d'appel
iurispmdencc du Qu€bcc:

- *Rapports jucliciaires officiels cle Qu€bec:

1970- l 985

1892-1969
c.A.

c.s.

o "
Cour supdrieure
*Recueils cle jurispruclence clu
Qu6bec:
r970- 1 985
1975- 1 985 L.t .

I Cour provinciale
o *Recueils de ltrrispruclencc du Qu6bec:
Cour tles Sessions dc la paix
r975-1985 c.s.P.

o "
*Recueils de jurisprudence du
Tribunal de la ieunesse
Quebec:

* *Rapports ludiciaires officicls cle Qu€bec:

r975-t98t

1892-1969
T.J.

B.R.

o Cour dr.r Banc dc la Reine/du Itoi

* *Recueils de jurispruclence du Qu€bcc:
Cr>ur du bicn-€trc socia
r975-198t c.B.E.S.

o r Qu6bec Appeals Oascs

, *Saskatchewan Law Rcports
1987 -1995

1907-1931
Q.A.C.
Sask. L.R.

o , Saskatchewan Reports
'
*Territorics Law Reports
*Yukon Reports
1980-date
Itt85-1907
1987- l9ft9
Sask.
Terr. L.R.
R.

I
Y. R.
"

Other commonly cited reporters

. Atlantic 1975-date
o Provinces Reports
' Dominion Law Reports
* Dominion Law Reports (2cl)
19r2-r9t5
1956-l96u
A.P.R.
D.L.R.
D.L.R.2d

o
 {;rr: lli;l o
' Dominion Law Repons (Jd)
F f)ominion Law Reports (4th)
1969-1984
l9tt4-date
D.L.R.3d
D.L.R.4th o
n Eastem Law Reporter
" Maritime Provinces Reports
e National Reporter
1906-1911
1929-1968
1974-dxe
E.L.R.
M.P.R.
I
I
N.R.
F \trestern Law Reporter 1905-1916 W.L.R.
r Western Weekly Reports 1911-date W.W.R.

Only some commonly citcd reporters are listed here. For a ftlll list of reporters
fbr Canada, see McGnt- L,twJot;nx.rt., C,tN,lnleN Gttltt ro Ulltrtxll Lr<;,tt- Ctt,nox o
app. ti (6th ed. 2006).

Constitutions
o
Canada's constitution consists of a series of Unitecl Kingdom cnactments
reprinted in the appendix to the Reuised Statutes of Cdn(tda (R.S.C.). Cite to
o
the U.K. statute followingtable T2.42 United Kingdom and, if desired, the
relcvant rcprint in the R.S.C. o
> Constitution Act,t867,3o

p
1985, app ll, no 5 (Can.).
rr
& 31 Vict., c a (U.K.), reprinted,n R.S.C.

(U.K.), reprinted in R.5.C. 1985, app ll, no 44

I
a
Canada Act, 1982, c
(Can.).

r. Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act, 1982,

r'
c u (U.K.).
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I ofthe Constitu-
o
tion Act, t982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act, :,982, c tl
(u.K.). o
Statutes
o
I
Consolidated statutes
Current consolidated fedcral statutes are available onlinc through the Justice
Laws Consolidated Acts collection: http://laws.justice.gc.caleng/acts.
Current consolidated Ontario statutes are available online through E-Laws:
http ://www. e-laws. gov. on. c a / nav igation?fi le=browseStatutes&reset=y I
es&menu=browse&lang=s1. Other provincial online consolidations may also
be available. Cite cuffent consolidated statutes using the citation provided. If thc
consolidated statute appcared in the last Reuision (R.S.C. 1985; RSO r99o;, t
and has not been repcaled, it will be cited to thc rcvision. If the consolidatccl
statute was enacted after the btst Reuision, it will be cited using the Session Law
citation (S.C., S.O.). (lite statutes appcaring in historical federal or provincial
o
Reuisions (alphabetical consolidation of acts in forcc) analogously to codilied
United States statutes (rule L2.3). Note that thc chapter numbers fbr federal
statutes in thc R.S.C. are labeled using a letter and a numbcr (L-2), and the
o
chapter numbcrs for C)ntario statutes in the R.S.O. are labeled using a lctter and
a number (P.3o). Inclividurl provinces may have similar variations.
o
s Canada LabourCode, R.S.C. t985,cL-2.
p Province of Ontario Savings Office Act, R.S.O. r99o, c. P.3o (Can.). o
o
a i',.1, t ,:r l, i i,i ir, rt I :r ',i: ,,,i1

o , Code of Civil Procedure, R.S.Q., c C-25 (Can.).

Alwll's provide thc country abbrcvirttion unlcss it is clcar from thc contcxt.

t Ahvals provide a proviuce al'rbreviation unlcss the provittce ol'origin is made

clelr in the title of the act of thc oublicrtion lbbreviation.

t Session laws
'lir citc
a statute rs cnrctecl, cite to the lnnual.t/a/ules of Cuttuclu. or provincial
statutcs to their xnnurl volnmcs (firr cxamplc, Stdlules of-Albarta,.\tttttrlcs ttf

o Qrldbac). in a manner similar to tlut usccl for I lnitccl Stltcs scssion lltws (rule
12.4):

t ,
,'
Antarctic EnvironmentaI Protection Act, S.C. 2ooj,c zo (Can.).
Civit Code of Qu6bec, S.Q. r99r, c 64, arI2 (Can.).

o Iror Qudbec codes, include ir pinpoint citution to the tnicle nurrbcr.

Wl'rcn citing an act appcaring in the current Rettisiotr lts u'ell ls thc act's

o subsetluent nmentlment, the name of the amcndment ncctl not l)c lliven:
. Freehotd Mineral Rights Tax Act, R.S.A. 2ooo, c F-26, amended by

I S.A. zoo6, c

Regulations
zr (Can. Alta.).

o (lurrcr.rt consoliduted federal regulations arc avuilable onlinc througll the

.lusticc l.nws (lonsoliclatccl l{cgLrlations collecti<xr: http:/,/www.laws-lois.

I justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations. (lurrcnt consolidatctl Ontario rcgulations

lure ar,uilable onlitrc thnrugh E-l.as,s: http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/. other
pror,irrcial online consolidations mxv also bc ttvailablc. Cite current consolithtecl

I rcgulutions using thc citutittn proviclecl. lf tl-tc consoliclatecl regtrlatiotr aplteitred

irr thc last print l{evision/(bnsolidatir>n (C.R.C. r978; R.R.O. r99o). antl
hls not beeu rcpcalcd, it will bc citccl to thc Rcvision/(lonsolidation. lf the

a consolidation regulation $Ixs enxcted:rfter thc last Rcvision, it will be citecl

tusing thc rergulation numbcr as rcgistcrccl (S.O.R.; O. Reg.).

I Fcclcrtl rcgulations, as rcgistcrc(l citatiort: (name), SOR/,year'-,number> or

Sl/,year'-,document number,.
'
o ,
Additionat Legislative Powers Designation Order, C.R.C., c rz35
(Can.).

I Passenger Information Regulations (Preclearance Act), SOR/zooz-

u+l (Can.).
I)rovincial reguhtions havc thcir own lirrm of citation:

o . Speed Limits, O. Reg. l8llo8 (Can.).

t
,. Nova Scotia Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Regulations, N.S. Reg.
8+ltg (Can.).
- Hatching Eggs Regutation, Alta. Reg. z8ol1997 (Can.).

I Statutory and regulatory compilations

o Federal
Revisccl Statulcs oi (,anada R.S.C.

I (lorrsolidatcd llcgulatious of (lanacla c.R.c.

Foreign Jurisdictions: Canada o
Provincial
> Revised Statutes of Alberta R.S.A. I
>

>
Revised Statutes of British Columbia
Revised Statutes of Manitoba
R.S.B.C.
R.S.M.
I
> Continuing Consolidation of the Statutes of Manitoba
> Revised Statutes of New Brunswick

> Revised Statutes of Newfoundland and Labrador

c.c.s.M.
R.S.N.B.
R.S.N.L.
t
> Consolidated New{oundland and labrador Regulations
> Revised Statutes of the Nonhwest Teffitories
c.N.L.R.
R.S.N.W.T. o
I
> Revised Regulations of the Northwest Territories R.R.N.W.T.
> Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia R.S.N.S.
> Revised Statutes of Ontario R.S.O.
> Revised Regulations of Ontario

Revised Statutes of Prince Edward Island

R.R.O.
R.5.P.E.r. I
Revised Regulations of Prince Edward Island
> Revised Statutes of Qu€bec

> Compilation of Qudbec laws and Regulations

R.R.P.E,I.
R.s.Q.
c.Q.L.R.
t
> Revised Regulations of Qu€bec
> Revised Statutes of Saskatchewan
R.R.Q.
R.S.S. I
o
> Revised Regulations of Saskatchewan R.R.S.
> Revised Statutes ofYukon R.S.Y.

Session laws and regulations

Federal
t
>
>

>
Statutes of Canada
Statutes of the Province of Canada
Canada Gazette
s.c.
S. Prov. C.
C. Gaz.
I
Provincial ;
>

>
Statutes of Alberta
Albefta Gazette
s.A.
A. Gaz. I
' Bfitish columbia statutes
> British Columbia Gazette

> Statutes of Manitoba

5.8.C.
B.C. Gaz.
s.M.
o
t Manitoba Gazette
> Statutes of New Brunswick
M. Gaz.
s.N.B. a
> The Royal Gazette New Brunswick

> Statutes of Newfoundland (before December 21,2OOl)

N.B. Gaz.
S. Nfld. I
t
> Newfoundland Gazette (before December 21, 2OOl') N. Gaz.
> Statutes of Ne*{oundland and Labrador (after s.N.L.
December 21,2OOl)
>

>
Newfoundland and labrador G^zette (after
21.2001)
Ordinances of the Northwest Teritories
December N.L. Gaz.

o.N.w.T.
o
> Statut€s of Nova Scotia
> The Royal Gazette Nova Scotia
s.N.s.
N.S. Gaz. a
> Statutes of Nunavut 5. Nu.

I
a r rt, il.r' :'li, ,{rr 1i',1,1 n /"il'

o '
F
Nunavut Gazette
Stntutcs of ()ntario
3 ()ntari() Oazette
Nu. Gaz.
5.O.

o
O. Gaz.
ts Statutcs of Qu€bcc s.Q.
1 (iazette ollicicllc clu Qudbcc G.O.Q.

a - Statutes of Saskatchewan
F

t
Sxskatchewan Gazettc
Statutes of Yukon
s.s.
S. Gaz.
5.Y.

o n Yukon ()azette Y. Gaz.

o Treaties
+ (lanacla Trcaty Series I 925-date <year> Can. T.S. No. (treaty number>

o Internet sources

t http://www.lo c.gov /law /help/ guide / nations/canada.html (Library of

Congrcss Guicle to Law Online : Canada)
http://www.llrx.com/features/ca.htm (law and techrlokrg-v resourccs for

o legal prof'cssionals)
http:/ /legakesearch.orgl (guide to Canadian legal rcsearch)

o T2.7 Catholic Church

o Codes before 1917: Cite by the ttirme of thc individual docuncnt or frai{ment,
as in thc examples bekrw, not by the title of a collection that it-tclttcles thc
materirl. For other examplcs, see lhe Bulletirt of Medieuul Canon Lar.

a " (;ratian
Part I
l'art
c. 1 140
e 9., D.33 c.r (d.a.)
c.g., C.9 q.3 c.r

o
2
Part 3 e,g., De colrs. D.z c.84

" I)ecrctals <>f Grcgory IX l2a1 e.g.,X3.z4.z

o E l)ecrctals of Bonifacc \IIII

' (lonstitutions of Clement V

! Extravagants of.fohn )O(II
l29U
lJlT
e.g., Vl r.rr.r
e.g.. Crrm. 3.5.7
1al6-1334 e.g., Exrnnv. Jo.1,4.3

o " (lommon Extravagants 126l-1181 e.g., Exrnnv. Cowr. 2.1.1

a Codes after 1917: Citc to either the 1917 or 19tt3 Codex Iuris Canonici.
r (loclcx Iuris Canonici (1917)
'(lodcx Iuris Canonici (19UJ)
1917-1983 e.g,.,7977 Cooe c'430,
1981-date e.g.,1983 Cooe c.515,5
S 1
3

o T2.8 Chile, Republic of

a (Civil Law)

o Cases
(litation fornat: .court name, [,court abbreviation,] [,English translation

o of court name'1, ,date of decision in Spanish, in day month year format>,

",case name'," Rot de [a causa: <case number>, <cds€ type,, .publication

o nsms' [,publication abbreviation'],publication votume and/or number,

Foreign J urisdictions: Chilc I
p.,first page) (<country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
Note that many reporters depart from this format, as detailed below. e
In the case name, use "c." between the party names, which refers to "contra,"
Spanish for "versus." t
> Corte Suprema de Justicia [C.S.i.] lSupreme Court], 15 noviembre
tg14,"Suerez, Alfredo c. Perez, Estela," Rot de ta causa: 124-2oo8
s., divorcio, Revtsra Gncern junfotcr IR.G.i.] No. r9o p.rqS (Chile).
o
National iurisdiction I
Corte Suprema de Justicia (C.S.J.) (Supreme Court) and Tribunal
Constitucional (I.C.) (Constitutional Court) (ltighest court on constitutional
matters).
I
Appellate couds
Corte de Apelaciones (C. Apet.) (courts of appeals): Cite to R.D.J., G.T.,
t
or F. oel M.
I
I
Lower courts
Tribunales de Juicio Oral en lo Penal O.J.O.P.) (criminal trial courts),
Juzgados de Garantia 0.G.) (criminal courts), Juzgados de Familia 0.F.)
(family courts), Juzgados de Cobranza Laboral y Previsional 0.C.1.P.)
(abor and social security courts), Juzgados Civiles (,|. Civ.; (civil courts),
Juzgados del Crimen 0. Cri.) (criminal courts), Juzgados de Menores (.
I
Men.) (iuvenile courts), Juzgados del Trabaio (.T.) (labor couru), Juzgados
Mixtos 0. Mix.), andJuzgados de Letras 0.1.) (small claims courts). I
Reporters
Generally follow the examples below when citing to the volumes andl
t
or numbers of these reporters. Note that "t." refers to "tomo," Spanish for
"volume."

MEs
o
e.g., F. oel M. vol.37 No.

a
> FArLos osr 1958-date
Sentencia 86(1995)
> GAcErAJuRiDtcA 1976-date e.c., G.,. t.r, p.z5 Q976)
> GAcE-rA nn r-os
> RsvrsrA no
TnrsuNlr-Es
Drnrclro v
1850-1950
1908-1951
e.9., G.T. vol.44z, p.lo83 (r8Sr)
e.g., R.D.J. vot. XLVI No. r & z, o
I
Jtntslnuorrucn Y CrcNcns p.5 Ge4e)
Socnrm
> RE!'rsrA DE DERECHo y 1951-date e.g., R.D.J. & G.T. vol. XCV No, r,
v Gacn-ra oE

o
JuruspRUDENcrA p,37 (Enero-Abril 1988)
ros Tnrsur.rAr.ss (merged)

c;;;iit"ti;;
> CoNsntucr6N PoLiTrcA nr Lr Rnpdsuc,{ or CHrrr C.P. o
> CoHslrrucr6r'r Polirrca

b;d;;
DE LA REp0BLrcA DE CHrLE [C.P.] art. f .
a
>C6orco Cml (Civil Code)
>C6orco or Conrnclo (Commercial Code)
C6o. Crv.
C6o. Corvr.
o
I
t I {ifi !. .l u lq:

o " (la)rlt<io
, CtiDr<;o I)[
Code)
PTINAL ((lriminal (irde)
PR(x]l,DIMiliNTO Cnrt. (Civil Procedure
Coo. Peru.
C6o. Pnoc. Crv.

o * C6or<;o PRocESAr. Prru,rr- (Criminal Procedure

Code)
C6o. Pnoc. Per.

t , C6l)r(;o

n
Code)
Criorrxr
()ncANr<;o

r>r JusL r<;r.L

ol TruttuN. tls (fucliciary

Mrlrrrrn (Military Jtrstice

C6D. ORG. TRIB.

C6o. Jus. Mrr-.

a $
Code)
C6r)rco r>ll.'Ihnn,rlo (Labor Codc)
" CoDr<;o'I'tttsu'r'ARr() (Revcnue and Taxation
C6o. Tnna.
C6o. Tnte.

o Qrde)
! C(il)r(;() rrr, Ac;lLs (Water Oode) C6o. Acuns

o
. C<ir>r<;o SANIrARro (Hcalth Code) C6o. Snrurr.
r C(ir)r(x) l)r MrNrir{iA. (Mining Cocle) C6o. Mrru.
;' Conr<;o AriRoNArrrrc() (Aeronautics (irde) C6o. Aen.

o n C(rDl<;O t)r: D[RttcH() Iu,fennx;ronAL PRIVAD()/

(ltiorc;o Brisl,rlre.N'Lr, (Conflict of Laws Cocle)
C6o. Den. lNr. PRrv.

o il;d;;il 4".."""
Citarion f<rrmat: Law No. ,number of law,, .title of the [aw, if available',

o ,promulgation date in Spanish in month day, year format,, <reporter

name' [, reporter abbreviation,] (,country abbreviation if not evident from

o context').
e Law No. t9496art.1, Febrero 7,tgg7, Dtnnto OrtctnlID'O.] (Chite)'
()l,I6rAL
e F DtARIo

'G,r<;ntrJrrnill<;.r
D.O.
G.j.

t ! REpTRT()rrr()

Periodicals
l)l LEcrsrACr(iN y.luRlspRtJr)tlN(]t.q CHtt.ttN,ts Rep. Leg. lurisp.

o F

.
JrlRlspRul)EN(r,r ,ll Die
Rrivrs'rA r)E DERtcH() yJttRISpRtlt)tiN(lA v GA(.ltlA l)li L()s
l.D.
R.D.vJ.vG.T.

t TRtsuN,\r-ns
. fu,vrste (ltflt.aN,r
F RDVIsTA r>r DtntcHo
t>r l)eRE<:ltt, R.CH. D.
R.D.

o Internet sources

I http://www.legalpublishing.cl (legal publishing company offering

jurispmdence, cloctrinc, and legislation online; paid subscription)

o http://wn'w.diariodigital.cl (official
fiee summaries)
http//*nryt.bcn.cl
digest, paid sttbscription for full tcxt,

(clatabase of the Library of thc National Oongress, frce

a access)

http ://wv.'w.lexadin.nl,/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwechl.htm (unofficial

a sourcc for legislation, free access)

http:/,/www.loc.gov /law / new s/ glin/ (Gkrbal Lcgal Information Network, a

o database of laws, rcgulations, and other complementary legal sources)

l'creign J urisdictions: China o
http://www.tribunalconstitucional.cl (the official website of the
Constitutional Court; complete free access to its decisions) o
http://www.scielo.cl (free access to the law ioumals Ias et Praxis
(Universidad de Talca), Reuista Cbilena de Derecbo Clniversidad Cat6lica
de Chile), Reuista de Derecbo Cjniversidad Austral de Chile), and Reuista de
o
Derecbo (Jniversidad Cat6lica de Valparaiso))
http://www.l oe -gov flaw /help/ gfide/ nations/chile.html (Library of o
Congress Guide to Law Online: Chile)
o
T2.9
(Civil Law)
China, People's Republic of
o
Jurisdictional note
Apply these guidelines to sources related to the People's Republic of China.
t
I7hen citing sources related to the Republic of China betwe en 1912 and 1949,
see the guidelines for table T2.41Taiwa+ Republic of China. For sources
prior to the founding of the Republic of China n L912, adapt these guidelines
t)
as necessary.
o
o
Romanization
For romanization of Chinese language citations, follow the instructions in de
20.2.4.

Translated sources
For citations to translated or bilingual sources, choose one of the following
I
options:
?
1) Follow
and a
de 20.2.5, giving parallel citations to the original language source
translated version;

2) Where the original is diff,cult or impossible to veriry, cite to the translated

t
source without reference to the original language version. In this case, it is not
necessary to preface the source with"translated in." a
> Law on Guarding State Secrets (promulgated by the Standing
Comm. Nat'l People's Cong., Sept. 5, 1988, rev'd Apr. 29,2oro,
effective Oct. r, zoro), art. 11, 2o1o P.R.C. Laws Zt.lS (China).
o
Abbreviations o
Regardless of the language of the document being cited, cite to official or well-
known English equivalents where possible and abbreviate according to tables
T6,T7,TIO, and T13. If no such abbreviation is available, use any abbreviated
o
Chinese form in common use, or use the full form the first time and use an
appropriate "hereinafter' reference for subsequent citations. For example: o
> Zuigao Renmin Fayuan
> Shanghai
> Guowulrran
Zhongji Renmin Fayuan
Sup. People's Ct.
Shanghai lnterm. People's Ct.
St. Councit
o
> Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui
Changwu Weiyrranhui
Standing Comm. Nat't People's
Cong. o
> Zhongguo Fali.i Nianlian LAw Y.B. CHINA

I
o
o Choice of authorities
Chincse laws are not codilietl (though somc publications call themselvcs

o "codcs"). and case repofts are not s,vstematicttllv ptrblished. Whcre not specilictl
othcrwisc hcrein, prcf-er sourccs publisl-rccl or compiled b.v the legislatil'c dlltirs
division of the National People's Oongrcss or the State (louncil, a !{ovcrnmcnt

o agenc\'. or a court (inclucling Sovernnlent antl court rvcbsites) ovcl' other

sources. Chincsc sourccs arc alwafs mofc ttuthoritativc thall tritnslations, btlt
somctimcs it rna.v be appropriate to cite k) I translation wherc availlble

o
.

Cases

o Citation firrmat: ,romanized Chinese case name> (.Chinese case name')

[,English transtation of case name>], <source> (.court abbreviation, ,date

o of decision, fottowing rute 10.5t (.country abbreviation if not evident

from context,).

t (lite ttl sourccsnanrecl bclow. if thercin lnd irv:rilablc. Othcnvise. citc to t

source publishcrl bt' or with the c(x)pcratiotl ol I court or govcrnment agcncv
(inclucling agenc)' ol court wcbsitcs), if therein and lrvailnble, tltctt itttv sottl'cc.

o , Ztrign<t ltcnmin Fa,vuan (iongbao

(Suprcrnc People's Oottrt (iazette)
, Zuign<> llcnmin.fiancha-vuitn (iongbao
Sup. People's Cr. Gnz'

o (SupremePeople'sProcuratorltte
(lommunicuc)
Sup. PEoPLE'S PRoc.
Cowtwtul'ttQur

o " Rennrin ljal'u:ur Anli Xtr:rn (Selectecl

(lascs fi'om the Pcoplc's (l()urts)

r, Wei Qiniian
RENMIN FAYUAN ANLI XUAN

Su Zhongbao Caichan Baoxian Youxian Gongsi

? Taishan Shi Zhigongsi, Zhongguo Nongye Yinhang Taishan Shi

t
Zhihang Xiachuan Yingyesuo CIFI{OiF' I 'iti[XFiir]hfilll{ 2: t'J i.i
rlril.. f 2;''1 ' ,l.tFl&)lL+Rf r'firlrrli{lr' l''JIlHtlltlrli; lweiQiniian
v. PICC P&C Ltd., Taishan Branch & China Agric. Bank, Taishan
Branch, Xiachuan Operation Officel, 1991 SuP. People's Cr. Gnz.

o "
ror (Sup. People's Ct. zoor) (China).
China Nat'l Technicat lmp./Exp. Corp. v. Indus. Res. Co., CHtun L. &

o Pnac., Aug. zz, t988, at z6 (Shanghai Interm. People's Ct. May n,

rg88).

o c"""tit"ii""t
6itxlion lbrmrt: Xrnrurn .article,, ,section, (year,) (country abbreviation

o if not evident from context,).

(iivc thc promulgation 1'ear of the version citccl. Abbreviltte thc subclivisions ol'

o constitr(io1s, such
to table T16.
as article :tnct clattse, trsing Elglish a|fireviations. accgrding

o Zhonghtra llcnmin (krngheguo

r XIANFA art.35,5 r (rg8z) (China).
Xianf:r Xtnrurn

o Laws
(litxtion format: <romanized Chinese law name' (,Chinese [aw name,.)
[,Engtish translation of law name or shortened n3ms'] (promutgated by
 O
<enacting/adopting authority,, .promulgation date>, effective,effective
date,) ,volume number' <source> ,first page,, .page(s) of specific o
materia[, if desired, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
Cite to sources namecl below, if therein and available . Otherwisc, citc to a o
source published or compiled by the Legislative Affairs Commission of the
Standing Committec of the Nationrl People's Congress (hcrcinafter "NPC
Legislative Commission"), Legislative Affairs Oflice of the State Council
o
(hereinafter "State Council Legislative Office"), a govemment agency, or a
court (including government or court websites), if therein ancl available, thcn o
o
any soufce.

Quangrxr Rcnmin l)aibiao I)ahui Srnnorruc CoMM. NAT'L

Changwu Weiyuanhui (iongbacr Peoprr's CoNG. GAz.
Zhonghua Renmin (iongheguo Falii
l luibian (compilecl by NPt) Lcgislativc
FALIi HurBrAN
o
t
()<rmmission)
Zhonghua Renmin (krngheguo Fagui Fne ur Hurarnr,r
I{uibian (compiled by State Council
Legislative Oflice)
Zhonghua llenmilr Gongheguo Xin
Fagr.ri Hr.ribian (compilcd by Statc
Xrru Fne ur HurB|AN
o
o
Council Legislative 0lhce)
Zhonghua Renmin (iongheguo Fadian Fnorar
Laws of thc Pcople 's I{epublic of P.R.C. Lnws
China (compiled by NPC l-egislative
(lommission, in English)

* Lifa Fa ( nti/:/l) lLaw on Legistationl (promutgated by the

o
Standing Comm. Nat'l People's Cong., Mar. 15, 2ooo, effective July
1, 2ooo) 2ooo STANDTNG CoMM. Nnr'l PeoplE's CoNG. Gaz. nz
?
(China).
m Shiyou Tianranqi Guandao Baohu Fa (-/iiiltXf\"irii'E1til+F)*) e
ILaw on the Protection of Petroteum and NaturaI Gas Pipelines]
(promulgated by the Standing Comm. Nat'l Peopte's Cong., June
25,2oto, effective Oct. r, zoro), art. 10, 2o1o FnlU Hurararu ro5,
o
;.
rcT,tronslated in zoto P.R.C. Laws 7o9,773.
Chuiing Rujing Guanli Fa (iliFliAi'iiii;tll1iX) [Exit and Entry
o
Administration Lawl (promutgated by the Standing Comm. Nat'I
Peopte's Cong., June 3c,2072, effective Juty r, zor3), art. 47,2or2 t
Fncur HurernN 283,29r,

r.g"f"ti""t t
(lncluding xingzl.reng tagui it'!4ilr*L, and bumen guizhang illll'J*L'"1.)
Citation format: <romanized Chinese regulation or rule name> (,Chinese o
regulation or rule name,) [.Engtish translation of regulation or rute name
or shortened name'l (promulgated by .enacting/adopting authority>,
,promulgation date,, effective .effective date') <source',,publication
o
611s', at ,first page,, .page(s) of specific material, if desired' (country
abbreviation if not evident from context'). o
lo
o
I

(litc to the source bclow, if thercin. Otherwisc, cite to it sottrcc publishetl or

compilcd bl the Nl'C Lcgislative (lommission, Statc (lourrcil Legishtive Ollicc,

o ir govcrnment rllcl"rcy, of a court (includit-tg governntent of cotlrt wcbsitcs), if

avlilablc, thcn an)' s0urcc.
(iuowu\rtalt (iongba<r Sr. Courucrr Gaz.

o Zhonghua ltenmin (iongheguo Iragtti

Htribian (compiled l)) Stlrte (ilrncil
I-cgislativc Ofhce)
Fneur HutgtnN

o Zl'ronghua l{cnnrin (i0nghcgtto Xin lragui Xtru Fncut HulBlAN

Iluibian (compilecl l),v State (irtrncil

o Lcgislativc Ollicc)
Yaopin Jiandu Xingzheng Chufa Chengxu Guiding t4 i'ollf ff lt'
i'tA;T,f?IilM,ii) [Provisions on Procedures for Administrative
o Penalties of Drug Supervisionl (promulgated by the St. Food
& Drug Admin., Apr. 28, 2oo3, effective luly 2, 2oo3; rev'd by

o the Ministry of Health, Oct. r7, 2072) Sr. Coutlctt- Gnz., Mar. ro,
2073, at 7, http: / /en gtishr.en gtish.gov.cn / offi ciat/ zot3-o3 I tt I
content 45t6 44.htm (Ch ina).

o Note that many' (ihincsc clatahases clo uot provicle scarchltblc cttcles
Lrniquclv iclcntilj'ing a case, rcgulatiolt, ctc.
t>r nttnrllers

o " Regutation on the Administration of Tourism in Beiiing Munici-

patity (promutgated by the Standing Comm. People's Cong.

o Beiiing Municipatity, 5ept. ro, 2oo4, effective Dec' 1, 2oo4),

CLl.to.567 4z(EN) (Lawinfochina).

o Local regulations, regulations of autonomous regions, and

special des
(tr.rclucling difangxing tagui ll!/i1ul,#r*L, zizhiqu zizhi tiaoli 1'liiilx. l',1 iii tirl'
o rncl drnxing tiaoli tsl t'ilflll.)
(lite to thc l4lzette of the standing conmiltce of the corrcspontlit-tg locltl or

o rcgional governntent, if thcrcin rnd avltilablc, thcn an'f' sourcc (irrcluclitrg thc
lot ltl l.l0r crrttttcrtt rr cbritt s.).

o f."uti.r' and conventions

(iitation ol'a bihteral trcat\'. convcntioll. or intcnlatitltrltl lgrccnrcnt: 'treaty

o name), ,date of signing', ,subdivision,, ,abbreviated names of parties

to agreement', ,treaty source, (country abbreviation if not evident from

o context,).
(litatirxr 0f u multihterltl trcatv, convcntion, or intcrnational ltgrccnle tlt: 'treaty
name', ,date of signing,, ,subdivision,, ,one Chinese treaty source', 'one

o internationaI treaty source, if applicabte' (country abbreviation if not

evident from context').

o (lite t0 one tlf thc sources bckrrl', if thcrein. Othcr$,isc. cite to a soufcc pLrlllishcd
l-rr'or with the c(npcrxtion ol a cottt't or llovcrnmcnt agency (incltrtling ll8enc!

o or corlrt rvcbsitcs), thcn anv sourcc.

(iuowr.rvu:tt-t ( iongltao Sr. Cour,rctr Gnz.

Lo
Foreign J urisdictions: China o
> Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Tiaoy'ue
Ji
TraovuE lr
o
> Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo
Duobian TiaonreJi
DuoaraN TreoYur Jt

o
Sources
> China law and Practice Cnrrn L. & PRAC.
o
> China Patents & Trademarks
(+E$trlRffi{*)
Cnru Prr. & TRADEMARKS
o
o
> Code of the People's Republic of China FADIAN

(++,l.R+ffitr)*4)
> Duobian TiaolueJi (4fu+2\R) Duoernl Trnovue Jr
>

>
Fagui Huibian
Falii Quanshu
(l**fl,ttffi)
(Y*ee+)
(trf [ftL\#)
Fee ur HursrnN
FelU Quarsuu o
Guowuluan Gongbao 5r. Courrrc[ Gaz.
o
>

> Law Year Book of China Lnw Y.B. Cnrre

<f E€fUr:dfnt
> Iaws and Regulations of the People's
Republic of China
> Laws of the People 's Republic of China
P.R.C. Lnws & REes

P.R.C. Laws
o
> Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui
Changwu Weiyuanhui Gongbao
(Atr/\R,ft*X+H+4fr
Srluorre Coturu.
People's Core. Gez.
Nnr'l
o
> Renmin Falrran Anli Xuan
*Frltfr)
(u\Ri*[i
^+e) Rerrtarn FlYuar Anlr Xuen o
>Xin Fagui Huibian
>
(ffi\**fl)lffi>
Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Tiaoy'ue
Xrru
Treovur
Fleur Hureralr
Jr
o
>
Ji (++/\R+f!E+r!R)
Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Xianfa
(++,\R+ffitr8)*)
XIANFA o
> Zt]igao Renmin Fayuan Gongbao
( qr +y'. R+ru Efr H,,\ R)*[ia\ffi )
Sup. People's Cr. Gaz.
o
> Zuigao Renmin Jianchayuan Gongbao
(&ft/\R&R[ta\ffi)
5up. People's Pnoc,
Cowrtvturteue O
Internet sorrces o
hltpl / / ov ersea.cnki.netlkns 55 /btief/ rcsttlt.aspx?dbPrefix=CJFD
AcademicJoumals
+trHalAtryffitr (cAD
(China

o
http:,/www.wanfangdata.com/COJ/intr.asp
ffi+l?Hltl+X&+8tr (coD
(China Online Joumals
o
http:/ /iovnaLchinalawinfo.com (Chinalaw Joumals i*+Hflj (Chinal. J.))
http://chinalawinfo.com (Chinalawinfo 1Llti*1*'fF,E ffi) o
http://www.isinolaw.com (Isinolaw +l+)*f+li{)
http://www.lawinfochina.com Qawinfochina iLt /f i#4{FiJ) o
http://www.lawyee.net (Lawyee Jt ti*H)
o
o $"r.t r.'!1."r _l rr li rr:$ ii i lnqc: t .r il*lllill r

o http:,rywww.lexiscn.com (Lcxis China 9n16.

http://www.wanfangdata. co m/ ploc/
{11fl,'iliiJ (IEXIS China Online))
intr.asp (Policics & Laws of (lhina

o (PLOC))
http://westlawchina.com flVestlaw China ]r1Jl (Westlaw China))

o T2.lO Colombia, Republic of

I (Civil Law)

C""""
o Citarion format: <court name> [<court abbreviation'] [,English translation
of court name>1, ,chamber, if applicable, ,date of decision in Spanish,,

o <writer of ruting if applicabte,, ,decision number,, .publication name,

[,publication abbreviation'] (,pubtication volume and/or number>, p.
.page number,) (country abbreviation if not evident from context,).

O " Corte Suprema de Justicia [C.S.J.][Supreme Court], Sala. Lab.

febrero g, 1994, M.P: E. Ramirez, Expediente ry94-oooz346,

o Gaceta ,udiciat[G.J.] (No. 10, p. 120) (Cotom.).

w' Corte Constitucionat [C.C.] [Constitutional Court], noviembre 15,

o r995, SentenciaC-zz5l95, Gaceta de la Corte Constitucional

lG.C.c.l(vot.4, p. rg) (Cotom.).

o Ordinary jurisdiction (particular disputes and crime, including family law,

civil law, commercial law, and lal'nr law)

Corte Suprema de Justicia (C.S.J.) (Supremc (lourt of Jttstice: dividecl into

o threc chambers: (livil, Criminal, and Labor), Tribunales Superiores 1T. Sup.)
(appellate courts: clividcd into three chambers: Civil, Criminal, :rnd Labor),

o Juzgados de Circuito (uzg. Circ.) (circuit courts: labor, civil, and criminal
jurisdiction), andJuzgados Municipales (Juz. Mun.) (lower courts: civil antl
criminrl lurisdiction).

o Constitutional iurisdiction (all Cokrmbian Courts have juriscliction to rulc

on constitutional matters through Acciones de hiela (actiorls ir-r clef'ensc of

o consritutional fights))

Corte Constitucional (C.C,) (Highest (lourt ()n (lonstitutional N'latters: rulcs

o on thc constitutionality of laws, codes, and dccrces with force of la$' ancl is
the lrighcst court of rcview on Acciones de Tutela) and Consejo de Estado
(C,E.) (tlighest (lourt on Aclministrative Law: rules on the cotlstitutionalit-Y of

o decrees).

o Administrative jurisdiction
Consejo de Estado (C.E.) (Ilighest (i)urt on Administrativc Law: divided into
five chambers: Ceneral Mattcrs; Labor; Public (bntracts, Arbitrltion Control

o &'l'orts; Taxes; and Elcctoral), Tribunales Administrativos (T. Admtivos.)

(administrativc superior courts: dividecl into fttur chamtrcrs: General
Matters; Lubor; Public (i)ntracts, Arbitration Control & ltrrts; antl'l'axes), and

o Juzgados Adrninistrativos (J. Admtivos.) (administrative circuit courts).

o
 o
Reporters
Generally follow the examples below when citing to thc volumcs and/or o
numbcrs of thcsc rcportcrs. whcre appropriate, ttsc "t." to rcfcr to "tomo," thc
Spanish word for "volume."

1992-(lme
a
CtxL[ (]ONstttrt<;l<>s,rl
o
' GACLfA Dn r,r e.g., G.C. t. r,
p'704
" GAcrilAJrn)I(rrAr. 1tt87-date e.g., G.l. vol. ro,

AleL|s DEr. (krNsryo l)E EsrADc) l9l5-date

p.74
c.g., An.C.E. t.
10, p. 13
o
Therc is no comprehcnsive oflicial or unofiicial rcgtrlar publication of appellate
or lower court opinions. Son-re of the lorver cout'ts havc thcir own l<lttrnlls:
o
Arrros Y SEN]LN(:L\S
'InrBUN,rt Sl:l,ER()R os Mrr>st-t-iN
A.5.
T,S.M. o
" (1,\s()s ()vrr.Es JriRrsPRrrDrNcr..\
* (;A(ili|A Ar)MTNTsTRATIVA
(civil cases)
(administrative cases)
c.c.,.
G.A. o
Constitution
, (l()Ns'l rTU(ir(iN P()LiilcA l)Ij (]or.()rlBIA c.P.
o
iF CoNsrrucr6r Porirrcn DE CoLoMBTA [C.P.] art. l. O
Codes
= (16l)r(;() Crvrr- (Oivil Oode) c.c. o
o
' C(ir)r(i() r)r (i)MER(.ro (Commercial (lode) C. Cotvt.
: (kiolr;o Plr,u. (Criminal (lode) C. PEN.

'Ctir>lco ()vu. (Civil Proceclure oode)

r)ri PR()cu)lMlENro c.P.c.
* C()l)r(x) r)r. PR(xLl)tMtENt{) PENAI- (Criminal Procedure

;
Cocle)
c.P.P.
o
o
(l()r)r(;() C()N'r'r,Ncros() ADN'ltNISl'R,utv() (Administrativc c.c.A.
l-itilaation Code)
' Cool;o rrn r,r Ii.r'-r.N<;re. y I"\ Al)or.EsoEN<r,r (Chilclhoocl and Coo. lrur. Aoor-.
Adolescencc Code)
- Ci;pr<;i1 StistANtrvo
>
onr. fh,rs.{o (I_abor Oodc)
Cripr<;o PRocrisAr. orL'fnrn,r.Jo (Labor Proccclure Code)
c.s.T.
c.P.T.
O
" C(ilx;() NActoN,u. oe t.Os Rt:<;uRsos N.Llrner.ss
y t)Ij PR()t E(]cl6x ,c,r-

and Environmcntal Protection (lode)

MuDto ,A,vBtENl E
llENovABl-Es
(Natural Resources
Coo. Nec. Rec.
Nnr. Y Pnor.
Mro.
o
o
Atvrg.
C<jor<;<> SANI'I-ARro (Hcalth Cocle) C6o. Snurr.
C(iDr(;cl oe Mrr.ls (Mining Code) Coo. Mrt't.

Statutes and decrees o

Citation format: L. ,law number>, <promulgation date in Spanish,, [,volume
number, if applicable'] <reporter name, [.reporter abbreviation'] .page, if
desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
o
tu L. 50l9c., marzo 7,1990, DtARto Ortctal ID.O.] (Cotom.).
I)rARr() ()r,rclAl. I864-date D.O.
o
o
o
o Periodicals
e DiA
Jrlrtrsl,Rur)tsN(.lA AL J.D.

o " REVtsrA l,n<;rsr,rr;t<iru

' Rrivrsr.\JriRrspRrr)F.N(irA y I)oc'r'RIN,\
R. Leg.
R.J. y D.

o
, RFrvrslA rx l)snx.uo l)tuv,tt.ro R.D,P.
s RlrvrslA ns l)Enx;tto PrNAl. y (lnrvtroltx;i,t R.D.P.C.
or Denl.cIto Y (lttN<:t,ts P<xiLt<;.rs R.F.D.C.P.
n Rrvrs'r',r l)E I-A FA(;Lrt.lAD

o ts
(l Iniversidad Pontilicia Bolivariana, Medellin)
JtjRlsplu rDRN(.u PuNet- l.P.

o
* Rti\'IstA l)rns<LIo DEL ES'I'AD() R.D,E.

Internet sources
o http://wwry.ramajudicial.gov.co (oflicial
to court clecisions)
site of the iudiciarv; frce acccss

o http://wv.'w.secretariasenado.gov.co (oflicial site of thc Colombian

Congrcss; frcc access to legislation since 1992 and bills sinceJuly 2000)

o http://www.lexadtn.nl/ wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwecol.htm
site; free acccss to legislation)
http://www.todoelderecho.com/Colombia (unofficial site for lcgal
(unof licial

o information; partially paid subscription)

llrttpz//cienciasjuridicas.javeriana.edu.co/publicaciones (free access to

a selccted law iournals of the Ponti-ficia lJniversidad Javeriana in llogtxii)

http ://nw. gacetaconstitucional. com.pe/constitucion al -gaceta /

o gc.php (frcc access to thc Gaccta (lonstitucional)

http://www.legismovil.com (legal information online; Private publishing
compan)'; paid subscription)

o http://w*v.imprenta.gov.co
Congreso; paid subscription)
(pnrvides the Diario O1icia[ and Gaceta dcl

o http://www.coljuristas.org (oflicial site of the (lolombian (lommission of

Jurists; fiee access to legal information on humln rigl-rts)

o http://www.jurisprudenciaaldia.com (court clecisions of thc

Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and Council ofStatc; paid sttbscription)

o http://w"srw.notinet.com.co (legal ncws, legislation, and court decisions;

paid subscription)
http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/secretaria (free access to

o Constitutional Court tlecisions in Spanish, ancl summaries of main decisions of

thc Constitutional Court in English)

o T2.ll Czech Republic

o (Civil Law)

o Cases
Citation format: ,court' .date of adoption of decision in day.month'year
format' (,court abbreviation, if avaitable) [.Engtish translation,], .docket

o identification and number, pub[. in: (reporter name, if the decision is

l-oreign Jurisdictions: Czech Reputrlic o
reported>, ,subdivisions, if desired, ((country abbreviation if not evident
from context,). o
> Rozsudek Kraisk6ho soudu v Plzni ze dne r4.u.zoo5 (KS) [Deci-
sion of the Circuit Court in Plzei of Nov. t4, zoo6l, sp.zn. 3r Odo o
>
5olzoo4 (Czech).
Rozsudek Nejvy55iho soudu ze dne 3o.m.r99g (NS) [Decision of
the Supreme Court of Nov. 3o, tg99l, sp.zn. 20 Cdo 16orlt998
o
>
(Czech).

Rozsudek Nejvy55iho spr5vniho soudu ze dne z7.9.zoo7 (NSS)

o
IDecision of the Supreme Administrative Court of Sept. 27, zoo7l,
ti. t+ Azs 3tl zooT-58 (Czech). o
> N6lez Ostavniho soudu ze dne 29.o5.1992 (05) [Decision ofthe
Constitutionat Courtof May 29,t997l,sp.zn. lll. tsylgl pubt. in:
Sbfrka n6lezfr a usneseni 0S, sv. e, i. 65 (Czech), abbreviated cita-
o
tion: lll US 3rl97 Snu.
'When citing to a reporter, cite to Sbirka rozbodnuti Nejuyttibo sprdun{ho o
soudu (Collection of Court Decisions of the Supreme Administrative Court),
in which selected decisions of Nejry55i sprlvni soudeesk6 republiky (NSS) o
o
and lower courts are reported. Note, however, that apart from decisions of
the Constitutional Court (0S), court decisions are not systematically reported
by any published court reporter. All decisions of the N5 (Supreme Court),
NSS (Supreme Administrative Court), and 05 (Constitutional Court)
systematically published in Czech on the coults' resp€ctiv€ websites.
are
o
Ordinary iurisdiction
Nejvy5Si soudCesk€ republiky (NS) (Supreme Court), Vrchni soud
(high courts), Kraiskf soud (KS) (circuit courts), MEstskf soud (MS)
05) o
(Circuit Court in the City of Prague and District Court in the Cify of Brno),
Okresni soud (district courts), and Obvodni soud (District Court in the City o
ofPrague): Cite using the docket identification "sp.zn.'

Administrative iurisdiction o
Kraiskf soud (KS) (Circuit Court), M6stskf soud v Praze (MS) (Circuit
Court in the City ofPrague), NejvySSi spr6vni soud Cesk6 republiky (NSS)
(Supreme Administrative Court): Cite using the docket identilication "ii."
o
Constitutional iurisdiction
fstavni soud Cesk6 republiky (05) (constitutional court): Cite by identi-
o
fying the court, the date on which the decision was adopted, the docket
identi-fication "sp.zn.," and, optionally, the court reporter Sbirka ndlezh o
a usnesenl tstauntbo soudu (Collection of Constitutional Court Rulings
and Opinions). Cite as "Usn" for nalez (judgment) and "Usu' for usneseni
(opinion).
t
Constitution o
Czech law reflects the following hierarchical order: The Constitution, European
Union legislation, constitutional laws, codes, ordinary laws, and other legal acts.
There are several laws that are considered to be ofconstitutional importance in
o
a
o
o Czech llw. Oitc accorcling to thc format fi)r statutes. appentling the tlcscription
of the l;rw if desircd:

o " 0stavniz5kon t. tl9935b.,

ofthe Czech Repubticl.
0stavaCesk6 Republiky IConstitution

O Statutes and regulations

Citc a zikon (statute), ristavni z6kon (constitutionll statutc). or vyhldika

o (rcgulation) t<t Sbirku ziikortti (Sb.) ((i)llection of Lrws (Cott.)).

Citation lirrmat: ,titte' [,English transtation,],,type of act,,number of

o publication',abbreviation of pubtication' (,country abbreviation if not

evident from context,).

o " Vodny z6l<on [Water Act], Z5l<on t.364lzoo4 Sb. (Czech).

Ooclcs complisc a s1-rccific crtegory of laws t.hat provi(le comprchensivc
regrrlatrrry coverage of a legal liclcl. Nlajor c<>dcs inchrcle : obdansky zikonik

o ((livil (irdc). obchodni zikonik ((.ommercial (ircle). obtansky soudni i6d

((livil l)nrcedurc (lotle ), trestni zdkon (Oriminal (irdc), trestni idd (Criminal

o Procetlure Ooclc), sprivni i6d (Administrxtivc Procedure Cocle), zdkonik

prdce (Labor Ooclc), ancl daiovy i6d (Tax Cocle). oocles are citccl bv their
title an(l tlrc law that prontulgutecl them.

o ,' Trestniz5konil<, Z6kon (

4olzoog Sb. (Czech).

o
l'here are two t.ypes of lclministrativc rulcs: naiizeni (clccrec issued b.v thc
vlida Cesk6 republiky (cabinet)) ancl ryhliika (rcguhtion issuecl cither bv
ir ministerstvo (ministry') or xnothcr ristredni orgin stitni sprdvy (ccntrll

o administrativc agcncv)).
* Naifzenid.3c31ry95 Sb. (Czech).

t * Vyht. (.39lzotz Sb. (Czech).

o
Treaties
(lite intcrnatior-rll trcxties promulgatcd through 1999 to Sbirku zdkon.it (Sb.)
(oollection of [.aws (Cott.)). Citc irltcrnrtionll trc:rties promnlgutecl since

o 20(X) t<r Sbirku nrczinlixtcluich.t'71771y1, (Sb.m.S.) ((iollcction t>f Intcrnutionirl

'l'reatics) using the slme firrnlt as lor luws.

I Internet sources
http://www.nsoud.cz (Sr4rrcmc (lourt of the Ozech Republic)

o http:,(w\trv.nssoud.cz (Suprentc Adninistrativc

l{e public)
Clourt of the (lzcclt

o http://ww.usoud.cz/en
For Ihrlianlent:
((,onstitr.rtional (lourt of thc Ozcch Republic)

o http:,ryw\'!'w.psp.cz/sqw,/hp.sqw (Poshuccki sni'movnit Iohambcr of

I)cputicsl )

o http://v.ww.s efiat.cz (Sen:it

http://www.psp.czlsq/hp.sqw?k=
I Senatel )

183 (docufl cnls ol' the Chambcl ol

I l)cfiutics)
 o
http://wwrr.sbirka.cz (Sbirka piedpisir, ofhcial collection of government
regulations)
o
http://www.mv cr.czf claneldsbirka-zakonu.aspx (Ministry of the
Interior: provides access to archived issttcs of the Collection of Laws (Coll.) o
from 1945, but not updatcd frccluently)
http://w"w'w.s tgit.cz/ pages/zakony.asp (fice access to legislation and
treaties published in the (lollection of Laws (Coll.) from 1993 to date)
o
http://w*v.lexdata.cz (searchable database of case law and legislation
avail:rble upon subscription; mainttined by lleck publishing)
o
http://www.lexgalaxy.cz (scarchable
available upon subscription)
database of clse law and legislation
o
ht/.{,t//www.zakonynawebu.cz (onlinc datablsc of curtcnt and histotic
Czech legislation; maintained by Woltcrs Kluwcr) o
http://r'*w.justice.cz (Intertret portal fbr thc Czcch national iudiciary)
o
T2.12 Egypt, Arab Republic of
(Civill,aw) a
Egypt is a civil law iurisdiction. Article 2 of the 201'1 tsgyptian (lonstitution
stirtes that the principles of lslamic Sharia arc thc main source of legisllttion. o
Romanization
llse the ALA-LC Rrnnanizotion Tables: Transliteration Scbemes fitr Non-
t
Runun.trzrpf.s, approvecl b1' thc Librlry of Oongrcss and the Anrerican Library
Association, available at
arabic.pdf.
http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/ t
Cases o
Judicial power is vcstcd in threc scparate court systems: the Suprem€
Constitutional Court with iuriscliction ovcr constitutional matters; the State
Council with juriscliction over aclministrativc cases; and the rcgular court
o
s_vstem with jurisdiction over civil ancl criminal mattcrs. In addition, the military
has its own corlrt systcm with iurisdiction pcrtaining to military criminal affairs.
o
Citation format: <court name> [,English translation of court name>1, <region
if appticabte,, <number of decision, case, or petition,, session of ,date o
of session in day month year format', ,pubtication name and volume
number, if applicable,, year ,iudicial year number>, p. .page number if
desired' (country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
o
*,' at-Mahkamah at-ldariyahat-'U tya [Supreme Ad min istrative Cou rt],
session of 21 Dec. 7987, yeat zz, p. 852 (Egypt).
o
e" al-Mahkamah at-Dusturiyah al-'Ulya [Supreme Constitutional
Courtl, case no. 10, session of 29 June r974,yea( 4. o
n'" Mahkamat at-Naqd [Court of Cassation], session of
yea( 32, p.277.
q Feb. ry72,
o
o
a
o s" Mahkamat at-Naqfl [Court of Cassation], petition no.7042, session
of zz Feb. r99o, MalmU'at Ahkamat-Naqd ICompitation of Cassa-

o tion Decisionsl vot. r (part r), year 58, p. 855.

". Mahkamat al-lsti'naf [Court ofAppeal], session of n Apr. ry23,

I Muhamah IPractice of Law] vol. z3 (part 4), p. 30.

Constitutions

o = CorusrrrurroN
lg1'pt hls h:rrl
oF THE Anae REpueLrc or Ecvpr, r8 Jan. zor4.
a series of w-rittcn corlstitutional docuntettts. beginning with the

o l92J fixurdrtional instmment. Thc ditltrent constitutions must be cited to a

consoliclatccl tcxt incorporating thc revisions rtnd substantial relbrrns adopted.
Forexrmple,CoNslnr;ftoNor,tttlArutrRlptrttt.tt; ot,EctYp't, II Sept. 1971,a.s

o untettded,22 \'1.t1 1981), 25 I'lat'2005, 26 Mrr. 2007.

An ur-urfficill English trunslation of the current Constittttion, enlctecl inJanttan

o 20 1,1, is rvaihble rt http://wwv.sis.gov.eglNewvr/Dustor-en001.pdf.

o Codes, statutes, and decrees

Citatiorl firrnrat: <Law, Act, or Decision number, of ,year of enactment'
(subject matter of code, statute, or decree, if available,),,name of

o publication in itatics', vot,.number of volume, if known',,date of

enactment in day month year format,, .page(s) or articte(s) of specific

o materiat, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).

". Law No. 88 of zoo3 (Law ofthe Central Bank, the Banking Sector,

I
and Monetary Poticy), ol-Jartdah al-Rosmiyah, vot. z4 (Dupticate),
r5 lune zoo3 (Egypt).
+ Law No. tt7 of t983 (Law on the Protection ofAntiqui-

o =
ties), al-Jortdah al-Rasmlyah,vol. 3z bis, rr Aug. rg8l (Egypt).

Law No. l8tof 1948 (Civit Code), ol-Waqa'i'ol-Miirtyoh,vot. ro8

o :
bis (a), zg Juty 1948, arts. 4r8-8r (sates) (Egypt).
Law No. 58 of t937 (Criminat Code), al-Waqa'i'ol-Miiriyah,vol.

o ''
7r, 5 August rgfZ (Egypt).
Act No. 8t of t996 (To Amend Provisions of the Code of Civit

o and Commercial Procedure, Law No. r3 of t968), ol-Joridah

al-Rosmiyah, vot. 19 bis, zz May ry96, pp.z-t (Egypt).

o " President ofthe Repubtic of Egypt Decision No. 3z of zoor (Rati-

fication of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the
Child), ol-Jarldoh al-Rosmtyoh,vol. 44, z8 Oct.2oo4, pp.2447-71

t (Egypt).

Subsecprent reft'rcnces m:tl cite onh the n:tme t>f the h* ltucl thc rclcvant

o provision(s). For example:

', CivitCode, att. j73 (Egypt).

o The Ofificial Gazette

'l'lrc Ofhcial G'rz,ctte (al-larldah al-Rasniyah) ancl its lccomprtnling pr.rblicltion

o (al-Waqa'i' al-Miirlyah; ltrc thc ituthoritativc sor.rrces firr laws antl presitlcntial
I l:lIri;rl iirj. r',iiii ;i(ii'r'*; t r,!iii:1.' I
rnd rrrinisterial decrees. Earlier laws should be citcd to the relevlnt government
newspaper of the time , as folkrws: o
. al-Waqa' i' al-Miirlyah
, lournal oficiel du gouvernement igyptien
i'
Dec. 5, 1828-Feb. 22, 1958
1873- 1958 O
o
(French-language edition of al-Waqa'
al-Miirlyah)
, al- I arldah al- Rasmiyah (al-f umhuriyah Mar. 1958-Aug. l97l
al-'Arabiyah al-Muttatridah IUnited Arab
Republicl)
* al-Jarldah al-Rasmlyah (Jum.hlriyat Mi.sr Sept.9, l97l-date
t
al-'Arabiyah, Riynsat al- jum.hniyah IArab
Republic of Egypt, the Presidency of the
Republicl)
o
Internet sources t
http://wwrv.padiament.gov.eg (parliamcntary infbrmation)
http:,rywww.cc.gov.eg (access to Eglptian laws and Court of Cassation o
o
dccisions)
http://www.sis.gov.eglEn/Default.aspx (St:rte Information Selvice ofhcill
website)
htlp:/ / www.arablegalportal.orglegyptverdicts/home.aspx (websitc
nuintaincd by the Ministry ofJusticc, the IINDP, and other national o
organizations; provicles copies of l mlmbcr of Egyptian laws)
hW / / wwwalamfu
| ia, com/ index.html (A[ Amiria Printing llouse websitc,
containing an intlcx of nl-laridah al-Rasmlyah tnd al-Waqa'i' al-Miiriyah;
o
http:,4www.mohamoon-montada.com ('l'hc Arab Lawycrs' Forum,
containing a number of Eg.vptian laws)
I
T2.13 France, Republic of o
( (livil Llrv )
o
Cases
(litation lbrmat: ,court name' [.court abbreviation'] [,Engtish translation o
of court name,l ,city, if appticable,, .chamber, if applicabte,, .date of
decision in month day, year format>, <case number, if available,. <reporter
or iournat abbreviation, if avaitable' <year of publication, if applicabte,,
t
<section of journat, if applicable,, <page on which decision appears, or
decision number, if appticabte,, <author of case observation or note, if
applicabte,l (country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
I
i* Cour d'appet ICA] [regional court of appeat] Limoges, civ., Oct. r,
2072,771 07c,87.
o
'When
w CE Ass., Nov. 8, 1974, 9o368, Rec. Lebon 54r.
citing to a rcportcr or journ:rl. fbllorv thc pulticulal firrnats bckrw u'herc
o
thcv dille r from the {:cncral format above .

o
I
I [i*t r"igrl -lrrr"iadi,-'tiu{tq; f]r:!*:r i

I :* Tribunal de grande instance ITGl]lordinary court of original luris-

dictionl Nice, May 3e,7990,D. t99t Somm. rr3, obs. F. Derrida

o p
tr r,.,,

Cour d'appel [CA] [regionat court of appeal] Paris, re ch., Dec. zo,
t994, jCP t994,11,222jo, note Neirinck (Fr.).

o Ordinary jurisdiction
Cour de cassation (Cass.) (Suprcme Court forJudicial Mattcrs (Tribunal
o de cassation prior to 1804)): highest court of ordinary iurisdiction. It
ordinarily sits in scparate chambers (called "sections" prior to 1826), which

o :rre abbrcviatcd as folkrws:

s Assembl6e plenidre l97tJ-date ass. p[6n.

o " Chambres r€unics

" Chambre mixte
F Premiare chambre civile
1790-1978
1976-date
1790-date
ch. r6uns.
ch. mixte
re civ.

o r Deuxicme char.nbre civile

r Troisiime chambre civilc
1952-clate
1952-date
2e civ.
3e civ.

o r Chambre criminclle
p

u
Chambre cornnterciale ct fin:rnciare
Chambre socialc
1790-date
1947-d^te
193tJ-ctate
crim.
com.
soc.

a * Chambre clcs recFr€tcs

r Chambres tcmporaires cles
1790-1917
1964-1967
req.
chs. exprops.

o cxpropriations
(lour de cassrtioll decisiot"ts are publishcd in an oflicial reporter set in two

I scrics:

i llulletin dcs arr€ts cle la (lotrr dc 1792-clate Bul[. civ.

I
clrssation renclus cn matieri, civilc
n Bulletin cles arr€ts cle la Cotrr cle 179tt-date Bull. crim.
crssation rendus en matiera. crimitrelle

o Cite to Bull. civ. or Bu[[. crim., as appropriate, if thcrein, indicating part and
case number. Otherwise cite to one of thc legal rel'icws listcd below if possible .

o Thc parts for the Iive civil chan-rbers arc as frrllows:

. le civ. Butl. civ. I

I
r 2e civ. Bul[. civ. ll
r le civ. Bult. civ. lll
F COm. Butt. civ. lV

o ; s()c.

e
Bull. civ. V

Cour de cassation [Cass.] [supreme court for iudiciat matters] 2e

I '-
civ., Mar. 76,2ooo, Bull. civ. ll, No. z+6 (Fr.).
Cour de cassation lCass.][supreme court for judicial matters] soc.,

o luly tg8l, Bul[. civ. V, No. 433 (Fr.).

l,
h' Cour de cassation [Cass.] [supreme court for iudicia[ matters]

o crim., lan. !6,zoot, Bul[. crim., No. r+ (Fr.).

Cours d'appel (CA) (rcgional courts of appeal), Tribunaux de grande
instance (TGl) (orclinary courts of original jurisdiction (Tribunaux de
o
Foreign J urisdictions: France o
premiere instance (IPl) prior to 1958)), Cours d'assises (do not abbreviate)
(courts of original jurisdiction for very serious crimes), and Tribunaux o
d'instance (Irib. inst.) (courts of petry jurisdiction Quges de paix (P) prior
to 1958)): All cites should include the city and the chamber, if any.
o
There are no official reporters for lower judicial court decisions. They are
reported in general and specialized commercial legal ioumals or reviews. The
editorial boards of these ioumals choose what to report and to includ€ either
t
the frilItext or a summary of a decision. Lower court decisions are also reported
in commercial databases or on govemment w€bsites. o
The following legal reviews are among the best known. Some of them
have changed name andlor format through the years. They usually contain
several parts. The full text of a court decision is generally under the heading
a
"

>
jurisprudence, " while summaries are under'sommaires" or "panorama. "

Recueil Dalloz
o
> Formerly
>
Dalloz-Sirey 1965-1996
Actualit6 Jurisprudentielle 2007-date e.g., D. .year> A.i. I
I
(page)
>
Jurisprudence 1965-2007 e.g., D. <year>, <page>
> Informations Rapides 196t-2oo7 e.g., D. <year> inf. rap.

> Sommaires Commentds l96t-2OO7

,page,
e.g., D. <year> Somm. o
o
<page)
> Dalloz, Juri sprude n ce 1945-1964 D. Jur.
> Analytique, /z risprudence r94r-r944 D.A. Jur.
> Cfitique, J uri spru d e n c e
P6riodique et critique
> Cour de cassation
r94r-r944
1825-1940
D.C. Jur.

D.P.
I
I
I

> Cours royales, cours D.P. tl

impdriales, cours d'appel

>
> Conseil d'6tat

> Sirey,Jurtsprudence 1956-1964

D.P. ill
Recueil Sirev (entitled Recueil Gdndral des Lois et des ArrOrs
S. Jur.
until 1950) I
> Cour de cassation
r79r-1955
5. Jur. I a
Other coufts ll

o
> S. Jur.

Jurisprudence administrative
> 5. lur. lll
> Gazette du Palais 1881-date
>Jurisprudence e.g., Gaz. Pal. <year>,
2, <page) I
>
> Sommaires des cours et tribunaux

Juris.Classeur P€riodique
e.g., Gaz. Pal. ,year,,
Somm. <page> I
> Edition G€neral (Ia
Juridique)
>Jurisprudence
Semaine 1942-date

e.g., JCP <year' ll

o
> Panorama de Jurisprudence
<number)
e.g., ICP (year) lV
o
<number)
o
!t
llullctinJoly
llLrllctin Joly c.g., Bult. Joly .year,,
-_ (page>
Periocliquc
Juris-Classeur Periocliq uc
Ilt I.. g.li,krn
Eclitkrn Entrcprisc ., otrri..,
et Af'faircs c.g...lCP E. ,year,,
<numoer>

" Eclition Notarialc et Immobiliere t.i.';'rll.l,'uttt"

I
. Eclitkrn sociale e .g., JCP 5. ,year"
'number'
" .Jurist)xta c.g., JurisData
- .number'

Administrative iurisdiction
1|, Tribunal des conflits (TC) (reconciles disl;utcs betwccn cassation rcndus
It cn marieri), Conseil d'Etat (CE) (highest administmtive court: sits in sub-
scction (CE), section (CE Sect.), or asscrnbl)'(CE Ass.)), Cour administrative
I d'appel (CAA) iregional atlministrativc courts ol'appcal), and Tribunaux
administratifs (TA) (regional aclministrative courts of lirst irrstance): If
possible , citc to Rec. Lebon or to onc of thc legal rcviews listed al'rove .

tt
- r Recucil clcs rt'rtts tltr (lonscil tl'lltet 1tt2 I -clatc Rec. Lebon

'- CE Sect., Mar.5,1943,, Rec. Lebon 6z

- Ass., Nov. 8, 1974, 9o.368, Rec. Lebon 54r
" CE

t = CAA Douai,3e ch.,Aug. 7,2c73,72DAo1725

- ' TAAmiens, Apr. ro, 1973,Rec. Lebon 78o

f Constitutional jurisdiction
(tirarion firrmat: Conseil constitutionnet ICC] [Constitutionat Court]
decision No. .decision number,.category of decision,, ,date of decision in
- month day, year format,, .publication abbreviation> 'first page', 'page(s)
- of specific materiat, if desired, (,cou ntry abbreviation if not evident fro m
l!- contextt.

' Conseil constitutionnet [CC] [Constitutional Court] decision No.

8z-t54DC,Dec.29,1982, Rec.8o (Fr.).
O
Conseil constitutionnel (CC) ((bnstitutional (i)urt): Citc to J.O. or Rec., if
thcrcin. Thc Conscil constitutionnel revicws the constitutionllit,v ol laws befirrc
r- the_v are promulg:ltecl. Mrcn it finds a provision unconstitutiortal, the provisiotl
- is not promulgatccl.
tt- '['hcrc arc sevcml catcgorics of clecisions. I)6chration clc conlirrmit(' (DC),
which revicws the coltstitr.ltionality of laws lnd pitrliantcntxq standing orders.
is thc catcgon,citccl most ofien,
t
' .fournal ()fhcicl de la Ri'ptrbliclue l|70-datc J.O.
I Frangaise (()fhcial (;azettc ofFr:rncc)
- Jottrnal ()flicial clc l'Ernpitc liranc-ais lu52-18r0
- lull-ltt52
" Mtrnitcur llliverscl
\t- . (;xzettc Nari()nalc lr89-1ttl0
- 1r9l-l9jl
I-ois
o ' lltrlletir-r des
Fnreign Jurisdictions: France I
> Recueil des
constitutionnel
d€cisions du Conseil 1960-date Rec.
I
Constitution
Colsr.
o
o
> I-A CoNsrruroN

Citation format: .year, CoHSr. (article, (,country abbreviation if not

evident from context,).

France has had fifteen different constitutions since its first

constitution was adopted in 1958.
in 1791. The current o
Codes a
Citation format: <code name> [,code abbreviation'][.English translation
code name,] ,article, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
of
I
> Cooe crvrr- [C. crv.][Ctvtt- Cooe] art.
> CoDE ADMINISTRATIF (ADMINISTMTI\T CODE)

(Cnt
zl Gr.).
C. ADM. I
Coor) C. crv.

a
> Coos cML
> Coon os coMMERCE (CoMMERcIAT CoDE) C. com.
} (Pnur C. p€H.

o
CoDE PENAL COOE)
> CoDE DE pRocEDURE pfNAr.E (CRIMINAL PRoCEDURE CoDE) C. pn. pEH.
> Colr ou rneven (L,uon Cou) rnnv.

t
C.
} CoDE DE PRocfDURE CMLE (CML Pnocpotlnr Coog) c.P.c.

Statutes and decrees

Citation format for a French law or decree: Loi (or D€cret),[aw or decree
number, du ,date in French of law or decree, .[aw or decree name,
I
[,Engtish translation of law or decree number, date, and name)], <reporter
or iournaI n3ms) [,reporter or journal abbreviation,][,English translation
o
of reporter or iournal,], .date of publication,, p. ,page number, (country
abbreviation if not evident from context'). o
> Loi zooS-776 du 4 ao0t zoo8 de modernisation de l'6conomie
lLaw zooS-776 ofAugust 4,zoo8 on the Modernization ofthe
Economy], JounHnl OrrrcrEt DE LA R€puBLtoue FneHqntse [J.O.]
o
>
lOrrrcrnr Gnzerre oF FRANcE], Aug. 5, 2oo8,p.7247t,
Loi 85-699 du u iuiltet 1985 tendant i la constitution d'archives
o
audiovisuelles de la iustice ILaw 8S-6gg of July u, 1985 for the
Formation of Audiovisual Archives of the Judiciaryl, Ln Semrtrue
f unroreuE [JCP] [Junrotcal Wesrlv] lll,No.57447.
I
Cite to the J,O., if therein; otherwise, cite to one of the following:
I
>JoURNAL OFFTCTEL
fu6runuqur Fnenqersr
> REcuErL DALLoz
DE r-{ J.O.

t
>

>
D,rrroz-Srnw,
D,lrroz,
LEGrst"4TIoN

LEGTSLATTqN
1965-1996 D.S.L.
1945-1964 D.L. o
> ANALYflQUE, LEGISLATI9N 1941-1944 D.A.L.
o
t
o (lRn ()Urr, LiG tsL{'r'toN

P6R()lx)rn rl cRIIrer rr:

191r-1911
1848- l9,10
D.C.L.
D.P. IV

o o BULI-utIN t.6(;lsLA.TIt, I)Al.r.()z

1821-1817
1918- I 982
D.P. ilt
B.L.D.

t " L{
! Ac'I t tAlfl E LE(;tst

SENIATN[ JtrRl)tet]rl
{l tv!:

(Jr rRrs-(lLASS[r]R PFnror>rqt j|1)

I)ALL( )z 1983- r 99>
1912-2004
l92J-dafe
A.L.D.
c.9., ICP lll, No.
<nu mber>

I r Cor.r.tscnoN <;ol.tt,Lit't l, I)tlcRlrs,

()Rr)oNNAN(;lis, ttii(il-EMBN'lS bT AVIS l)LI
C()NSfil- o'Er',rr' (I)UvencilrR & BoceuEl')
17ri8- 1949 Duv. & Boc.

I Treaties and conventions

o Citation format: ,treaty or convention name>,,date of signing>,

,abbreviated names of parties', Jounrunl OrrtctEt- DE LA REPUBLTQUE
Fnengetse [J.O.] [Orrrcrnl Gnzerre oF FRANcEI, ,date of publication,, p.

o ,page number, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context').

u, Tourism Accord, Oct.z6,rg79,Fr.-Mex., Jounlnl Orrtctel oe u
o RipueLreue FnnHqntse [J.O.][Orrtctnl Gnzrrre oF FRANcE], June
15, t98o, p.1478.

o Citc to the J.O., if thcrein; otherwise , cite to onc of the following:

" R[ct]t]il. or's trurrLfs tir Acc()Rl)s Dli LA 1961-clate e.g., <year, Recuttt

o Fn,tn<:r:

u Rt:<;t:llt. Drs'|RAITES Ite lir FR,rNc:E

DES TRAITES, NO.
<numDer>
l7l3-1906 e.g.,,votume,

o Recuttr oes
TRATTES <page>

o Internet sources
http://wrry.legifrance.gouv.fr (govcmment portal to Frcnch law: providcs

o access to the constitution; codes (somc translatecl into English); ofhcial gazettcs
since 1990; treaties; recent decisions from the Cour clc cassation, (lonscil tl'Etat,

o and Cor-rscil constitutionnel; and links to European laws)

http://r.wry.assemblee-nationale.fr (National Assembly)

o http ://www.f ournal-offi ciel. gouv.fr (Ofhcial Gazettc)

http://www.senat.fr (Senatc)

o http://nqrw.courdecassation.fr (Grur dc clssation)

http://www.conseil-etat.fr (ConsciI d Etat)

o http://wwv.conseil-constitutionnel.fr (Conseil constittttionnel)

http://www.loc.govllafhelp/ guide / nations/france.php (Librrtry of

o Congrcss Guide to I;rw Onlinc: Frtnce)

o
t
 o
Federal Republic of o
I
I
Cases
oitation format: ,court name, [,court abbreviation'] [.English translation
of court name'l ,date of decision', .volume number, if applicable,
,reporter or periodical name, [,reporter or periodical abbreviation,]
.first page' (,page(s) of specific materiat, if desired'), ,for periodicals,
year of publication of volume' (,country abbreviation if not evident from
I
context,).
+ Bundesgerichtshof IBGH] [Federat Court of Justice]Apr. 16,
o
zoo8, Nrur lunrsrrscHr WocHeHscHntrr INJW] 2455, zoo8 (Ger.).
Format for subsequent citations: ,votume number, if appticable, .reporter
o
or periodical abbreviation' ,first page, (.page(s) of specific material, if
desired') (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). o
e 154 BGHZ 37o (371)

Citation format fbr unpublishcd decisions: <court or court abbreviation, o

o
,date,, .docket number,, ,link to online version (optional),.
*" BG H Fe b. t4, 2014, Xll ZB 6o7 I tz, http: / /ju ris.bundesgerichtshof.

o
de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=en&
Datu m = zor4&n r= 56934&po 5= 2297s7= 3t6.

Ordinary jurisdiction
Bundesgerichtshof (BGH) (Fcderal Court of Justice (previously
Reichsgericht (RG)): court of last resort for civil and criminal matters): Cite
o
civil matters to BGHZ or RGZ. and criminal mattcrs to BGHSr or RGSI. or to
oeri<ldical or electronic sotrrcc.
a

I
ENts<ltul>uN<;nN
rN ZIvtLSACltuN
ols Bt JNI)Es(; ERIcILI

ENtsctIetorrN<;nl pls Rlitct Is(;tiRr(:trls lN

SI t()FIis 1950-datc
1879-1945
BGHZ

RGZ
o
Ztv[-sA(.llLN
ENl scHEIr)rrN(;r.N Dr-.s Bt;nt >ls<;trltt<;Ht stt< lpns 1 950-date BGHSr o
I
IN STRA[SACIIEh.
ENls<ttntnr rl<;tlt ot:s RIitclIs(;LRI(:tils lN 18110- 1944 RGSr
Sln q.ns.l<.r rnN

Obedandesgericht (OLG) (in most states, Higher Regional Court): Citc

civil matters to OLGZ, and criminal mattcrs to OLGST, or to a periodical or I
o
electronic source; Bayerisches Oberstes Landesgericht (BayObLG)
(Bavarian Higher Regional Coun): Citc civil matters to BIYOeLGZ and criminal
mltte$ to BIYOaLGST, or to a periodical or elcctronic source; Landgericht
(LG) (regional courts): Cite to periodicals.

RE(:HTSPRE(;nr JN(; DB8 ()Bgnlq.N ut,st;Rnt<;t ttn 1965-1994 OLGZ

o
o
rx Zrvtt.s,qcsr,N
RE<.il'rspne<;Ht iN<; I>nn OBERT.ANT)tis(;IRI(.r It]j l9ttl-date OLGSI
IN s'IRAFSACIII.]N

a
a
o ' liNtscHtiil)tiN(;EN l)tis IlAYuRIsclII]N
Our,rrs'r'r,x L\NDIts(;Erucn'ls IN Zntt.srcttttli
1950-2(X)6

l9i0-2(D6
BAYOBLGZ

o
. lllL sr.sr,r uL t.tt ;lir\ )ts IJ
| vliRts(l I t,N BnvOeLGSr
( )t jtittsl t,N I"\NDlis(; FllilcH'l s tN S t Rrr|srt<:t t t,;',1

t Constitutional jurisdiction
Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG) (Iederal (lonstittrtional Court): Citc ttr
BVEnTGE, if thcrcin; if unpublishecl, cite by dltc and docket ttuntber lncl link

o to online sourcc. if avlilable

EN'fscHIilt)r.tN( ;tiN t)lts 1951-dnte BVenrGE

o Bl \t)lis\ tRI',\ssl N(;s(;trt{lctt'rs

"' BVerfG, z BvR z7z8 I t3, lan. q, 2014, https://www.

o bu ndesverfassu ngsge richt.de/entscheidu ngen /

rc2o74o774 zbvrzTz8r3en.htmt.

I Administrative iurisdiction
Bundesverwaltungsgericht (BVerwG) (Fcclerrrl Aclnillistrrtlilc Court):

o (lite to BVenwGE. if thercin; Oberverwaltungsgericht (OVG) or

Verwaltungsgerichtshof (VGH) (Higher Admiuistrativc Courts): Clitc to
thc litrtscheitltrrrga, (case rcporter) of thc cottrt; Verwaltungsgericht (VG)

o (udministrativc triul courts): Cite to perioclicals. lf unpublishctl. citc

(k)ckct number and link to onliue sourcc, il ltvailablc:
bl clatc and

o := BVerwG, Oct. 24, 2ot3, 7 C 36.tt,http://www.bverwg.de/

entscheid u ngen /entscheid u ng. ph p?ent=z 41o73U7C36.71'o.

o Et]] scttt:lot N(ilt\ t)Fts

IJI rNI)lisvftlwAl- tl rN(;s(;Eltl( tH'l s
I95,i-datc BVenwGE

o Special jurisdiction
Bundesfinanzhof (BFH) (Fctlerirl Financc Court): Citc to BFHE, if tlrercin;
Finanzgericht (FG) (tirx courts): Citc t<> EFG, if thereirl; Bundesarbeitsgericht

o (BAG) (Fcderlrl L:rbor (lourt): (lite to BAGE, if thcrein: Landesarbeitsgerichte

(LAG) (Highcr Labor (iourts): Oite to perioclicals: Bundessozialgericht (BSG)

o
(Feclcral Sociul Court): Cite to BSGE, if thcrein; Landessozialgericht (LSG)
(Highcr Social Courts): Cite to pcrioclicals; Bundespatentgericht (BPatG)
(Feclcral Patcnt Coun): Cite t() BPnrGE. if therein.

O lc I)tR liNts(;ttEIl)t'\(;tr\ t \l)

S,tltttt.t
(;(rrAcHt'IjN o|s BUxDnst'tx,txzttot's
1952-clttc BFHE

l95J-ilate
o ,
"
'
EN'ts<:tttitolx<;tiN DnR FINANZ(;ltRI(tttrtl
ENis<:rrr:tot NGtiN I)us llt NI)tls'\llBlilfs(;l,Rl(lllls
tscltitDt N(;r,x tttts Bt lttl.ss()zlAl.(;llRl(.lrls
l95l-date
1955-date
EFG
BAGE
BSGE

I
EN

ENisciltiIDt ),,J(itr\ l)Tts Bt sot sp,q.l'llN ft;tlttt<:lfls 1962-clatc BPITGE

I Constitution
' (ittulvlrt;tst;tz l,t'rR I)ltt BtiNDl:sttlil>l
I)r,r'r s(.ilt.,\NI) (Brst<, L't$)
III-IK (rRt rNIXI IiSlrTT GG

o 'l'hc Ba.sic lrra' is subclivided into lnicles

o
 o
'When
citing rln.. Bdsic Lau for the first time within a work, provide thc link to
the up{o-drtc vernacular text or to a recent translation as providcd by Gesetze o
im lntemet, http://www.gesetze-im-intemet.dcl.
s GRUNDGESETz [GG][Brsrc Lnw], translotion at http://www. t
gesetze-im-internet.de/en glisch_gg/index.htmt.
Cite amencling laws to the Basic Luw like statutes: I
p' Gesetz zurAnderung des Grundgesetzes ILawAmending Basic
Lawl, June 28,!993, BGBt. I at rooz (Ger.). o
Codes
Citation format: ,code name' [,code abbreviation,] [,Engtish translation
o
of code name,l, ."as amended," or amending law with citation, if
applicabte,, ,relevant subdivisions, if desired, ,online version in German
or English, if available, (,country abbreviation if not evident from
o
context,).
It is possible to citc to a sentence or clause within the section, paragraph, or
t
sentence number.

r"
(lite thc section before paragraphs or sentence numbers.

BURGERLTcHES GEsErzBUcn IBGB] [Crvrr- Coor], g 793, para. z,

t
*
sentence z, translation af http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/
englisch_bgb/index.htmt (Ger.). o
HnroelscesErzBUcH IHGB] [CowrueRctAL CoDE], 5 8, http://www.
gesetze-im-internet.de/ hgb/_8. htm t. a
o
I]trR(;ERLt( )rIES G rlsrt z-Br,<;r r ((lrvr. C()D|) BGB
Hrnrxr.sr;r:srilzrlr ;cr r ((loMr,lFR(ir,u Oorrr) HGB
SozrAr.(;ESt'-fzllu(.H (So( rL\1. C()Df.) SGB
Sr'tu\F(;r,sEIZBr rcr r (PE\,\L
S'TRAFpROZESS()RIrNt,N<;
(i)r)r.)
(C()r>r ol, CnrutN.tt. PR(xiED( rRlt)
StGB
stPo a
o
ZrvllpRozlssotttNuNc (C()l)E or. Crvlr. PR(xrn){ltB) zPo

The Sctzialgesctzbuch (SGB) (Social Oode) is subdividcd into twelve books

th:tt are described by a Roman numcral. For instance, Sozialgesetzbuch V
Gesetzliche k'ankenr.tersicberunp deals with social health insurance.
o
Statutes and decrees
Citirtion format: <statute or decree futl name or, if available and part of I
the statutory titte, short title' [,abbreviated statute or decree name,
if availabte,l [,Engtish translation of short titte>], <date of enactment',
,name of gazette of promulgation, [,abbreviation of gazette of o
promulgation'] at ,volume, page, and/or sentence number of gazette, if
desired', ,"as amended," or amending law with citation, if applicable,,
,relevant subdivisions, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident
o
from context').
n Finanzmarktstabilisierungsfonds-Verordnung
o
I
IFMStFV] [Financiat
Markets Stabilization Regutationl, Oct. zo, 2oo8, ELEKTRoNtscHER
BuHoesnnzercen IeBAruz] at e3 zooS Vl (Ger.).

a
a
o Subsequcnt citution mly be made to the lbbrcviution of the glzctte, rxther than
the lirll r.ramc of thc publication.
.
o .
Waffengesetz [WaffG][Weapons Act], Oct. tt,2oo2, BGBr. I at
39to,g r (Ger.).

a Bundes-Bodenschutz-und AltlastenverordnungIBBodSchV]
IFederat SoiI Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance], Juty 7,
1999, BGBr- | at r554, $ z, no. 6 (Ger.).

o '.' Einfuhrliste IList of lmport Restrictions], Dec. t5, 2oo3, BArz at

26,87 (Beilage no. z43a) (Ger.).

o Statutcs lre oftcn amcnclecl b1' subsequent lcgishtion. and cititlg tlle originltl
cnactment ckles not indicate what ltmendmcuts havc sincc occttrtecl. Acld "as

t amended," or citc a particular amctrding law. Aclcl t trlnshtiot.t of thc stltttttc

namc if hclpfirl, rLud cite an English translation of thc stltttlte if avaihble , or
provide a link to the consr>lid:ttcd onlinc vcrsion, if avlilaltlc.

I u Aktiengesetz [Al<tG][Stocl< Corporation Act], Sept. 6, 1965, BGBt-

I at ro89, last amended by Gesetz [G], AJuty 23,2073 BG Bl I at

o 2586, art. z6 (Ger.), http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/aktg/

BJN Roro89o965. htm t.

o \{anl larvs arc repromulgatcd vcars lfter thcir cnlctment to provide ln officiallv
uptlated text. Cite such luws witl-r thcir latcst rcpromttlgation dlttc, or ii the
fbrnrcr vcrsion is dso pertinent, citc the first cnltctme nt, firll<xvecl lly the clate

t and citation of the pcrtincnt reprontulgrtion.

.' Bundesnotarordnung IFederaI Act on Notaries Pubtic], Feb. 13,

o 1937, RGBr- ll at r9r, repromulgated Feb.24, 196r, BGBI I at 97

(Ger.).

o (litc a Gesetz (G) (f'cderll statute) or Verordnung (V) (rcgulittion) to the

feclcral law glzettc whcre it u'as promulgated, cither tlle BGBt- or the RGBt-. or,
in the cuse of some regulations, BAttz or e BAnz. When the BGBr or RGBt- is

o divided into'l'cil I and'l'eil II, tkrmestic lcgislltion is in thc Iirst volttmc.

. Ii rNl)tis(;Frslilzlll.A ft,'l'eil I 1951-clate BGBI I

o Ii Nl)ris(;r'srtlztl.,r'n,'l'cil II
' RI't(-ils(;Lsti't zBL\t-t.
' Ilr'r<tts<;esr,r'zBr.,r't"r,'l'eil I
1951-clxte
lfl-l- 1921
192'2-t945
BGBt- ll
RGBr-
RGBr

o
I

' lilirclrs(irsrir'7lll.A'ff,'l'cil II 1922-t915 RGBt- ll

, I} rNI)l,sANZLI(;tiR 1919-clate e.g.. BAnz at

o <page number,
(Beitage no.
,numberr)

o Lt.tiKt tt<txtsr.gt,n Bt lltt s,rlzt,tt;t,R 2(X).1-tlate e .g.. EBANz at

<oocu menl
numbert

O Legislative materials
o 'Ihcre lre trvo f'ederal lcgisl:ttivc
(Fcclenrl Parliament) antl thc
botlics: the Deutscher Bundestag (BT)
Deutscher Bundesrat (BR) (Fcclcrll (inncil).

o Cite publishccl Drucksachen (litcrlrlll ptrblicltions, i.c., leg,islative nratedrtls)

F'nreign Jurisdictions: Gerrrran.v t
by legislative period and number for BT and by number and last two digits
year for BR (optionally add link to online version).
of
I
> Regierun gsentwurf [Cabinet Draft ], Deurscn r n Bu ru orsrae:
DnucrsacxrH lBTltl I rlt+zl, http://dipzr.bundestag.de I dipzrl I
>
btd I tt I gq I qU+zl.pdf (Ger.).
Regierungsentwurf [Cabinet Draft], ButrloEsnnt Dnucrsncxel IBR]
zst lo6 (Ger.).
I
Treaties and conventions o
Cite treaties and conventions to BGBt- ll. and use the citation fomat for statutes.
t
t
Internet sources
Free websites
Up-to-date consolidated versions of German laws are available on many
websites, some published by German agencies and offering reliable uPtGdate
versions of numerous laws. o
Gesetze im Internet, http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de, published by the
Federal Ministry ofJustice in partnership with;unrs, provides the up-todate text I
I
of most laws and regulations.

> Gesetz Uber Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte IUrheber-

t
rechtsgesetzlIUrhG][Copyright Act], Sept. 9, 1965, BGBt- | atp73
(Ger.), http: //www.gesetze-im-internet.de.
Statutes provided on this site are usually updated within one month. Unless
indicated by the text, a citation of the amended status is not typically necessary.
For some statutes, translations are also available. o
Other Resources
http://www.cgedi.orglindex.php?id=61 (translation of selected laws and t
court decisions provided by the Centre for German kgal Information)
https ://www.bundesanzeig er. de / ebanmtww / wexsservlet (regulations
published in the electronic Bundesanzeiger (rBANz))
I
The federal courts have websites that make their decisions available:
www.bundesverfassungs gericht. de (Bundesverfassungsgericht)
httpr//
a
http ://www.bvger.ch @undesverwaltungsgericht)
Federal legislative materials:
o
http://dip.bundestag.de @undestag)
http://www.parlamentsspiegel.de (Bundesrat) I
Commercial services
Germany's comprehensive legal database, .Junrs, is authoritative but not the
a
primary official source. The online, fee-based subscription service offers more
than forty online libraries including the text of federal statutes (Bundesrecht), o
reported cases (Rechtsprechung), the laws of several states, tax regulations
and dings, and bibliographic references to the legal literature. All materials
quoted from .Junrs should be cited according to the established format for
o
printed materials. In addition, a parallel reference to the JURIS source may be
I
t
o given. For court dccisions fiom an clectronic source that may not as.vct have
becn rcportecl elscwhcrc, also cite the ckrcket numbcr.

I ;,

i.
Produkthaftungsgesetz IProdhaftG] [Products Liabitity Act], Dec.
t5,t989, BGBr- lat zr98 (Ger.), available of ,uRts bysubscription.
Bverfc, Mar. q, 2oo4,
a subscription.
In atldition to Jt Rrs,
t BvR tz65 I oo (Ger.), av ai la ble at t u nts by

Oermln legal publishcrs offtr ntlmcrotls clcctrolric

O lrroducts, including commcrcial CD-llOMs.

o T2.l4.l German Linder

o Cases
In thc intcgntcd (ierman court s\,stcm, thc tri;tl and irppellate cotlrts ltre state
courts, and the courts ()flast rcsort are l'cdcral cotlrts. Thesc courts acl,udicate

a mattcrs of f'edcral irncl statc law.

t Constitutional jurisdiction
Staatsgerichtshof (StG H) or Verfassungsgerichtshof (c.g., BayVerfG H fbr
Ilavaria) (constitutionitl court tllat adjuclicates nlatters rehting to the state s

o constitution): (litc to the of ficial reporter, a pcriodicltl, or a wcbsite.

= BayVerfGH Juty r9, zoo7,6o Sntutvtlut',lc voru EnrscHrtDUNGEN DEs

o BavrnrscHen VERwALTUNGsGERtcHTsHoFS Mlr ENTScHEIDUNGEN

DEs BAyERrscHrn VenrassuttGscERlcHrsHors IBavVGH (NF)I tSt
(Bavaria) (Ger.).

o b.""tit"iir"t
o (lonstitutions (Verfassung) of the (ierman statcs (l.intlcr) are clcsignatcd
such, folkrwcd by the namc of the statc in clttestion:
as

I " Vrirrr,ASsrrN(; ll,\\'riRN

Statutes and decrees

Venr BnY

o Oitc a Landesgesetz (LG) (sttte statutc) or Landesverordnung (LVO) (statc

administflrtivc rcgulation) to thc law gazettc (GVBt-.) of the inclividull statc.

o a, Bayerisches Verfassungsschutzgesetz, repromulgated Apr. ro,

1997, BAyERtscHES GESETz- uno VenonoruuNGsBLArr IBnv GVBL]
zo (Bavaria) (Ger.).
o B,tt titttsr :rtls (lt,st,'tz- t :xlt Vttttttullt'tl< ;sgl-t l'r Bav GVBr

a lnternet sources
I-indcr ltws lnd regulations, :ts well as clccisions of the L:inclcr cotlrts, are

o lvlihblc on their official rvcbsites. For instancc, in thc Land of North llhinc-
Westphalil, the Ministn of .lusticc pt'ovides I legal liblan'that contains thc
court clecisions of North ltl-rinc-\i/cstphalil as wcll lts thc most important laws

o of the licclcration ancl the othcr Llinclcr. 'l'he ltort:tl is avrilablc in tinglish at
http://www.justiz.nrw.de/WebPortal-en/legal
are in (iermln.
library. bttt tl.tc sottrccs

O
 o
For additionrl electronic sources, see table T2.14 Germany, Federal
Republic of. a
T2.15 Greece a
(Civil Law)
o
Cases
(litation format: .court name, [.court abbreviation,] [,Engtish translation
of court name'] .case number, f ,year,, p.,fi rst page,, .page(s) of specifi c
I
materia[, if desired, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
r, Areios Pagos [A.P.] [Supreme Courr]355 | zoo4, p. 3 (Greece).
o
o Symboulion Epikrateias [S.E.] [Supreme Administrative Court]
n5o1ry95, p.8 (Greece).
o
Areios Pagos (A.P.) (Sr.rpreme Court), Symboulion Epikrateias (S.E.)
(Supreme Administrative Court), Eirinidokeia (Erin.) (courts of peace), o
Protodikeia (Monomele-Polymelc) (Mon. Pr. or Po[. Pr.) (district courts),
and Epheteia (Ephet.) (courts ofappeals): Oite to various lcgal journals. There
are no oflicial reporters for court dccisior-rs.
t
Constitution I
(litation format;,ysar, SyNTAcmn ISvr.] [CoNsilTUTro
(.country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
t'
N ],section n um ber'
a
Codes
t975 Svr'rrne nn [Svru.][Cousrtrurroru] 6 (Greece).
o
Citation format: <code name> [,code abbreviation,][,English translation
code name,] ,chapter number':,article number, (country abbreviation if
not evident from context,).
of
a
E- AsnKos Koorrns [A.K.] [Crvrr- Coor] r:r (Greece). O
As'r-rK()s Kor)rKAs ((lrvlL (i)r)r,)
PorNlxos Koorx,c.s (CRtMrNAr. C()DL)
(MILII ARy (lRIMt NAL (l()Dli)
A.K.
P.K. o
o
STRAI t()TlKOs P()rNIKOs Kr>urriris Srn.P.K.
Kot)IKAs lrto'nroU N,Lutrr<o| l)tr,rtott ((irDE ot, PRIVA'rE KIND
MARlllMl LA,t(,)
EMporilK()s Kor)rK{s (Ooumrncnr. (irDB)
K()r)IKA.S Pol.t'rKEs I)IK()N()MrAs (Cor>n op
Kot)tKAS PoINKrs l)rxor.krl.rr,rs (Corx
()vlL PR(xtH)uRFt)
<lt, (lRlr'IINAL
EK
KPol.D.
KPor.D.
o
Pno<:r:t>r rnt)
K()t)IKAS t'()N I)raM()sr()N Yler.lur.oN ((irol ot, Ctvtr SnnvlN'rs) KDY o
KODtx,ts BLLINtxr.:s lttt,l<;rNrr.q.s
l)AsrK()s K()l)rKAs (F'oR[st C()r)r)
Kor xx.l s SyMvot"\(x;RAptt<>x
((itrrr or

((i rur ()N N(

GRtjEK Cl'l tzliNSI

l;\Rllts)
Ip) KEI
DK
KS
o
Kot)IKAS I)t()tKI'ilKtis Dr,urrKAsr,rs ((l()r)r, ()r, Ar)MrNls'fRAftvtl
PROC.lit)t rRt)
K.D.Drno.
o
O
a l:lr r':,1ri .1r!!':.,t!!i { i1!r't\' {ri{','{ { tj

o K()DTKAS l)rorKlrrKrrs DrKoN()MrAs

Jtrt)tcl{t. Pno<:rt>r rnr)
((l()Dr oF ADMrNrsrRATrvr K.D.DtK.

o Stafutes and decrees

t Citation format for statutes: Nomos (,year,:,taw number>) ,Statute name,

[,Engtish transtation of statute name>], ,publication n6ms, [,publication
abbreviation,l <year>, <part>:<issue number, (country abbreviation if not

o evident from context,).

ts Nomos (zot3:4t64) Symplerose ton Diatakseon Peri Ethnikou

a ktematotogiou kai Alles Rythmiseis ICompletion of Provisions

on National Registry and Other Regulationsl, EpHervtents rrs
KvvrnrEseos rES HELLENTKEs DEMoKRATtAs IE.K.E.D.] zot3, Ai756

o (Greece).

Citation format fbr decrces: Diatagma (,year,:.law number,) ,decree name,

o [,English translation of decree name,], ,publication name, [,pubtication

abbreviation'] ,year>, ,part,:,issue number, (,country abbreviation if not
evident from context).

a h' Diatagma (zor4:8) Epharmoge tes Apophasis t9z9 (zoto) toy

Symvouliou Asfaleias tou Organismou Enomenon Ethnon (O.H.E.)

t Ilmplementation of Decision ry29 (zoto) of the United Nations

(U.N.)1, EpHeruEnrs Tes KvvrnruesEos TEs HelLeHlres DEruornn-
rrns IE.K.E.D.] zot4, B:t3 (Greece).

a Periodicals
Citation f<rrmat: ,author name', ,title in transliterated form, [,English
O translation of title,] ,volume number' ,periodical 66ms, [,periodical
abbreviation,], No.,number,,,fi rst page,,,page(s) of specific material,

I if desired' (,year,) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).

+ Kostas Mpeis, He Anogkastike Ektelese Enantion Allodapou

a us Kata to H e lle n i ko D i koi o lE n fo rce me nt Proceed i n g s

K rato

Against a Foreign State According to Greek Lawl5z Nomtron

[N.V.l, No. 4, 558 (zoo4) (Greece).
o
VErvrn

The lirllowing arc thc most common journlls:

FlAIlMENoPotr.os
o
o HARM.

" Drxr
(Tur.lr-) D.
n Dn.tlo ER(;Ar-rKl,s N()MolttlstAs (Btit-lr,'nr ()F L,uloR LAv) D,E.N.

o , Drr.r'ro PHottot.o<;tKrs N()\'to]il[st^s (BUI-I-jj]'IN ol'T.'txtttoN)

*EptluE()rursusDluosr<lrKAIDt()tKtilK()r.tI)tr'rtottV
(founN,u ()r, Pt10t.ft; ANr) Ar)MrNrsrRArrvr l"rw)
D.Pn.N.
E,D.D.D.

o ' EprfuE()rtEsrrs
Stx-lu.
Dtrltol
INst rruN<:n l,lw)
K()rN()NIKES Aspttet.tsttcts (lttt'nr.u. <tt' E.D.K.A.

o h EprrlrE()REsrs En<;,q.Trxorr
F EpnriNrERrs Er.r-sN()N

o Epr|ssonus|s Eltponrrorr
l)rr,lrol
NoNtKoN (Jo{rRN,\t.
(JolttNAL oF LAB()R

l)rti\rotr (lot:nxxt. ()F

IA$,)
ol (inttt:xJtrnls'ts)
(loMllltRctAl
E.ERG,D.
E,E.N.
E.Etvtp,D.

I L,rw)
NtxrrroN Vl]NrA (I-E(;AI-'l
Tnrsr
RurtiNtt)
Koorx,rs Ntlnrx.or VIr't,rtrrs ((,()r)1, ()l Lnt;'rt. 'l'tttnr Nt,)
N.V.

o
K.N.V.
 :; ii:i:1,: o
" T() SYNTAGMI (THr' CoNsl'rlUTloN)
. l)tKAt(xr^t'A T<lu ANt Rttopou (Revrcw ot, Hrrv,rN fur;Hrs)
To S.
D.T.A. I
Treaties
Cite treaties to the O.fficiat Gdzette of Greece: ,title', ,parties,, ,date of
t
signature, IEeHemenrs rEs KyvERNEsEos rEs Hellentres Dttuoxnnrtns]
IE.K.E.D.], <part>:<issue number>,,date of pubtication, (,country
o
abbreviation if not evident from context').
,h' Agreement on Double Taxation, Greece-U.S., Oct. zz, t96o
o
IEeH ervr rnts rEs KyvE RN EsEos rES H E t-t-E ru t rES Detvto rnnrtas]
IE.K.E.D.], A:28, Oct. 28, t96o (Greece). o
Internet soufces
http://n'rw.et .gr (OfJicial Gdzette of Greece, availablc lirr frec)
o
http://www.dsanet.gr (lsokratis (Athens l]ar Association))
http: / / last db.intrasoft net.com (NOMOS)
o
http://r.wry.l oc.gov /law /help/ gtide/ nations/greece.html (Library of
(irngress (iuide to Law Online: Greecc) o
http://wrw.ministryofi ustice.gr / site (Ministry of Justice,
and Human Rights)
http://n'nv.hellenicpadiament. gr (Hellcnic Parliament)
Transpareucy.
o
T2.16 Hong Kong
o
(Cornmon Lalv) I
Chinese and English language sources
Hong Kong has two oflicial languages: English ancl Chincse . Where a sourcc is o
available in both languages, generall,v cite to the Englislr source, unless therc
is a specilic rcason to citc to the Cl"rincse version. When citing an English
language primary source, it is not necessary to preface thc source with the
o
w <trc\s " t ra n slate d i n."

Romanization
o
For romanizatior-r of Chinese language citations, fblkrw instructions in rule
20.2.4(b). o
English abbreviations
Follow abbreviatbn guidelines for U.S. matcrirls, using tables T6 and T1O,
o
unless an exccption is providecl in table T2.42 United Kingdom. Render
"Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" or "HKSAR'' as "Hong Kong.' I
Cases
Citation format: .caSe name>, [,year of decision'] ,volume number or
o
part, <reporter abbreviation' .first page,, ,page(s) of specific materiat, if
desired' (court abbreviation') (iurisdiction abbreviation if not evident
from context,).
o
O
o
a !" Law Soc'y of H.K. v. Brook,
(c.F.r.).
[r997-t998lt H.K.C.F.A.R. 228,237D

o s
b,'
Hong Kong v. Chan Hing Hung, I1998]+ H.K.C. +81, t+88C (C.F.l.).

Tong Ping-chuen v. AG, [r9go] r H.K.L.R. 55r, 559E (H.C.).

o Priry Council (P.C.) (all criminaland civil linal appeals untilJuly

to reports listed under table T2.42 United Kingdom.
l, 1997): Cite

o Court of Final Appeal (C.F.A.) (all criminal and civil linal appeals afterJuly
1,1997): Cite to H.K.C.F.A.R., H.K.C., or Lega[ Reference System, if therein.

I ts

o
Hong Kong Court of Final
Reports
Hong Kong Cases
Appeal 1997 /l99tl-date H.K.C.F.A.R.

It){6-dile H.K.C.

o " Legal Reference Systcm 1997-date LegalReference

System

a Court of Appeal of the High Court (C.A.): Cite to H.K.L.R.D., H.K.L.R.,

H.K.C., or LegaI Reference System, in that order of preference.

o "'Ihe Authorized Hong Kong

Reports and Digest
" Hong Konfi Law Reports
Law r997-dxe
r9o5 / 1906- 1996
H.K.L.R.D.

H. K. L. R.

I '
,
Hong Kong Oases
Legal Ref'erence System
1946-date
1946-d:tte
H.K.C.
LegaI Reference

I
SYstem

Court of First Instance of the High Court (C.F.l.) (High Court ofJustice
(H.C.) from 1975 t<t 1998): Cite to H.K.L.R.D., H.K.L.R., H.K.C., or Legal

o Reference System. if thcrein.

District Court (D.C.): For an online source, cite using application number,

I abbreviation, and date as provided in the fudgment. Citc to D.C.L.R. or Legal

Reference System, if thercin. Provide a parallel print source citation where

o
available.

' District (lourt Law Reports l9ri-1996 D.C,L.R.

(Supplement to Hong Kong Law

o Reports)
Legal Reference System 196tt-date Legal Reference
System

O m" Ward v. Harting (HK) Ltd., DCCJ zlt++lzoo4 (D.C. Dec. t4, zoo5)
(Legal Reference System) (H.K.).

o Family Court (F.C.): Cite using application number, abbreviatkrn, and date
pnrvided in the iudgment. Cite to Legal Reference System. Provide a
as
parallcl

o print source citation wherc available .

= Lcgal Ref'erence System 1972-dtte Legal Reference
System

o !*- c v. L, lzoo4lz H.K.L.R.D. r, FCMC 7268l2ooo (F.C. Jan. tS,zooz)

(Legal Reference System) (H.K.).

o Lands Tribunal (L.D,): Cite using application number, abbreviation, and year
asprovided in the iudgment. Cite to Legal Reference System.

o
Foreign -[urisdictions: [{ong Knng o
> Legal Reference System 1970-date Legal Reference
System I
> Naylor v. Konmill Ltd., LDNT 6tlzoo4 (1.D. f uly 27, 2oo4) (Legal
Reference System) (H.K.). o
Constitution
See also listing under tableT2.9 China, People's Republic of
I
> The Basic law of the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region of the People's Republic of
XrnHeenNe f reeH
FA I
China
> XIANGGANG JreeN Fn art.24, S t (H.K.). t
Laws and ordinances
Cite to one or more of the following sources, if therein and available. Provide a
I
parallel citation where available.

> The Iaws of Hong r""g t6ffi,*fr-d> l99l-date L.H.K.

o
> Ordinances of the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region for the year
<year> (Irgal Supplement No. I to The
1855-date O.H.K.
I
Government of the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region Gazette) I
> Bilingual laws Information System

(rye9;EVrl/Htr+#frfi)
1997-date BLIS

t
Citation format for The Laws of Hong Kozg: <statute or ordinance name),
(.edition year,) Cap. <chapter number,, ,page number,, $ ,section'
(,jurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context,).
I
> Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Ordinance, Q99o) Cap. ry2,
r, $ r(r) (H.K.). I
Citation format for the Ordinances of the Hong Kong Special Adrninistratiue
Region: (statute or ordinance name), No. ,ordinance number,, (,year of I
publication,) <volume> O.H.K., 5 ,section, (,jurisdiction abbreviation if
not evident from context').
> Hong Kong Reunification Ordinance, No. 11o, (tggil I O.H.K.,
I
o
S
zg(r).

Regulations
Cite to one or more of the following sources, if therein and available . I
>
>
The Laws of Hong ro"g fAHi*1Fdl
Regulations of the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region for the year
l99l-date
1948-date
L.H.K.
R.H.K. t
<year) (Legal Supplement No. 2 to The
Government of the Hong Kong Special o
Administrative Region Gazette)
> Bilingual Laws Information System

(ry-#lt(nJlfft+#ffi)
1997-date BLIS
I
I
a
o Internet sources
http://vqrw.basiclaw.gov.hk (The Basic Law of Hong Kong)

o http://www.legislation.gov.hk/eng/index.htm (Bilingual Laws

Information system, ry;*#lrll'ft't+*ffi tsrts)

o http://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette (The Govemment of the Hong Kong

Spccial Administrative Region Gazette (Hoxc KoNc Gaz.))

o http://www.hklii.org (Hong Kong Legal Information Institute (HKLII))

lntlp?//leg bef.judiciary.gov.hk
Judiciary)
(Legal Reference Systcm of the Hong Kong

O http://nnrw.doj.gov.hk/eng/laws/treaties.html (Treaties and

Intemational Agreements (In Force and Applicable to the Hong Kong SAR)

o (HK TIA))
http://www.hku.hk/ccpl/hkfie ty/ d^tabase.html (Hong Kong Treaty

a Database)

o T2.17 Hungary, Republic of

(CivilLaw)

t Cases

o Citation fomat: <court name) (court abbreviation, if appticabte,) ['Engtish

translation of court name,l ,fu[[ date of iudgment, if avaitable,, ,gazette
abbreviation, if citing to a gazette,..case number, or if none avaitable,

o docket number> (.country abbreviation if not evident from context')'

- Kriria [Curia of Hungaryj Kfv.lll.37 512/2012/9 (Hun9.).

I +- K[ria [Curia of Hungary)Ptu.Y.20.125/2013/5 (Hung.).

* F6vdrosi lt6l6tebla lBudapest-Capital Regional Court of Appeal]

a >
March 4, 2014,9.Pf .20.408/2013/10 (Hung.).

DebreceniTorv6nysz6k [Debrecen Regional Court] July 4, 20'l 3,

o 1 0.P.20.07 5 / 20 1 3 / 22 (Hung.).

Constitutional and civil law courts

Alkotmrinybir6sdg (AB) (Constitutional Court): Cite to MK or AK, if
O therein; Kriria (Curia of Hungary): Cite to BH, if therein; Szegedi it6l6tibla,
P6csi it6l6t{bta, Gy6ri it6l6t6bla, Debreceni it6lti,t6bla, and F6v6rosi

o itel6t6bla (regional court of appeal and the Budapest-Capital Regional

Court of Appeal; adjudicates civil and criminal matters as a second- or third-

t instance forum and other cases referred to its jurisdiction); Tiirv6nysz6k

6s F6virosi Ttirvdnyszdk (regional court and Budapest-Capital Regional
Court) and f6r6sbir6s6g or keriileti bir6s6g (district court): Cite to BH,

o if therein; Kdzigazgatfusi 6s munkaiigyi bir6s6g (administrative and labor

court).

o Major gazettes
" Magyar Krizl<iny (Official Gazette of Hungary) MK

o
Foreign Jurirdictions: Hurrgary I
> Alkotmdnybir6s6g Hatdrozatai (Decisions of the
Constitutional Court: Official Gazette of the
AK
t
Constitutional Court)
> Kririai Drint6sek: Bir6srlgi Hatirozatok (Resolutions of the
Curia: Court Cases)
BH
I
> It€l6t{blai Hat6rozatok (Cases ofthe Courts ofAppeal)

> Alkotm6nybir6s6gi Szemle (Constitutional Court Review)

Bir6s6gi D<int6sek T6ra (Reports ofCourt Resolutions)

IH

I
I
> BDT
> K<izigazgat6si-Gazdasrigi D6ntv6nyt6r (Court Decisions on KGD
Public Administration and Economy)
> Bir6sigi Kiizldny (Official Journal of the National Offrce for
the Iudiciary)
t
Law journals
> Magyar Jog (Hungarian Law) MJ I
fogtudom6nyi Krizl6ny (Gazette ofLegal Science)

t
> IK
> Eur6pai |og (European Law)
> Acta Humana: Emberi fogi K<izleminyek (Human Rights

>
Bulletin)
Acta Juridica Hungarica
r Csalidi log (Family Law)
I
>
>
Infokommunik6ci6 6s fog (Infocommunications and Law)
Kiizjogi Szemle (Public Law Journal) I
Constitution
ts MAGvARoRSZAG ALApTORV€Hve [Tre FuNolrvrsrral Llw or
I
HuHcanv], Aupr0nv€rv.
I
Statutes and decfees
Where available, cite statutes to Magtar Kdzliiny (MK) (Official Gazette of I
I
Hungary) and decrees to the specific ministerial gazette, e.g., Honvidelmi
Kdzl1ny (HK) (Gazette of National Defense).

Citation format for tiirv6ny(ek) (act(s)): (year of issuance,. <number of

the act within that year). <scope of regulation, (Engtish translation of
the name ofthe act,) (,country abbreviation ifnot evident from context,). o
> 2ot2.6vi XXXVI. t0rv6ny
the Parliament) (Hung.).
az Orsz5ggyfl6sr6l (Act XXXVI of 2ot2 on
I
> 2ot3.6vi V. tiirv6ny a Polg6ri Ttirv6nyk6nyvr6t (Act V of 2013 on
the Civil Code) (Hung.). I
Citation format for decrees: ,decree number>/<year of issuancer.
(,month of issuance, in roman numerals>.(day'.) ,abbreviation of
issuer' ,abbreviation of type of decree> <scope of regulation) (.English
I
translation of the name of the decree,) (,country abbreviation if not
evident from context,). t
When following the format above, use "Korm." (Govemment), 'FVM" (Minister
of Agriculture and Rural Development), " EUM " (Minister of Health), and so on.
For govemmental and ministerial decrees, use "r.' for "rendelet" (decree); for
o
municipal decrees, use "6r," for "rinkorminyzati rendelet."
I
O I ,i;'t'ir;:l Nl'r'rsrilr iitrr;r: iiiil;:;'Ll +

a * 3o3l2oto. (Xll. zf.) Korm. r. a Nemzeti Innov6ci6s Hivatalr6l

(Governmental Decree No. 3o3/zoro (Xll.z:.) on the National

o Innovation Offi ce) (Hung.).

a 3rlzoo8. (Xll. fr.) IRM r. az igazs6gtigyi szak6rt5i mukiid6srol
(Decree of the Minister of Law and Law Enforcement on the Opera-

o tion of Forensic Experts) (Hung.).

o Codes
' Polgdri Torv6nykonlv (Civil Code) Prr.

t ' Biintet6 Tcirv6nyk<inyv (Criminal Code)

" Polgiiri perrendtartis (Civil Procedure Code)
* Bintet6eljrirrisi torv6ny (Criminal Procedure Code)
BrK.
Pp.
Be.

a , K<izigazgatrlsi elj6rds16l

'
Procedure Act)
sz616 t<irv6ny

Munka Torv6nykonlve (Labor Code)

(Administrative KEr.

MUNKA TV

o e Gazdasiigi

'
t6rsas6gokr6l sz616 t<irv6ny (Company Law)
Kereskedelmi Torv6ny (Commercial Law)
GT
KERTV

o " C6gtcirv6ny (Act on Company Registration Procedure)

" T<irvdny a ki.ilfcildiek magyarorsziigi
befektet6seir6l (Law
on Investments of Foreigners in Hungary)
CTV

I " Bir6s6gi T<irv6ny (Law on the Organization ofthe Courts) Bszr.

o Internet sources
http://www.mkab.hu/dokumentumoVab-kozlony (Alkotminybir6sdLg

a Hatirozrtai-Decisions of the Constitutional Court: Official Gazette of the

Constitutional Court)
http ://www. mkab.hu/ugyek-stat/kiadvanyok /abh-eves-kotetek

T (Annual Collection of Alkotminybir6sig Httirozatai-Decisions of the

Constitutional Court)

o http://kozlony .magyxrorczag.hu (Magyar Kdzlony-Oflicial

Hungary)
http://www.kozlonyok.hu/kozlonyok/valaszt.htm (current official
Gazette of

o gazettes)

http ://birosag.hu/ugyfelkapcsolati-porta/anonim-hatar ozatok-tat a

o (Bir6sigi Hatirozatok Gytiltem€nye-full text database of court cases and

decisions)

a http ://www.birosag.hu/enlszakmai-informaciok/birosagi-kozlony
(Bir6slgi Kozlony-Official Joumal of the National Officc for the Judiciary)
http://www.kormany.hu/download/ 2l /OOOOO/

o
a/
Magy arotszo/oC}%Al g,a/o20 Napf/oC5o/oB6rf/oC3%A9nye.pdf (thc
fundamental law of Hungary in Hungarian)

o http ://www.kormany.hu/dow rioad'/ e / O2 / OOOOO/The%2 0Newo/o2 0

Fundamental%20Lawa/o20oP/o2oHungary.pdf (the fu ndamental law of

o
Hungary in English)
hw / net.joctar.hu (Hatllyos Jogszab'lyok Gyrijtemdnye-database of valid
statutes, decrees, free access)

o
Ircreigtr Juristlictions: lrrcli* I
http://nit.hu (NemzetiJogszab6ll,tfu-database of valid
intemational treaties, free access)
statutes, decrees and
I
http://www.complex.hdexternal.php?url=l (ftirv6nyek
hrttrrozatok-padiamentary acts and resolutions by year, free access)
6s OGY
t
http://bdt.complex.hu Gir6sigi Dont6sek Tira-Reports of Court
Resolutions. fee-based)
http://kgd.complex.hu D<inw6nltlr-Court
o
I
(Kozigazgatlsi-Gazdastrgi
Decisions on Public Administration and Economy, fee-based)
http://kuriadontesek.hu (Kirriai Dont6sek-Resolutions of the Curia,
fee-based)
I
T2.18 India
(Common Law) I
English is the primary language ofthe legal system oflndia. Publication ofcases,
laws, regulations, and reporting systems are all in English. t
Cases
Citation format: <case name>, (,year of reporter,) .volume number)
I
(reporter abbreviation) .first page, (,year of decision if different from the
year of reporter,) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). o
Note that many reporters depart from this format,
>
as detailed below.

Charan Lal Sahu v. Union Carbide, (rg8g) r SCC674 (lndia). I

> Singh v. Punjab, (tg8o) zSCl 475,524 (lndia).
> labalpur v. Shukla, AIR 1976 SCrzoT (lndia).
o
Citeto Pri,y Council Reports (lnd. App.), tndian Appeals (lA), Supreme Court
Reports (SCR) or Suprenxe CourtJournal (SCD, or Alt India Reporter (AlR). I
Indian law Reporls is the offlcial law reporter for each High Court. Preference
should be given to this reporter for High Court decisions.
o
Privy Council (PC) (appeals until 1949): Cite to lA, Ind. App., AlR, or Ind.
in that order of preference.

Indian Appeals
Cas.,

I
o
> r873-1950 IA
) Law Reports, Prilry Council 1836-1872 Ind. App.
> AII India Reporter L9l4-date e.g., (year,) AIR <volume>

lndian Cases 1909-1947

PC
lnd. Cas.
<page'
I
Supreme Court (lndia) (Federal Court (lndia Fed.) from 1937 to 1950):
Cite to 5.C.R. if therein; otherwise cit€ to one of the reporters below in the a
following order of preference:
> Supreme Court Reports 1950-date e.g., (year') ,volume,
SCR <page>
t
> All India Reporter l9l4-drte e.g., federal courts:
AIR <year> SC,page'
state courts: AIR ,vear>
o
<state> <page>
o
a Ilu i:'"ali{ {i*nr: irtt{,u;l

t =
+
Supreme CourtJoufnal
Supreme Court Cases
1936-date
1969-date
scJ
e.g., (,yearD <volume)
,page,

o
SCC

" UnreportedJudgments 1969-dlte e.g., Unreported ludgments

<year>, <page>

I ' Supreme Cottrt Almanac

" Federal Oourt Reports
1979-date
1939-1950
e.9., <year> SCALE (Page,
FCR

o
o Federal l^awJournal 1937-1949 FLI
r Indian Cases 1909-1941 lnd. Cas.
(,year) .votume,
" Accidents Claims Joumal 1966-date e.g.,

o ACJ ,page, (,year of

decision,)
(,year) <volume> Crim

o
F Criminal Law Journal 1904-date e.g.,
L! (,"5C" or "HC",) <page>
(.date of decision)

o 'All India Criminal Law

Reporter
19tt3-date e.g., (Year,) ,volume' Crim
L Rptr. (<"SC" or "HC"')
,page> (,i3ts of decision)

o * Election Law Reports 1945-d^te e.g., (,year) <volume> ELR

(,"5C" or "HC"') ,page,

a 'Indian Factories & Labor

Repofts
1960-date
(,date of decisionD
e.g., (year) <volume> FLR
(,"SC" or "HC",) ,page'

o ' Labor & Industrial Cases 1968-date

(,date of decision,)
e.g., (,year,) <volume, LIC

a I Labor Law Journal 1957-d:rte

(,"SC" or "HC",) ,page'
(date of decision)
e.g.,(,year) ,volume' LLI

I (,"SC" or "HC",) .page'

(date of decision')

o e.g., (Year,) <volume' STC

e Sales Tax Cases 1970-date
(,"SC" or "HC",) ,page,
(,date of decision')

o High Courts (e .g., Madras HC) (highest state courts (Supreme Courts (e.g.,
Catcutta 5C) prior to 1860)) and Courts of the Judicial Commissioner (e .9.,

o CJC Manipur) (Sadar Dewani Adalats (e.g., SDA Agra) prior to 1860): Cite
to AlR, lndian Dec., or lLR, in that order of prefercncc. When citing to AIR or
to lLR, give the state or regional jurisdiction parenthetically

o tu tg54AlR z+ (Det.)
a' r8z
zrs

o
ILR 53 (Cal.)
, AII Inclia Reporter (different l9l1-date AIR
series for each state)

I 'Indian Decisions
r Indian Law Repofts (different
series for each region)
1774-date lndian Dec.
1876-date ILR

o Cr"rtit"iirt
o In citing the Constitution and its amendments the following form may be used:
Foreign Jurisclictions: India I
> f Horr Corsr. art. 1, 5 9, c1,.2.
> rora Corsr. aft,269, amended byThe Constitution (Eightieth
t
I
f

Amendment) Act, zooo.

Statutes
Codes
A govemment publication is preferred over other sources. Tlrc India Code,
I
a statutory compilation of all laws of India, must be the primary source of
citation. Absent an update, cite to the,4ll India Reporter Manual (6thed.) and I
then update by the session law volume and the individual amending act fot
subsequent amendment.

> Banking Regulation Act, No. to of t949,lrorl Cooe (tggl),vol. r5.

^
I
> lndustrial Disputes Act, No. t4of t947,Inorn Coor (tggl),vol. r3.
Code
o
I
> India INDIA CoDE
r Code ofCivil Procedure Cooe Ctv, Pnoc.
> Code Procedure
of Criminal Cooe Cntm. Pnoc.
> Hindu Code
> Indian Penal Code
> General Statutory Rules and Orders
Htttou Cooe
PEN. CoDE I
I
GEN, S, R. & O.
> A.I.R. Manual: Unrepealed Central Acts (5th ed.) A.l.R. Mnrunl

Session laws
Session laws of India are published annually in a consolidated form under the
titleActs of Parliarnent. Citationformat: <act name), No. <act numbert,Acts
I
of Parliament, ,year of volume' (,country abbreviation if not evident from
context,). o
> Copyright (Amendment)
(lndia).
Act, t992, No. 13, Acts of Parliament, r99z
I
At times, year<nd enactments are published in the subsequent year.

> Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act, 2ooo, No. r, Acts of Parliament, o

zoor (lndia).
Altemative statutory sources: t
> Subsidiary
>
Legislation
Current Indian Statutes
> Cuffent Centfal kgislation
India Subs. Leg.
cts
Indian Curr. Cen. Leg.
I
Regulations a
General Statutory Rules and. Orders (Gen.S. R. & O.) is the official publication
for rules and orders issued under acts, but the compilation is not very crrfrent.
'When
the govemment publication does not include a rule or order, a reference
o
may be made to any commercial publication, for example, Current Ind.ian
Statutes (ClS), which is generally more up to date . In addition, regulations
are also published in the govefiiment gazettes on a weekly basis. Rules may be
I
found in part II, section 3G) of the Gazette of Ind.ia.
o
o
a f.r 1{ {..t llrt

I Citation format: .regutation name), <year of enactment,, <volume number>

,pubtication abbreviation',page(s) of specific materia[' (.country

t abbreviation if not evident from context,).

u. Beedi Workers Welfare Cess Rules, 1977,22 Gen.5. R. & O.7r9
(lndia).

a n* Indian Post Office (rst Amendment) Rules, t996, t997 CIS r35
(lndia).

a e. Indian Medical Counci[ (Profession Conduct, Etiquette and Ethics)

Regulations, 2oo2, Gazette oflndia, pt. lll sec. 4(Apr.6,zooz).

o Internet sources

I Parliamentary bills, including texts, and other enactments may also be searched
and located on the website of the Govemment of India at http://indiacode.
nic.in. The site provides information from the India Code, an official

o publication, and provides

e
a wide variety of other information.

The Indian MajorityAct, No. 9 of 1875, lHotnCooe (1993), vot. z,

o http://indiacode.nic.in.
Parliamentary bills and Acts can also be found in the Gazette of India, which
is available online at http://t'nw.egazette.nic.in. Bills crn be found in the

o Gazette in pa;rt II, section 2 and Acts, Ordinances and Regulations can be found
in part II, section l.

o The latest status of court cases that are eithcr pending or disposcd of by
the Supreme Court or any other High Court can be found at http://nurw

o .courtnic.nic.in.

Other resources
a http://www.l oc.gov/law ftrelp/ gdde/ nations/india.html (Library of
Congress Guide to Law Onlinc: India)

t http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/chejudis.asp (udgment Information

System of the Supreme Court of India: frec access to all the judgments of the

o Supreme Court and certain High Courts, as well as the SCR iournal from 1950
to pfesent)

http:,rywww.manupatra.com (subscription database that includes the latest

O acts, rcgulations, rules and amendments made by the Parliament and the state
lcgislature s, as well as ludgments of the Supreme Court and the High Courts
from 1950 to present)
O
I T2.19 Iran, Islamic Republic of
(Civil Lawllslamic Law)

I Cases

I Iran has three-tiered couft system, but since the 1979 Revolution, lower-court
cascs have
a
not been reportcd, and the only Supreme Court cases reported
have been unification cases (cases taken to resolve split decisions by differcnt

o branches of the Supreme Court or by lower courts). Such cases trom 1944
!'oreign Jurisdictions: I ran I
to 2OO2 are contained in a one-volume reporter issued by the law Research
Dkectorate of the President's Office in 2003. It organizes cases chronologically I
o
by subiect. The title of this volume is as follows:
>MAIM0'AH-|ARA'-| VA.HDAT-I RAWAH-| DivAN-r 'ALl-t Ktsxvln
[Comerurror oF THE UNrFrcATroN DEcrsroNs oF THE SueREME CoURT].
citation format: ,serial number, <court name) [.Engtish translation of
the court name,l <case number,-,date on lranian calendar in month/
I
day/year format' l,date on Gregorian calendar in month/day/year
format,l ,first page,, (page(s) of specific material, if desired' (,country I
abbreviation if not evident from context).
> t7 Marja'-i Rasidagi bih'Amr-i Taba'iyat [Court Having Jurisdiction t
I
to Hear a Citizenship Casel Zor-orlzol13Srltlzolzoo3ll3Tz
(lran).
Historically, following the dissolution of the Islamic religious courts,
introduction of the European legal system, and formation of what was then
called 'Adliyah-i ladid New Justice) in kan n 1927 , it was not the practice to I
report court decisions. In 1954, the decisions ofthe then-eight chambers ofthe
Supreme Court, as well as the decisions made at the general meetings (the court
sitting en banc) of the Supreme Court from 1932 tol954, were published. This
t
serial collection continued its publication annually, with a change of publisher
and format in 1964, until the 1979 Revolution. I
> MAruo'eH-r RAvtyAH -r QaZE't [Com pr LAno N o r J u n rs

Court of Administrative Justice: Article 173 of the 1979 Constitution

established th€ Court of Administrative Justice in order to investigate
enu o e rce].

I
complaints and grievances conceming civil servants, organs, or state agencies
and regulations. Currently, the Court has ten chambers. The Official Gazette of I
the Islamic Republic of Iran regularly publishes the decisions of the Court. The
Court also provides a database of all its authoritative decisions. o
Citation format: ,date on lranian calendar in year/month/day format, [.date
on Gregorian calendar,l, File No. .file number,, (case name) [,English
translation of the case name'] (,country abbreviation if not evident from
I
context,).
> tZBzlglzl [Dec.9, zoo4], File No. 446179, Raye Heyati Umoomii I
Divani ldaalati ldari IRuling of the General Meeting of the Adminis-
trative Justice Tribunatl (lran). t
Constitutions
Iran has had two constitutions, as indicated below. Cite by the name of the I
constitution or amendment, followed by an English ffanslation in brackets, and
the year of the constitution or amendment (either in the Iranian calendar with
the Gregorian equivalent in brackets, or in the Gregorian calendar without
I
brackets). To refer to a particular passage, include the article number.

> QnNurrAssessr Jumnunrr lsumnr Inaru [Tre CorusrrrurroH or rne

I
>
lsun,trc REpuBLrc or Inntl 1358 [r98o].
ISLAHAT VA TAeyyRATr Vn TntnnrtrnlH Qetulr Asslssr [Arraetometr
a
ro rHE CoNsrrunoNl 1368 [1989] (lran).
o
I l':rr'q :tir -!lrlio,rli+ ili+rtqr f r "r'r

I hb QANUNT AssAAssr InnN ilnanrnru CorsrrrurtoH] r9o5.

According to the Constitution of 1980, the Guardian Council ensures that thc

a House of Representatives passes no law inconsistent with Islamic law or the

constitution. The decisions of the (luarclian Council are published under the
following title:

o w Maimuahi Nazariati Shurai Nigahban [Compilation of the Opinions

of the Guardian Councitl Tehrcnr99z.

o Codes

t Citation format: <name of the code, [,English translation of the name of the
code,l[,abbreviation for the code, if appticable,] .year of publication' [,if
the year has been given in the lranian calendar, then append the date

o from the Gregorian calendar in brackets,], ,article number(s), (,country

abbreviation if not evident from context').

t F QANUNT
(lran).
Maoenr lCrvrr- Cooe]Tehran 1314 lrglS], arts. 6s6-Bl

o F" AlNr DADRAssT MADANT

lzoool (lran).
ICrvt Pnoceoune Coor]Tehrant3lg

o F" MAJMUAHT Klnn[r QnveNrNr VA MUQARRATI BAZERGANt Vn TtJlnt

[Cooe or rHE CoMMERcTAL LAws AND REGuLArtoHs] Tehran r37o
lrggol (lran).

o e. MAIMuAHt QnvnHtHt lnznr [Cooe oF CRIMINAL Lnws]Tehran r38r

lzoozl (lran).

o F MAIMUAHt QeveHtNt Ntnunet MussnLnstJutuHuntt lsLAMll IRAN

[CorrapturtoH or rxE Laws or tHE Anmeo Foncrs or tHe lsLemtc

I e
RrpueLrc or InaHl Tehran 116+ [rg8S].

MA,MUAHT Qnvnltrr Seert ILnHo REctstnnttott Lnws] Tehran r38z

I si"tut"t
lzoo3l (lran).

""J
t"g"i"iit"i
a Citation format: ,statute or regulation name, of ,date of enactment in day
month year format' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).

a or: .type of [aw' of ,date of enactment in day month year format'(subject

of law,) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context).
+ State Monetary and Banking Law of9 July t972, amended 1975
O (lran).

I *
e^
Law of rz/r3 May r98z (Nationalization of Foreign Trade) (lran).

Act of r9 Feb. 1988 (Direct Taxation) (lran).

o g' Regulations of z June 1984 (Establishment, Operation, and Disso-

lution of Representative Offices of Foreign Banks) (lran).

o
o
 I
Gazette I
The Official Gazette is published daily. Its supplement is nominally publishcd
on a weekly basis, but in reality publications are irregular. The Iranian Ministry
ofJustice publishes thcse publications and the annual compilation. I
Citation format for an lranian gazettc RuzrunrutEnt Rnsmt JutuHunl lsLAMl
Innru [TxE Orrrcrnl GnzErtE oF rHE lsLAMtc REpuBLtc oF IRAN], (statute o
or regulation citation,, ,serial number' ,first page', ,page(s) of specific
material, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from contextD.
Or: Zarrarmexr RuzHervreHr Rnsmr [Suppr-EMENT To rHE OFFTcTAL Gnzrrre
o
oF THE lsLAMrc RepuaLtc or Inen], .statute or regulation citation', .serial
number' ,first page', ,page(s) of specific materiat, if desired, (,country
o
abbreviation if not evident from context,).
or: Mnlnulur Qnvnlrru Snuuer [Ant.tunl CotvtptlartoH or Laws], I
<statute or regulation citation,, .first page,, ,page(s) of specific materia[,
if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
t
I
Citation for the 1945-1979 OfJicial Gazette: RuzruntvteHt Rnswtt KtsuvaRt
SHcHeNsHnHr [THe lrueenrnL IRANTAN Orrtctnl Gnzerre], <statute or
regulation citation,, ,seriaI number, ,first page', .page(s) of specific
material, if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context).

Internet sources
o
http://www.rooznamehrasmi.ir (R.uznamahi Rasmi Qranian Official
I
t
Journal))
http://n'rw.lo c.gov /bw /7relp / g\ide/ nations/iran.html (Library of
Congress Guide to Law Online: Iran)

T2.2O lraq, Republic of I

(Civil Law)
o
I
Romanization
Use the ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Scbemes for Non-
Roman Scripts, approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library
Association, available at
arabic.pdf.
http://w.srw.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/tomanization/
I
Cases
Citation format: ,name of court, [,short name of court,] [,name of court
I
and/or chamber in English,l [,short name of court in Engtish'], ,region if
applicable', ,decision number, if availabte, of ,date of decision, spetled o
out,, <reporter or journa[' [,name of reporter or journaI in Engtish'],
(volume of lournal, if appticabte', .year of publication,, .first page,
(,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). t
n' Mahkamat al-Tamyiz [Tamyiz] [Court of Cassation] [Cassation],
decision No. r4z8 of March 6, r974, Al-Nashra a[-Qa. o
da'iyah [Judicial Report], vo[. r, year 5, p. r5r (lraq).
o
o
t Courts
Iraqi courts whose decisions are normally cited are: Ma[rkamat al-

o Tamyrz (Tamyiz) (Court of Cassation: highest court of ordinary jurisdiction,

sits only in the capital and has several chambers). Citation is sufficiently
recognized by referring to this court as "Ma[rkamat al-Tamyiz" or simply

o "Tamyiz."

!' Tamyiz [Cassation, civiI chamber], decision No. r5o9 of March r8,

o 1974, a[-Nashrah at-Qa'd'iyah, vo[. r, year 5, p. :.r (lraq).

Mahkamat al-Isti'naf (lsti'nafl (Court of Appeal: general court of second

o instance). Cite with the name followed by the geographic area.

t*" lsti'ndf Baghdad [Court of Appeal, Baghdadl, decision No. 48 of

I September 1985, Majm0'at at-Al;rkam al-'Adliyah [Compilation of

Judiciat Decisionsl, issues 3 and 4 of 1985, p. r4r (lraq).

I Sources
Cite to the following publications of the lraqi Gove mment:

I " aI-N ashrah al-Qa' a'iyah

*. Tamyiz [Cassation], decision No. 9or of ry73, a[-Nashrah

at-Qadd'iyah, vol. 1, year 5,p.247 (lraq).

a , Majmu' at al- Afukdm al-' Adliy ah

o v lsti'n6f Baghdad [Court of Appeat, Baghdad], decision No. r87z of

1979, Malmrj'at at-Ahkam a[-'Adliyah, vo[. 4, year 5, p. nz (lraq).

o Statutes, codes, and decrees

Citation format: ,name and number of the taw' of .year, ('country

I abbreviation if not evident from context,).

or: .subiect of the law' lsvv sf .ys3r' (,country abbreviation if not evident

I from context').
Or: ,name or subject of the law' (,country abbreviation if not evident

o from context,).
r* Residency of Foreigners Law No. u8 of 1987 (lraq).

o l" Weapons Law of r99z (lraq).

w Civil Procedures Law (lraq).

a Official Gazette
The official g zette of Iraq is called al-Waqa'i'al-'lraqryah and is published

I periodically by the Iraqi government. Cite by the issue number and date of
publication.
,title of the Iaw,, a1-Waq6'i' at-'lrdqiyah Ilraqi
o Citation format:
Official Gazettel ,issue number, of ,date of issue' 'page number, if
desired' (country abbreviation if not evident from context').

a
o
 o
Constitutions
Iraq has had sevcrll constitutions since its crcation atter
'World
War I. If
I
referring to a particular provision, provide the articlc and scction number
beforc the name.
a
u Article rz,
(lraq).
al-Qanr.rn al-Asasi al-'lraqi [The OrganicLawlof r9z4
o
' a[-Dustlr al-'lraql al-Mu'aqqat [The Interim lraqi Constitution] of
1958. o
', a[-Dust0r al-'lraqi at-Mu'aqqat
7964.
[The Interim lraqi Constitution] of
I
M at-Dust0r at-'lrdqi al-Mu'aqqat [The Interim lraqi
t968.
Constitution]of
t
I
i'. a[-Dust0r at-'lraqi al-Mu'aqqat [The Interim lraqi Constitution]of
1970.
, Article 4, Section z, Dustur Jumlluriyat al-'lraq [The Constitution of
the Repubtic of lraql of zoo5.
a
Internet sources
http://www.parliament.iq (Iraqi Parliament website with a number of laws
rnd proposcd draft laws)
o
http://www.moj.gov.iq,/tmeez (Iracli Ministry ofJustice wcbsite; inclucles
o
t
limited number of Court of Cassation clccisions)
http://www.m oi.gov.iq/ facts (lraqi offi cirl gazette)

T2.21 Ireland (nire), Republic of

(Cornrn<ln Law)
o
Cases o
Citation fbrmat: ,case name, [.year,] .volume number, if one exists'
,neutraI citations, if applicable' .reporter/publication abbreviation, if I
avaitable, and unreported cases, ,first page of case, or opinion number
in that calendar year for neutral citations and unreported cases, (,court
abbreviation, untess citing to the highest court or indicated by neutral t
citation, ,year of decision if not already provided) (.country abbreviation
if not evident from context,). t
Ryan v. Att'y Gen. [rg6f ] lR 294 (n).
KSK Enters. Ltd. v. An Bord Plean6la lrygqjz lR rz8, r35 (lr.). o
DPPv. Carolan lryg8lz ILRM zrz (H. Ct.) (lr.).

Gittigan v. Special Criminal Court Izoo5] IESC 85 [zoo5] z lR 4o6

I
(lr.).
The Irislr Legal Information Initiativc, http://www.ucc.ie/law/irlii/index. I
php, can help to dctermine whcther a neutral citation numbcr l-ras been issued
for a case.
t
I I if{i:irlr Ilrr'irtiilf t{ii}\t l$t'i,{ii{i

o Supreme Court of Eire (SC), High Court (H. Ct.), and Court of Criminal
Appeal (CCA): Cite to lR, if therein; otherwise, cite to one of the reporters

I below:

' Employment Law Reports

'Irish Company Law Repons
1990-date
196r3-rt)97
ELR
ICLR

o F Irish Reports

" Irish l^aw Times Reports

1868-clate
1866-1980
lR
ILTR

t r Irish Law Reports Monthly

* Irish Law Reports
1976-tlate
1838-19r2
19i5-1966
ILRM
ILR

I
o Irish Jurist Reports lr. lur. Rep.
1849-1866
+ Irish Tax Reports 1922-1927 ITR

I o Ffewen

Constitution
1924-1989 Frewen

o Citation format: Constitution of lreland 1937 aft.,article number). c)r:

Constitution of the lrish Free State 7922 art. <article number).

t n- Constitution of lreland tg37 aft. z, http://www.irishstatutebook.

ie/en/constitution / index.htmt.

a F- Constitution of the lrish Free State 7922 aft. 5.

e C()NSTlrrrnoN oF IREr.\ND (BuNRFAcHi NA Constitution of lretand 1937.

a ,
uEtnmnn)
(loNsrrrirrr()N
()F ruE IRrsrI Fnt:e St,lts
1922
Constitution ofthe lrish Free

I
(SA()RSrAr Eu$euN) A<':r State 1922.

Statutory compilations and session laws

o citation fomat: <short titte, including year if in title' ('Act No'' or if before
t938, Pub. Stat. No.,/,year,) (.gsun11y abbreviation if not evident from

o
context').
Online references should be to the lrisb Statute Bor.rk, where available .

I +

p
Control of Exports Act zooS (Act No. r/zoo8) (lr.), http://www.
irishstatutebook.ie/zoo8/eni act/ pub/ooor/index.htmt.
Dublin Transport Authority Act zoo8 (Act No. r5lzoo8) (lr.), http://

o www.irishstatutebook.ie/zoo8/en /act/ pu b/oor5.

Ac'l s ()r' TIIE OrRIAclt'LAs 1937 -date

o Acls oF lHIr OIRF,rcttrAS (SAoRs'L('l' ErnenNn) 1922- 1917

t Administrative materials
Citation format: ,short name of instrument or order' (Sl ,number'/,year')

o
(.country abbreviation if not evident from context').
Or: .short name of instrument or order, (SR & O ,number' of ,year,)
(.country abbreviation if not evident from context').

o Online rcfcrences should be to the lzsl: Statute Book, where available.

o
Foreign J *risdir:fions: ncland
tr o
> Control of Fishing for Salmon Order zoo8 (Sl g8lzoo8)
(lr.), hnp://www.irishstatutebook.ie/zoo8/en/si/oo98.htm1. t
> rish Nationality
f and Citizenship Regulations zooS (Sl rlzoo5)
(lr.), http: / /www.irishstatutebook.ie/zoo5 /en/si/ooor.html. t
> Eggs (Regulation of Export to Germany) Order 1936 (5R & O 8g
rgl5) (f r.), http://www.irishstatutebook.ie | ry16 | en lsiloo89
of
o
I
.htmt.
> Stennonv INsTRUMENTS 1947-date 5l
> STAT'r-rroRY RuEs eNo Onorns 1922-1947 SR &

I
O

Padiamentary debates
Citation format: ,volume number, ,publication abbreviation, (.date,) col.
(column number' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
I
> 8l D6il Deb. (Feb. L7,1g7g) col. ss5 (lr.).
> 87 Seanad Deb. (Mar. zt, 1977) col. 97o (lr.). I
>
>
Parliamentary Debates, Diil Debates
Padiamentary Debates. Seanad Debates
1922-d^te
1922-date
D6il Deb.
Seanad Deb. o
Citation format for debates that occured prior to the availability of the print
version: ,volume and number as given by the online source> .printed
publication abbreviation,, (section of the debate being cited, (.date,)
I
(,country abbreviation if not evident from context,), ,URL'.
> 212 No.9 Seanad Deb., Business of Seanad (Jan. u, zorz) (lr.).
I
c;;tt;; ;; .;;i;;i;; "6;;;
,author name', ,title, (,Parliament number if available,,
Citation format:
I
,year of publication if available') (,country abbreviation if not evident
from context). o
> Gov'r oF lR., INTER-DEIARTMENTAL WonrrHe Gnoup oH Agoertoit,
GnrrH Pepen oN ABoRrroN (rggg), http://www.taoiseach.ie a
Treaties
/attached_fi les/ PdP/ozofi les/Green Pa perOnAbortio n. pdf.
I
Citation format: .treaty name), ITS No. .treaty number,l,year, (,country
abbreviation if not evident from context'). I
> Agreement Between the Government of lreland and the
Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
lreland, ITS No. tlzooS (lr.), https://www.dfa.ielmedia
o
/dfalalldfawebsitemedia/treatyseries/uploads/documents
/ tegaldivisiondocuments/treatyserieszooS/ no.-r-of-zoo8. pdf. o
> IREIj.ND TREATY SERIES 1930-date
I
Internet sources
http://www.bailii.org (British and Irish lrgal Information Institute) o
http://www.irishstatutebook.ie (Irish Statute Book)

I
t
o http://www.irishlaw.org, http://w"ww.u cc.ie/law /irishlaw (trish Law
Site at thc University College Cork (hosted by the University Coltege Cork law

I facult'))
http://www.attorneygeneral. ie (Oflice of the Attorney General)

I http://wqry.l oc.gov /law /help/ guide/ nations/ireland.html (tibrary of

Congress Guide to Law Online: Ireland)

I T2.22 Israel
( Mixccl Juriscliction)

o Cases

t Supreme Court (functions both as a Court of Appeals, hearing civil appcals

(CA), administrative appeals (AdminA), and criminal appeals (CrimA) from thc

a
district courts, and as a High Court of Justice (HCJ), sitting as a court of fust
instance in constitutional and some administrative cases): Cite to Piske Din
(PD, sometimes referred to as lsrSC), which contains reports of dccisions of

I the Supreme Court oflsrael from 1948 to date.

Citation format: ,court abbreviation, <case number) (case name> (volume

o number>(<part number>) <reporter abbreviation, ,first page,, ,page(s) of

specific material, if desired, (,year of decision,) (.csun1ry abbreviation if
not evident from context').

o > CAt48zl9z Hager v. Hager 47Q) PD lgZ (rgg:) (lsr.).

c" HCJ 8Sz186 Aloniv. Minister of Justice 4r(z) PD r, S (rg8Z) (tsr.).

a District Courts (DC) (hear civil appeals (CA) and criminal appcals (CrimA) from
the magistrate courts, original matters in civil cases (CC), somc administrative

a cases (AdminC), and severe criminal cases (CrimC), in six judicial districts-
Jcmsalem (er), Tel-Aviv-Jaffa OA), Haifa (Hi), Be'cr-Sheva (BS), Nazareth (Nz),

o
and Ccntral District (CT)): Cite to Psakim Mehoziim (PM), which contains
reports ofdccisions ofthe district courts oflsrael, from 1949 to datc.

Citation format: ,court abbreviation' (,locationD <case number' (case

o name>, <reporter abbreviation, ,Hebrew calendar year of volume' (,part

number').first page',,page(s) of specific material, if desired' (,Gregorian

o calendar year of decision) (,country abbreviation if not evident from

context').

o
u" CrimC
ffA) 5ztl9r Ben Moshe Kokhavi v. State of lsraet, PM
57fi@) 267 Q9y) (tsr.).

t Religious Courts
For recognized communities, religkrus courts generally have jurisdiction in
matters of marriage and divorce, with the Sharia courts having jurisdiction

o in all personal status mattefs. Some decisions of the rabbinical courts tre
periodicafly published in Piske din sbel batei ba-din ba-rabaniyim be-Yisrael

o
(PDR). To distinguish between lirst-instance cases and ctses on appcal, note
the location of the lirst-instance courts in order to be consistent with citation
of the decisions of the district court.

o
 o
Citation format: File No. ,file number, ,court name/details, (,tocation,),
(case name', (votume number, <reporter abbreviation' ,first page', o
,page(s) of specific material, if desired' (.country abbreviation if not
evident from contextD.
*" File No. 6S6llS Rabbinical Court
I
I
(PT), A v. Electing Body for Prin-
cipalAshkenazi City Rabbi, u PDR 97 (lsr.).

Electronic databases
Many reported and unreported decisions-particulady of special coutts such as
the rabbinical and military courts, but also of the general courts-are available
t
on widely used electronic databases such as thc Nevo Legal Database athttp://
www.nevo.co.il or the Takdin Legal Database at http://wtw.takdin.co.il I
I
(both by subscription, in Hebrew).
(litation format: Fi[e No. .fi le number, .court name> (,tocation,),,case
name, (,date of decision,), ,database n6ms' (by subscription, in Hebrew)
(.country abbreviation if not evident from context).
Or: Mi[. Appeat ,military appeal number, ,court name, (,location)), .case
I
name, (,date of decision,), ,database n6ms, (by subscription, in Hebrew)
(country abbreviation if not evident from context). o
a File No. 3437-21-l- Rabbinical Court (Netanya), Anonymous v.
Anonymous (Oct. 25, zooS), Nevo Legal Database (by subscrip-
tion, in Hebrew) (lsr.).
o
+ Mil. Appeat t+g8l lo8 Mititary Court of Appeals (Judea & Samaria),
Hasin Nafa v. Military Prosecution (Nov. r3, zoo8), Nevo Legal
I
Database (by subscription, in Hebrew) (lsr.).

Statutes
t
Cite to L(tus of tbe State of Israel (LSl), which contains the authorized English
translation of legislativc enactmcnts from 1949 rc 1989. (litation to LS I is use ful
o
for English readers for laws enacted prior to 1989 and for thc original text of
legislati<ln that has since bcen amended. o
Citation fbrmat: ,statute name,, ,Hebrew calendar year of enactment)-
.Gregorian catendar year of enactment (except for Basic Laws) ,section,
if desired', ,volume number' ,compitation abbreviation, ,first page,,
', o
(.coverage date range of volume,) ("as amended," if retevant,) (,country
abbreviation if not evident from contextD. o
u. Extrad itio n Law,
(lsr.).
57 r 4-t9 5 4, 5 2, t 44, Gg Sl-tS t+) (as a mend ed)
o
If citation to the LSI is impossiblc (for example, if the translation is partial or
is not availablc), citc to Sefer HaHukim (5H), which contains the legislativc
enactments of the Knesset (the Israeli parliamer-rt) from 1949 to date .
I
Citation format: .statute name', .Hebrew calendar year,-,Gregorian
calendar year', ,publication abbreviation, ,issue number, p. .page(s) of
o
specific material, if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from
context'). o
n" Protection of Witnesses Law,5769-zoo8, SH No. 2!92 p. g8 (lsr.).
I
o
a Legislative history

I
For draft bills from 1949 to 2002 cite to Hatza'ot Hok (HH). Starting in 200J, for
draft bills submitted by the Govemment cite to HH (Gov.); for those submitted
by the Knesset (Israel's parliament) cite to HH (Knesset). Private membcr

o bills are only availablc on the Knesset website, at http://www.knesset,gov.

il/ priv atelaw / Plaw_display. asp?lawtp= 1. Identiff such bills as private

t
member bills and cite to the Knesset website .

Citation format' ,proposed Statute name), ,Hebrew calendar year,-

.Gregorian calendar year,, <publication abbreviation with identification

t of generat, government, Knesset, or private member bilt, as appropriate,

,issue numbep, p. ,page(s) of specific materiat, if desired, (,country
abbreviation if not evident from context,).

o > Draft Bill Amending the Income Tax Order, 5773-1974, HH No. rr49
p. +++t+ (lsr.).

I > Draft Bitt for Replacement of the Term Employer (Legistative

Amendments) ,5774-20:.4, HH (Knesset) No. 535 p. 44 (lsr.).

I + Draft Bill for Minimizing the Deficit and for Changing the Tax
Burden (Legislative Amendments) ,5774-2or4, HH (Gov.) No. 83o

I p
p. zzo (lsr.).

Draft Bi[[ for Prevention of Sex Offenses in Minors (Legislative

o
Amendments), 577 4-2or4 (Private Mem ber Bitt), http: / /www.
knesset.gov.il/ privatetaw/ Ptaw-display.asp?lawtp=1 (scrolt down
to relevant text) (lsr.).

o For protocols
1949 to date.
of Knesset proceedings, cfte to Diurei HaKnesset (DK) from

a Citation format: .series abbreviation' (,Gregorian catendar year of

proceedings,) ,first page,, ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired'

I
(.country abbreviation if not evident from context').

=- DK (1965) zo85 (lsr.).

o Regulations
Cite to Kol,etz HaTakanot (KT), which contains regulations of the State of

o Israel from 1949 to date.

Citation format: ,subsidiary [egislation name>, ,Hebrew calendar

o year,-,Gregorian calendar year,,,publication abbreviation,,issue

number, p. ,first page>, <page(s) of specific materia[, (,country
abbreviation if not evident from context').

I F Knesset Election (lnstructions regarding Voting Procedures by

Soliders, Employees and Persons under Military Custody),5773-

o 2otz,KI

Treaties
7196 p.l5z (lsr.).

o Cite to Kituei Ama.na (KA), which contains treaties and conventions signed
bv Isracl.

I
I;nreign J urisclir:tions: ltalv I
citation format: <treaty name), (volume number) (series abbreviation,
,issue number, p. ,first page,, ,page(s) of specific material, if desired, I
(,Gregorian calendar year of pubtication,) (.country abbreviation if not
evident from context,).
> Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 5o
I
KA r4or p. r (zoo+) (lsr.).
a
Internet sources
http://www.knesset.gov.il (Ihe Knesset (padiamen) I
http://www.court.gov.il CIhe State of Israel: the Judicial Authority-in
Hebrew); http:/ / elyonL court.gov.il,/eng/home/index.html (in English). I
http://www.pmo.gov.i/english,/Pages/default.aspx (fhe Prime
Minister's Office)
http://www.mfa.gov.iVMFA,/Pages/default.aspx (Ministry of Foreign
t
Atrairs)
http://www.rb c,gov.il/P ages/default.aspx (Rabbinical courts) I
http://www.nevo.co.il (Nevo Legal Database, by subscription, in Hebrew)

http://www.takdin.co.il (Iakdin Legal Database, by subscription, in I

Hebrew)
http://www.l oc.gov/law /help/guide/nations/israel.htrnl (Library of I
Congress Guide to Law Online: Israel)
http://www.llrx.com,/features/israel3.htm (Israeli Law Guide by Ruth
Lelush via LLRD
I
http://www.gov.tl/ firstgov / english (main government portal)
o
T2.23 Italy, Republic of
(Civil Law)
t
Cases o
Citation format: <court name), (court session, for the Supreme Court
,date of decision in ltalian, in day month year format>, n. (case number,
for the Supreme Court only', ,lspertsr or iournal abbreviation, <year of
only',
o
publication of decision,, ,part of reporter>, ,session number), <page or
column number) (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). o
> Cass., sez. un.,17 novembre 1975,n.3852, Giur.
(tt.).
it.t977,1,1.,t32
a
Ordinary jurisdiction
Corte Costituzionale (Corte Cost.) (Constitutional Cout): Cite to Racc. uff. I
corte cost., Foro it., or Giur. it., if therein.
> Raccolta Ufficiale delle Sentenze
Ordinanze delle Corte Costituzionale
e 1956-date Racc, uff. corte
cost.
o
> Foro Italiano (indicate section) 1876-date
> Giurisprudenzaltalianr (indicate section) 1849-date
e.g., Foro
e.g., Giur.
it, I
it. ll
O
I
o
o Corte di cassazione (Cass.) (court oflast appcal on issues oflaw in civil
Cassazione Sezione Civile (Cass.)) and criminal (as Cassazione Sezione
Penale (Cass. Pen.)) matters): Citc to Foro it. or Giur. it., if therein; Corte
(as

a di Appello (App.) (orclinary courts of appcal): Oite to Foro it' or Giur. it', if
thercin, firllowcd by the krcation of the court; Corte di Assise di Appello

I (Ass. App.) (extraordinary court of appcal): Cite to Foro it. or Giur. it.' if
thcrein; Tribunale (Trib.) (ordinary courts of lirst instancc): Cite to Foro
it. or Giur. it., if thercin, fbllowecl by the krcation of the court ar-rd tl-re clate;

o Corte di Assise (Corte d'Ass.) (court of original iurisdiction for very serious
crimcs): (litc to Foro it. or Giur. it., if therein; Pretore (Pret.) (abolished alter

t 1999). Giudice Conciliatore (Concit.) (abolishcd atter 1991) (courts ofpetty

iurisdiction), and Giudice di Pace (Giud. Pace): Citc to Foro it. or Giur. it.,
if thcrein.

I Foro Italiano
, (lorte Cost., (,ass.
Itt76-clate
Foro it.

t
I

" (lriminal cases Foro it. ll

" Administrative cascs Foro it. lll
. EllC and foreign cases Foro it. lV

o , Misccllaneous
Iu49-date
Foro it. V

I Giurisprudcnza Italiana (indicate scction) e.g., Giur. it. ll

(iir.rrisprudenza complcta della Suprema 1941-t955 Giur. comp[.
(i)rte di (lirssazione Cass. civ. or
Giur. compt.

a Giurisprudenza delle imposte I)irette di 1928-date

Cass. pen.
Giur. imp. reg.

o rcgistro c di ncgoziazionc negoz.

Giustizia civilc (inclicate section) 1951-datc e.g., Giust.
Civ. ll

t (iiustizia penalc (indicate section) Itt95-date e.g., Giust.

Pen. I

I Administrative urisdiction
Consiglio
f

di Stato (Cons. Stato) (court of last appeal in administrativc

Tribunale amministrativo regionale OAR) (regional itdministrative
o
matters),
court of lirst instance), Corte dei conti (Corte conti) (high cout'l fbr liscrl
matters), Giunta provinciale amministrativa (Giun. pro. ammin.) (formerly

o the a<lministrative court of lirst instancc), and Consiglio di giustizia

amministrativa per la Regione siciliana (Cons. gius. ammin. reg. sic.)
(adn.rinistrative judicial body fbr the region of Sicily): (lite to Foro amm. or

o Giur. it.. if thercin.

F()ro Amministrativo (indicatc section) e.g., Foro amm

a (iiurispmdenza Italiana (indicate secti()n) 1849-date

ill
e.g., Giur. it. ll

t Constitution
. (i)stituzione

o i! Art. 2 Costituzione [Cost.] (lt.).

o
Foreign J urisclicti*rns: Italy I
Codes
o
Codice civile

t
> C.c.
> Codice di commercio C. comm.
(merged with Codice civile in 1942)
> Codice della navigazione

a
C. nav.
> Codice penale C.p.
> Codice di procedura civile c.p.c.
> Codice di procedura penale c.p.p.
o
Statutes and decrees
Citation format: <type of law, (date in ltalian, in day month year format,,
n. ,law number,, in ,publication abbreviation, <publication date), n.
I
,publication number, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
> zr novembre t99t,nA74, G.U. Nov. 27,t99r, n.zZ8 (lt.).
o
I
Legge

Short form citation format: ,abbreviation of type of law, n. ,law

number,/,year, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
> L.n.lt4lr9gr
Types of laws and abbreviations:
(lt.).
I
>
>
I€gge
Decreto l€gge
L,
D.L.
I
> Decreto kgislativo

> Decreto Ministeriale

D.Lgs.
D.M. I
> Decreto Presidente della Repubblica

> Decreto Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri

> Legge regionale

D.P.R.
D.P.C.M.
L. Reg.,region,
I
> Decreto Luogotenenziale (prior to 1942 only)
> Regio Decreto (prior to 1942only)
D.LCt.
R.D. I
Cite to Racc. Uff. or G.U., or, if appropriate, to the official reporter for an
autonomous region; if available, give a parallel citation to Lex, Leggi, or Legisl. I
o
ital.
> Gazzettx Uffrciale della Repubblica G.U.

I
Italiana
> Raccolta Ufficiale degli Atti Normativi 1987-date Racc. Uff. or
della Repubblica Italiana R.U.

o
> Raccolta Ufficiale delle Leggi e dei 1946-1987 Racc. Uff. or
Decreti della Repubblica Italiana R.U.
> Bollettino Ufficiale della Sardegna Botl. Uff. Reg.

>
>
Gazzetta Ufficiale della Sicilia
Lex: Legislazione Italiana (Utet)
Sardegna
G.U. Reg. Sic.
Lex
I
>
(indicate section)
Le Leggi (Sefi) Leggi o
> Ia Legislazione ltaliana (Giuffre)

>
(indicate section)
National legislation
Legist. ital.

Legist. ital. I
I
o
t
o h Parliamentary reports
'Regional lcgislation
Legisl. ital. ll
Legist. itat. lll

t Treaties and conventions

I Current treaties are printed in Gazzeta Ufficiale and Raccolta (lfJiciale when
they are promulgated in the form of a law incorporating the t€xt of the treaty.
Cite older treaties according to rule 21.4, followed by a cite to either G.U. or

o Racc. Uff., using the format below:

n Trattati e Convenzioni fra L'Italia e
Stati
gli 186I-1915 ,votume,

I Altri Trattati e
Convenzioni
.first page'

I Internet sources

t http://www.l oc.gov /law /help/ gaide/ nations/italy.html (Library of

Congress Guide to l^aw Online : Itall)
http://www.norlllLattiva.it/ (Normattiva is a public, online publication of

o statutory authorities in Italy)

http:,/www.altalex.com/ (Altalex is a privately run online database

t encompassing statutory

T2.24 lapan
as well as doctrinal materials)

a (Civil Law)

I Romanization
For romanization, word division, and capitalization of Japanese words, apply

I the rules of the American Library Association and the Library of Congress:
Use the modilied Hepbr-rrn romanization system adopted by Japancse-English

t dictionaries, such as Klnrv0snr\ sHIN Wl-Et l,rtlrtn (KTNKYOSHA's Nnw

EN<;r-rsrr Dr<;lon,ltv). Indicate krng vowels with a macron as in "horei" or

"hanreishu." Add an apostrophe between 'n' and a vowel, and 'n' and 'y' as
J.tt'.lxrst,

o in "gen'in," or "kin'yu," to clariff the meaning of words. For details, see the
Library of Congress ALA-LC Romanization Tables at http:/,/www.loc.gov/
catdir / cp s o / t oman. html.

o Cases

o Citation format: ,court name, [,English abbreviated translation of court

name'] ,date of decision,, <case number), (volume number> (reporter

t or periodical name, [,reporter or periodical abbreviation'] ,first page',

,page(s) of specific material, if desired' (,country abbreviation if not
evident from context').

o u. Saiko Saibansho [Sup. Ct.] Dec. 4, zoo7, Hei r8 (kyo) no. 45,
6r Setro SnteeNsHo MtNJt HANREtsn0 [Mrr'rsHu] 3245,3252 (Japan).

I p" TOkyO ChihO Saibansho

no.29850,1221
[Tokyo Dist. Ct.]
HANRET
lune 8, zoo6, Hei r5 (wa)
rAlMUzu IHnrra] t83,zot (Japan).

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Japart o
Intemet and database citations: when citing to electronic resources, follow
de 18. o
Citation format (if source is available only in electronic format, or printed
format is difficult to obtain): <court name) [.Engtish abbreviated translation
of court name,] ,date of decision,, .case number,, ,database name,
t
[,database abbreviation,] ,first page', ,page(s) of specific material, if
desired,,.URL' (.country abbreviation if not evident from context,). I
> Chiteki Zaisan Koto Saibansho Ilntellectual Prop. High Ct.] Nov.
13, 2oo8, Hei zo (gyo ke) no. rorrz, SltenHsxo sAtBANREt ,0H0 o
[Snr aaHsxo wee] r, 8, http://www.courts.go.jp (apan).

Citation format (parallel citation, if source is available in printed and electronic

formats): <court name> [,English abbreviated translation of court
I
namerl ,date of decisionr,,case numberr, ,volume number, <reporter
or periodical name, [.reporter or periodical abbreviation,] ,first o
page,, ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired, (,country abbreviation
not evident from context,), available at ,database name' ,database case
if
I
I
number'.
> Yamaguchi Chiho Saibansho [Yamaguchi Dist. Ct.] Mar. t3, zot3,
Hei zr (wa 7) no, tg7, roTo Roo0 umnrt [ROHm] 6, ro [apan),
available at LEX/DB 255oo464.
When unclear, append a case ID letter inJapanese Hiragana or Katakana to the I
case number, as shown above: Hei 2l (wa V) no.197.

Cases under the Constitution of 1946

t
Saiko Saibansho &H#.t#tjffi (Supreme Court: court of last appeal in all
matters): Cite to reporters below, if therein; otherwise, cite to periodicals. I
> 5,1116 SelneNsHo MrNlr

ftra-#+UrfRS+IJ{t{€
ruutusn0 1947-date

1947-date
Mrrsnu
I
o
> Slrxd SersANsHo KErlr HANRETsH0 Krrsn0
&H&+tJrfifr1l++tJFrl€
> Slrxo SersANsHo sATBANSH0 MrNfr 1947-date Sersn0 nrr,rjr
frF,'fi+t]rF&+l+R+
> Slrxo SlrsANsuo slrnlrsu0 xrrtr 1947-date Snrsn0 rerjr o
fri-=,**+riFf#t+\+-frl+
> Sernerssno rrn6 1948-dare SaUt o
o
e+|jFfB+#
> Srrro SrrsANsHo MrNlr seunpr roruHd 1947-l9rl Sntmtt
ftH#-i+UFfR++lfrrJffi+E HANToKU

> Slrro S.lrsANsHo KEilr HANKETsU roKUHo

RH#+|]Fftr|J++Unf++fi
1947-19t0 Snrrer
HANTOKU I
> SetgeNsHo setneNnrr

#+rJB[fr+tfrd'l€#
louo 1947-date SareaNsHo
WEB
o
I
(available at http://www.courts.go.jp)

I
o i;

a ' SArKO SATBANSHo

it'.";&'t1Di111r{k
HANRETsH0 1917-dfie SetenNsHo
wEB

o
(available at http://wwry.courts.go.jp)

Koto Saibansho il;iSlitlltll:Ji (high courts: regional coufts of appeal for

Chiho Saibansho iU,bJii
a
appcals from clistrict, family, and summary courts),
'FlJtli (district courts: courts of original jurisdiction in gencral civil and criminirl
cases, which hear appcals from summlry courts), Katei Saibansho jflilik

o ril|.Jiii (family courts: courts of original

iurisdiction in domcstic rclations and
jrrvenile dclinqucncy cases), Kan'i Saibansho ffiiD)liJ:lrt (summary courts:
courts of petty jurisdiction in minor civil and criminal cases), and Chiteki

I Zaisan Koto Saibansho l'n i(lMli. r,H it i.Ji+ll t h 0ntcllcctual Property High
Court: herrs appeals pertaining to intellcctual property and suits against

o decisions made by theJapan Patent Oflice. A branch ofthe Tok-yo High Court):
Cite to reporters below, if therein; otherwise, cite to topical reportcrs or

t
periodicals.

f)errssurN xerlr sAIBAN REISHa 195tt lssHtu rersnu

ffi Ei )lt)'F );\:l'')lh141p

o ' Kervu serseNsHo KEIIt sarsaN nersH0

l',i* *l ft] t lillU *t &'llU ird +
1959-196ti Knxersxu

o Knrvu sAtBANsHo MrNlr sAtBAN

F ;f{.t*'Fti r,i I t *: &+11 IttlK
RUsHU 1950-1981 Kenrusnu

t
, Kexvu sArBANsHo ueunttstt0 2o02-cltte SarenNsHo
WEB
Ft)lf:/c'fltfi1'tlltrlf"
(available at http://8"$"w.courts.go.jp)

t '
.
KelJr sarRan

fl,lj'FiJi+rlJl fli
cnllo 1969-l9tl6

1947-d^te
Kersnreeppdv

o Koro serg,\r,rsuo
Ei'.'; *t +lJ di'11 J frrl
HANREISHU

(availablc at http://rrryw.courts.go.ip)
4:
SnrenNsHo
WEB

I " K6rO
e-; ^.+
sArBANsHo KErlr HANKEISu

/,k Yrl DiJf rl -{1.+rl R ,lli+li

toruHo 1950-1956 Korer
HANTOKU

o " K6 r0 sereeNsHo

rfr if ik*tlitti.lt'tl
rtt;l
rjt-'+rl {tJ
HaNnrtsH0
tr
soKUHOsHt l9tl1-datc
7()17-2oo2 KoxersnU

Korer

o " KdTo sAiBANSHo KErJr sATBAN

,H ^$ llirlrltlijt{ rJtiii'Fljj8+|,iq: sArsoKUsHU

. Kdrd roKUHd 1951-l9ttl Koret sltroxu

I
SATBANSHO KErrr SATBAN

rj i,ild'l rl r1i Jf I'lriiti trl.l.* tii

F Koro sATBANSHo MrNlr slwnnrsHu 1917-2002 Kottrtsnu

I l;i if l"L ttl F,f l t' I|11I

o S,uR,ulsno sATBANRET l6Ho

rrril:t'Frlitrjtr5tli
l,tl*
19.i7-datc SAIBANSHo
wEB

o
f'l'ljrj
(available at http://ll.qrw.courts.go.jp)

' Toxvo Kord Slrsersso uaNrnrsu lrsd (rr:rlr) lgil-datc Toro Jrso rrrlr

I '
4r }i- rri' 4j: rSi.Ftl r ii+11
T6xvo K6ro SlrseNsHo
i^ [+,liR (]ru
HANKETsu
F.)
lnro (urNlr) l95l-date Toro llH6 rvrrutr

a { fi rij !i. l}'p11 1 !}iJ1J rl r.? tH ( l1'li-)

Foreign Jurisdictions: J;rpan o
> Tdxvo

FH
Kdro SlrseNsno xuII neNrEtsu
H S# +rJ ErilU S:+|l rtf+#
IIuO 1951-1953 Toroxer lrno
I
Topical rqrorters
I
t
> Currrrr Zlrslr,r K6r6 SernersHo sAIBANREI 2004-date Cxrznt rosat
KENSAKU WEB

tn Ht Ff E H S & +tl Ffi ffi+tJ FrS& #

I
(available at http://www.ip.courts.go.ipl
search,/jihp0o10)
CHrrEKr zArsAN s.qIn,rN nrIsn0 1965-d*e SATBANSHo
I
(available at http:,7www,courts.go.fp)
^ntulffiE&+tJ+YtR
WEB

I
> CHrrrrr cydsEr 199l-1998
ZATsANKEN KANKET MrNIr

srrsrN nnrslrufilfrltrtrffiH4fiR+ ' liW

Crrrerr snrsH[t
I
I
&+tllns€
RErsHO
> Grospr rrKEN sATBAN 1950-1997 Gvoslr netsnu
ftr\91**.YtlFrl€
> Gr6slr rrxrN slrslN
11Ws1+ffi+tF,tR
nnrsnu 1969-date SareeHsHo
WEB I
(available at
> Gvosrr GEPPo
Itw&+tiBw
slsAN
httpf /www.courts.go.jp)
1948-1950 GYoeersu
t
r KArErs,uslNcnpp6
Zfe*YtE#
1949-date Kacersu
I
> Murer
RErsH0

ffi
ZATSANKEN KANKu

fAFtEffi 85ffi R+
nrNir cyospr sersA.N 1959- 1990

. I1Wffi+tJFttR
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t
> Rood lxsN SATBAN

XWr4l+ffiYtJFt#-
REISH0 1969-date SnrenHsHo
WEB a
(available at.http / / www.courts. go. jp)
> ROD6 KANKET MrNJr JrKEN
z

slrrlrsnrl 1949-1950 RomrH Sersr0 I

f;@THffiRSSI+&fiJ#-
> RoDo KANKET MrNIr sATBAN

XMTAffiR+&+IJFTR
RErsH0 1950-1997 RotvrtHsuu
t
> SHorrru

{t#Ew
crppo 79J5-date Snocersu
o
Periodicals
> Heunnr IrcHt
I
I
cntuo 1984-date HnHner lrcHr
yJmtwfiarc
> H.runu;ru6 1953-dxe HIHJt
+l{riB+ffi
> HeNner TATMUZU 1948-date HlHrn o
AA
+tJ$rlr4
> Hdsd sHrNBuN

i*H*rfH
1946-1964 Hoso
SHINBUN
I
o
o E r:l'r.'i=r'l .'rrlirrlit !i*l:r: trrgllrr

o ' JUNKAN KIN,YU HoMU JIJo

^sl114fr4/*if Stff
1953-drte Krnxo

I e JuureN suoyr uorrlu

htYtJtfi+lt#
7972-date

1966-1967
SHotr

I " SguxeN rrN'v0 nelnr,t Ktt't Hrtt

t fu+
1967-1975

t
' Suuxln rrn'vu sHoJl ueNnet KTNHAN

E fU+ftf ' P,;t++rlir,J (t+ift *h m fiA>

: KrN'Yt sHdlr HANREI 1976-date KrnHnn

o . Korsu ItKo MIN)t setslN nttsFlU

,n"E+diR +*+rl{tJ+
1968-date Korsu

I
MI NSHU

* Roto HeNnel 1969-,Jate RoHAN

?ilflt+tl{r\

o > Rooo HlNnsr IiNARU

jil$1'tJll\) r
-t tv
2012-d^te RoHen
JAHnnu

I o R6no uonrrsu lur.lpo/RoluN

Nl$lt1+,h1w
1949-drte

1950-date
Ro,ur'r

Rorersoru

o " RoDo KEtzAl He.t.tntl soxutto

TtlgkY#+Ulrtl.B+ft
' SHtnvoseN snolt uorr,ru 1984-date SHrnvoaaN

o ,a++Mffii+lEtE
> Ssdsrsseso Nyusu 1989-date Snotrsxa
SHotr

t ii\HAil;=a-7
* SHutotsnu
t = 14 :L/v
1962-1995 SHurorrnu

a Chuo Rodo tinkai

Relations Commission)
SAtrtf"i4RA @eclsions and orders of the Central Labor

o u Brss,lrsu cHUo RoDO lrH6

Erllffif ,(*f9rH.l+li
l96ti-date CnUnor lrno

o e Furo n6oo rdl lrxrr MErRErsHt

4-\'frtfitli )3+\+,6ih+
1949-date Cxonor uerner

t " Rono LNxlr

DETABESU KENSAKU
KANKET MEIRET, sAIBANREI

'it@r+E\^fr+ ' lfll f,il'tllnlT- r':

1959-date Csunor DB

o *^t +<
(available at http://web.churoi.go.jp)

I Kokuzei Futuku Shinpanjo Elfi,4iflliEsilFf (Decisions of the National Tax

Tribunal)

o r Serrsrsu
1&:{\+lrlk
lrRErsH0 1970-dtte Snrxersu lrner

o
t
F'oreign J urisdictions: JaPan t
> KoHv6 setrErsu

lA#.&*sFrl
ltntl 1992-date Sntrersu Jtnet
DB t
(available at http f / www.kfs'
service/JPlindex.html)
go.ipl
t
Kosei Torihiki rinkai
Trade Commission)
AEF4I*HA (Decisions and orders of the Fair

t
> KosEr ToRIHIKI IINKAI SHINKETSUSHU

aEnBr+tr+#R+
1947-dte Srtrrersusnu
I
t
r K6sel TonrHtrt ltxxu Hetlo trlrtnrtsu0 1962-date Harmetsnu

> Koser ToRrHrKt ltNrlt srltNrursu ro 1962-da'te K6rontr DS

oirenEsu sHIsurEMU
Acndl+F+#]F.g-.-
t^7 A
F .:- z I
(available at http://snk.jftc.go.ip)
I
Tokkyocho ffi-#lt gapan Patent ofhce) Tokkyo Denshi Toshokan WiTff
ffi;f€+tr€f;H, Industrial Property Digital Library (PDL) Appeal & Trial
Decision Search, http://www.ipdl.inpit.go.iplshinpan/shinpan.htm t
> SHrNrnrsu
http
rono DB 6itA# DB,
//www.ipdl. inpit. go.iplshinpan/
1940-date Srtrretsu
ron0 o
spsogodb.ipdl?N0fl X)= 1 07
> SHtNxersu roRtxssHr sosHo HeNretsusH0

#RniHiFili+ln€
1997-1999 TontresHt
HANKETSU I
http:,/wwwl. ipdt.inpit. go.iplPDF/
Sonota/sinketu/index.htrnl I
Cases under the Constitution of 1889
Daishin'in or Taishin'in t#ffi
(C.""t Court of Judicature; court of last t
appeal for civil and criminal matters, and the only court concerning matters
of the imperial household and insurrection against the state): Cite to reporters
below, if therein; otherwise, cite to newsPaPers or periodicals. Append the
o
version or publisher, such as T6ky6 Hogakuin
EF, Sttitrosho
>
Ctt"o Daigaku
"-Ji*A', +*t+,
F,F.i*+pi,
or H6s6kai
Sanwa Shobo
y*He.
rl (re) no. 2077, v. 4,
=f[
o
Daishin'in [Great Ct. of Jud.] Jan. 29, 7g25,Tai
no. 1 DArsHrN'rN KEtJt HANREtsHU IDAtHAN KEIsHU] (Hdsokai) zr, z4
0apan).
o
> DltsHrN'rN urNJr HANKETsuRoKU

A#PiRS+|JRffi
1875-r92r DAIHAN
MINROKU o
> DltsttIN'tN xtIlI
t#[ifls+|]nffi
HANKETSURoKU

> De.rsnru'IN tttlNlt sttolt s,uxrrsunoxu

1875-r92r

1885-1887
DAIHAN
KEIROKU

MINSHO
o
>
t#ffiR+ffi++li*ffi
Dlrsnrrir MrN)r HANKETsu sHdRoKU 1898-192r
HANROKU

M|r.rsHonoru
O
tSFiRS+|jRftffi
> D,q.TSgIN,IN KEIJI HANKETSU SHOROKU 189l-1921 KErsxonoru
o
t#Fitrlj++[R+tffi
I
a
I ' D.rrtstttl'lN tt.llNJt
it*lrf,R
uaNnnrsu0

'F'ftllr,l+
1922-lL)46 Detunrut'atrsHu

o . De.tsHtN'rN xlrJr H.LNnpIstt0 lt)22-lt)4- Dnrnnru rersH0

I Gyosei Saibansho il&#iilll,tii

trative cases): Cite to the folkrwing source
(Administrative couft, court fbr all adminis-
:

I . Gv6srr SetnlNsHo HANKETSURoKU

lirtf**rIliYrli^f*
1890-1947 Gy6noru

I Newspapers and periodicals

Daishin'in or Taishin'in J'.;*iljr. (Creat (i)urt of Judicaturc), Kosoin tti/t

o Ifi (court of Appeal), Chiho Saibansho fti;l.t+tlii,ri (Disrict Court), and Ku

Saibansho tx.#ittJtlfi OVarO Court): (litc to one of the sources below, if thcrein.
1931-1944 Haruxersu

o " DarsHrn'lN HANKETsU zENSHU

l) zeusnI
]t'# I'i+tJ i^ AlE (U: t+#i +lit
' D,trsHrN'rr,r set.tnrt sH0t 1925-1927 Hnrunrr sx[

I ,,t'i*i [t+r] ltJn rl*'rlt

' DllsHrN'lN sAIBANRET
Fli ll]l I lt
1927-1978 SrteeNnet

o '
,t'ff
H6caru
t'fr it'l1,b|J (i* f lr i;ri Efl lt-)
193r-1911 Hdcnru

t .
//, rl C-4r.1 Lli'

HoRITSU SHINBUN

l (tl
I t.J ,t';,1*+ A)

ft)
l9oo-1944 SxtNeuN

I
if, i |
| FJi Ef 1 tt +,ti Bil

, Hdnrrsu sHtNpd 1924-1944 Srtt'rpo

its t lt*ii *U (i/:i l!#i+lilt)

o "

,
H6s6 xrtr
tf,'Ii;f it (iti'Jrii)
1891-192)

192!-1944
H6sO xrJr

I
H6sdKAr ZASSHT Hosorar
zAss HI
llrili A+t{.;1rJ

o Legislative materials
Cite from authoritative sources, such as Kanpd 'l\'+V, Horei zensho !i-, iti t
lii
o Genko hoki saran 8,1 rll,filfit\H (oalcni Hoki), Genko Nihon hoki
illF. (cyosei), Rippo zensho r.'iltB
L fl A

Guhikaku), and various tsutatsushar r.lll

S€, if therein. When citing to Internet sources, follow rule 18.
o Constitutions

t Citation format:,Constitution name' [.Constitution abbreviation']

[CoHsrtrurtoH], art.,article,, para. <paragraph, (,6eun11y abbreviation
if not evident from context,).

o b" NtHoNKoKU Ker.rpo [Krr.rpo] [Corusrrrurroru] , art. g, para. z flapan).

o " NrsoNroru KsNpo (1946) Krnpo

tr.4l El;tiits

a
 o
Der NruoN Tnrroru KrNro (1889)
/'. E Z'ffiLr'lr.*i/,
Mrrlr KeHp0
t
Codes
Citation format: ,code name' [,code abbreviation, if different from full
I
name'] [,Engtish translation of code abbreviation or name,] <year of
enactment, if not evident>, <article, paragraph, number, if applicable,
o
(.country abbreviation if not evident from context').
e MlNpo lMrrrrpo] [Crv. C.] art.398-zo, para. 1, no. r (Japan). o
i," MtNJr sosHoHo [Mrr.tsoHo] [C. Crv. Pno.] 1996, art. 4, para.6 (Japan).

Mrwro (Clvu- Com) Mrnpo (Crv. C.)

o
f(/*
Su6uo (Coul,trncrll Coor) Srdxd (Cotvrtvt. o
d,iilr',
MrNlr sosHoHO (Coor oE Crvrl Pnoctouna)
sili;Ai/:
c.)

MrNsoHo
(C. Ctv. Pno.)
I
I
Lt
KrrHo (Prul Coor) KeuO (PrH. C.)
fri)l*
Ku;r sosuoHd (Coor on Cnrnrt.lnr Pnocnounl)
frtJSi;6;1\i/:
KErsoHo
(C. Cnrm. Pno.) o
Statutes, regulations, and orders o
I
The following citation format applics to horitsu l*1* (statutes), kisoku lfl
fllJ (rules and regulations), chokurei A/.ti (imperial orders), seirei 4
i (cabinct orders), furei fi11) (Prime Minisrer's Office orders), shorei 'd'
i (ministry ordinances), kuffei elll) (instrucrions), kokuiifr',r. (norifications
or notices), and tsitatsu :$E (circulars).
o
Citation format: ,taw name, [,taw abbreviation, if different from full name,]
[,Engtish transtation of law abbreviation or name'1, ,number, of ,year',
,article, paragraph, number, if applicable, (,country abbreviation if not I
evident from context,).

= Hakai katsud6 boshih6 [Haboh6] [Subversive Activities

o
m"
Prevention Actl, Law No.240 of 1952, art.4, para.
Sh6nen shinpan kisoku [Rules of Juvenile Proceedings], Sup.
1 (Japan).
o
Ct. Rule No. 33 of 1948, art.26 (Japan).
Citation format in electronic sources: ,law name, [.law abbreviation, if
different from fu[[ name'] [.Engtish translation of law abbreviation or
t
name,], ,number, of .year,, ,article, paragraph, number, if appticable,
(,database name' [,database abbreviation']),,URL, (,country O
abbreviation if not evident from context').
+ Hojinzeih6 [Corporate Taxation Act], Law No. 34 of 1965, art. o
6-2 (H6rei teikyd dCta shisutemu [Horei DB]), http://law.e-gov.
gojp/cg i'bin/idxsearch.cgi (Japa n).

When citing a translation, include the translation sourcc in addition to thc

t
original version, fbllowing rule 2O.2.5.
o
a
o KankyO kihonhO [Basic Environmental Act], Law No.91 of
1993, art.37 (.Japan). translated in 7 EHS Law Bull. Ser. no. 7800

t *
(1 ee6).

Shohisha kyoiku no suishin ni kansuru h6ritsu [Sh6hisha

ky6ikusuishinh6l [Act on Promotion of Consumer Education],

I Law No. 61 of 2012, aft.7, translated in (Japanese Law Trans-

lation ULT DSI), http://wwwjapaneselawtranslation.gojp

I i;;il;;;
(Japan).

.""r""tt"""
a For citation of treaties and other intcrnational rgreemcnts, follow rule 21.4.
Cite to trcaty se ts publishetl by the Ministry of Fore ign Affairs, 'l'rcaties Bureau,

I if therein; otherwise, cite to other authoritative sources suchas H|rei zensho lL

iA# or KanpOEf:H. (see the Legislative Materials section above).
- |6YexusHu 1922-1961

o
Jovrxusxu
+frt+

t ' J0verusu0: NTKoKUKAN IoYAKU t964-2001 Ntroruren

*K't4=, .lrlFi^fr'r l6vnru
' Jor',rrusuu: TAs0KoKUKAN IoYAKU 1964-2001 TaroxuxnH

o *k't , t'&lglfi+t{J t6vnru

' G,rruusso J6veru orr,t KENSAKU 2002-date Jovnxu wee
9li4$Kfti?*rFtd:
o e" Nihonkoku to Ch0ka Jinmin KyOwakoku to no aida no heiwa

I
y0k0 jOyaku IHeiwa y0k0 iOyaku] [Treaty of Peace and Friendship
Between Japan and the Peopte's Republic of Chinal, Japan-China,
Aug. rz, 1978, Treaty No. r9, 1978 Nikokukan ioyaku, 323,i27

o 0apan).

Internet sources
I Governmental (Cases)

I
http://www.courts.go.jp (Saibansho Sanbanrei Joho +'t+llFf /*Ji)Flllt{'f6+R
(S,o.rneNsuo wEB) Courts inJapan: cases fiom all courts under the (bnstitution
of 1946)

o Governmental (Legislative materials and court rules)

http:/ / l^w.e- gov. go. jp (e-Gov Horei tcikyo dcta shisutemu t/: t fir fJt i*

t F 'z z7 J' (H6nsr DB) (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Administrative Management Bureau: constitutions, statutes, orders, ntles,
regulations, and ordinances))

o http://w"wr.e-gov.go.ipllinVordinance.html (c-(iov &,ll'.1 d) ;i,A A *. n

4 * )J 1 (Ministry of Inte rnal Affairs and Communications, Aclministrative

o Managemcnt Bureau: statutes, orders, rules, regulations, ordinances,

noti-fications, circulars, and bills of all Ministries and Agencies))

o http://hourei.ndl.go.iplSearchSys (National Diet Library Nihon horei

sakuin lrl ,).trltlXEffii ilAiEA?-Cl (Honnr sexurN) (lndex toJapanese

o
 foreign J urisdictions: lienya I
legislative materials: pending bills; statutes, orders, rules, regulations, and
ordinances in force and repealed; treaties in force, lapsed and terminated)) t
http://dl.ndl.go,ip/ *kanpo (National Diet Library Digital Collections Elf
EAB€AHi, F tv= V ) v a >Effi (Krrpo) (official gazette from 1883 o
I
through 1952, and in English from 1945 through 1952))

http://kanpou.npb.go.ip Gnternet Kanpo .l > ,*4y l- ffiE"+R (KeNn6)

(National Printing Bureau: Official gazette))

http ://www.shugiin. go.iplinternet/itdb_housei. nsf/htnVhousei,/

menu.htm (Shngiin seitei horitsu *#Wfti/lBlta4+ (Surrr uonrrsu) (House of
I
Representatives: Session laws))

http,//w**3.mofa.go.iplm ofal/ garko/treatylindex.php (Gaimusho t

Joyaku d€ta kensaku 4HE**3i*, trAR (6vmu wrn) (Ministry of
Foreign Affairs: Treaties and other intemational agreements)) I
http://www.courts.go.fp/kisokusl,u (Courts in Japan, Saibansho
kisokushu ff+lffiffi,FU+ (SeruNsHo rrsoru wrn) (Supreme Court ofJapan:
Supreme Court rules))
t
http://www.iapaneselawtranslation.go.ip (apanese law Translation
Database System in English (LT DS) Ministry ofJustice: Constitution, stanrtes,
I
regulations, orders, ordinances, and notifications)

Commercial, mostly free (Legislative materials)

I
http://www.houko.com (Hoko l*ffi )

Commercial, paid subscription (Cases and legislative materials)

I
http://www.tkc
includes LEX/DB
materials)
cases and Gyosei's Super
html (TKC Law Library:
Horei Web for legislative I
http://www.d1-law.com @lJaw.com: includes Hanrei taikei YlJIftJffF' ana
Genko hoki frTt$*fr. (Daiichi H6ki ffi-if*F,) o
https:,/www.hanreihisho.netlindexip.htrnl (tLIlDB Hanrei Hisho
Intemet +JFrlME4 >, *4 y l. (Irgal Information center)) I
https ://www. lexis-asone.iplacllogin. aspx?ReturnUrl=%2f (Lexis AS
ONE/IrxisNensJP) o
https://go.westlawiapan.con/ wlip/ app/ signon /display (Westlaw
Japan) I
T2.25 Kenya I
I
(Common Law)

Cases
Citation formar: ,case name> (<year decision
reported) <volume number)
(reporter abbreviation> ,first page', ,page(s) of specific materia[, if I
desired' (.court name, if in reporter,) (,country abbreviation if not
evident from context). I
> Alla Rakha v. Mohamed Ahmed GgS6) zg L.R.K.6 (Kenya).
t
t F'oreign Jurisdictions: lietrya

o > E. N. Wainaina v. Franz Haas (1986) 2 K.A.R. 79 (C.A.K.) (Kenya).

Priry Council (P.C.) (all final appeals until 1964): Cite to reports listed under

o tableT2.42 United Kingdom, or citc to L.R.K. or

> Law Reports ofKenya
E.A.

L.R.K.

o > East African Law Repofts E.A.

r Supreme Court of Kenya (S.C.K.) (establishcd in 2011 undcr the 2010

Oonstitution); Court of Appeal for Kenya (C.A.K.) (superior coLrrt of record,
formerly the East African (lourt of Appeal from 1 897 to 1979); High Court of
Kenya (H.C.K.). Cite to a reporter listed below.

o (* denotes an oflicial reporter)

> Law Reports ofKenya* 1897-r9t6 L.R.K.

o > Law Reports of the Coun of Appcal firr

Eastem Africa
1934-1975 E.A.

o East Afiican Iaw Reports 976-date

I

) Kenva Law Reoorts* 200 I -date K.L.R.

1976-r991

o > Kenyan Appcal Reports

> LawAfrica Law Reports (onlinc)
1982-1992
1999-date
K,A.R.
L.L. R.

I High Court-Milimani Commercial Courts of Kenya (C.C.K.): Cite to

reporter listcd below.
> LawAfrica l-aw Reports (online) 1999-date L.L.R.
a

O > East African Law Reports 1976-date E.A.

1897-1956 L.R.K.

I
> I-aw Reports of Kenya*

Industrial Court of Kenya (l.C.K.): (lite to L.L.R., if thcrein

I Constitution
Give the article number, section (if applicable), and promulgation year of the

I version cited.

> Cor'rsflrurroN art. 12 (zoro) (Kenya).

o Legislation

t .title' (.revised edition year,) Cap. <number'

Ciration format:
(country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
or: ,title,, No. ,number, (,year,) ,KEruYn Gnzerre/KeHYA GAzErrE
I SuppLemEnr' No.,supplement number, <section' (country abbreviation
if not evident from context,).

o >
>
The Advocates Act (zorz) Cap. r5 5 r+ (Kenya).

t
The Finance Act, No. 38 (zor3) KeHYn GnzerrE SUPPLEMENT No.
14J5 4.
For legislation, cite to Tbe Laws of Kenya and provide the date of the revised

I edition, or cite to the OfJicial Gazette. The ref'crencc to laws irs chapters
(Caps.) and to the dates of revised editions is only for those laws that make up
part of the consolidatcd materials.

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Lebanon o
> Tnr Le.ws oF KENvA, Rsvrsro
>THr Orrrcrer Gaztrru oF THE EAsr
em Ucervol Pnorncronerns
Eornox
ATFJCA
1924-date
1899-1908 Vols. r-ro e
> THr Orrrcret GlzEmr or
PnotsctoRAtr
tur Eest Arnrc,r 1908-1920 Vols. fl-zz
o
> Oprrcnr GezrrrE oF
AND PROTECToRATT oF
THE CoLoNIy
K T.IYA
192r-1956 Vols. z3-58
o
t
>KENYA GAZETTE 1957-1963 Vots.59-55
>THs KENvA GAZETTE [RtpuBuc on Knm] 1964-dtte Vols.66-current
> Kxrwe G r-ZEfiT' SupprnunNt 1931-date

Internet soufces o
http://www.kenyalaw.org (official source for judgments, dings, and
opinions of the superior courts of record, statutes, the Kenya Gazette, bills,
and parliamentary proceedings)
t
http://www.lo c.gov /lav /help/ gfide/ nations/kenya.html (tibrary of
Congress Guide to Law Online: Kenya) o
T2.26 Lebanon, Republic of I
(Civil Law)
I
o
Romanization
Use the ALA-IC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-
Roman Scripts, apptoved by the Library of Congress and the American Library
Association, available at http: / / www.loc. gov / catdrr/ epso/ rctnanization/
arabic.pdf. I
Cases
Citation format: (court name, [,court abbreviation,][,English translation of
o
court name>], <region if applicable,, (number and/or date of decision in
day month year format>, (reporter or journa[ 6srng, [.reporter or journal I
abbreviation,l, (section of lournal if applicable,, ,year of publication>, p.
,first page, (.country abbreviation if not evident from context).
> I kamat al-Tamyiz [Tamyiz] [Cou rt of Cassation ], to t962,
I
o
Ma D ec.
Majm0'at Biz IBdz], t962, p.73 (Leb.).

Courts
Lebanon has different categories of courts, including religious courts dealing
o
t
mainly with family law matters. The most commonly cited courts are as follows:

Ma[rkamat al-Tamyiz (Tamyiz) (C,ourt of Cassation: highest coun of ordinary

jurisdiction). This coun sits only in the capital and has several chambers
referred to generally by numbers (Chamber 1,2, and so forth). Citation is
sufflciently recognized by refering to this court only as "Tamyiz" or "Qar6r a
t
(decision) Tamyiz."

Malkamat al-Isti'naf (lsti'ndD (courts of appeals: general courts of second

instance). Lebanon is divided into a number of appellate jurisdictions. Citarion

a
o l:*rciglt .lurirdir'{ ionr: l.ehatton

I is sufliciently recognized by rcferring to this court as "lsti'naf" or "Qarar

lsti'naf," folkrwed by the namc of its gcographic jurisdiction.

o Malrkamat al-Darajat al-Ula lCourts of First Instance). This court is

composed of two sections, thc section of the "Qidi Munfarid" Qrrdge of Irirst
h.rstance), and the "Ghurfat MaIkamat at-Daraiat al-Uta' (Chamber of First

a Instance). Lcbanon is divicled into a large number of first instance jurisdic-

tions. Decisions of lirst instance are seldom published or citcd. (litations are

t sufliciently rccognized by refcrring to the section (ludgc or chambcr of lirst

instancc) or to the "hukm" (iudgment) of such sections firllowed by the nlme

t of its geographic jurisdiction.

Sources for cases

I Case citations can be made to the folbwing publications:

Al-Nashrah al-Qafla'iyah (a[-Nashrah), an oflicial publicrtion of thc Lebancse
Ministry of Justice containing firll texts of court decisions.

o Majmil'at Baz (.Baz), a private publicrtion issucd on a ycarly brsis containing

the lcgal reasoning of the Court of Cassation decisions.

o Majmu'at'dtim (Hatim), a privrte publication identiiicd by its consecutive

issue numbcrs containing selected portions of court decisions.

o Majallat al-'Adl ('Adl or at-'Adl), an ofhcial publication of the lleimt Bar. lt

publishcd quarterly and has a section fbr court cascs.
is

o Statutes and decrees

(litation format: ,statute or decree name or number> of ,date in day
o month year format' (translation of subject matter of the law, if desired,)
(.country abbreviation if not evident from context,).

I > Legislative Decree r38 of 7 5ept. rg8: (Leb.).

t
e' Decree Law 44 of 12 June 1959 (Taxation on Natural and Juridicat
Persons) (Leb.).
b Decree 2,385 of the French High Commissioner of q Jan. gz4

o p
(Leb.).

Lawof r7 Sept.t96z (Taxation on Structures Builton Land) (Leb.).

o Two compilations of Lebanese legislation currently in forcc (in Arabic),

published in Beirut are:

I ' Mlluu'er,orL-TlsHnr .qr-LueNANi

r QawaNiN LusNAN: MAIMU'Ar AL-NUSU$ el-Tasuni'iven

o wl-er-TauziuiveH

ornli"i Gazette

o Thc Oflicial G^zette, al-laridah al-Rasmiyah, is publishcd weekly and clividcd

into two parts. The lirst contains laws, decree-laws, lnd clccrees and dccisions

o by ministries. The second part contains official notices ancl announcemcnts.

o
 Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico o
Internet sources
t
I
http://www.lp.gov.lb (site of the Lebanese Padiament where the
constitution and electofal laws are posted)

http://www.l oc.gov /law /'help/ gude/ nations/ebanon.php (tibrary of

Congress Guide to Law Online: Lebanon)

http://www. law. cornell. edu,/wodd,/mideast.html#lebanon (online o

guide to legal materials and other information about Lebanon)

http://www.pcrn. gov.lb/arabic/index.aspx? pageid=S (website of the I

Presidency of the Council of Ministers where issues of the official gazette
since 20O6 are posted)
I
T2.27 Mexico
(Civil Law)
o
b;;;; a
Mexico does not have an official system of citation for cases decided by courts
at the federal level. It is customary to cite federal cases in the following fonnat: o
Citation format for cases decided by the Mexican Supreme Court and
the Tribunales Colegiados de Circuito: (rubro>, <court name> [,court
abbreviation'l ,reporter name, ,6poca (time period),, tomo .volume
o
number, <month and year of reporter' (number of decision in reporter'
(case number' P6gina .first page of decision, (,country abbreviation if o
not evident from context').

) Personalidad. En contra de [a resoluci6n que dirime esta cuesti6n, o

previamente a[ fondo, procede el amparo indirecto, Pleno de la
Suprema Corte de Justicia [SCJN], Semanario Judicial de la Feder-
aci6n y su Gaceta, Novena Epoca, tomo Xlll, Enero de zoor, Tesis
t
P-ll.4lzoor, PSgina u (Mex.).
The "rubro," or "case title" in English, is a short statement prepared by a I
o
court on the topic and issue discussed in the case. "Iipocas" or "time periods"
in English, are periods of time detennined by the Supreme Court of Mexico in
order to organize cases by chronological order. As of 201 1, the Supreme Court
was in the tenth 6poca. The first four 6pocas are no longer in force. The last
six €pocas (from the fifth through the tenth) include cases that are curently a
a
in force. All cases decided by federal courts indicate the 6poca in which the
case was decided.

o
Federal couft structure
The Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Naci6n (SCJN) is the highest court of
constitutional and federal jurisdiction io Mexico and sits as a firll couft (pleno) or
in chambers. The Tribunales Colegiados de Circuito (ICC) are the equivalents,
to some extent, of the U.S. federal courts of appeals. t
>Juzgado de Distrito (District Coufts)
> Suprema Corte deJusticia de la Naci6n (Supreme Court
Justice of the Nation)
of
JD
scJN o
o
o Irortign urisclic:tiolrs: iltexico
_f

o ;TribunalAgrarios (Agrarian Courts)

rTribunal Colegiado (Three-JudgeAppellate Court)
TA
TC

t >Tribunales Colegiados de Circuito (Full-Fanel Circuit

>Tribunal Electoml del PoderJudicial de la Federaci6n
al Coun of the Judiciary of the Federation)
Courts)
(Elector- TEPIF
TCC

o > Tribunal Federal de Conciliaci6n yArbitraje (Federal Court

Conciliation and Arbitration)
Court)
of TFCA

t
>Tribunal Fedeml Elcctoral (Federal Electoral TFE
>Tribunal Fedeml deJusticia Fiscal yAdministrativa (Federal TFJFA
Court of Fiscal and Administrative Justice)
Court)
o
>Tribunal SuperiorAgrario (SuperiorAgrarian TSA
TUA
'TribunalesUnitariosAgmrios(One-JudgeAgrarianCourts)
> Tribunales Unitarios de Circuito (One-Judge Circuit Courts) TUC

o Case law publications

Cases decidedby federal coufts in Mexico are currently published in the

o SemanarioJudicial de la Federaci6n y su Gaceta (SIFG) (Judicial Veekly of

Federation). Only cases decided by SCJN and the TCC are published in the
The SJFG volumes are published monthly.
SJFG.

o rAnalesdeJurisprudencia(AnnalsofJurisprudence)
>Ap6ndice al SemanarioJudicial de la Federaci6n (Appendix to
AJ

ASJF

o >

>
the Federal Judicial \fleekly Report)
Boletin Judicial (fudicial Bulletin)
Boletin de Informaci6n Judicial (tsulletin of Judicial Informa-
BJ

BU
tion)
, > Boletin del Semanario Judicial de la Federaci6n (Bulletin of BSIF

o
the Fedeml Judicial Weekly Report)
r Informe de la Suprema Corte de Justicia @eport of the Su- lnfo.
preme Court ofJustice)

o rJurisprudencia por Contrndicci6n deTesis (urisprudence

Contradiction)
by ICT

t
>Juzgados de Distrito (District Coufts) JD
> Precedcntes Relevantes PR

> Semanario Judicial de la Federaci6n (Federal Judicial

\i(ieekly Si F

t Report)
r SemanarioJudicial de la Feder.rci6n y su Gaceta @ederalJudi- SIFG or GSIF
cial \,Xreekly Report and Its Gazette); or Gaceta del Semanario

o Judicial de la Feder.rci6n (Gazette of the Federal Judicial

Weekly Report)
>Tribunal Federal Electoral (Federal Electoral court) TFE

o 'Tribunal
>
Fiscal de la Federaci6n (Tax Court ofthe Federation)
Tribunal Federal de Justicia Fiscal y Adminisrativa
Court of Fiscal and Administrative Justice)
TFF
(Fed€ral TFJ FyA

o b""rtit"ti""
Constituci6n Politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos CP or CPEUM

o
>

Citation format: <constitution name, [(constitution abbreviation'], .specific

provision(s) cited, if appticabte', Diario Oficial de [a Federaci6n [DOF]

o ,date of original publication', ,date of latest revision, if appticabte,

(,country abbreviation if not evident from context'),

a
Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico o
) Constituci6n Polftica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, CP, Diario
Oficial de la Federaci6n IDOF] oS-oz-r9r7, riltimas reformas DOF
ro-o2-2ot4 (Mex.).
o
) Constituci6n Politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, CPEUM,
Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n IDOF] o5-oz-7g77,0ttimas reformas
?
il;
DOF ro-oz-zor+ (Mex.).
o
Citation format: <code name, [,code abbreviation,], (specific provision(s)
cited, if applicable', Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n [DOF] ,originaldate of
o
publication', ,date of latest revision, if applicable, (,country abbreviation
if not evident from context,). o
) C6digo Civit[CC], Diario Oficialde [a Federaci6n [DOF] 74-o5-:,928,
0ltimas reformas DOF z4-tz-zog (Mex.). o
) C6digo Civil [CC], aft.2r4, Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n IDOF]
t4-o5-t928, rlltimas reformas DQF z4-tz-zog (Mex.). o
>C6digo Civil Federal (Federal Civil Code)
>

>
C6digo Aduanero (Customs Code)
Codigo Agfario (Agmrian Code)
cc
CA
CAgr
o
) C6digo Contencioso Administrativo (Administrative Action
Code)
>C6digo de Comercio (Commercial Code)
ccA
o
o
CCom
> C6digo de Justicia Militar (Military Justice Code) CJM
> C6digo Federal de Institutciones y Procedimientos Electorales CFIPE

>
(Federal Code of Electoral lnstitutions and Procedures)
C6digo Federal de Procedimientos Civiles (Federal Code of CFPC
o
t
Civil Procedures)
>C6digo Federal de Procedimientos Penales (Federal Code of CFPP
Criminal Procedures)
) C6digo Fiscal de la Federaci6n (FederalTax Code)
> C6digo Penal Federal (Federal Criminal Code)
>C6digo Sanitario (Health Code)
CFF
CPF
CS
t
The Mexican govefirment publishes legislative and executive materials in
the Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n, which is the official gazette of the federal
I
govemment in Mexico. The DOF provides ready access to the official text of
federal laws, presidential documents, administrative regulations and notices,
treaties, and descriptions of federal organizations, programs, and activities.
o
Some administrztive orders issued by the Supreme Court are published in the
DOF as well. Cite to DOF for all federal legislation. o
Subdivisions
>ap6ndice (appendix) ap6nd. o
r articulo (article)

>capitulo (chapter)
>coleccion (collection)
art
cap. o
o
colecc.
> columna (column) col.
> edici6n (edition) ed.
> fracci6nlesl (sectionlsl) frac., fracc,
o
o !:or-t'ign .f rrtisriirl ionsl

o > plgina[sl (pagels])

r pirrzLfcr (pamgraph)
p., pp.
Pfo.

o r parte (paft) pt.

r reglamcnto (regulation) reg.
r sccci<in (section) sec.

o ' srU)lement0 (supplement)

' titulo
(title)
supl.
tit.

I n tomo (tome)

r volimen (volume)
t.
vo[.

O Statutes
(liration format:,statute name, [,statute abbreviation,],specific

o provision(s) cited, if appticable,, Diario Oficial de [a Federaci6n IDOF]

.original date of publication,, .date of latest revision, if appticabte'
(country abbreviation if not evident from context').

I ts Ley Aduanera ILAD], Diario Oficiat de [a Federaci6n IDOF] 15-rz-

r995, 0ttimas reformas DOF og'tz-zora (Mex.).

I ' l.cyAduancm ((lustoms Law)

r [.cyAgraria (Agr.lrian Law)
LAD
LAG

o r t.e_v de Migracirin (Immigration law)

> l.ey dc Adquisiciones y Obras Pirblicas (Acquisitk)ns and
Public Vorks Litw)
LM
LAOP

o r l-ev
r Lcy
de Aeropucrtos (Airport Law)
de Aguas Nacionales (NationalWater Law)
(hw
LA
LAN

o > Ley dc Ahorro .v Cr6dito Itrpular on Savings and Popular LACP

Credit)
r l.ey de Amnistia (Amnesty Law) LAM

o r lrl'dcAmpanr, Reglamentaria de losArticulos lt)3 y 107

la Constituciirn Politica de los Estados Llnidos Mexicanos
(Constitutional Law, RcgulatingArticles 103 and 107 ofthe
<Ie LARACPEUM

I Political Constitution of the Mexican I Inited Statcs)

r Lcy dc Asccnsos de la Armada de M6xico (Promotions l-aw of
the Navy of Mexico)
LAAM

o r Ley de Ascensos y Recompensas del Eie;rcito y lucrza At'rea

Mexicanos (Promotions and Salary l.aw of thcArmy andAir
Force)
LAREFAM

o '
>
Ley de Asistencia Social (Social Assistancc Law)
Lcy de Asociaciones Rcligiosas y Culto I'ilblico (Law of Reli-
LAS
LARCP

o >
piions Associations and Public Vorship)
Le1' dcAvicacitin Civil (CivilAviation Law)
r Ley de Cimaras Emprcsariales y Sus Confedentcioncs (Law ot
LAC
LCEC

o Chamtrers of Commerce and'I'heir (irnfbderations)

> l-ey de Caminos, Puentcs yAr.ttotransporte F'cderal (l.aw
Fedcral Roads, Bridges and Autotransportation)
of LCPAF

a r Lo'de Ciencia yTecnologia (Law of Sciencc andTechnology)

r Ley dc Comercio Exterior (Foreign Commerce Law)
LCT
LCE

c , Ley dc Concursos Mcrcantiles

"
(Bankruptcy Llw)
Le-v dc Cooperaci6n Internacional para el Desarollo (Law
International Ooopcration firr Devekrpment)
on
LCM
LCID

o * Ley de Coordinaci<in lriscal (Iriscal (ilordination Law) LCF

 Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico o
> ky de Desarrollo Rural Sustenable (.aw of Rural Sustainable
Development)
Iry
LDRS
o
o
> de Disciplina del Ei6rcito y FuerzaA6rea Mexicanos @is LDEFA
ciplinary Law of the MexicanAfmy andAir Force)
> Ley de Disciplina para el Personal de laArmada de Mdxico LDPAM

o
(Disciplinary Law for Personnel of the Nary of Mexico)
> Ley de Educaci6n Militar del Ejdrcito y FuerzaAerea Mexica- LEMAFAM
nos (Military Education law of the Army andAir Force)
> Ley

> ky
de Expropiaci6n (Expropriation law)
de Extradici6n Internacional (International Extradition
Law)
LE

LEI o
> ky
> Ley de
de Fondos de Inversi6n (Investment Funds Law)
Ingresos de la Federaci6n para el Ejercicio Fiscal de
LFI
LI FEF
o
> Ley
2Ol4 (law ofFederal Revenue for the FiscalYear of 2Ol4)
de Inspecci6n de Contratos y Obras Priblicas (Contract
Inspection and PublicWor{<s law)
LICOP
t
> ky de Instituciones de Cr€dito (Credit Institutions Law)

> Ley de Instituciones de Seguros y de Fianzas (Law of Insur-

ance Institutions and Surety)
Lrc
LISF
t
>

>
ky
ky
de Inversi6n Extranjera (Foreign Investment Law)
de la Casa de Moneda de M6xico (aw of Mexico Mint)
LIEX
LCMM o
o
> Ley de la Comisi6n Nacional Bancaria y deValores (Law of LCNBV
the National Banking and Securities Comrnission)
> Ley de la Comisi6n Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (Law LCNDH
of the National Commission of Human Rights)
> I,ey de la Comisi6n Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos LCNDPI
Indigenas (aw of the National Commission for the Devel-
o
> Ley
opment of Indigenous Peoples)

ky
de la Policia Federal (Federal Police Law)
de la Propiedad Indusrial (aw of Industrial property)
LPF I
o
> LPI
> Ley de los Derechos de las PersonasAdultas Mayores @aw of LDPAM
the Rights of the Elderly)
> Ley de los Impuestos Generales de Importaci6n y de Export-
aci6n (GeneralTax Law of Importation and Exponation)
> Ley de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (Iaw of the Nationd
LIGIE

LINS
t
>
Institut€s of Health)
ky de los Sistemas deAhorro para el Retiro (Savings Iaw for
Retirement)
LSAR o
r tey de Nacionalidad (Nationality Iaw)
> ky de Navegaci6n y Comercio Maritimos (Navigation Law
and Maritime Commerce)
LN
LNCM I
> Ley de Obras Pfblicas y Servicios Relacionados con las
mas (Law of Public rvorks and Related Services)
Mi] LOPSRM
o
> lry
> Ley de

> Ley
de Petr6leos M€dcanos (Iaw of Mexican Petroleums)
Planeaci6n @anning Law)
de Productos Orginicos (Organic Products law)
LPM
LP
LPO
o
> Ley de Protecci6n alAhorro Bancario (Law on the Protection
of Bank Savings Accounts)
LPAB
O
> ky de Protecci6n al Comercio y la Inversi6n de Normas Ex-
tranieras que Contravengan el Derecho Internacional (Iaw
on Protection ofTrade and Foreign Investments thatViolate
LPCI NECDI

c
o
lnternational Law)
o *ilrrtig;'l "f trrirdict ilrns: Melilq.t

o r Ley de Protecci6n y Defensa al Usuario de Servicios Finan-

cieros (Law on thc Protection and Dcfcnse of F'inancial
LPDUSF

o
Services Users)
r Ley de Puertos (Law of Scaports) LP

> Lc1' de Responsabilidad Civil por l)aios Nucleares (Iaw of LRCDN

o ;
Oivil Liability for Nuclear Damages)
r Ley de Seguridad Nacional (National Security Law)
l.ey de Sistemas de Pagos (Payments Systcms Law)
LSN
LSP

o ' I-ev de Sociedades de Responsabilidad l.imitada de Inter€s

Pirblico (l.aw on Limited Liability Companies of Public Inter-
est)
LSRLI P

o r Lev deTransparencia y dc Fomento a la (iompetencia en el

(lrddito (;arantizado ('l r.rnsparencyAct lnd Promotion of
(i)mpetition in the Credit Guar.rntec)
LTFCCG

o * Lcy de IJniones cle Cr€dito (Crcdit tInions Law)

r Le1'deVias Gener.rles dc (lomunicacitjn (Cieneral Law of
LUC
LVGC

o Means of Comnrunications)
r Lcy deVivicnda (llousing Law)
r Ley tlel Banco de Mdxico (Mexican Bank Law)
LV
LBM

o r Lcy del Diario Oficial de la Fedcraci6n y Gacetas Guber-

namentales (Law of the Official l)ai\' and Govcrnmcnt
(;azettcs)
LDOFGG

o > Lo,del Impuesto alValorAgregado (AdcledValue'lhx Law)

r Ley del Impuesto tsspecial Sobre Producci6n y Scrvicit>s
LIVA
LI EPS

o > Le.v
(Special'thx Law on Prodttction and Services)
r Lcy clel Impuesto Sobre la Rentt (IncomcTax l.aw)
del Instituto del Fondo Nacional dc laViviencla para los
LIR
LI FNVT

o >
'lrubajackrres (Law of the Institute of the National Housing
liund firrWorkers)
Lcl del lnstituto Nacional de las Muiercs (Law of the National LINM

o >
Institute forWtrmen)
l.o'del Mcrcado deValores (Stock Market Law) LMV

o
> Lcy del llcgistro Nacionll de Dat<-rs dc Personls Extraviadas LRN DPED
o Desaparecidas (taw on thc National Rcgistcr of Pcrsonal
I)ata on Missing Persons or l)isappeared Persons)

o r Lcy dcl llcgistro Pirblico Vchictrlar (Law of thc Vchicttlar

Public Registrl')
r l.ey del Scguro Social (Social Security l.aw)
LRPV

LSS

o r Le-v del Scrvicio de Administracitin Tributaria (l.aw of thc Tax

Administration Service)
r l.cy del Servicio dcTesoreria de la Fedcraciirn (Scrvice Llw of
LSAT

LSTF

o the Federal Treasur) )

r l.cy dcl Scrvicio Exterior Mexicano (Mcxican lroreign Scrvicc LSEM

a
L:rw)
> Ley del Servicio Militar (Military Service Law) LSM
> Ley del Servicio Postal Mexicano (Mexican Postal Service LSPM

o l.aw)
; Lc1' Federal Anticorrupci6n en (;ontratacioncs Pirblicas (Fed-
cml (irrruption Law in Public Procurement)
LFACP

o r l.cy Fcdcral Contra la Delincuencia Organizacla (Fcdcral Law

Against Organized Crimc)
r Lev Fetlcral de Archivos (Federal Archivcs Law)
LFDO

LFA

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico o
> Ley Federal deArmas de Fuego y Explosivos (Federal law
Firearms and Explosives)
of LFAFE
o
> Ley Federal
Law)
de Competencia Econ6mica (FederalAntitrust

r Ley Federal de Correduria Pfblica (Federal law on Public

LFCE

LFCP
o
>
Brokerage)
Ley Federal de Defensoria
Iaw)
Pfblica (Federal Public Defender LFDP
o
> Ley Federal de Derechos (Federal Rights law)
>LeyFederal de Derechos deAutor (Authors'Rights Law)
LFD
LFDA o
o
> Ley Federal de Instituciones de Fianza (Federal Law for Bond LIF
Institutions)
> Ley Federal de Justicia para Adolescentes (Federal Justice LFJA

>
Iaw forAdolescents)
Ley Federal de las Entidades Faraestatales (Federal Law
Public Entities)
of LFEP
o
> Ley Federal de los Derechos del Contribuyente (Federal
ofTaxpayers Rights)
ky Federal de los Trabaiadores al Servicio del Estado (Fed-
Iaw LFDC

LFTSE
o
o
>
eral Civil Sewice Law)
> Ley Federal de Presupuesto y Responsabilidad Hacendaria LFPRH
(Federal Budget and Fiscal Responsibility law)
> Ley Federal de ProcedimientoAdministrativo (FederalAdmin-
istrative Procedure Law)
LFPA
o
> Ley Federal de

>
Procedimineto ContenciosoAdmilistrativo
(Federal law of Administrative Disputes Procedures)
ky Federal de Protecci6n al Consumidor (Federal Consumer
LFPCA

LPC
o
Protection Law)
> Ley Federal de Proteccion de Datos Personales en Posesion
de los Particulares (Federal law on the Protection of Per-
LFPDPP
o
sonal Data in Possession of Individuals)
>Ley Federal de RadioyTelevisi6n (FederalLawof Radio
Television)
and LFRT o
> Ley Federal de ResponsabilidadAmbiental (Federal Law
Environrnental Responsibility)
on
ResponsabilidadesAdministrativas de los Servi LFRASP
LFRA
o
o
> Ley Federal de
dores Pfblicos (Federal Law ofAdministrativ€ Responsibili-
ties of Public Sef!?nts)
Private
o
r Ley Federal de Seguridad Privada (Federal [aw on LFS P
Security)
> Ley Federal de Telecomunicaciones @ederal Telecommunica- LFT

>
tions Law)
Ley Federal deTransparencia yAcceso a la Informaci6n
Publica Gubernamental (Federal law ofTransparency and
LFTAIPG
o
>

>
Access to Public Government Information)
lry Federal del Derecho deAutor (Fed€ral Copyright
Ley Federal del Impuesto Sobre Autom6viles Nuevos
taw)
(Federal
LFDA
LFIAN
o
Tax Law on NewAutomobiles)
>LeyFederaldelMar (FederallawoftheSeas)
(Federallaborlaw)
LFM o
o
>LeyFederaldelTrabajo LFT
> Ley Federal Para laAdministraci6n y Enaienaci6n de Bienes LFAEBSP
del Sector Priblico (Federal Law for theAdministration and
Disposition ofAssets ofthe Public Sector)

o
o |:rltrign .f urisllitliots: \{ex ir. o

o r Ley Fccleral pam h Prevenci6n e ldentificaci6n dc Operacio-

nes con Recursos de Procedencia Ilicita (Federal l.aw on
the Prevcntion and Identilication of Operations IJsing Illicit
LFPIORPI

o Resources)
r Ley Fcderal para la Protecci(in a Personas quc Intcrvienen en
el Proccdimicnto Penal (Federll Law for the Protection of
LFPPIPP

o Pcrsons'lestiffing in (iriminal Matters)

, l.ey F-ederal Para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminaci<in (Fed- LFPED

o
eral Law for the Prevcntion and Elimination of Discrimina-
tlonJ
* Le1'Federal Para Prevenir y Sancionar [aT<rrtum(Fcdenl Law LFPST

o
for the Prevcntion and Punishment of'Ibrture)
* Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueologicas (Fctl- LMZAA
cral Law fcrr Monuments and Archacoklgical Areas)

o r l-ey Firma ElectronicaAvanzada (Advanced Illectronic Signa-

ture Law)
* Ley (iencral de Acceso cle las Mujercs a [Jna Vida Librc de
LFEA

LGAMVLV

o Violencia ((iencral Law of aWoman's Right to a Life Free

Violence)
r Ley Gencral de Asentamientos Ilumanos (Generll Law on
of

LAH

o Population (lentcrs)
> l.e_v General dc Bibliotecas (Gcneral Law of Libraries) LGB

o : Ley (ieneml de Bicnes Nackrnales (General Law on National LGBN

Property)

' Le1'Gencral de Cambio Climitico ((iencral Law on Climatc LGCC

o Change)
* Ley Gencral cle Contabiliclad Ciubernamental (Gcneral Ac-
counting Law)
LGCG

o n Lc1 Gencral dc De rcchos Ling,iiisticos dc los l)ueblrs lltdi-

genas (General Law of the Linguistic Rights of Indigenous
Pcople)
LGDLP

o r Ley Gencral dc Desarrollo Forestal Sustentable ((ieneral Law

for Sustainrble Forest Dcvekrpment)
r Ley General de Dcsarrollo Social ((iencral Law firr Social
LGDFS

LGDS

o Dcvekrpmcnt)
r Ley General de Deudit Pfiblica (General Law of the Public LGDP

o
Dcbt)
rLey General dc Eclucaci6n (Gener,rl Education Law) LGE

r Lcy Gencral de Equilibrio Ecoltigico y. Protecci6n al Ambiente LGEEPA

o ((ieneral Environmcnt Law)

r Ley Gencral de Instituciones y Socicdades Mutualistas de
Segur0s (Oeneral Law oflnstitutions and Mutud Insurance
LGISMS

o (irmpanies)
r Lcy Gencral dc Organizaciones y Activitladcs Attxiliares
de Cr6dito (General Law ofOrganizations andActivities
LGOC

o Related to Credit)
oLey General de lbblaci6n (Gencral Population Law) LGP

o
Ley General de Prest:tci6n de Servicios para la Atencidn, LGPSACDII
"
Cuidado v Deslrrollo Integral Infirntil (Children Iaw for the
Delivery of Crre and Integral Devclopment of Infants)

o >Ley General de Protecci<in Civil ((iencral Civil Protection LGPC

Law)
r Ley General de Salud (General Health Law) LG5

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico o
>LeyGeneraldesociedadesCooperativas
Cooperative Associations)
(Generallawfor
for
LGSC
o
a
> ky General de Sociedades Mercantiles (General law LGSM
Cofimercial Corporations)
> IryGeneral de Titulos y operaciones de Cr€dito (General LGTOC

>

>ky
Law for Securities and Credit Operations)
Ley General de Tirrismo (Gene ral Tourism
General devictimas (General Iaw
law)
ofvictims)
LGT
LGV
o
>

>
ky
Iry
C'eneral deVida Silvestre (General Iaw ofVildlife)
General del Equilibrio Ecol6gico y la Protecci6n alAmbi- LGEPA
LGVS
o
o
ente (General law of Ecological Equilibrium and Environ-
mentd Protection)
>ky General del Sistema de Medios de Impugnaci6n en LGSMIME

>
Materia Electoral (General Law of the System of Electoral
Challenges)
Ley General del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Priblica (Gen- LGSNSP o
>
eral law ofthe National System ofPublic Security)
Iry
General Para el Control delTabaco (General law for
Conuol ofTobacco)
the LGCT
o
> ky General Para la lgualdad Entre Mujeres y Hombres (Gen-

>
eral Iaw for Equality BetweenVomen and Men)
Ley General para la Prevenci6n Social de laViolencia y la
LGMIH

LGPSVD
o
Delincuencia (General Law for Social Prevention ofVio
lence and Delinquency)
>ley Minera (Mining law) LMin
o
> Ley Monetaria de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Monetary
law of the United Mexican States)
LM
o
>

>
Ley Orginica de laAdministraci6n Pfblica Federal (Organic
Iaw of Federal Public Administration)
ky Orginica de laArmada de M6xico (Organic law of the
LOAPF

LOA
o
>
Nary of Mexico)
ky Orginica de la loteria Nacional para laAsistencia Pfblica LOLNAP
(Organic law of the National Iottery for PublicAssistance)
o
> Ley Orgdnica de la Procuraduria e la Defensa del Con-
tribuyente (Organic Iaw of the Office of theAdvocate for
Taxpayer)
LOPDC
o
> Ley Orginica de la Procuraduria General de la Repfblica
(Organic Law of the Attorney General's Ofifice)
(Organiclawof
LOPGR
o
o
>LeyOrg6nicadelosTribunalesAgrarios LOTA
Ag,rarian Couru)
> Ley Orginica de Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal (Organic law LOTM

o
of the Federal Mortgage Corporation)
> try Orginica de Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal (Organic law LOSH F
of the Federal Mortgage Corporation)
>ley Orginica del Banco delAhorro Nacional y Servicios
Financieros (Organic law of the National Savings Bank and
Financial Services)
LOBNSF
o
>

>
Ley Orginica del Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior
ganic Law of the National Bank for ForeignTrade)
Ley Orginica del Banco Nacional de Obras y Servicios
(Or-
Pfbli-
LOBNCE

LOBNOS
o
cos (Organic Law of the National Bank for Public Works
and Services) O
o
o Forcign Jrrrisd ietions: Mcxic<r

o > Ley Orginica del Congreso General de los Estados lJnidos

Mexicanos (Organic l^aw of the Congress of the United
Mexican States)
LOCEUM

o > Ley Orginica del Poder Judicial de la Federaci6n (Enabling

Law for the Federal Judiciary)
LOPJF

o
> Ley Orginica delTribunal de los ContencioAdministrativo LOTCA
(Enabling Law for theAdministrative Disputes Court)
> Ley Orginica del Tribunal Federal de Justicia Fiscal yAdmin- LOTFJFA

o >
istmtiva (Organic Law of the Federal Court for Fiscal and
Administrative Justice)
Ley Orginica del Tribunal Fiscal de la Federacion (Enabling LOTFF

o >
Law for thc Federal Fiscal Court)
Lcy Pir.l Conservar la Neutralidad
ify Iaw)
de I Pais (National Neutml- LCNP

o r Ley Fara el Aprovechamiento Sustentable de la Energia (Law

for the Sustainable Use of Energy)
> Ley Para el Desarrollo de la Competitividad de la Micro,
LASE

LDCMPME

o Pequefra y Mediana Empresa (Iaw for the Development of

the Competitiveness of Micro, Small and Medium Enter-
prises)

o r Ley Para la Depuraci6n y Liquidaci6n de Cuentas de la Haci-

enda Priblica Federal Qaw for the Elimination and Settle-
ment ofAccounts of the FederalTreasury)
LDLCHPF

o r Ley Para la Protecci<in de los Derechos de Niflas, Ninos yAdc

lescentes (Iaw for the Protection of the Rights of Children
LPDNNA

o
and Adolescents)
r Ley Para laTransparencia y Ordenamiento de los Servicios LTOSF
Financieros (Iaw for the Transparency and Regulation of

t the Financial Services)

r Lcy Para Promover la Inversi6n Mexicana yVigilar la Inver-
si6n Extranjera (Iaw to Promote Mexican Investments and
LIE

o >
Monitor Foreign Investments)
Ley Fma Regular las Sociedades de Informaci6n Crediticia
(Law to Regulate Credit Information Companies)
LRSIC

o r Ley Sobre Delitos de Imprenta (Law on Publishing Crimes)

> Ley Sobre el Contrato de Seguro
(law
LDI
LSCS

o
> Ley Sobre el Escudo, la Bandera y el Himno Nacionales LEBHN
on the Coat of Arms, Flag and NationalAnthem)
r Ley Sobre la Aprobaci6n deTratados Internacionales en LATIME

o Materia Econ6mica (law on the Adoption of International

Economic Treaties)
Ley Sobre la Celebraci6n de Tratados (I-aw ofTreaties)
'
LCT

o >

>
Ley de Impuestos sobre Ingresos Mercantiles (Tax Law on
Commercial Income)
Ley del Impuesto a los Dep6sitos en Efectivo (Thx law on
LIIM

LIDE

o Cash Deposits)
r Ley clel Impuesto Empresarial aTasa Llnica (Law of the Ftat
Tax for Corporations)
LIETU

o ' Ley del Impuesto sobreTenecia o Uso deVehiculos (Tax Law

ofVehicles or Use ofVehicles)
LISTUV

o > Ley del Servicio de Inspecci6n Fiscal (Iaw of theTax Inspec- LS IF

tions Service)

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico o
Administrative and executive materials
Citation format: ,document titl€', ,document number, if applicable,,
t
,specific provision(s) cited, if applicable,, Diario Oficial de [a Federaci6n
IDOF] ,e1i91nal date of publication,, ,date of latest revision, if o
applicable,(country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
) Decreto de Promulgaci6n de la Convenci6n de Viena, sobre el o
o
Derecho de los Tratados entre Estados y Organizaci6n Internacio-
nales, Diario Oficiatde la Federaci6n lDOFlz4-tz-rggz (Mex.).

) Norma Oficial Mexicana, NOM-oor-SESH-zor4, Plantas de distibu-

ci6n de Gas L.P. Disefro, construcci6n y condiciones seguras en su
operaci6n, Diario Oficial de [a Federaci6n IDOF] 22-Lo-2oL4 (Mex.). o
Regulations
Citation format:,regulation name, [.regulation abbreviation'],,specifi c
o
provision(s) cited, if applicable,, Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n IDOF]
,originaI date of publication,, ,date of latest revision, if applicable'
(,country abbreviation if not evidence from context').
o
) Reglamento de la Ley Aduanera IRLA], Diario Oficial de la Feder-
aci6n IDOF] o6-o6-1996, frltimas reformas DOF z8-ro-zool (Mex.).
o
>ReglamentodeA-flliaci6n(lncorporationRegulations)
> Reglamento de Financiamiento Priblico @ublic Finance
RA
RFP
o
Regulations)
>Reglamento de Ingenieria Sanitaria Relativo a Edificios
ing Health Regulations)
(Build- RISRE o
> Reglamento de la Cimam de Diputados @egulations of
House ofDeputies)
the RCD
o
Customs
o
) Reglamento de la LeyAduanera @egulations of the RLA
hw)
>Reglamento delaLey Agrariaen Materia de Certificaci6n de RLAMCDETS
Derechos Ejidales yTitulaci6n de Solares (Regulations of the
law onAgrarian Matters of Certification of Eiido Rights and
Titling of Iots) o
> Reglamento de la kyAgraria en Materia de Ordenamiento de
la Propiedad Rural @egulations of the law on Iand Manage-
ment of Rural Property)
RLAMOPR

o
> Reglamento de la LeyAgraria Para Fomentaf la Organiztci6n RLAFOyDMCR
y Desarrollo de la Mujer Campesina @egulation of LandAct
for Promoting the Organization and Development of Rural
o
Vomen)
r Reglamento de la ky de Adquisiciones, Arendamientos y
Servicios del Sector Priblico @egulations of the Law of
RLMSSP o
Acquisitions, Leases and Services of the Public Sector)
>Reglamento de la Ley deAeropuertos (Regulations ofthe
ofAirports)
law RLA o
> Reglamento de la ley deAguas Nacionales (R.egulations of
Nationalvater law)
Reglamento de la Ley deAscensos de laArmada de M€xico
the RLAN
o
o
> RLMM
(R€gulations ofthe law on Promotion ofthe Nalry of
Mexico)

o
o Forcign "f urir<lictic:lls: llk xi*.o

o r Reglamento de la Ley de Ascensos y Recompcnsas del Efer-

cito y Fucrza A6rea Mexicanos (Regulations of the Law fbr
RLAREFAM

t
Promotion and Pay of the Mexican Army an<I Air Force)
r Reglamcnto dc la Lcy de Asociaciones Plblico Privadas (Regtt- RLAPP
lations ofthc Law on Public-Private Pannerships)

o r Reglamento de la Ley tle Asociacioncs Re ligiosas y Culto RLARCP

P[rblico (Regulations of the Law of Rcligious Associations
and Pr.rblicV<rrship)

o > Reglamento de la Ley de Aviaci6n Civil (Regulations of thc

Irw of CivilAviation)
r Reglamento de la Ley de Bioscguridad dc Organismos Gen6-
RLAC

RLBOGM

o >
ticrmente Modilicados (Regulations of the Law on lliosatet)'
of Gcnetically Modificd Orgmisms)
Reglamento de la Ley de Ciimarrs Empresariales y Stts Confed- RLCEyC

o craciones (Regulations of thc Law of Commcrcial Chambers

andTheir Confedemtions)
r Rcglamento de la ky de (lomcrcio Exterior (Regulations of RLCE

o '
thc Foreign'Ira<Ie Law)
Reglamcnto dc la Ley de Energia Para el Oampo (Regulations
of the Energ-v Law f<lr the Countryside)
RLEC

I > Reglamento de la Ley de Informaci6n Estadisticl y Geogra-

Iica (Regulations of the Law on Statistical and (ieographic
RLIEG

o
Information)
r Reglamento dc la Ley dc Inversi6n Extranjera -Y dcl Registro RLIERN IE
Nacional de Inversiones Extmnjeras (Regulittions ofthe Law

o
on Foreign Investment and National Register of Forcign
Invcstment)
r Rcglamento de la Ley de la Policia l'ederal (Rcgulations of the RLPF

o law of the Iredcrnl Police)

. Reglamento de la Ley de la Propiedad Industrial (Regulations
of the Law of Intellcctual Property)
RLPI

o r Reglamento de la Ley de los Siste mas de Ahorro Par.l el Retiro

(Regulations of the Law on Saving Systems for Retirement)
r Reglamento dc la Ley dc Migraci<in (Regulations of the Im-
RLSAR

RLM

o migration Law)
r Reglamento de la Ley dc Nacionalidad (ltegulations of thc
Nationality Law)
RLNac

o > Reglamento de la Ley dc Navegaci6n (Regulations of thc taw

of Navigation)
RLN

o > Repy'amcnto cle la Lcy de Obras l'riblicas y Scrvicios Rclacitr RLOPSRM

nados (lon las Mismas (Regulations of the Law of Public
Works and Related Matters)

o > Reglametrto de h Ley de Organizacioncs Ganaclcras (Regula-

tions of thc Law of Livestock Organizations)
r Reglamcnto de la Ley dc Pcsca (Rcgulations of the Fishing
RLOG

RLP

o Law)
r Reglamcnto de la Ley dc Petrdleos Mexicanos (Regulations of
thc Law of Mexican Petroleum)
RLPM

o r Reglamento de la Ley de Productos Orginicos (Regulations of

thc Law of Organic Products)
* I{eglamento de la Ley de Pnrmoci6n y l)esarrollo de krs Bio-
RLPO

RLPyDB

o encrgeticas (Regulations of the Ltw t>n the Promotion and

Devek)pment of Ili0energy)

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico o
> Reglamento de la Ley de Puertos @egulations of the Law
Ports)
of RLP
o
Reglamento de la ky de Sociedades Cooperativas (Coopera-

o
> RLSC
tive Law Regulations)
> Reglamento de la Ley del Impuesto alValorAgregado (Regula- RLIVA

>
tions of the Added Value Tax Law)
Reglamento de la Ley del Impuesto Especial Sobre Produc-
ci6n y Servicios Gegulations of the Law on SpecialTaxation
RLIEPS
o
>
on Production and Services)
Reglamento de la Ley del Impuesto Sobre la Renta (Regula-
tions of the IncomeTax Law)
RSIR o
> Reglamento de la Ley del Registro PriblicoVehicular (Regula-
tions of the law of the Public Register ofVehicles)
RLRPV
o
o
> Reglamento de la Ley del Servicio deTesoreria de la Feder- RLSTF
aci6n @egulations of the Law of Service of theTreasury of
the Federation)
>

>
Reglamento de la Ley del Servicio Exterior Mexicano @egula-
tions of the Law of the Mexican Foreign Service)
Reglamento de la Ley Federal deArmas de Fuego y Explosivos
RLSEM

RLFAFE t
@egulations of the Federal Law on Firearms and Explosives)
> Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Competencia Econ6mica
@egulations of the Federal law on Economic Competition)
RLFCE
o
>

>
Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Correduria Publica @egula-
tions ofthe Federal Law ofPublic Brokerage)
Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Juegos y Sorteos (Regula-
RLFCP

RLFJS
o
>
tions of the Federal Law of Games and Sweepstakes)
ky Federal de las Entidades Paraestatales
Reglamento de la
@egulations of the Federal Iaw on the Parastate Entities)
RLFEP o
> Reglamento de la ky Federal de Presupuesto y Responsabi-
lidad Hacendaria @egulations of the Federal Law on the
Budget and Responsibility of theTreasury)
RLFPRH
o
> Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Protecci6nAl Consumidor
S.egulations of the Federal Law of Consumer Protection_;
RLFPC
o
> Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Protecci6n de Datos Per-
sonales en Posesi6n de los Particulares @egulations of the
Federal Law on the Protection ofPersonal Data in Held bv
RLFPDPPP

o
>
Pri!?te Farties)
Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Seguridad Privada S.egula-
tions of the Federal Law on Private Secudty)
RLFSP
o
> Reglamento de la lry Federal deTransparencia yAcceso a
la Informaci6n Pfiblica Gubemamental (Regulations of the
Federal Law ofTransparency andAccess to Public Govern-
RLFTAIPG

o
>
ment Information)
Reglamento de la
Federal
ky Federal deTurismo (Regulations of the
law onTourism)
RLFT o
> Reglamento de la Ley Federal del Derecho deAutor (R.egula-
tions of the Federal Copyright Law)
RLFDA
o
o
> Reglamento de la Ley Federal Para la Prevenci6n e ldenti6- RLFPIORPI
caci6n de Operaciones Con Recursos de Procedencia Ilicita
@egulations of the Federal law for the Prevention and
Identification of Operations with Illicit Resources)

o
o
I lrorcign Jurisdictions: Me xico

o r Reglamento de la Ley Fedcral Sobre Monumentos y Zonas

Arqucol<igicas,Artisticos E Hist6ricos (Rcgulations of thc
Fedcral law on Monumcnts and Archaeological Zr>nes,
RLFSMZAAH

o >
Artistic and Historical)
Reglanento de la Ley Gencral de Acceso de las Mujeres a llna
Vida Libre de Violencia (Regulations of the General Act on
RLGAMVLV

I Access ofVomcn to a Lifc Frce FromViolcnce)

r Reglamcnto de la Ley General de (lultura Fisica y l)eporte
(Rcgulxtion of the Gencral Law on Physical Culture and
RLGCFD

I >
Sports)
Reglamcnto dc la Ley General de l)esarrollo Forestal Sus- RLGDFS

o
tentable (Regulations of the General Law for Sustainable
Forestry I)evelopment)
> Reglamcnto dc la Ley Gcncral de Desarrollo Social (Regula- RLGDS

o
tions of the Gcncr.rl Law on Social Deve krpment)
> Reglamcntt.r de la Ley General dc l'oblacitin (Regulations of RLGP
the (ieneral Law on P<4rulation)

o > Reglamento de la Lcy Gcneml dc Salud cn Materia de

Prestacion de Scrvicios de Atcrlci6n M€dica (Rcgulations of
the (ieneral IJealth Law Responsible for Prol'iding Health-
RLGSMPSAM

I >
care Scrvice)
Reglamcnto de la Ley General de Sah:d en Materia de Protec- RLGSMPSS
ci6n Social cn Salud (Rcgulations of thc (ieneral llealth l-ew

o >
Regarding Social Protection)
Reglamcnto de la Ley Gcncral de Salud en Materia dc hrblici- RLGSMP
dad (Regulations of the Gener.tl l;tw of Health in Relation to

o Advertising)
r Reglamento de la l.ey Gcneral dc Salud en Materia de Sanidad RLGSMSI
Internacional (Regulations of thc Gencr:tl Law of Health

I Regarcling International Health)

r Reglamento de la Ley Gcneral dcVida Silvestre
of the General Law on Wildlilc)
(Rcgulations RLGVS

O ' Reglamento de la Ley General del Equilibrio Ecokrgico y la

Protecci6n al Ambiente en Materia de Arcas Naturales Pro-
tegidas @egulations of the Ge ncr.rl Law of thc Ecological
RLGEEPAMAN P

o Balance and Protection ofthe Environmcnt on Matters of

Protccted NaturalArcas)
Reglamcnto dc la Ley General del Equilibrio Ecoltigico y l"

o
RLGEEyPA
'
Protcccion el Ambirntc rn Matcria dcAutorregulation y MyAA
Auditorias Ambientalcs (Regulations of the Gcncral Law of
Ecological tsalance and Environmental Protection in thc

o "
Field of Environmental Audits and Self-Regulation)
Reglamento de la Ley Gencral del Equilibrio Ecokigico y RLGEEyPAMEIA

o
la Protecci6n alAmbiente en Materia de Evaluaci6n del
Impacto Ambiental (Regulations of thc (ieneral [.aw of Eco-
logical Balance and Environmental Protection in the F'icld of

a
Environmental Impact Assessment)
, Reglamcnto dc la Ley (ieneral del Equilibrio Ecokigico y la RLGEEPAM-
Protecci6n alAmbiente en Materia dc Registro de Emisioncs RETC

o
yTransfere ncia de Contaminantes @egulations of the
General Law on the Ecological Balancc and Environmental
Protection in Matters of Registering Pollutant Release and

o
Transfcr)
. Reglamento de la Ley Ocneral Ihra el Control dclTabaco RLGCT
(Regulations of the General Iaw for the Contnrl ofTobacco)

o
Forelgn J urisdictions: Mexico o
>Reglamento de la Ley General Fara la Prevenci6n y Gestion
Integral de los Residuos @egulations of the General Iaw on
RLGPGIR
o
I
the Prevention and Integral Management ofVastes)
> Reglamento de la try General Fara la Inclusion de las Perso RLGIPD
nas Con Discapacidad @egulations of the General Law for

I
the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities)
> Reglamento de la Ley Minera @egulations of the Mining Law) RLM
>Reglamento de la ky Orginica de la Fracci6n I delArticulo RLOFRI
27 Constitucional @egulations of the Organic law of Fara-
gra.ph I ofArticle 27 of the Constitution)
>Reglamento de la Ley Orginica de la Procuraduria General RLOPGR
o
de la Repriblica (Regulations of the Organic Lav/ of the At-
torney General of the Republic)
Reglamento de la Ley Para el Desarrollo de la Competitividad RLDCMPME
o
o
>

de la Micro,Pequefra y Mediana Empresa (Regulations of

the Law to Develop Competitiveness of Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises)
>Reglamento de la Ley Para la Protecci6n de Personas Defen-
soras de Derechos Humanos y Periodistas @egulations of
RPPPDDHYP
I
t
the Law for the Protection ofHuman RightsAdvocates and
Joumalists)
>Reglamento de la lry Para Promover la Inversi6n Mexicana RIMRE
y Regular la Extranlera @egulations of the l,aw to Promote

>
Mexican Investment and Regulate Foreign Investment)
Reglamento de la Ley Que Crea El Fondo de Gara'nti?- y
Fomento Para laAgriculture, Ganaderia yAvicultura (Regula-
RLCFGFAGA o
tions of the Law Establishing the Guarantee Fund and Devel-
opment forAgriculture, Livestock and Poultry) o
>Reglarnento de la Ley Reglamentaria delArticulo 27 Constitu-
cional en el Ramo del Petr6leo (Regulations ofthe Regula-
tory Law of ConstitutionalArticle 27 Relating to Petroleum)
RLRACRP

t
> Reglamento de la lry Sobre Produccitin. Certificaci6n y Cc

o
RSPCCS
mercio de Semillas @egulations of the law on Production,
Certification and Seed Trade)
>Reglamento de la Ley Sobre Refugiados y Protecci6n
Complementaria (Regulations of the law on Refugees and
Complementary Protections)
RLRPC

t
> Reglamento del Articulo 122 de la, ky Federal de Protecci6n
al Consumidor (Regulations of futicle 122 of the Federal
Consumer Protection law)
RALFPC

o
> Reglamento del C6digo Fiscal de la Federacion (Regulations
of the FederalTax Code)
>Reglamento del Impuesto Sobre la Renta (IncomeTax Regula-
RCFF

RISR
t
tions)
>Reglamento del Registro Federal de Contribuyentes @egula-
tions of the Federal Register ofTaxpayers)
RRFC o
> Reglamento del Registro Nacional de Inversiones Extranieras
(R.egulations of the National Registry of Foreign Invest-
RRNIE
a
I
ments)
> Reglamento del Senado de la Repfblica (Regulations of the RSR
Senate of the Republic)
>Reglamento Interior de la Secretgia de Hacienda y Cr€ditos
Pdblicos (Regulations of the Department ofTreasury and
Public Credit)
RISH

o
I
t l:ol'rigrr _f llritdir Iiurrs: lllricrr

I N Rcglamcnto Para el (lobierno Interior del Oongreso General

de los Estldos IJnidos Mexicanos (lnternal Regulations for
the Clovcrnmcnt of thc Congless of the tlnitcd Mexican
RGICG

o statcs)
r Reglamento del la Lcy General del Equilibrio Ecol6gico y
la Protecciirn rlAmbiente cn Materia de Ordenamiento
LGEEPAMOE

o Ecokigico (Regulations of the ()eneral Law of thc Ecokrgi

cal Balance and Environmcntal Protection in the Fielcl of
Ecologl)

o ! Reglamento de la Ley dcl Impuesto sobre la Renta (lncome

Tax Regulations)
RLI R

o
r Rcglanrentos dcl Cirdigo Fiscal dc [a Fedcraci<-rn y de la Ley RCFFLIA
del Impuesto al Activo (Regulations of the Fedeml Tax Fiscal
(irde ancl theAssetTax Law)

o State materials
It is common to cite local materials analogously to thc federal examples given

I in the above table.

Statc governments have websites where local statutes and codes are often

I availablc. A comprehensive list of state govemment oflicial websites is provided

in the fcderal government's onlinc lcgal repository, which is maintaincd by the

o
Mcxican Department of the Interior, at http://ETv.ordenjuridico.gob.mx.

Links to state materials can also be found at http://www.mexlaw.com/best_

w€bsites/appendix3.html.

o Periodicals

I Citation format: ,last name of author', <first name of author', ",title

of article"', <name of periodicat' [.periodicaI abbreviation,], ,votume
number>, ,issue number,, ,date,, p. .page number).

o tr Acosto Romero, Miguet, "Derecho bancario," Boletin Mexicano de

Derecho Comparado [BMDC], vo[. 151, nlm.24,29 de agosto de

o 2o13, p.1o5.
r Anuario Mcxicano cle Historia deI Derechcr Anu. Mex. Hist.

I
(Mexican Yearbook of Legal History) Derecho
sBoletin del Instituto de l)erecho Comparado lL)48-1967 BIDCM
de M€xico (Bulletin of the Institute of

o Comparatir.e Law of Mexico)

' lloletill Mcxicano dc Derecho Comparaclo 1968-date

(Nlcxican Bulletin of (lomparative Law)
BMDC

o "
Boletin Oticial (Ofticial Bulletin)
r Criminalia (Criminologr"'Periodical")
r I)iario del (iobierno de los Estados Unidos
BO

a
DG
Mexicanos (l)aily Journal of the Govern-
ment of the United Mexican States)
()fficial
I ' Diario Ofit'ial de la Fedcracitin
Fedcrd DailyJournal)
t

!. Grceta de Tribunales (Gazette of the (iourts)

| 9 | 6-datc DOF

GT

o ; Gaceta del Foro (Bar (;azette)

'
(;aceta del Gobierno ((;ovcrnmcnt (;azette)
r (laceta Olicial (Oflicial Gazctt€)
GF
GG

o
GO
Foreign Jurisdictions: Mexico I
>Juridica Boletin de Informaci6n Juridica,
6rgano del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro
Social (lrgal Informational Bulletin, Pub
BI
t
lication of the Mexican lnstitute of Social
S€curity) o
o
> Revista Compromiso (Commitment Joumal) RC

> Revista Critica de Derecho Inmobiliario l36ldate RCDI

(Critical Joumal of Real Estate law)
) Revista de DerechoAdministrativo Qournal
ofAdministrative law)
>Revista de Derecho Mercantil (ournal of
1989-date RDA

RM
o
>
Commercial Iaw)
Revista de Derecho Mexicano flournal
Mexican law)
of RDM o
> Revista de Derecho Notarios (|ournal
Notary law)
of
of 1955-1968 RDN
o
o
>Revista de Derecho Privado Qournal 199O-dalte RDP
Private Law)
>Revista de Derecho Priblico (ournal of 1945-date RDPP

>
Public Law)
Revista de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales Jus
(oumal of taw and Social Science)
Jus
t
> Revista de Investigaciones Juridicas (ournal

>
of kgal Studies)
Revista de la Escuela Nacional de Jurispru-
RIJ

RENJM
I
dencia de M€xico Sournal ofthe National
School oflaw ofMexico)
Revista de la Facultad de Derecho de Mexico 1951-200t RDFM
o
I
>
(oumal of the Law Faculty of Mexico)
>Revista de la Facultad deJurisprudencia RFJ

I
flournal of the Faculty ofJurisprudence)
> Revista del lnstituto de laJudicatura Federal RUF
Qoumd of the Institute of the Federal

o
Judiciary)
> Revista del Instituto Federal de Defensoria RIFDP
Priblica (ournal of the Federal Institute of

>
Public Defenders)
Revista delTribunal Fiscal de la Federaci6n
(oumal ofthe FederalTax Court)
RTFF
I
> Revista General de Derecho yJurispruden-
cia (General Journal of Iaw and Jurispru-
dence)
RGDJ

I
> Revista General de Legislacion yJuris.
prudencia (ournal of Legislation and
Jurisprudence)
19261930 RGLJ

a
) Revista Investigaci6n Fiscal (ournal of Fiscal
Research)
Revista Juridica (Iaw Journal)
RIF

R'
I
o
>

> Revista Mexicana de la Propiedad Industrial RMPIA

yArtistica (Mexican Journal of Industrial

o
andArtistic Property)

I
o F-r reign Juris*lictions: illexico

o noott
Citationformat: ,last name of author>,,first name of author,,,title of book',

o .edition,, ,[ocation of publication,: ,pubtisher', ,year of publication,,

,volume/ tome number or name of series or collection, if applicable',
p..page number>.

o ) Acosta Romero, Miguel, Teoria general delderecho administrativo,

o r7a. ed., M6xico: Porr0a, zoo4, vo1. 4,p.32!.

To cite a chapter in a book, insert the title of the chapter and "en" before the
title of the book.

I ) Acosta Romero, Miguel, Titulos valores, en: Derecho bancario,

M6xico, Porr0a, 2ot3,p 2t9.

a If a book has four or more authors. olace "et al." after the name of the first
author.

t ) Acosta Romero, Miguel, et al., Tratado de sociedades mercan-

tiles con 6nfasis en la sociedad anSnima: M6xico, za ed., M6xico,

I If a
Porr0a, zoo4,p.t69.
book has been translated, place the name of the translator after the edition.

o ) Acosta Romero, Miguet, Teoria general del derecho administra-

tivo, r7!. ed., trad. de lorge Ochoa Tena, M6xico: Porrtia, zoo4,

o p.32t.

Intemet sources

I When citing any source that is found online, it is necessary to include the type
of electronic format of the source . the URI, and the date of the last time the
source was viewed.

O ) Constituci6n Politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, CP, Diario

Oficiat de la Federaci6n IDOF] o5-oz-r9r7, tittimas reformas DOF

o to-o2-2or4 (Mex.), formato HTML, http: //www.diputados.gob.mx/

LeyesBibtio/htm/r.htm (consultada el z7 de febrero de zor4).

I ) C6digo Civil [CC], Diario Oficialde la Federaci6n IDOF] t4-o5-t928,

frttimas reformas DQF z4-rz-zotl (Mex.), formato PDF, http:/i

I
wwwdiputados.gob.mx/LeyesBibtio/ pdf/ z-z4rzt3.pdf (consul-
tada e[ z7 de febrero de zor4).
)' Ley Aduanera ILAD], Diario Oficial de la Federaci6n IDOF] t5-rz-

o 1995, riltimas reformas DOF o9-tz-zog (Mex.), formato HTML,

http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota-detalle.php?codigo=532494r&f

t echa:ogltzlzor3 (consultada e[ z7 de febrero de zor5) (Mex.).

Offi cial government websites:

o http ://www. diputados. gob. mx,/inicio.htm

http://www.senado. gob.mVindex.php

I http ://www. normateca. gob. mx,/NF-Disposiciones' php?Status=

http: / / dof .terra. com. mV
I

I
Foreign Jurisdictions: Nethedands o
http://www.dof. gob.mx/
http ://www. scf n. gob.m/Paginasflnicio. aspx o
The following websites provide links to the law and codes of Mexico:
http://www. loc. govfafhelp/guide/nations/mexico.php I
http ://www.iuridicas.unam.
http ://eyco. orglindex.html
mV
t
http://mexico.iustia. com/
http://www.mexicanlaws. com,/ I
http ://www.woddlii.orglcatal ogt/ 2O7 6.htrnl

http ://biblioteca.itesm. mx,/proyecto/ I

T2.28 Nethedands, Kingdom of the
(Civil Law)
o
Cases
o
citation format: <court abbreviation, .city (except when citing HR),
,date of decision in Dutch,, (reporter abbreviation, ,publication year',
o
,publication number, m.nt. ,initials or name of annotator) (,plaintiff
name'/.defendant name) (.country abbreviation if not evident from a
I
context).
> HR 30 januari 1959, NJ t959,548 m.nt. DJV (Quint/fe Poel) (Neth.).
> Hof 's-Grave nhage z7 mei zoo4, JOR zoo4, 206 m.nt. Van Ravels
en Van Andel (Vie d'Or/Stichting Pensioen- en Verzekeringskamer
en Staat) (Neth.).
I
Until June 28, 2013, many court decisions published in the Netherlands
received a National Reports Number (LJN), consisting of two letters and four I
digits. After that date, decisions are to have a European Case Law Identifier
(ECLD, a standard that was adopted in late 2010. For purposes of conversion
into ECLI coding, the LJN is included in the final (numeric) part of ECLI,
o
e.g., ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2014:555, where NL is for Netherlands and GHAMS is
Gerechtshof Amsterdam. A search for cases on websites such as Rechtspraak.
nl, http://www.rechtspraak.n/Uitspraken-en-Registers/Uitspraken/
I
Pages/ECll.aspx, can be done using the identifier.
a
Ordinary iurisdiction
Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (HR) (Supreme Court of the Netherlands),
Gerechtshof (Ho$ (ordinary courts of appeals), Hoog Militair Gerechtshof
o
(HMG) (Military Court of Appeals) (abolished in 1991), and Kriigsraad (Kr.)
(Court Martial) (no longer in existence): Cite to N, or W, if therein. a
Prior to 2002, there were two courts of first instance: Arrondissement-
srechtbank (Rb.) (ordinary court of first instance and court of appeals to the
Kantongerecht) and Kantongerecht (Ktg.) (court of first instance for labor,
t
rent, and misdemeanor cases). In 2002, these two courts merged, eliminating
the latt€r court as a sepamte court (instead, it is now a subdivision ofthe former
court). Crurently, labor, rent, and small claims (rather than misdemeanor) cases
o
are still decided by a different kind of judge-the Kantonrechter (Ktr.)-than
I
o [:ore i gn -f * ri sel.ict irx-ls: & {.'t.trtrla rrds

I arc other civil cases. Becausc of thc merger, the Arrondissementsrechtbank

(Rb.) is no krnger a court of appcals to the Kantongerecht (Ktg.). After the
merger, those specific types of cases should be cited to thc Kantonrechter

o (Ktr.) instead of the Kantongerecht (Ktg.), following the form mcntioncd

above. (lite to Prg. or NJF, if therein.

I Reporters
a Nederlandse Jurisprudentie l9l3-date NJ

o r weekblad van het Rccht (by issuc

v
number)
Kon (ieding
1819-1913

l9ril-2003 KG
W

I * Kort (ieding Kort

r Rechtspraak van de Week
1981-2ool KGK
1939-datc RvdW

o , Administratiefiechteliike bcslissingen
r Beslissingen in belastingzaken
Ileslissingcn in belastingzaken /
l9tt5-date AB
r9r0-1953 B.
1953-date
a
F BNB
Nederlandse Bclastingrcchtspraak

' Practijkgids 196.1-datc Prg.

o > Nedcrlanclse iurisprudentie

Feitenrechtspraak
r Nederlandse jurispntdentie
2003-datc
2005-date
NjF

NIFS

O >
Feitcnrechtspraak Strafzaken
Jurisprudcntie bestuursrecht 1994-date lB
> Belastingblad 19tt2-datc BB
O t.J urisprudentie ()ndememing
!?eekblad voor Fiscaal Recht
cn Recht 199(r-date JOR
1955-date WvFR
o
e

Special jurisdiction

t Afdeling Bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State

(Administrative (burt of Highest Instance (Afdeling Rechtspraak van de
Raad van State (ARRvS) prior to 791)4)), Centrale Raad van Beroep (CRvB)
(ABRvS)

o ((lcntral Council ofAppeal), and College van Beroep voor het Bedriifsleven
(CBB) (Administrative Court for Tradc and Industry): (lite to AB, if thcrein.

o Constitutions

I (liration f<rrmat: SrAtuur Neo [Charter] art. <article number'.

Or: GW [Constitution] art. ,article number,, sub. ,subdivision number'

> Srnruur Neo [Charter] art.9r.

o > Gw. [Constitution] art. 6, sub. r.

a > Belastingrechtspraakstatuut v<>or hct Koninkriik

der Ncderlanden (Charter ofthe Kingdom ofthc
Netherlands)
Sraruur NEo

o '
(;rondwet voor hct Koninkrilk der Nederlanden
(Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Gw.

o
I
Foreign Jur:isdictions: Nethedands I
Codes
Citation format: Art. (or ArtikeD ,book number if multiple books':,article
I
number, para. (or lid) ,paragraph/tid number, ,code abbreviation,
(country abbreviation if not evident from context,). o
> Art.3:65 para. r BW.
> Artikel 3o, lid z, Sv. t
>
> Artikel l6e tid z Sn (ouo).
Burgediik Wetboek (Civil Code) (established in 1992) BW
I
> Wetboek van Burgediike Rechtsvordering (Code of Civil
Procedure)
Rv
o
o
> Wetboek van Koophandel (Commercial Code) WvK
> Wetboek van Strafrecht (Criminal Code) 5n
> Vetboek van Strafrordering (Code of Criminal Sv
Procedure)
> Faillisementswet (Bankruptcy Code) Fw o
o
> wet op de Rechterlijke organisatie @aw onJudicial Wer RO
Organization)
> Burger$k Wetboek van f 838 (Civil Code of 1838) BW (ouo)
(in force until 1992)

The Algemene Wet Bestuursrecht (Awb.) (General Administrative Law Act),

O
enacted in 1992, is not technically a code, but it provides a general foundational
framework for Dutch administrative law. o
Statutes and decrees
Citation format: ,law or decree, ,date',,gazette abbreviation> <year), <page
I
number) (country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
> Wet van 4 februari 1994, Stb. t994,99. o
>
>
Besluit van 20 mei 1982, Stb. t987,278.

Regeling risicobeoordeling nieuwe stoffen Wms, Stcrt. 1994,L33.

O
The Staatsblad uan bet KoninkriJk der Nederlanden (Stb., sometimes cited
as S.) is theofficial gazette of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is the offlcial
I
source for finding and citing the authoritative text of all codes, laws, general
administrative measures, and royal decrees. I
Tlte Nederlandse Staatscourant (Stcrt.) is an offlcial daily joumal used for the
publication of some royal decrees, ministerial decrees, ministerial circulars, and
other offlcial statements.
o
A parallet citation to Nedersanfue Staatsuetten (Schuurman & Jordens) or
Nederlandse Wetgeuing (Cremers) may be given.
I
> Staatsblad van het
> Staatscourant
Koninkriik der Nederlanden stb./s.
Stcrt.
I
> Nederlandse Staatswetten (edited by L.N.
Schuurman and P.H. Jordens)
Wetgeving (edited by Cremers)
Schuurman & Jordens
o
o
> Nederlandse Cremers
o Itoreign J urisclictions: Netherlands

o P;;;i;"i;
> Militair-rechteliik tiidschrift 1905-date MRT

a > Tiidschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis

(availablc online)
191 8-date TvR

a
> Nederlands Juristenblad 1925-<late NJB

> Ars Aequi I 95 1 -date M

> Weekblad voor Privaatrecht. Notariaat 1870-date WPNR

o >
en Registratie
Handelingen - Nederlandse Juristen - 1870-date Hand, NIV

I >
Vereniging electroning
t Advocatenblad
Rechtsgeleerd Magaziin Themis
1 9 I

1839-date
8-date Adv.bl.
RM Themis

I >

>
Justitiele verkenningen
Nederlands Tiidschrift voor Burgediik
1956-date JV
NTBR

o >
Recht
Ondememingsrecht 1999-rlate Onderneming-
srecht

o ) Delikt en delinkwent
> Netherlands International Law Review
1970-date
1910-2012
DD
NILR

o >
(available online by subscriptbn)
Weekblad voor Fiscaal Recht 1955-date WFR

t * Maandblad Ilelastingbeschouwingen
r Tijdschrift voor privaatrecht (available
online by subscription)
1958-date
1964-<iate
BB
TPR

I > s.E.\(l'.

> Tiidschrift voor Criminologie

7975-d^te
t\) / / -(laae
SEW
TvCr

I > Tijdschrift voor Familie- en Jeugdrecht

> NCJM Bulletin (Nederlands Juristen
Comit6 voor de Mensenrechten)
1979-date
1986-date
FJR

NCJM-Butletin

I >

>
Tiidschrift voor Civiele Rechtspleging
Tijdschrift voor Bouwrecht (available
1993-date
2008-date
TCR
TBR

a online)
r Nederlands Tiidschrift voor
Bestuursrecht
7987 -date NTB

o > Milieu & Recht

r AMI: Tiidschrifrt voor Auteurs-,
1995-tlate
1977 -<Jxe
MenR
AMI

o
Media- & Informatierecht
>Journaal LuchtRecht 2002-date JLR
> School en Wet 2OO2-d^te School en Wet

I > Utrecht Law Review (available online) 2005-date ULR

o Treaties and conventions

Citation format: ,Treaty title'; .city (if provided)', ,date in day-month-year

t format' Trb.,year,, <number> (country abbreviation if not evident from

context>).

o
l'oreign Jurisdictions: Nethedands o
> Verdrag inzake de heffing van rechten voor het gebruik van
bepaatde wegen door zware vrachtwagens; Brussel, 9 februari
ry94 Trb. zot4, tz6.
o
> Het Verdrag van Straatsburg, Straatsburg; 8 november ry9o Trb. O
o
7990,772.
> Tractatenblad van het Koninkriik der 1950-date Trb.
Nederlanden

Internet sources o
Legislation passed since January I, 1995 that has been published in the
Staatbl.ad ot the Staatscouranl is available on the govemment's website
at http://www.overheid.nl. Treaties and Parliamentary Papers are also
I
available from this site. This site gives further access to all Ministries and other
govemment ofganizations. a
The de Rechtspraak website, available
provides free access to cases.
athttpt/ /www.rechtspraak.nl,
o
Decisions of the Administrative Court of Highest Instance are searchable and
available in full text at http://*Trw.raadvanstate.n/uitspraken.html. I
Parliamentary documents from 1814-1995 for both houses of the Dutch
Padiament (Staten-Generaal) are available on its website, at Staten-Generaal
Digitaal, http://www.statengeneraaldigita l$l/.
t
The website of the Eerste Kamer (First Chamber of the Parliament) ishttp:./
www. eerstekamer.nVhome.
/ O
The website of the Tweede Kamer (Second Chamber of the Parliament) is
http ://www.tweedekamer.nV. I
Comprehensive online access to legislation may be obtained through a paid
subscription to the SDU online database , http://www.sdu.nl, or to the o
Lexplicatie database offered by Kluwer, http://www.lexplicatie.n/.

The general government website, http://www.governrnent.nV, provides t

links to the individual ministries and includes more than two hundred
documents and publications, among other features.

The website of the Ministry of Security and Justice is http://www.

t
governrnent.nl,/ministries/ven!.
The online portal Boom Legal (BoomJuridische, or BJu) Publishers has
o
articles from twenty€ight Dutch law joumals, available by paid subscription
to one or more, and five open access joumals: BJu Tijdschriften,htfryr// o
a
www.biutiidsdrrift en.n/paginalinformatie.
The commercial website Dutch Civil Law (DCL) provides "free information
online in English on the principles and provisions of Dutch Civil law,
the Dutch legal order and the rules of private intemational law of the
Nethedands," http://www.dutchcivillaw.com,/. The website's translations o
are done by DCL unless otherwise noted and are not offtcial.

o
O
o |litrti gn tn'istt ir:t iIrns: lrit'rr ?,taI;tllrl
_l

o The Advisory Administrative Law Foundation (Stichting Advicsgroep

Bestuursrecht, S!AB) has a wcbsite devoted to laws on social security, with a

I
view to providing frcc legal assistance, http:/fu'*w.st-ab.nVindex.html.

T2.29 New Zealand

t (Cornmon I-au')

o Cases

Medium-neutral citations

o In 2005, the Supreme (lourt of New Zealand acloptcd a medium-ne utral citati0n
format. The Court of Appcal adopted this fbrmat in 2007, and some other courts

I followed later. A large numbcr of tribunals has also adopted neutral citation
fbrmats since 2010. If a medium-neutral citation has been assigned b_v thc court
it should be used to cite the case. If thc case has also been reportcd, cite the

o medium-ncutral citation followcd by thc citation to the report, separatcd by a

comma. Do not givc the court identifier at the end of the tlecision, as this is

o evident from the neutral citation.

(litation format: <case name> [,yeg1'] ,mgflium-neutraI court abbreviation>

I
(case reference number> at ,paragraph number in brackets or page
number, if desired, per ,iudge identifier, if appticable' (,country
abbreviation if not evident from context,).

o If a decision contains paragraph numbcrs, use these for pinpoint ref'crences.

If there are no pamgraph numbers, usc the report page number instcad. F'or

o example :

w Aylwin v. Police [zoo8] NZSC u3, [zoo9]z NZLR r at [8] (N.2.).

I The medium-neutral court abbrcviations for those that hrve adooted this
format, and the years of adoption, are as follows:

o b Supreme Clouft

' C()urt of Appcal

'Hilah Court
NZSC
NZCA
20|o5
2007
20r2

a
NZHC
t Employment Court NZEmpC 20 l0
Envifonment Couft NZEnvC 20 1o
'
I ! Family (lourt NZFC 2012

Notc that the Pri\T Council also adopted medium-neutral citations in 2(X)1, with

t the abbrcviation UKPC.

Reported decisions

o If a case is
re porte d in more than one rcport, cite only to the most authofitative

report. The New Zcaland Law Reports is currentll' thc onll'oflicial report (sce
bekrw). Citation format: ,case name) <year of decision in parentheses or

o brackets, .volume number> <reporter abbreviation, ,first page' (,court

abbreviation,) at ,page(s) or Iparagraph(s)l of specific material, if

o desired, per , judge identifier, if applicable, (,country abbreviation if not

evident from context).

I
Foreigrr Jurisdictions: New Zealancl I
Year of decision:

1) If the reports are in a consecutively numbered series from the fust volume,
t
use parentheses around the year, which references the year of the decision'

> Rv. Noble (zoo6) zz CRNZ 4zz (HC) at 422.

I
2) If the teport series consists of one or more volumes per year with no
consecutive number sequence, use square brackets. o
In some reports, the year acts as the volume number and therefore there is no
separate volume number. In such cases, squafe brackets are used instead of
parentheses around the year. Particular attention should be paid to reports that
I
have changed titles (see below).

> Kerridge v. KerridgelzooSl NZFLR fo (HC).

o
> Koin v. Hutton[zoo8] NZSC 6r, [zoo8] 3 NZLR S89 at [+Z] per
Tipping J.
I
l)
> Attorney-Generalv. ZoouilzooslNZSC 38, [zoo6] r NZLR 289.
AII pre-1900 reports use parentheses and the year reference is to the year
I
of the decision.
> I
I
t
Wellington Gas Co v. Patten G88t) NZLR CA zo5.
The correct citation form with abbreviation is indicated in the front of the
repofts.

Where the court of decision is not obvious from the title of the report, the
name of the court (abbreviated) should be included at the end of the citation. t
Common abbreviations are High Court (HC), Court of Appeal (CA),
Supreme Court (SC), andJudicial Committee of the Privy Council (PC)'
I
Official reports
> New Zealand Iaw Reports 1881-1887 NZLR o
These volumes contain separately numbered and paginated parts for Court of
Appeal cases and Supreme Court cases. Citation format: <case name) (<year
of publication, NZLR (volume number) <court abbreviation, ,first page,
I
at (page(s) of specific materia[, if desired, (country abbreviation if not
evident from context'). I
>
> Wellington Gos Co. v. Potten (r88r) NZLR 3 CA zo5.
New Zealand law Reports (vols. 6-34) 1888-1915 NZLR I
In these volumes, Court of Appeal and Supreme Court decisions are mixed.
Citation format: ,case name> ((year of publication') ,volume number) o
NZLR,first page> (<court abbreviation,) at,page(s) of specific material, if
desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
>
o
>
Cleland v. South British lnsuronce Co (r8go) 9 NZLR rzz (CA) at
178.
New Zealand Iaw Reports (volume l9l6-date NZLR
o
numbers discontinued)

Since 1973, more than one volume has been published each year and they
o
are consecutively numbered only within each yeat. Citation format: <case
o
t Foreign Jurisc"lictions: fiew Zeul:rlrcl

o name, [<year of publication,] ,volume number, if applicabte' NZLR ,first

page>, (<court abbreviation') at [,paragraph(s)] or page(s) of specific
material, if desired ' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).

o > Moreton v. Montrose Ltd (in liq) lt986lz NZLR +q5 (CA).

o Other reports
> Magistrates' Court Decisions
(continued as District Court Reports)
1939-1980 MCD

o > Magistrates' Court Reports (continued

as Magistrates' Court Decisions)
1906-1952 MCR

o Each volume contains multiple years and therefore the year and volume must
be cited. Citation format: <case name> (,year of decision') .volume number)
<reporter abbreviation, ,first page, at ,page(s) of specific material, if

O desired, (.country abbreviation if not evident from context').

> tt
I
Christchurch City Council v. McCIeary Gg65) MCD q5S (N.2.).
> Police v. Mortin Q93) z6 MCR ZS (N.2.).
Reports
o District Court 1980-1988
> DCR

These volumes contain multiple years. Citation format: <case name'

(,year of decision') <volume number> <reporter abbreviation, ,first
O page, at <page(s) of specific materia[, if desired' (,country abbreviation
if not evident from context,).

I >
> Tipple v. Attorney-General Q98z) r DCR 358 (N.2.).
District Court Reports 1989-date DCR

a In these volumes, the year of the volume is the same as the year of decision.
Citation format: (case name' [.year of volums,] DCR ,first page, at ,page(s)

I of specific materiat, if desired (country abbreviation if not evident from

context').
'

o > MK v. PolicelzooTl DCR ZZo (N.2.).

Specialist series reports should be cited as dhected within the report. The Legal

o Citations ofAotearoa (LCAN| website also provides guidance on the citation of

all major law reporting series, past and curent: http:,/www.lcanz.auckland.
ac.Iz.

o ludicial Committee of the Privy Council (PC)

Until 2004, the Priry Council was New Zealand's highest court of appeal. When

o reported in New Zealand Law Reports (NZLR) (since 1932), cite according
to the NZLR citation format above, with the court abbreviation following the

o citation. If a medium-neutral citation is available use this citation followed bv

the NZLR citation.

> O'Connorv. HartlryS5lr NZLR rSg

o
(P.C.).
> New Zealand Prily Council Cases ra40-r932 NZPCC

o Citation format: <case name> (,year of decision') NZPCC,first

page> at .page(s) of specific material, if desired' (.country abbreviation
if not evident from context,).

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: i\lew Zealand I
> Barkerv. Edger G8g8\ NZPCC qzz (N.2.).
Unreported decisions with no medium-neutral citation
I
citing to an unreported decisionforwhich a medium-neutral citationfomat
t$trhen

has not been adopted, the format is: <case name) (court abbreviation, ,file
I
number>, ,date in day month year format) at <paragraph number(s) in
brackets or page number(s), if desired, (.country abbreviation if not
evident from context).
I
> Waitikiri Links Ltd v. Windsor Golf Club lnc CAt3zl95, z5 June t998 o
t
(N.2.).

Vrhen citing any court other than the Supreme court or the Court of Appeal,
include the place of registry:

> Gitmons v. AlexonderHC Aucktand CIV zoor-4o4-1937,9

December zoo3 at [r6f[r8l (N.2.). I
Statutes, session laws, and regulations
Provisions in statutes are cited as sections, abbreviated as "s" or "ss" for
o
multiple sections. Other subdivisions include subsections ("subs" or 'subss"),
paragraphs ("para" or'paras"), schedules ("sch' or "schs"), and parts ('pt" o
or "pts"). Subdivisions in schedules are clauses ("c1" or "cls"). Citation format
for statutes: ,act short title, .year enacted,, .subdivision, if appropriate,
(,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
I
> Adoption Act 1955, s u (N.2.).
References to legislation are taken to be the latest version; there is no need to
I
state that a statute has been amended.
to, cite in the same way.
Ifan amending statute is being referred
o
> Child Support Amendment Act 2013, sch 1, cl 4.
Delegated legislation has been referred to as 'l.egislative Instruments" since
t
August 2013; previously "Statutory Regulations." Provisions within a regulation
are referred to as regulations and abbreviated as "reg' or "regs." Provisions in
rules are "t" ot "rt" and provisions in orders are "cl" or "cls". Citation format
I
for regulations and other delegated legislation: (regulation name, ,year of
regulation>, .appropriate section abbreviation, <section number(s), I
(.country abbreviation if not evident from context).
> Adoption Regulations rgSg, reg +(r) (N.2.). I
Provisions within a bill are referred to as clauses, abbreviated as "cl" or "c[s".
.bill name> <year> (,bill number and versionr,
Citation format for bills:
cl or cls ,clause number(s), (,country abbreviation if not evident from
t
contextt.
> Domestic Violence (Enhancing Safety) Bill zooS (9-r), ct Z (N.2.).
o
Citation fomat for select committe reports on, and explanatory notes to, bills:
,bi[1 name, .year, (,bill number and versionr, select committee report o
OR explanatory note)
evident from context).
>
at <page number(s), (,country abbreviation if not
o
Child and Family Protection Bill zoog (72-z) (select committee
report) at 3 (N.2.).
o
o f
r*re i g r* .l r.r ristl i rl i *lr s : \c*uv ./.l'al ;l n el

t > Ncw Zcaland Treaty Series 1944-date NZTS

O Citation fomat: ,treaty nsms' ,participants' names, if appropriate, [,year']

NZTS ,number, ("signed" or "opened for signature" ,applicable date in

I day month year format', "entered into force" .appticable date in day
month year format' or "not yet in force").

o t" Free Trade Agreement Between the Government of New Zeatand

and the Government ofthe People's Republic ofChina Izoo8] NZTS
r9 (signed 7 Aprit zoo8, entered into force r October zoo8), art 5.

o Padiamentary debates

I (litation f<rrmat (Hansard): (,d31s in day month year format, ,votume

number' NZPD ,page number'.

o N (zr March zor3) 688

New Zealand Gazette

NZPD 885o.

o The New Zealand Gazette is the ofhcial govemment newspapcr and publishe s
notices that arc required by legislation. Citation format: ,"title of notice, in

I quotation marks", (.date of notice in day month year format') ,issue

number, New Zealand Gazeffe ,starting page number of notice,.

t p "Classification of Reserve"
Gazette 396.
(3r January zot3) u New Zealand

o Citation guide
The Law Foundation of New Zealancl first published the Neu Zealand Lau

o Style Guide in 2009. It has been adopted by all New Zeiland law schools,
publishers of law reports and iournals, and most courts. The most rccent
version is the second edition, published in 2011, available online at htp:.//

o www.lawfoun dation. or g.nz / style-guide/index.html.

Internet sources
I http://egislation.gort.nz (Website owned by the Padiamentary Counscl
Office , which contains oflicial versions of statutes and legislative instruments.

o The PDF versions of all statutes and legislative instruments enactcd or macle
since 2008 are authoritative; the PDF ofthe latest versions ofall statutes and
legislative instruments enacted or made between l93l and 2007, and some

I earlier legislation, if still in force, are also authoritative. Also contains copies
of bills, supplementary order papers, eadier versions of statutes and lcgislative

o instruments, and amendment legislation.)

http://www.pco.parliament.govt.nz/online-legislation (lists other online

sources of legislation)

o http://www.padiament.nz (provides access to Hansard transcripts and

other parliamentary materials from 2003 to present, as well as up-to-date

o inf<rmation on the progress of bills currently before the House)

http://www.nzlii.org (New Zealand Legal Information Institute (NZLII)
website : New Zealand law joumals and Law Commission reports, unollicial

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Nicaragua I
case law and statutes, including historical legislation and regulations; also
publishes NZTS) o
http ://www.iustice. govt.nz/courts/accessing-courtdecisions'online
(udicial Decisions Online, New Zealand Ministry of Justice website: publishes
all Supreme Court cases, Court ofAppeal decisions afterJanuary 2O03, and
I
High Court decisions after August 2005)
http://www.courtsofnz. govt .nz/fu om/ decisions/iudgrnents (court- I
issued PDF copies of all Supreme Court decisions and a few high'profile Court
ofAppeal and High Court decisions)
hftp://gazette.govt.nz (New Zealand Gazette notices published since 1993;
I
full PDF versions of editions published since 2000)
http://www.lawcom.govt.nz (lllew Zealand Law Commission website : I
reports and papers on various aspects of New Zealandlaw)
http://www.thomsoffeuters.co'nz (fhomson Reuters (commercial o
source))
http://www.cch.co.nz (CCH New Zealand Ltd. (commercial source))
http://www.legislationdirect.co.nz (Legislation Direct (contracted with
t
the Parliamentary Counsel office for print and distribution of legislation)
(commercial source)) o
http://www.lexisnexis.co.nz (IrxisNexis New Zealand (commercial
source))
t
T2.3O Nicaragua
(Civil Law)
o
Cases
o
The Nicaraguan Supreme Court is comprised of four Chambers: the
Constitucional (Constitutional Chamber), Sala Civil (Civil Chamber), Sala Penal
Sala
I
(Penal Chamber), and Sala de lo Contencioso Administrativo (Administraive
Litigation Chamber).
I
Citation of a Nicaraguan Supreme Court ofJustice case: Sentencia [S.] No.
.judgment number', ,time of judgment, in Spanish,, ,date of iudgment
in day month year format), <name of chamber that issued the iudgment,,
I
,publication name, [,publication abbreviation,] [,English translation of
court name'l p. ,first page', ,page(s) of specific material, if desired',
Cons. ,paragraph number(s), (country abbreviation if not evident from
I
context,).
> Sentencia [S.] No. 77,delas 10:45 a.m., z5 May ry9z,Sala
o
Civil, Bolerfr luorcrrr- [B.J.] [Supreme Court of Justice] p. 102,
Cons. | (Nicar.). o
Because the BoletfnJudicial (B.J.) is only published at the end ofeach year,
the Supreme Court also publishes its most important cases in its quartedy
magazime,Justicia.
o
Citation of a case published in the magazine Justicia'. Sentencia [5.] No'
,judgment number,, ,time of judgment, in Spanish,, ,date of iudgment
o
in day month year format>, <name of the chamber that issued the
o
o Foreign Jurisclictions: Nicaragua

o judgment,, Rrvtsrn Jusrrcre [,Engtish translation of court n3rns'] No.

<volume number, <month and year of publication, p. ,page number(s),,

I Cons. ,paragraph number(s) of opinion' (.country abbreviation if not

evident from context,).
>
I Sentencia [S.] No. 2, de las 12:oo p.m., Sluly t997,Sala Constitu-
cional, Revrsrn Jusrrcre [Supreme Court of Justice] No. u Jan. 1998
p. 35, Cons. ll (Nicar.).

O The cases of the nine Nicaraguan Tribunals of Appeals and other lower courts
were previously (but not regularly) publishcd in Boletin Informatiuo (B.1.) by

o the Center of Judicial Documents (Centro de Documentaci6n Judicial) of the

Judicial Branch . The Boletin Informatiuo was first published in 1999, and again
in 2000, 2002, and 2005. It was discontinued after 2005

I Citation of a Nicaraguan Tribunal of Appeals case: Sentencia [S.] No.

,judgment number,, ,time of ludgment, in Spanish,, ,date of judgment

o in day month year format,, <court name> [,court abbreviation'][,Engtish

translation of court name,], ,chamber', <city,, ,pubtication name,
[,publication abbreviation'] No, ,volume number>, <month and year of

I publication,, p. ,page number(s), (country abbreviation if not evident

from context').

t > Sentencia [S.] No. 27, de las 10:oo a.m., 1 March 2ooo, Tribunal de
Apetaci6n, Circumscripci6n Norte ITACN][Appellate TribunaI of the
North Regionl, Sala de lo Penal, Matagalpa, BolEriH lHronmarrvo

o lB.l.lNo. 4,luly zooz, p. 255 (Nicar.).

Courts: Corte Suprema de Justicia (CSJ) (Suprcme Court ofJusticc): Citc to

o B.J., if thercin; Tribunales de Apelaci6n (TA) (tribunals of appeals: one fbr

each judicial region of the country), Juzgados de Distrito (district courts),

o
and Juzgados Locales (local courts).

Tribunals of Appeals

o >'l'ribunal de Apelaci6n, Circumscripci6n Las Scgovias

> Tribunal de Apclaci6n, (lircumscripci6n Norte

Occidental
TACLS
TACN

a
> Tribunal de Apelacion, Oircumscripci<in TACO
>'Iribunal de Apelaci6n, Oircumscripci6n Managua TACM
> Tribunal de Apelacicin, Oircumscripci6n Sur TACS

o >'fribunaldeApelaci6n,Oircumscripci6nOriental
> Tribunal de Apelaci6n, Oircumscripci6n Centfal
TACOT.
TACC

o > Tribunal de Apelaci6n, Oircumscripci6n Atlintico None

> Tribunal de Apelaci6n, Circumscripcion Atlintico Sur

TACAN
TACAS

o b""ttit"ti""

o Citation format for the Nicaraguan constitution published in the omcial gazctte
.constitution name, [,constitution abbreviation']<relevant subdivisions,
if desired,, Ln Gecern, Drnnro Orrcrel [1.G.] ,date of publication in
:

o day month year format', as amended by ,citation of amending act,

if necessary,, L.G. ,date of publication of amending 361' (country
abbreviation if not evident from context,).

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Ni geria o
> Consrrrucr6r Polfrtca
tit. Vlll, ch. lll,
DE LA REP0BLtcA DE NtcARAGUA [CN.]
GrcerA, DtARto Ortctel [1.G.] 9 January 1987,
La o
as amended by Ley No. 33o, Jan. 18, 2ooo, Reforma Parcial a la
Constituci6n Politica de la Rep6blica de Nicaragua, L.G. Jan. r9, t
t
20()0.

Statutes
There are three qpes of legislative enactments: ley (statutes promulgated by
the National Assembly), decreto A.N. (decrees promulgated by the National
Assembly), and decreto (decrees promulgated by the President of the
I
Republic).

fomat: ,type of tegistative enactment' No. ,enactment number,,

o
t
Citation
,date of enactment in day month year format), ,full law or decree name'
[,law or decree abbreviation, if available,] [.English translation of law
or decree name,l ,title(s), chapter(s), and section(s), if any; or article(s)
and clause(s) or paragraph(s), if any,, Ll Gecera, Dtnnto Ortclat [1.G.],
,date of publication in day month year format> (,country abbreviation if I
not evident from context').
> Ley No. ztT,zMay g96,Ley General del Medio Ambiente y tos t
Recursos Naturales ILey del Medio Ambientel IEnvironmental
and Natural Resources Law] tit. lll, ch. ll, sec. l, La Gncrte, Dtnnto
Orrcral [1.G.], 6 June 1995 (Nicar.).
I
Citations to a law subsequent to the fifst citation to that law may include only
the abbreviated law or decree name and the abbreviation of the offrcial gazette I
instead of the full law or decree name and full name of the official gazette.

ofn;i;i c;;;tt;
I
The official publication of all legislation, including the constitution and
intemational treaties ratified by Nicaragua, is the Official Gazette, Ia Gaceta, I
Dlario Oficlal (1.G.). The legislation becomes binding after it has been
published in Ia Gaceta. o
Internet sources
http://www.asamblea.gob.ni (Asamblea Nacional (National Assembly))
I
http://www.poderiudicial.gob.ni (Poder Judicial (udicial Branch))
http://www.lo c.gov /laut/help/ gaide/nations/nicaragua.html (Ilbrary o
of Congress Guide to Law Online: Nicaragua)
t
T2.31 Nigeria
(Common Law) a
Cases a
Citation format: ,case name' [,year of decision,] ,volume number,
(reporter abbreviation, .first page,, ,page(s) of specific materia[, if
desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from contextD.
o
> Oladele v. State lrygilt NSCC rz (Nigeria).
I
I i *rrt'igrt -!uris*.{it {i;:nr; \igr.'r'i;r

a x. Mohammadu Labaran v. Nigeria Custom Serv. [rgpg]1 FHCLR 648

(Nigeria).

o Privy Council (P.C.) (highcst appeals court until 1960): Cite to

if thefein.
N LR or WALR,

I b I-aw Reports
* West African Law Rcports
1881-1958
1956-195{i
NLR
WALR

I West African Court of Appeal (WACA): Cite to SJWACA or WALR, if therein.

'' SelectedJudgments of the west African 1930-1960 SIWACA

o
Court of Appeal
v West African Law Reports 1956-195fi WALR

Supreme Court (S.C.) (highest appeals court after 1960):

a ' I-aw Ileports

t Nigerian Supreme (lourt Cases
l88l-1958
1956-l9rJ8
NLR

I
NSCC
r Fedcral Strpreme Court Selected 195(r-datc FSC
.lucltaments

a ' Supreme (iourt of NigeriaJudgments

' Nigeria Weekly Law Report
! Law lleports of Courts of Nigeria
l9tl7-datc
1985-date
1991-date
SCNJ
NWLR

I
LRCN
t All Nigeria Law Reports 1961-1982 Alt NLR
o Nigcrian Monthly Law Rcports 1961-1976 NMLR

I p (lommercial I;tw Reports of Nigeria

Court of Appeal (C.A.): (iitc to a

2004-datc
reporter below.
CLRN

t ' F'ederal Oourt

Juclgments
ofAppcal

" Nigeria ooun ofAppeal Reports

Rcserved 1977-1978

l97u
FCA

NCAR

o t Nigcrian Appeal Cases Report

p Nige ria Reports
weekly Law
191)4
1985-dnte
NACR
NWLR

o ' I-aw Repofts of Courts of Nigeria

' Commercial l-aw Reports of Nigeria
l99l-date
2004-dile
LRCN
CLRN

a Note that some of thcse reporters provide only intermittent reporting

Federal High Court (F.H.C.): Cite to a reporter bekrw.

I ' Law
" Fedcral High
Repofts
(lourt of Nigeria
ReDorts
Law
1881-1955
1973-date
NLR
FHCLR

o P l.asr' Rcports of Courts of Nigeria

" All Nigcria Law Reports
1991-date LRCN
196r-1982 Att NLR

o " Nigeria Monthly Law Reports

' Commercial Law Reports of Nigeria
1961-1976
20()4-d^te
NMLR
CLRN

a Constitution
(litation format: .constitution name> ((year of the version cited,), <section,

o if desired' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Nigeria I
Statutes
Citation format: <statute name) (,revised edition year) Cap. (,number,),
I
,section, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context').
Or: .decree name, No. (,number,) (,yearr) .volume number,:,issue
a
number, if applicable,."O.G." or "S.0.G.",, ,page(s) of specific material,
if desired, <section, if desired, (,country abbreviation if not evident from o
context).
> Arbitration and Conciliation Act (zoo6) Cap. (Ar8), 5 rZ (Nigeria).
> Civil Aviation (Amendment) Decree No. (Sr) (rg9g) 86:ll O.G.,
t
>
ArSgS 5 r (Nigeria).
Electoral Act No. (6) (zoto) 97:64 O.G., Auo3 (Nigeria).
o
For legislation, either cite to the Iaws of Nigeria and provide the date of the
revised edition, or cite to the Officid Gazette. t
> Iaws of the Federation of Nigeria,
Revised Edition (available
^t
http:/ /
1990-date
I
I
www.nigeria-lew.org)
> The Nigeria Gxzette 1914-1954
> Federation of Nigeria Official Gazette 1954-date O.G.
> Supplement to the Official Gazette

Internet sorrces
1916-19/ca s.o.G.
o
http://www.nigeriaJaw.oryfawlibrary.htm (The Intemational Centre for
Nigerian Lawwebsite; provides access to the constitution, cases from the Court
a
of Appeal and the Supreme Court, and some legislation)
> Acts Authentication Act (rggo) Cap. (+), 5 r (Nigeria), http://www. t
nigeria-law.or g I Actso/ozoAuthentication%zoAct.htm.
> Adiatu Ladunni v. Oludoyin Adekunle Kukoyi & Ors[r97zl3
(Nigeria), http://www.nigeria-law.org/LawReporting
NLR 3 I
Beforezooo.htm.
http://www.placng.orglnew (The Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre;
I
provides copies of most Nigerian federal laws)
hW / /-.*.nassnig.org (National Assembly website; makes available I
parliamentary materials, including bills and Hansard (official reports of
proceedings) for both the House of Representative and the Senate, as well
some recently enacted Acts)
as
t
http://supremecourt.gov.ng (Supreme Court of Nigeria website; provides
iudgments of the Supreme Court) I
http://www.loc .gov flzw /help/ gaide/nations/nigeria.html (Library of
Congress Guide to Law Online: Nigeria) o
I
o
o
I Forcign Jurisdictions: Pakistan

o T2.32 Pakistan, Islamic Republic of

(Common Law)
o The legal system ofPakistan is based on the common law system ofEngland and

I the United States. The publication of laws, regulations, and reporting systems
is in English.

a Cases
Citation format: (case name', (,year of reporter,) ,volume number>

o
<reporter abbreviation' (,court abbreviation or province, if applicable)
,first page', ,page(s) of specific materia[, if desired' (,year of decision
if different from year of reporter) (,country abbreviation if not evident

o from context).
Province names are not abbreviated, with the exception of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

I (K.P.K.). The province was formerly known as North-West Frontier Province

(N-W.F.P.).

o >
>
Muhammad v. State, (1985) r8 PLD (SC) r3 (Pak.).
Nayak v. Goa University, (zooz) 3o PLI (5C lndia) Ul (Pak').

I > Abdulla v. Government of Punlab, (zoo4) z7 NLR Civil 8S (Pak.).

For decisions relating to Islamic law, Pakistan has established a separate Federal

a Shariat Court (FSC) whose decisions are subiect to review by the Supreme
Court of Pakistan (SC). The Federal Shariat Court may call for and examine
the record of any case decided by any criminal court under any law relating to

a the enforcement of Islamic law.

> Sharman v. State, (zooz) 3o PLJ (FSC) ff (Pak.).

o Reporters
> All-Pakistan Legal Decisions 1949-date PLD

I >

>
Supreme Court Monthly Review
Civil l"aw Cases
1968-date
l98l-date CLC
1958-date PCrLJ
SCMR

o >

>
Pakistan Criminal law Journal
Pakistan Tax Decisions 7959-date PTD
1960-date PLC
I
> Pakistan Labour Cases
> Corporate Iaw Decisions 2002-date CLD
> Monthly law Digest 1989-date MLD

o > Yearly Law Reporter

>

>
Pakistan lawJoumal
National l-aw Reporter
7999-date YLR
1973-d^te PL,
1981-date NLR
o r Karachi l-aw Reports 1982-date KLR

a c"""tit"iil"
Since 1947, when Pakistan was created, the country has adopted three

o constitutions: one in 1956, another in 1962, and the last one , which is still
effective, in 1973. The latest constitution took effect on August 14, 1973.
Since its adoption, it has undergone a number of amendments. In citing the
constitution and its amendments, the following forms may be used:
O
Foreign Jurisclictions: Pakistan t
> Pxrsrnr Coxsr. art.4, S 2, cl. a.
> Prrrsrer Corsr. art.63(lxh), substituted by The Legal Frame-
I
work Order, 2oo2, C.E.'s Order No. z4 of zooz (Pak.).
I
Statutes
Government publications are preferred sources. The Pakistan Code (Plx.
I
t
CoDE), an official publication of the compilation of all laws of Pakistan, is the
primary source of citation. The Code, however, is not regularly updated to
reflect enactments amending the statutes. Otherwise, citation to a commercial

I
law publisher is appropriate. The most commonly cited commercial law
publications for statutes arc All-Pakistan Legal Decisions, National Law
Reporter, Key Law Reports, and Pakistan Law Journal. These reporters
publish statutes, regulations, and decisions of the superior courts of Pakistan.
> The Political Parties Act, No. 5 of 1962, Pax. Cooe (zd ed. ry67),v.
:^4,omended byThe Political Parties (Amendment) Act, No. zz of
o
1985, 1985 PLD (Statutes) rB (Pak.).
Other codes may be cited as follows:
I
>
>
Pakistan Code
Code of Civil Procedure
PAK. CoDE
Pnx. Coor Crv. PRoc. I
>
>
Code of Criminal Procedure
Pakistan Penal Code
PAK. CoDE Cnrra. Pnoc.
Plx. Pelnl Cooe t
Provincial-level legislation can be found in provincial codes such as the Punjab
Code, the Sindh Code, and the Baluchistan Code. However, they do not appear
to be frequently updated. Each province also has its own official gazette, which I
publishes bills and acts. Bills and acts at the provincial level can also be found
on provincial government or assembly websites, such as Punjab Iaws Online I
t
(http://www.puniablaws. gov.pk/index.html).

Session laws
Session laws of Pakistan, including amendments of former acts, are published
in the offlcial gazettes of Pakistan. Ttrc gazettes are diffrcult to obtain, however, I
I
and receipt is often delayed. Furthermore, the govemment printer does not
bind the looseleaf form gazettes individually or annually. Private commercial
law publishers print them in bound volumes annually, and session laws may be
cited to such commercial publications as those listed previously. The official
gazettes should be cited as sources for the most recent laws if a commercial
publication has not yet reported them.
I
> The National Command Authority Ordinance, No. 7o of zoo7, Tne
Gaz errg o r Pax rsrel Exrnao n o r reny, D ec, L3, 2oo7.
a
> The National Vocational and Technical Education Commission
Ordinance, No. 5 ofzooS, Tne GazErrE oF PAKTsTAN
Exrnnonoilrnv, May 3r, zoo8.
o
Regulations
a
Statutory Rules and Orders (5.R. & O.) is the primary official source for
regulations issued under Central Acts and should be preferred to other sources. o
For rules after 197O, commercial publications should be cited as: <regulation
name, (,year,), ,volume number) <reporter abbreviation, ,first page,,
I
I Foreign Jurisdictions: l'hilippitrel

I <page(s) of specific material, if desired' (.country abbreviation

evident from context,).
if not

I > The Cost and Industrial Accountants Regulations

O. re+ (Pak.).
(tg66),5 S.R. &

t > The Pakistan Legal Practitioners and Bar Council Rules (rg8S),
PLD (Statutes) tz (Pak.).
l8

o Internet sources
http://pakistrn.gov.pk (official site of the govemment of Pakistan)

o http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk (Supreme Court of

http://pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation (legislation
Pakistan)

available online

t from selected dates)

http://www.pakistanlawsite.com (online access to Pakistani
materials, available by subscription)
legal

o http://wnry.lo c.gov flaw/help/guide/nations/pakistan.html (Library of

Congress Guide to Law Online : Pakistan)

t T2.33 Philippines
o (Mixed Jurisdiction)

I Cases
Citation format: ,case name>, ,volume number,:,docket number where
applicable, <reporter abbreviation' .first page', 'page(s) of specific

a material, if desired, (,court abbreviation', ,date of decision') ('country

abbreviation if not evident from context').

I or: <case name>. ,volume numberr:,number, O.G. ,first page', .page(s)

of specific materia[, if desired' (court abbreviation,, 'date of decision')
(country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
o Or: ,case name>. G.R. No. .docket number', <parallel citation, if desired,
(court abbreviation if not evident from context,, 'date of decision')
o (,country abbreviation if not evident from context'), 'URL to official
source, if no parallel citation to a print source provided'.

t > People v. Quimson,4rg Pnrr-. Rep. 28, 33-43 (S.c.'

!n Banez v. Banez, 99:3o o.G.+lls (S.C., luty 28,
oct. 5' zoor).
zool) (Phit.).

I p Gonzalez v. Katigbak, G.R. No. L-695oo,

zz, rg8r) (Phit.).
lZ S.C.R.A. 7r7,728 Quly

o > People v. Diaz, G.R. No. 133737 (S.C', Jan.

sc.f
4, zoo3) (Phil.)' http://
udiciary.gov.ph/ jurisprud ence I zoo3 | ianzoo3 | :337 37.htm -

o Supreme Court of the Philippines (5.C.) (highest appeals court and the
only court that can produce binding precedents): Cite to an official reporter or
to an unofficial reporter in the following order of pref'ere nce :

o > OFFICIAL GAzErIFl

t SrrpRnM[ CcxrnT Rlponts, ANN(XATEL
1902-date
1961-date
O.G.
S.C.R.A.

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Philippines I
> PHIUPPINE RrPoRTs
> The Supreme Court
1901-date PHrr. REP.
I
(http ://sc.iudiciary. gov.ph)

Constitution
I
Citation format: Consr. (,promulgation year, if citing a previous
constitution,), <drticler, <section) (,country abbreviation if not evident I
from context,).
> CoHsr. (t98il, art. Vl (Phit.). o
> CoHsr. $973),art. Vll,5 r (Phil.).
> Corsr. (1935), art. Vll, 5 r (Phit.). o
Codes
I
I
Give the code name, subdivision if relevant, legislation type and number, and
amendment information if applicable .

> Aoltlrrrsrurrvr Coor, $ r, Exec. Ord. No. 292,as amended by

Rep. Act 6682 (Phit.).
> Crvrr- Cooe, $ ro, Rep. Act 385, as amended (Phil.). o
> Conponnrror Cooe, B.P.Blg.68 (Phil.).
> Fnmtv Coor, Exec. Ord. zo9, as amended (Phit.).
t
> Rrvrseo Peul Cooe , Act No. 3815, as amended (Phil.).
I
Legislation
Citation format: (statute name), ,legislation type, No. .number,, I
,section(s) of specific material, if desired, (year of promulgation'),
(reporter abbreviation, (series'), Book ,book number,, p. ,first page,,
,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (country abbreviation if not
I
evident from context,).
Or: <statute nsmg,, Rep. Act
t
t
No..number',,section(s) of specific material,
if desired', (vglume number':,number' O.G. .first page', ,page(s) of
specific materia[, if desired, (date of enactment,) (country abbreviation
if not evident from context,).
> An Act Converting the Municipality of Sipalay, Province of Negros
Occidental into a Component City to Be Known as the City of
t
Sipatay, Rep. Act No.9027, 5 fo (r A) (zoor), V.L.Doc. (zd), Book
rs, p. rl8 (Phil.). I
> An Act Providing for a System of Overseas Absentee Voting by
Quatified Citizens of the Phitippines Abroad, Appropriating Funds
Therefor, and for Other Purposes, Rep. Act No. 9189, 5 S(a), gg:rg
o
O.G.2997 (May rz, zoof) (Phil.).
Cite to a source in the following order of preference:
a
> OFFICIAL GAzE'r-rE 1902-drte
1903-1937
O.G.
o
t
> PuBuc I.Aws P.L.
I Iroreign Jurisdictions: Ilhilippines

I > L,rws e.Nr RESot.ti'floNS

> Vnar Lrcer DoouMENTs
1946-19-2
1971-date
LAws & REs.
V.L.Doc.

I Types of legislation:

Acts (Nos. l-4275) 1900-1934 Act

t
>

> Commonwealth Acts (Nos. I -733) 1935-1945 Comm. Act

> Republic Acts (Nos. l-6635) 1946-1972 Rep. Act
> Presidential Decrecs (Nos. l-2O27) 1972-1982 Pres. Dec.

o > Ratas Pambansa (Nos. l-884)

> Republic Acts (Nos. 6636-current;
1978-1986
1987-date
B.P.Btg.
ReP. Act

a Cite to the Official Gazette:

t >
>
Executive Order
Proclamation
> Memorandum Order
Exec. Ord.
Proc.
Mem.

o i;";ii;;
I Cite the title, the date ofsignature or acccssion by the Philippines, and the date
of entry into force. Cite at least one Philippine source and one other source
f
listed in table T4, available, or two sources listed in table T4.

I > Treaty of Friendship with India, luly tt, t95z GgS), ll-z D'F.A.T.S.
1,2 P.T.S.797,2o3 U.N.T.S. zr (Phit.).

I > I)cpartmcnt of Foreign Affairs Treaty

> Philippine Treaty Series
Series D.F.A'T.S.
P.T.S'

a Internet sources

o http://wwv.gov.ph (Government of the Philippines antlthe OfJicial

Gazette online)
hltpz/ / elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph (Supreme Court of the Philippines

o eJibrary, an online legal repository maintained by the Supreme Court)

http://vurw.judiciary.gov.ph (ponal of the Philippine Judiciary)

I http://wrry.congress.gov.ph (House of
http://nqry.senate.gov.ph
Representatives of the Philippines)
(Senate of thc Philippines)

t http://www.chanrobles.com/indexL.htm ((lhan Robles Virtual Law

Library, a website maintained by the Chan Robles Law Firm, a Philippine lcgal

o
services company)

http://www.lawphil.net (1'he Lawphil Proiect, a legal website maintained

by the Arellano Law Foundation, a Philippine nonprofit institution specializing

o in legal education)
http.//61.25.1a5.135/treaty @hilippine'Ireaties online, maintained by the

t Oflice of Legal Affairs, Philippine Departme nt of Foreign Affairs)

http://r'rry.loc.gov/a/help/ gide/ nations/philippines.html
of Congress Guide to Law Online: Philippincs)
(Library

o
I
Foreign Jurisdictions: Russian Federation I
fn4 Roman Law I
I
(Civil Law)

Cite all Roman legal materials by the name of the indMdual document or
ftagment, as in the examples below, not by the title of a collection that includes
the material. 'Pr.' may be used for principio, which refers to the first paragaph
or the fragment of a title of any of the sources below. Citations to a particular
I
English translation may be included parenthetically.

> Nov.15.pr.(535). t
> G. lHsr. t.t44G. de Zuleta trans., 1945).
Institutes of Justinian. Citation fotmat: .work abbreviation' ,book
t
number,.,title number>.<section number(s),.
> J. Insr. z.z3.r. I
Digest of Justinian. Citation format: ,work abbreviation, .book
number).(section number'..item number, (,name of author', ,title of o
work of author,,book number of work of author,).
> Drc.9.2.23 (Ulpian, Ad Edictum r8).
of
I
Code Justinian. Citation format: <work abbreviation, ,book
number,.<tltle number).(section number(s), (relevant emperor name(s),
.year(s)
').
o
> Cooe Jusr. 2.45.3 (Diocletian & Maximian 29o1293),
Novels of Justinian. Citation format: ,work abbreviation, <number of
o
novella,,<section number) (,year,).
> Nov.15.1 (535).
I
Institutes of Gaius. Citation format: (work abbreviation, ,book
numberr.,section number,.
I
>
Code
G. lHsr. r.r44.
of Theodosius, Citation format: ,work abbreviation> ,book
I
number,.(title).<section number(s),.
> Cooe Txroo.8.4.14.
I
72.35 Russian Federation t
(Civil Law)
I
o
Romanization
Use the ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-

I
Roman Sc'ripts, tpproved by the Library of Congress and the American Library
Association, available at http://www.lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso,/roman.
html.

Cases
Citation of a ruling or explanation of the Verkhovnyi Sud Rossiiskoi
o
Federatsii (Verkh. Sud RF) @ussian Federation Supreme Court): ,ruling
I
o *'l-ll'r igtr ,f ulisetir {!rli',: }ltt:si;lil litrit'r':tlti*rl

o or decision name, with subdivisions if desired, [.Engtish translation

of ruling or decision name, with subdivisions if desired,l, ,pubtication

t n3ms, [,publication abbreviation'] [,Engtish translation of publication

name>l <year of pubtication, or full date of publication if citation is made
to a newspaper,, No, .issLle number', p(p). .page(s) of specific material,

o (,country abbreviation if not evident from context ).

e* Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii

o "Nekotorye Voprosy Vozmescheniia Vreda" ot r noiabria zoo8 g.,

abz.4p.l. IPart 3, Section 4 of the Russian Federation Supreme
Court Plenary Ruling on Selected lssues of Damage Compensation

a of Nov. r, zoo8l, BtuLLrreru'VenxHovttoco Suon RF IBVS] [Buttetin

ofthe Supreme Court ofthe Russian Federation] 2oo8, No. 12,
p.t7.
a h" Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii

I
"Nekotorye Voprosy Vozmescheniia Vreda" ot r noiabria zooS
g., abz. 4 p. 3 st. 89 [Articte 89, Part 3, Section 4 of the Russian
Federation Supreme Court Plenary Ruling on Selected lssues of

t Damage Compensation of Nov. r, zoo8], Rossttsxnta Gnzere IRos.

Gaz.l Dec. r, zoo8.
I
I For individual c:tses and rulings of other coufts of general iurisdiction, cite to
description ofthe case in a Russian publication.

t Konstitutsionnyi Sud Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Konst. Sud RFl (Russian

Fedention (lonstitutional Court): Oite to the Russian official gazcttes Sobranie
Zakonodatel'stt'a Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot Rr xsiiskaia Gazeta.

a (litation f<rrmat: ,ruling or decision name, with subdivisions if desired'

[,Engtish transtation of ruting or decision name, with subdivisions if

o desired,l, SosneNtr ZaroNooareL'srvA Rosstlsrot Feornntstt [SZ RF]

IRussian Federation Collection of Legislation] ,year of publication', No.
,issue number,, ltem ,item number, (,country abbreviation if not evident

I from context,).
or: ,document name, [,Engtish transtation of document name, with

I subdivisions if desired'1, Rossttsrntn Gnzetn IRos. Gnz.] ,date of

pubtication' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context').

I p Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot I

dekabria 2oo8 g. IRuling ofthe Russian Federation Constitutional
Court of Dec. r, zoo8], Soennlte Zaxouoonrrl'stvn Rossttsrot

I FrorRarstt [SZ RF] [Russian Federation Collection of Legislation]

zoo8, No. 37, ltem 345r.

o F Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot r

dekabria zoo8 g. IRuting of the Russian Federation Constitutionat

t Court of Dec. r, zoo8l, Rossttsxntn Gnzrrn IRos. Gez.] Sept. r7,

2OO3.

Vysshii Arbitrazhnyi Sud Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Highest Arbitration

o Court of the Russian Federation: hears commercial disputcs betwecn juridical

persons, and reviews decisions of fcderal circuit arbitration couns): oite to

t the (lourt's oflicial bulletin Vestnik Vyssbego Arbitrazhnogo '\uda Rossiisktti

Federatsii CVestnik VAS RD.
Foreign Jurisdictions: Russian Federation a
Citation format:,ruling or decision name, including case
number, [,English translation of ruling or decision 13rng,],!gstt'ttx I
Vvssxeco AnarrRAzHNoco SuDA RosslsKot Feoenrrstt [VestnikVAS RF]
IBulletin ofthe Highest Arbitration Court ofthe Russian Federation] ,year
of publication,, No. ,issue number>, p. (page number, (,country
I
abbreviation if not evident from context').
> Postanovlenie Prezidiuma VAS RF ot 6 sentiabria 2o1t g. No.
o
qlSqlnlRulingof the Presidium of the HighestArbitration
Court of the Russian Federation of September 6, 2ou, No.
47841 ttl,Vesrrrx Vvssxreo AngrrnrzHNoGo Suon Rossttsxor
I
Feoenrrsrr [Vesrrrx VAS RF][Bultetin of the Highest Arbitration
Court ofthe Russian Federationl zon, No. 3, p.154. a
Constitutions
Citation format of the current Russian constitution: ,name of constitution,
I
[,abbreviation of constitution,] [Corsrtrurtor],section, (,country
abbreviation if not evident from context). I
> Korlsrrrursrn Rossrrsxor FEoEnlrsrr IKorsr.
art. z7 (Russ.).
RF] [CoxsrrrurtoN]
t
For constitutions in force before 1993, indicate the iurisdiction and the date
ofadoption: t
> Konsrrrursrrn
Consrrrurrorl.
RSFSR (1978) [KoHsr. RSFSR][RSFSR
I
> Korsrrrursrra

Codes
SSSR (1977) [Korsr. SSSR] [USSR CoHsrrrunor].
I
Codes can be cited to their publication in Russia's official gazette or as individual
documents. o
Citation format: .code name' [,code abbreviation'][,English translation
code name,l <article, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
of
I
> GnazxonrsKn
att. r23 (Russ.).
KoDEKS Rossrsror FEDERATSn [GK RF] [Civil Code]
t
Russian Codes presently in force:

>Guznoexsrrr KoDEKs RossusKor FEDEMrsrr (Civil Code) GK RF I

o
> GRAZHDANsKI Pnotsrssuer'vyr Koorxs Rossrrsror Frornatsr GPK RF
(Civil Procedural Code)
>Uc,orowyr KoDEKs RossrrsKor FEDEMTsU (Criminal Code) UK RF
>Uc,olovNGPRorspssulr'Nyr KoDEKs RossrrsKor FEDERATsU UPK
(Criminal Procedural Code)
RF
o
N.uocovn Koorrs Rossnsror FEDERATSTT (Iax Code)

I
> NK RF
>BnnzHrrrn Koonxs Rossnsror Fronnersrr (Budget Code) BK RF
>KoDEKs RossrlsKol Fnpanersu RI onAoungrstnerrutyrn KOAP RF
PRAvoNARUSHEMnxn (Code of
Violations)
Administrative
o
I
t Foreign Jurisdictions: Rtlssiarr Fecleration

I > Uc<xovNo-Isp()LNrrEr.Nyr KonsKS R()ssltsKot

(Correctional Code)
Fnlmetsn UIK RF

I > AnBTTRAZHNGPRoTSESsuALI{yI K()DEKS

(Code of Arbitration Procedure)
>TAM()ZHENNYT Koorxs Rossusxol
Rossllsrtx FEDERATSI APK

(Customs TAK RF
RF

t
FEDERATSII
Code)
>Tmroovor Koours Rossilsrol FEDERATsII Code)
(Labor TK RF
SnuuNtt Kootxs Rossnsxot Frornq.lsn (Family Code)
o
> 5K RF

> ZnrrrscHrvvr Koorxs Rossttsrol FEDERAI'sII (Residential ZUK RF

Code)

I > GRAD()sTRoITELI\yI KoDEKS R()sstIsKoI Feorn-qrsu

of Urban Architecture)
(Code GRAK RF

I
>LESNol Koorxs Rossnsx()r FEDERATstt (Forestry Code) LK RF
> Kolrrs Rossnsrot Fnotursn (Water Code)
VoDNyr VK RF

> Zsnrnm Koorrs Rossttsxot FEDERATsII (land Code)

t
ZK RF
>Vozr)usHr.ryr K()DEKs RossItsK()I FEI)ERATsII (Air Code) VOK RF
> KoDEKS Tonc<lvo<;ct Monrpltv.,rNtIe RossllsKol FEDERATSII KTM RF

t (Code of Merchant Shipping)

t Statutes and decrees

Citation format: ,name of [aw, [,Engtish translation of law,], <name of
publication, [,abbreviation of pubtication,] [,name of publication in

I Engtish, unless citing to Ros. Gnz.,l ,year of publication, or full date of

publication if citation is made to a newspaper', ,issue number','item

t number, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context').

Cite federal'nyi konstitutsionnyi zakon (federal constitutional law),
federal'nyi zakon (federal law), postanovleniia palat Federal'nogo

a Sobraniia (resolutions of the State Duma (lower chamber) and Federation

Council (upper chamber) of the Federal Assembly (national legislature))'

t ukazy (decrees) and rasporitzheniia (resolutions) of the RF President'

postanovleniia (regulations) and rasporiazheniia (resolutions) of the RF
Govemment, and rulings of the R-F Constitutional Court to the offlcial gazette

o where the document was published.

> Federal'nyi Zakon RF o Grazhdanstve Rossiiskoi Federatsii IFederat

I Law ofthe Russian Federation on Citizenship ofthe Russian

Federation], 5osnrN t r ZerotoontsL'stvn Rosst tsKol FEDE RATsI I
[SZ RF] [Russian Federation Collection of Legislation] 2oo4, No' 12,

I >
Item u5r.

Federal'nyi Zakon RF o Grazhdanstve Rossiiskoi Federatsii IFederal

I Law ofthe Russian Federation on Citizenship ofthe Russian Feder-

ation], RosstlsKAIA GAzETA IRos. GAz.] Apr. 23,2oo4.

a Do not include (name of [aw'[,English translation of law,] if the full title of

the document is included in the text.
> SosRANTE ZeroHoolrel'srvl Rossttsxot Froenetstt [52 RF]

o IRussian Federation Collection of Legistation] 2oo4, No. 12, ltem

7757.

I
Foreign Jurisdictions: Russian Federation t
> SoBMNIE ZlxoNooatEr'srva Rossnsror
FEDEMTSTT (Russian Federation
Collection of Legislation)
1994-date SZ RF
I
> SosRAME AKTov Pnrsnrnm r PRAvITElsrvA
RosslsKor FEDEMTSn (Collection of Acts
June 1992-
Apr. 1994
SAPP
o
>
of the President and Govemment of
the Russian Federation)
Vroolrosrr S'rzoa N,rnooxyrn DEpurATov Feb.1992- Vro.
I
I
RF
Rossnsror FroEnetsr r VtnrHowoco Sept. 1993
So\ryrA RossrrsKor FEDERATSI (Bulletin of
the Congress of People's Deputies of
the Russian Federation and Supreme
Council of the Russian Federation)
1990-
I
I
> VEDoMosr't S'EZDA NARoDNYKH DEpuTATov Veo. RSFSR
June
RSFSR r VeRKHovlroco Sovrr,r RSFSR Jan. 1992
(Bulletin of the Congress of People's

I
Deputies of the Russian Soviet Federal
Socialist Republic and Supreme
Council ofthe RSFSR)
VEDoMosr S'rzoe N.moovvrs Dnptnetov

I
>
June 1989- Veo. S55R
SSSR r VERKHovNoco SovE'rA SSSR Dec. 1991
(Bulletin of the Congress of People's

>
Deputies of the USSR and Supreme
Council ofthe USSR)
VroouosTr VERKHovNoco SolrrA SSSR r937-Jme 1989 WS SSSR
I
>
(Bulletin of the USSR Supreme Council)
Vsooprosrt Vnnruowoco SovETA RSFSR
(Bulletin of the USSR Supreme Council)
1938-May 1990 WS RSFSR
I
Cite executive regulations for the period before
publications:
l99l to the following I
> 5osnrrle PosrmovrsH | | SovETA Mr
SSSR ISPP SSSR][Collection of USSR Government
H rsrnov (Pnlvrrel'srvl)
Regulations]
o
> Sos RAN r E Posrlr.r ovre
RSFSR [SPP RSFSR][Cotlection
NI r SovErA M r r,r rsrnov (Pnrvrrel'srvr)
of RSFSR Government Regulations] I
Publication of legal acts in the following governmentpublished newspapers is
recognized as off,cial: t
>
>
Rossltsren Gezrre @ussian Newspaper)
Penreurr,rsreu Gazr, a @arliamentary
Newspaper)
l99l-date
1998-date
Ros. Grz.
PARL. GAz. I
> IzvEsrrA (News, daily newspaper) 1918-1991 lzvestiln
I
Citation format for acts published in a newspaper: <name of act, [.name of act
in English,l, <name of publication', ,date of publication,, ,page number'
(,country abbreviation if not evident from context,). t
> Zakon SSSR o Grazhdanstve SSSR [USSR Law on Citizenship ofthe
USSRI, lzvesnrA, Dec. p,1988,p.3. I
Cite legislative acts for the period
Acts:
of l9l7 to 1937 to Souiet Acts or Russian
I
I
I |ort igr't -l u lis<i ir 1 il rrrn: l{ tlsl i ;l;t i:t"l;.li'r:l! lclt

I F lzvEsrlrA TsENTRAL'Noco lspot-ttteL'noco KoMITETA Soverov

RnaocxrxH I KREsIANsKtKH DEPUrArov SSSR ilzv.TslKl IButtetin
of the USSR Central Executive Committee of the Councils of

o Workers' and Peasants' Deputiesl

*" lzvESTIA VsERossttsKoGo TsEHrnalloco lsPoLNlrEL'Noco

a Kourretn Sovrrov ReaocntrH, SolontsxtxH t KnesttansrtrH

DEpurarov Ilzv. VTsIK] [Bulletin of the Att-Russian CentraI Execu-

o tive Committee of the Councils of Workers', Soldiers', and Peas-

ants'Deputiesl

I
(litation format for laws of the Russian Empire: .name of law'['English
translation of law'l ,name of publication' [.abbreviation of publication']
[,name of publication in Engtish '], .votume number,, .year of publication,,

o No. ,item number' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context').

> Zakon o Poseleniiakh na Kitaiskoi Granitse ILaw on the Chinese

I Border Settlements] PoLNoE SoennNte ZnroHov Rossttsrot

lmpentt IPSZ] [Comptete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire]

t
ll, v. XLIX, 1874, No. 53418.

na-i"i"t."ii"" ..g"I"ti"""

I For the postanovlenie (regulations), instruktsiia (instrtlctions), raz'iasneniia

(clari{ications), pis'mo (letters), ukazanie (directives), and othcr legal acts
of ministries, state committees, and other governmcnt agencics, folkrw thc

a citation format used for oflicial gazettes. Citc to:

b" BtuLLETEN' NonmattvNvrn Axrov Mtrutsrrnsrv IVEDoMSTV

I *
Rossttsrot FeoEnntstt IBNA] [Bulletin of LegalActs of Ministries
and Agencies ofthe Russian Federationl

a BtuLLETEN' NonrutnttvHvrn Arrov Feornel'nYrx

lspor-HttEr'Hot VLnsrt IBNA] [Bulletin of LegalActs of Federal
ORGANov

t
Executive Authoritiesl
Acts of exccutive agencies, which werc not oflicially published, are cited by
their namc, date ofissuance, and Ministry ofJustice registration number:

o > Sanitary Zones and Sanitary Certification of Enterprises, Instruc-

lion z.ztf z.tt-o3, approved by the Chief Sanitary Physician of the

I Russian Federation, Mar. zo, 2oo8, registered by the Ministry of

fustice, Apr.z9, zoo8, No.4459 (Russ.).

o Legislative hearings
Citation fbrmat for parliamentary hcarings conducted by the State l)uma:

o ,hearing title' [,English translation of hearing title,] ,pubtication name'

[,pubtication abbreviation'] ['Engtish transtation of publication name']
lssue .issue number', ,period of coverage,, p(p). ,page(s) of specific

I material, (country abbreviation if not evident from context').

,' O Razvitii Sporta v Rossiiskoi Federatsii [On Sport Development in

o the Russian Federationl PnnLnmerursxlE SLUsHANIIA v Gosuonnst-

vENNot Durvre IPenr. 5r-usH.][Partiamentary Hearings in the State
Dumal lssue Xl, Jan.-June 2oo3,p. 17 (Russ').

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Russian Federation I
Citation format for hearings conducted by the Council of Federation, the upper
chamber of the Russian legislature, are cited to the particular publication that I
reported the hearings or to the Council's official website:

> Sostoianie Zakonodatelnoi Bazy Okhrany Zdorov'ia, Slushaniia v o

Sovete Federatsii RF [State of Legislation on Health Care, Hearings
in the RF Federation CounciU, Mar. 25, zoo4 (Russ.).
I
Periodicals
Government pubUcations I
>
>
Vngtlrx KoNslttrtsroNxoco
Vrsmx Tsrvrmrlor
SUDA R-F
IzBrMTErNor KoMrssil RF
VKS
Vesrr. TslK t
I
> BruuE'rEN' ScHE-tNor P.lLlTy RF BSP

Newspapers
> RossItsKAIA GME'IA
> Rossusxn Vrsl
Ros. Gnz.
Ros. VEsrl I
t
> EroNoltrxe r ZnrzN EKoN. I ZH.
> FTNANSovYE Izlrsrrn Frrir. lzv.
> KouunnseNt KoltattaEns.
> PfireMnN'rsrere GlzE-rA PARt. GAz.
I
t
Nbgazines
> Gosuo,usryo r PRAvo Gos, I PRAvo
> PMVovEDENTE PRAv.
> ZnunNAL Ross[sKoco PMVA
> Zaronxost
> VESTNTK MosKovsKoco Ur.wrnsr1.E'IA
Zx. R. P.
Zexortrosr
Vesrr. MGU
o
> KHozArsrvo r Pnevo Knoz. r Pnnvo
o
Treaties
> Brulrrrrs' MEZHDUNARoDNyKH
Doc,ovonov @ulletin of Intemational
Mar. 1993-date BMD I
Treaties)
> SsoRNrK MBzrouNenoorwKH DocovoRov 1980-Feb.1993 SMD I
I
(Collection of Intemational Treaties)
> SsoRNrK DErsru;ruscHrKH Docovonov 1924-1979 SDD
> SocI-asHEMI r KouvrNtsrr, ZeruucHexvn<n SKZIG
s INosttellwnr GosuoansTveur
(Collection of Treaties, Agreements,
and Conventions Concluded with I
Foreign States)

Internet sources
I
http://pravo.gov.ru (Official government Intemet portal of legal
information. Laws published on this website are considered to be official.) a
http:/ /eng.l<remlin.ru/acts (summaries and translations of selected
presidential acts in English on the Russian Federation President's website) I
I
t F'<>reign Jtrrisdictions: South Afrira

t http://www.supcourt.ru (website of the

access to the couft's rulings)
Russian Supreme Coun with

I htfp://www.lo c.gov /law /help/ g!ilde/ nations/russia.php (Library of

Oongress Guide to Law Online: Russia)

o T2.36 South Africa

I
(Mixed Turisdiction)

Cases

I Citation format: <case name, in italics, ,year of pubtication' (volume

number') ,reporter abbreviation, ,first page, (,court abbreviation,) at

I ,page(s) of specific materiat, if desired,,paragraph, if desired' (country

abbreviation if not evident from context').

t > Fraser v. Naude 999 (r) SA r (CC) at Z8 H (5. Afr.).

Whcn citing to a case in which the court numbers the paragraphs, which is
style that courts are increasingly adopting, cite to the paragraph number.
a

a > Fraser v. Naude 999 (r) SR r (CC) at Z8 para. 10 (S. Afr.).

o 1994-datet
Constitutional Court (CC) (highest appellate court and occasionally court
of lirst instance for all constitutional questions), Supreme Court of Appeal

o (highest appellate court for nonconstitutional matters).

> S<ruth African I-aw Reports 1917-date SA

I > Butterwofths Constitutional Law Reports

> South African (lriminal Law Reports
> AII South African Law ReDorts
1994-date
1990-dlte
1996-date
BCLR
SACR
Alt SA

a 19lO-19942

o Judicial Committee of Privy Council (P.C.) (until 1950): Cite to Eng. Rep.,
if therein (see table T2.42 United Kingdom). Appellate Division (A)
(highest appellate court from Provincial & Local Divisions in all matters since

o 1950; highest domestic appellate court in all matters prior to 1950): Cite to
AD, if thcrein.

I Provincial and Local Divisions ofthe Supreme Court: Supreme Court

(Appellate Division & Supreme Court) of Transkei (1976-1994), Supreme
Court (Appellate Division & General Division) of Bophuthatswana

I (1977 - 1994), Supreme Court of Venda ( I 979- I 994), and Supreme Court
(Appellate Division & General Division) of Ciskei (l9ul-1994): Citc to

I 5A. if therein.
> Reports
South African Law 1947-d^te SA

t > Reports
South African Criminal Law
> Prentice-Hall Weekly Legal Scries
>Bophuthatswana Law Reports (six
1990-date
1923-dtte
1977-1990
SACR
PH
BSC

o volumes)
' Appellate Division Reports
> Cape Provincial Divisi<ln Repofts
t9r0-r946
1910-rL)16
AD
CPD

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: South Alrica I
>

>
Eastem Districts Local Division Reports
Griqualand West local Division Reports/
1910-1945
1882-1946
EPD
GWL I
Griqualand High Court Reports
> Orange Free State Provincial DiYision
Reports
1910-1946

L9r0-r946
oPD
I
> Tranwaal Provincial Division R€ports

> Witwatersrand Local Division Reports

> Natal Provincial Division Reports

1910-1946
1933-1946
TPD
WLD
NPD
a
> Natal Iaw Reports (New Series)

> Industrial Iaw Reports

1858-1932
1980-date
NLR
lL, I
> South African Tax Cases

>Bantu Apped Court Reports

> Native Appeal Court Reports
1926-date
1961-date
1952-196r
SATC
BAC
NAC
o
Priorto 1910:
1828-1910 sc
a
o
> Cape Supreme Court Reports
>Reports of the Eastem Districts of the 1891-1909 EDC
Cape ofGood Hope
>Orange River Colony Reports
>Tranwaal Supreme Court Reports
1903-1909
1902-1909
1902-1909
oRc
T5 I
I
>Witwatersrand High Coun Reports TH

Constitution
Unlike citations to statutes, citations to the Constitution and its amending
laws do not include act numbers. Titles of laws amending the Constittltion I
reflect their chronological order.

Constitution of the Republic of South Aftica Act, 1995: I

> S. Arn. Cousr., 1995.
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa First Amendment Act of 1997: o
> S. Apn. CoNsr., First Amendment Act of L997.
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 2OO of 1993 (Interim
t
Constitution):
> S. Arn. (lnruntm) Consr., 1993. I
Statutes I
Citation format: .ACt name> .Act number, Of ,year Of passage, ,section(5),
ifapplicable, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context).
> nterpretation Act 33 of t957 5 5 (S. Afr.).
I
a
f

I7hen citing to a sufiutory compilation, include the volume and name of the
publication as well as the year of any updates, as shown below:
> Children's Act 38 ofzoo5 5 r, S BSRSA (updated through zorz).
a
o
Statutory compilations
> Butterworths Statutes ofthe Republic of South 1910-date BSRSA
Aftica
>Jutas Statutes of the Republic of South Africa 1991-date
'5RSA I
t I r'tr i:',t l',,1r<ii. ti!rir\ \r,trllr l{"ti r

t Other legislation
Provincial ordinances (collected by province by year) (1910-1994):

t p Road Traffic Ordinance 2r of 7966 (Cape Province) (5. Afr.).

Laws of provincial lcgislatures (1991-date):

o b Western Cape Colleges Law e of t994 (S. Afr.).

Proclamrtions, rcgulations, and othcr government notices are collected in

o the Gouernment Gazette (GG). Whcn citing to documents in the GG, include:
Govemment Notice (Gli) number, (iG number, and day (day month year).

I p Debt Counselling Regulations 2012, GN R.362 of GG 35327 $o

May zotz).

a F Consumer Product Safety

(r3 lune zorz).
Recal[ Guidelines, GN z9o of GG lSt+l+

I Parliamentary debates

I
Cite to Hansard's Parliamentary Reports'.

tr House of Assembly Honsord 9Dec.ry93Colt4758 (S. Afr.).

o Law Commission Papers

p' 5A Law Commission lssue Paper Customary Marriages (Aug.
3

I rqg6) (S. Afr.).

*" 5A Law Commission Discussion Paper 76 Confticts of Law (Apr.

t 1998) (S. Afr.).

Periodicals

t ' South African Law Journal (continues

Capc Law Joumal)
5 Cape Law
Journal
1900-datc
1881-1900
SAL,

o t Acta Juridica, Comparative and Intcr-

national Law Journal of South Africa
CILSA

o
o De Jure
b Industrial Law Journal (available by ILJ
subscription at http://www.jutalaw.

t n
co.za)
South African Journal on Human Rights SAJHR

t
(available by subscription at htipt / /
llww.iutalaw.co.za)
r South African Mercantile Law Joumal SAMLJ

' South Aliican Yearbook of International

a
SAYIL
Law

a Internet sources
http:/ /www.Sov.za/document (South Africa government website; includes

I ftrll text of Acts, bills, draft bills, notices, white papers, ancl documents issued
for pubtic comment going back to l99l)

t http://www.padiament.gov.za (South Alrican Parliamcnt oflicial website)

Foreign Jurisdictions: South Korea I
http://www. constitutionelcourt. org. za (South African Constitutional
Court (1995-date)) I
http://www.supremecourtofapped.gov.za
Q999-date))
(Supreme Court of Appeal

I
I
http://www.saflii.org (Southern African legal Information Institute (SAFLID
website; includes legislation as well as decisions of various South African
courts)
http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign (ist of treaties to which South Africa is a
party provided by the Department of Intemational Relations and Cooperation) I
http://www.satreatyseries.neVtrindex.htm (treaties to which South
Africa is a party and ratification information provided by
the South African Cyber Treaty Series)
a private website,
I
http://www.l oe.gov Aaw ftrelp/ glnde/ nations/southafrica.html (tibrary
of Congtess Guide to law Online: South Africa) I
http://www.lexis.com (direct
of Bulterutortb Statutes of Soutb
access by subscription to the digital version
Afica, Butterwortb Soutb African I
I
Constitutional Law Report\ andSoutb Afrtca Tax Cases)

T2.37
I
South Korea
(Civil Law)

Romanization
For romanization of Korean sources, use the official romanization system I
I
released by the Korean govemmentin 2000, available at http:,/www.mcst.
go.krlenglish,/korealnfoflangu age/ rornanizttion.isp. Available but not
used here ffie the ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Scbernes
for Non-Roman Scripts that were approved by the Library of Congress and
the American Library Association, which continue to follow the McCune-
Reischauer system as of 2008, available at http://www.loc.govlcatdir/cpso/
I
romanization /korean.pdf .

o
Cases
Citation format: ,English translation of court name' [,English court t
I
abbreviation,l, ,case number), ,date of decision,, (,volume number'
.reporter abbreviation', ,first page,, (page(s) of specific material, if
desired') (,country abbreviation if not evident from context').
Reporter abbreviation, volume number, and page numbers are not common in
Korean citation practice, but if available, add such information. a
> Supreme Court [5. Ct,l,96Da47 j17, Sept. 9, 1997 (5. Kor.).
> Constitutional Court [Const. Ct.], zoo4Hun-MaSS+ & 555 (consol.),
I
>
Oct. zr, 2oo4,(2oo4 DKCC, u) (S. Kor.).

Seoul High CourtlSeoul High Ct.],95Na1484o, Sept. r8, 1965 (S. t

>
Kor.).
lncheon District Court IDist. Ct.], zoo4Ga-Hap88o3, Dec. t4, zoo4 I
(S. Kor.).

t
I Foreigrr Jurisdictions: South Korca

I I)aebeobwon (S. Ct.) (Supreme Court): Cite to JlP, GONG, or SCD, if therein;
Hunbeob iaepanso (Const. Ct.) (Constiturional Court: court oforiginal and
final jurisdiction to determine the constitutionality of laws): Cite to KCCR,

o KCCG, or DKCC, if therein; Godeung beobwon (HiSh Ct.) (high courts)

and Jibang beobwon (Dist. Ct.) (disrricr courts): Cite to Gooeute JlP,

o GAKGONG, or HAJIP, if therein, adding the location of the courr before the

t Specialized jurisdiction: Teukheo beobwon (Pat. Ct.) (patent court),

Haengjeong beobwon (Admin. Ct.) (administrative courrs), and Gaieong
beobwon (Fam. Ct.) (family courts).

t Sources

t http:,/eng.scourt.go.kr.
Cases are available on the supreme court's website at

Print reporters published by the Court Administration:

palyejip
I
> Daebeobwon 1980-date JIP
> Daebeobwon pangluliip 1957-198t) JIP
> Panrye gongbo

t
1996-dtte GONG
> Supreme Court Decisions 2004-date 5CD
>Gagkeup beobwon pangl.ul gongbo 2003-date GAKGONG

I > Godeung beobwon palyejip

> Hageupsim pangyuliip

> Hunbeob jaepanso palyeiip
1960-2003
1984-2004
1989-dare
GoDEUNG JIP
HAJIP
KCCR

o >Hunbeob jaepanso gongbo

) Decisions ofthe Korean Constitutional
1993-date
2000-date
KCCG
DKCC

I
Court

Co"rtit"ti""
o Current constitution

I
> DAETIANMINKTIK HUNBEoB 1987 HuHeroa
> DneHrxmrxKUK HUNBEoB IHuHaroe][CoNsnrunoN]

t
art. + (S. Kor.).

Previous constitutions

t The constitution was amended nine times as of 1987. Among them, five
amendments were total amendments. Cite previous constitutions by year.

Citation format for previous constitutions: ,"Amended" if appticabte> <year)

I DaeHllt MTNKUK HUNBEoB IHuHaeoe] [CoHsrrrurrox] .article, (.date of

amendment if appticabte,) (,country abbreviation if not evident from
context>).

a > t948 DrrHrxttarxxuK

rq48) (S. Kor.).
HUNBEoB IHuHeeoa] [CoHsrrrunot] luly tl,

a > t96o Daexrr ttnr rru

r5, 196o) (S. Kor.).
K HUN BEoB IH u r eeoa] [CoHsrrrurrot ] (J une

o > t962 DneHrHearHruK HUNBEoB IHutaroe] [CoNslrunoN] (Dec.

26, t96z) (S. Kor.).

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: South Korea o
> tg72 DaeHrnmtrruK
27,t972) (S. Kor.).
HUNBEoB IHur.reroe] [ColsrlrurloN] (Dec.
I
> 1980 DAEHANMTNKuK HUNBEoB IHuHeeoa] [CoNsrlrurloN] (Oct.
z7,t98o) (S. Kor.). I
> t95z DlexllaltrruK
(S. Kor.).
HUNBEoB IHuHeroa] [CoNsrtrurloN] art. 3
I
> Amended 1948 DAEHANMTNKUK
[CorsrrrurroH] 0uly Z,
HuNBEoe IHuNaeoe]
rgsz) (S. Kor.).
I
Statutes and decrees
Citation format for beobyuVbeob (statutes): ,romanized Korean statute I
name, [,English translation of statute name'], Act No. <statute
number,, ,date of promulgation', ,information on amending Acts, if
applicable,, .article' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context).
I
> Minbeob [Civil Act], Act No. 47\Feb. zz, 1958, omended by Act.
No.87zo, Dec.21, 2oo7,aft.8zlq (S. Kor.). a
> Sangbeob [Commercial Act], Act No. rooo, Jan. zo, t962, amended
byAct No. ro596, May 23,2otr,art.774 (S. Kor.), translated in I
>
Korea Legislation Research Institute online database, http://elaw.
klri.re.kr/eng-service/main.do (login and search required).
I
I
Hyongsa sosong beob lCriminal Procedure Act], Act No. 34r, Sept.
23,L954,amended by Act No.9765, June 9, zoog (S. Kor.).
> Hwan gyeongyeong hyang pyeong ga beop [Environmental lmpact

If only
Assessment Actl, Act No. go37,Mar.28, 2oo8, art. r (S. Kor.).
a ranslation of a law was consulted, the romanized Korean name of the
I
law can be omitted.

> Management of Drinking Water Act, Act No. 8368, Apr. u, I

zooT,amended by Act No. rozr9, Mar.3r, 2o1o, art.3, (S.
Kor.),translated in Korea Legislation Research Institute online I
t
database, http: //elaw.klri.re.krleng-service/main.do (login and
search required).
Myungryung/ryrng (decrees) include daetongryung rnrng (presidential
decrees), chongri rnrng @rime Minister decrees), and coo ryung (Ministry
decrees).
t
Citation format: ,romanized Korean decree name, [.English translation
of decree name,], ,type of decree, No. ,decree number,, .date of
promulgation, (,country abbreviation if not evident from context').
t
> Dokieom gyuje mit gongieonggeooraeae gwanhan beobyul
sihaengryung IEnforcement Decree of the Monopoty Regula-
o
tion and Fair Trade Actl, Presidential Decree No. t2979, Apr. 14,
r99o, omended by Presidential Decree No. 25t73, Feb. u, zot4 (5. I
>
Kor.).

Bohumup beob sihaeng gyuchik IEnforcement Rules on the

lnsurance Business Actl, Prime Minister Decree No. 885, Aug.
t
o
I {:orci*ri -ltrristii;. I iolrsl 5p'tin

4,2oo8, amended by Prime Minister Decree No. 972, Feb. 28,

; 2012 (S. Kor.).

t > Geonchook beob sihaeng gyuchikIEnforcement Rules on the

Buitding Actl, Ministry of Construction and Transportation Decree
No.594, Dec. r3, zooT,omended byMinistry ofLand, Infrastruc-

o ture and Transport Decree No. 54, Dec. 3c.,2or3 (S. Kor.).
If only a trunslation of a dccrec was consultcd, the romanizcd K<.rrean namc of

o the decree can be omitted.

* Enforcement Decree ofthe Labor Standards Act, PresidentiaI

o Decree No. 2ot42, lune 29, 2oo7, amended by Presidential Decree

No. 23868, June zr, 2or2,art. z (S. Kor.), translated in Korea
Legistation Research Institute online database, http://etaw.ktri.

I re.kr/eng-service/main.do (login and search required)'

Internet sources
I https://elaw.klri.re.krleng*service/main.do (online dltabase containing

t
English trlnslations of Korean laws published by the Korea Legislatitxr
Research Institute; subscription requircd but free of charge)

http://ETrw.moleg. go.krlenglish,/ (homepagc of the Ministry of

t Gove mment Lcgislation with English translations of laws and English-language

guidance for foreigncrs)

I http://www.m oj.go.kt
Justice with links to
/ HP / ENG/index.do (homepagc of the Ministry of
English-language legal materials)

http://eng.scourt.go.kr / englmain/Main.work (the Korean

I
Supremc
(lourt's comprchensive database of cascs, laws, and articlcs)

http://engtsh.ccourt.go.kr (English summarics of recent dccisions lnd

o maior decisions by the (bnstitutional (lourt of Korea)

http://korea.na.go.kr (the Korean National Assembly's website with

I English summaries of recently enacted laws)

http://english.president.go.kr/ (the Korean Office of the Presidcnt's

I website)
http ://www.loc. gov/a/hel p / gfide/ nations/southkorea.html (l.ibrary

t ofCongrcss Guide to Law Online: South Korea)

T2.38 Spain
I (Civil Law)

a Cases
Citation format: <court decision abbreviation,, ,date of decision' ('reporter

t abbreviation,, No. ,decision number,, P. ,first page, if desirefl') (country

abbreviation if not evident from context,).

o For the court decision abbreviation, use "S." for sentencia (decision), followed
by the court abbreviation.

I *" S.T.5., Feb. 5, 1993 (R.1., No. 876, p. n35) (5pain).

Foreign Jurisdictionsr Spain I
Constitutional court: Tribunal Constitucional (I.C.) (highest court on
constitutional matters; separate from the judiciary): Cite to B.J.C. or R.T.C., if I
therein: otherwise. cite to S.T.C.
> Boletin de Jurisprudencia Constitucional B.J.C. t
> Repertorio Aranzadi del Tribunal Constitucional
> Sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional Sistematizadas
y Comentadas
R.T.C.
s.T.c.
t
Ordinary courts: Tribunal Supremo (I.S.) (highest court of ordinary
jurisdiction: divided into five chambers: civil, criminal, administrative, military,
t
and labor), Audiencia Nacional (A.N.) (national appellate courts of ordinary
iurisdiction: divided into three chambers), Audiencia Provincial (A.P.) I
I
(provincial appellate courts in criminal and civil matters sitting in the capital
of each province), Tribunal Superior de Justicia (I.S.J.) (highest court in
the autonomous regions: divided into four chambers with jurisdiction over
cases arising from regional law), Juzgado de Primera Instancia 0uz. Prim.)
(trial courts for both civil and criminal matters sitting in the maior town of
each judicial district), Jazgado de lo Contencioso Administrativo (uz.
I
Cont. Adm.; (administrative courts), Juzgado de lo Social 0uz. Soc.) (labor
courts), luzgado de Menores (Juz. Men.) (juvenile courts), Juzgado de I
Vigilancia 0uz. Vig.) (prison administration courts), Jtzgado de Paz ()uz.
Paz) (justices of the peace with jurisdiction over minor civil and criminal
matters), and Tribunal Militar (military courts: sentences subject to appeal to
I
the Tribunal Supremo and the Tribunal Constitucional): Cite to J.T.S. or
R.J., if therein; otherwise, cite to R.G.D. I
>
Jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo
> Repeftorio Aranzadi de Jurisprudencia
J.T.S.
R.J.
I
I
> Revista General de Derecho R.G.D.

Constitution
> Corsttucr6N ESPANoTA c.E.
I
t
Cite to the Boletin Oficial del Estado (B.O.E.)

Citation fomat: <constitution name or, for short form, abbreviation,, B.O.E.
n. (number),,date, (country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
> C.E., B.O.E. n.311, Dec. 29,t978 (Spain).
t
Codes
> C6uc,o Crvrr (Civil Code) c.c. t
> C6orco on Courncro (Commercial Code)
> C6uco PrNer (Criminal Code)
C. Com.
c.P. I
I
> LEy DE EN;urcrel.nrr.no Cnrr (Code of Civil Procedure) L.E. Crv.
> LEy DE ENJurcreurnlno CnrurNer (Code of Criminal L.E. Cnrm.
Procedure)
> LEy DE R-EcrMENJuRiDrco

>
ADMrMsrRATrvo
Estenno rr
y PRocEDrMrEr.,rro
(Administrative Procedure Act)
ros Tner,r;eoonrs (Workers Statute)
L.R.j.P.A.

E.T.
o
o
t |orcign .f rrrisrlicl ions: 5Jr:rin

o I LEI'r)E PRoc;sDlNrtsNrto I-AlloRAL (I.abor Procedure

> LEy ()RGANTCA r)LL P()DER Jur)rcrAl.
(iodc)
(Law on the Judiciary)
L.P.L.
L.O.P.l.

o I

'
LEy r)E L{ JURIstrcct(iN (loNtl]lr<los<>At>MtNtstnqrrv,c (I-aw
on Administrative Jurisdiction)
l.riy ()RGANTcA r>u. Rrc;mr,r,r Er-Ecr()RAL (irNuut- (Electoral
L.J.C.A.

L.O.R,E.G.

a r
Organization Act)
LEy ()R(;ANl(iA r>EL TtusuNAL OoNsLtrl<.t<lNet.
(Constitutional Oourt Organization Act)
L.O.T.C.

o Statutes and decrees

I Oitation firrmat: ,statute name) ,subdivision,

abbreviation, <year of enactment,, <number as5igned to statute,)
if desired, (,compilation

o (country abbreviation if not evident from context,).

l'he rank of thc starute (e.g., 1.O., R.D., R.D.L., R.D.-Ley; is not included in

I the citatiOn.
> Labor Procedure Law art. X (R.C.L. t9go,9zz) (Spain).

t Oiter Ley Ordinaria (1.O.), Real Decreto (R.D.), Real D€creto Legislativo
(R.D.L.), or Real Decreto Ley (R.D.-Ley) to B.O.E. or R.C.L., if therein.

()flcrll l)ll. Esleoo (Oflicial (;azctte)

o
B.O.E.
' Bc>t-uriN
)R-LptiRr()ritoAnenz,tul(lttotttx-<i<;r<xtl)lLE(;tsl.{(tKiN R.C,L.

>
I >
B.O.E. 1985,166

R.C.L. t985,t463

o Internet sources
http://www.boe.es (thc Oflicial Gazctte, codes, and lcgislation in Pl)F; fiee

o rccess to the clectronic format)

http://wn'w.tribunalconstitucional.es (official sitc of the (i)nstitutional

I (lourt: frec access to court decisions and summaries <lfselccted dccisions in

English and French)
http://wnry.poderiudicial.es (official sitc of Tribunal Supremo and

a Tribunales Superiores deJusticia; free access to court decisions)

http ://ww"w.congreso.es/po rtal/ page/ portal/ Congreso /

t Congreso (Portal of Congress; free access to bills)

http://www.aranzadi.es (private lcgal publisher of legislation, court

o decisions, and joumals online and in print; paid subscription and free access
to htest legal ncws)
http://www.elderecho.com (databasc of legal inlirrmation; paid

o subscription)
http: / flaleydigital.laley.es (databasc of legal information; paid

o subscription)
http://n"urw.tirant.com (database of legal information; law c-books; pdd

o subscription)
http://w"$rw.unirioja.es (Revista Electr6nica dc Derecho de la Universidacl

t de la Rioja (University of fuoja Elcctronic Law Rcview); fice rcccss)

Foreign Jurisd ictions: Sweden o
http://criminet.ugr.eslrecpc (Revista Electr6nica de Ciencia Penal y
Criminologia @lectronic Law Review of Criminal Science and Criminology); t
o
free access)
http://www.cica.eslaliens/gimadus (Revista Elecr6nica de Derecho
Ambiental (Electronic Law Review of Environmental l,aw); free access)
http://vlex.com/iurisdictions/ES
subscription)
(database of legal information; paid
I
httpz/ / portzliuridico.lexnova.es Qegal portal; paid subscription)
http ://www. cepc. gob.es/publicaciones/revistas/revistaselectronicas? I
IDR=6 Gevista Espafrola de Derecho Constitucional (Spanish Constitutional
Law Review); Revista de Administraci6n Priblica @ublic Administration
Review); Revista de Estudios Politicos (Political Studies Review);
t
Derecho Privado y Constituci6n (Private Law and Constitution); Anuario
Iberoamericano de Justicia Constitucional (Iberoamerican Yearbook of
ConstitutionalJustice); paid subscription online and in print)
I
http ://www.cepc. gob. eslpublicaciones/publicacionesdigitales,/ o
I
coleccion-foro (free access to selected legal articles)

T2.39 Sweden
(Civil Law)
a
Swedish constitutions, codes, and statutes are usually divided into chapters, and
are always organized by sections (D. Note that a section in Swedish is called
paragraf, which may cause some confusion.
o
Cases I
Ordinary iurisdiction
Courts of ordinary lurisdiction include: Hiigsta Domstolen (HD) I
(Supreme Court), cite to Nytt Juridiskt Arkiv (NJA) (Supreme Court
Reports); Hovritt (HovR) (Court of Appeals), cite to Riittsfall fr6n
Hovrdtterna (RH) (cases from the Courts of Appeal); and Tingsritt (IR)
I
(district courts, courts of first instance in civil and criminal matters), citation
should include T for civil cases (Ivistemi,l) and B for criminal cases Gronmil). I
Citation format for a Supreme Court case published
format:,publication name> [(publication abbreviation,] [,English
in hard copy
I
translation of publication name>] <year of decision, P. ,first page) <case
number,(,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
> Nytt Juridiskt Arkiv INJA][Supreme Court Reports] zoo4 p. 19 0
t
t944-o2 (swed.).
Citation format for a Supreme Court case published electronically only: ,court
o
name, [,court abbreviation'][,English translation of court name,] .date of
decision in year-month-day format, <case number) (,country abbreviation
if not evident from context,), ,URL,.
I
> Hiigsta Domstolen IHD] lSupreme Court]
6 ry 44-oz (Swed.), http: / /www. ho
zoo4-or'28
gstadomstolen.se/
o
o
t lrr:r"r.' i g *,1 u risrl iet il r*s : 5r,'l l'rlrrr

o Domstolar/hogstadomstolen/Avgoranden
28_"/ocJ7ob6 r944-oz_beslut.pdf.
I zoo 4 I zoo 4-ot-

o Courts of ordinary lurisdiction can also excrcise jurisdiction as specialized

c()urts:

'Mark och Miljodomstolar (tand Environmental MMD

a
and
Court) (part of Nacka, Vzinersborg, Vrixjo, tJmc:i, anrl
Ostcrsund Tingsrdttcr IDistrict Courtsl)

I
q Mark-och miljoi)verdomstol (Lancl and Environmental MOD
Court of Appeal) (Svca Court of Appcals cxercises
this spccial turisdiction; sce http://www.

o
markochmiliooverdomstolen.se)

Administrative jurisdiction

t The administrative courts include: Hiigsta Fiirvaltningsdomstolen (H FD)

(Supreme Administrative Court), citc to Hiigsta fdrvaltningsrdttens irsbok
(HFD) (Supremc Administrativc Oourt Year Book); Kammarritten (KR)

o (administrative courts of appeal), cite to Rittsfall frdn Kammarratterna

(RK) (Court Cases from thc Administrative Courts of Appcals);

o and Fiirvaltningsritten (FR) (county administrativc courts). Four of

the Fiirvaltningsritter (in Stockholm, (ioteborg, Malm(i, and Lulei)
ls Migration Courts, deciding migration cases on appeal fiom

t
also scrve
Migrationsverket (the Migration tsoard). Kammrrritten in Stockholm scrves
as the Migaationsiiverdomstolen (Court of Migr.rtion Appeal).

o Regeringsrdttens arsbok (RA) (Suprcme Administrative Court Year llook)

covers 1909-20 I 0; Hiigsta fiirva ltn i n gsriittens irsbok (H FD) (Supremc
Administrativc Court Ycar Book) covers 201 I -prescnt.

o (litation format firr a Suprcme Administrative Court case publishcd in hard

copy firrmat: .publication name> [ publication abbreviation,] [. En gtish
<

o transtation of publication name>] <year of decision, ref <case ptacement

in publication' (,country abbreviation if not evident from context).

I & Regeringsrattens irsbok

Bookl zoo4 ref 34 (Swed.).
IRA] [supreme Administrative Court Year

o *, Hdgsta f0rvaltnin gsrdttens ilrsbok I H FD]

Court Year Bookl zorz ref49 (Swed.).
[Su preme Adm inistrative

t (litation format for a Supreme Administrative (irurt case published electronically

onll,: ,court name, [,court abbreviation,] [,Engtish translation of court
name>] ,year of decision, case no. (case number,, ,URL, (.country

o abbreviation if not evident from context).

p Hdgsta fdrvattningsrdttens beslut IHFD] [Supreme Adminis-

o trative Court Decisionl 2011 case no. 2553-1o, http://www.

hogstaforvaltnin gsdomstolen.se/ Domstolar/ regeri n gsratten/
Av go/oc3o/ob 6r an de n I z on I an u ari I z 563 - ro.p d f (Swed.).

o
J

Specialist administrative courts

u Arbctsdomstolen (Labor Cor.rn) AD

a " Marknadsdomstden (Market Court)

o Patentbesvarsritten (Court of Patcnt Appeals)
MD
PBR

t
Foreign Jurisdictions: Sweden t
Constitutions
Citation format: ,name of constitution, [.abbreviation of constitution']
a
[Corsrtrurtol] .chapter number':,section
abbreviation if not evident from context,).
number> (.country
t
>
> RecrnrHesronmrn IRF] [CoNsnrunoN] S:r (SwedJ.
R-ecrnrrcsrorufiN Qnstrument of Government) RF t
> SUccESsToNsoRDNINGEN (Act of Succession)
> Tnvcxlrune'TsFORoRDNINGEN(Freedom of the Press Act)
> YrrralornnrHETscRUNDIAGEN (Freedom of Expression
so
TF t
o
YGL
Act)
> RxslecsonoNncnN (lhe Riksdag Act) RO

Codes t
The National Code of Sweden of 1734 is still formally in use but is not a
systematic codification as is, for example, the Civil Code of France. The
National Code serves to collect and organize laws on the same legal topic, but
o
many statutes fall outside the scope of the National Code.

citation format: ,code name, [,code abbreviation,][,English translation of I

code name,l,chapter number):<section number' (,country abbreviation
if not evident from context). I
> AxrsHsrnpsellr [AxrB] r:r
a
[MenntncE Coor] (Swed.).
> -i|rrsNsKApsBerx (Mariage Code) AktB
(Children and Parents Code)
o
> FoRI|TDRABALK FB
> rimoenarx (Inheritance Code) AB
>JoRDABATx (Iand Code) ,8
> MnJdsArx (EnvironmentalCode)
> BvGGMNG^BAIx @ook on Building)
MB
BB
I
> lfu.xorrsnlrx (Commerce Code)
> R;IfiEGANGsBALKEI (Code ofJudicial Procedure)
HB
RB t
> Bnot:rsnuxrN (Penal Code)

> UTsoKNrNGsBArx (Enforcement Code)

BrB
UB I
>SocrAr.FoRsAxRrNGsBALKEN(SociallnsuranceCode)

Statutes
SFB

t
Citation format: ,chapter number, ch. <section number, 5,statute name, O
(,pubtication name, [<publication abbreviation,] .year,:,law number')
(,country abbreviation if not evident from context,).
>
I
I
Lnc orn urcrvNrNGAv ELEKTRoNTsKA pENGAR (Svenskfiirfattnings-
samting [SF5] 2oo2tt49) (Swed.).
Note that to cite a specific subdivision from a statute, the subdivision (section
andlor chapter number) comes before the statute name.
For short forms, give only the publication abbreviation:
o
o
I Forcign Juris<lictions: Slveden

I > 2 ch. 3 S VApENLAG (SFS 1996:183o) (Swed.).

> 15 LTvsMEDELsLAG (SFS 2006:804) (Swed.).

o Legislative history
Government bills, government report series, and parliamentary committee

I reports are part of the legislative history of an enactment.

Citation format for a government bill: Proposition IProp.] ,Parliament

o session years,:,bill number, <government bill name, [government bill]

(,country abbreviation if not evident from context).

t > Proposition lProp.l zoo 4 I zoo5 :19 Beskattnin g av utomlands

bosatta Igovernment bilt] (Swed.).

t Citation format for govemment report series: Statens Offentliga Utredningar

[SOU] ,year,:,number> ,government report name> [government report
seriesl (,6sun1ry abbreviation if not evident from context').

I > Statens Offentliga Utredningar [SOU] zoo4:95 Nya regter om pros-

pekt m.m. [government report series] (Swed.).

I Citation format for parliamentary committee reports: ,name of the

parliamentary committee' (partiament session years>:<committee and
report acronym, Iparliamentary committee report] (,country abbreviation

o if not evident from context,).

> Sammansatta konstitutions- och utrikesutskottets betdnkande

I zoo6 | zooT :KUUr I parliam e nta ry com m ittee re port] (Swed.).

I Periodicals
> Svensk Juristtidning SvJT

t Internet sources
http://www.riksdagen.se (Riksdagen (Swedish Parliament))

I http://www.riksdagen.selsvlDokument-Lagar (legislation)
http://www.regeringen.se (Regeringen (Swedish Government); legislative

o history under "publikationer")

http://www,domstol.se (Sveriges Domstolar (Swedish courts))

I http://www.rattsinfosok.dom.seflagrummet/index.isp (Swedish courts'

website for decisions)

I http://www.lagrummet.se (Public Administration's website for legal

information)

t http://www.hogstadomstolen.se
Court))
(Hdgsta Domstolen (Swedish Supreme

I
http:/ /www.tdvokatsamfundet.se (Swedish Bar Association)

http://www.lo c.gov flaw /\elp / gu;.de/ nations/sweden.php (tibrary of

Congress Guide to Law Online: Sweden)

o
o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Switzedand

T2.4O Switzedand
(Civil Law)

Cite federal statutes and legislative materials either to the Geman or the French
tex, or, ifavailable and pertinent, to the Italian text. Cite cases in the language
in which the decision is issued.

Cases
Bundesgericht (BGer)/tribunal f6d6ral (TD/tribunale federale ([D
(Federal Supreme Court): Cite to BGE/ATF/DTF, or 5J, if therein; otherwise,
cite to Pna or JoT.

Citation format: <court name, [,court abbreviation,] [.English translation

of court name,] ,date of decision,, .docket number for decisions only
published online, ,volume number' ,reporter or periodical name,
[,reporter or periodical abbreviation,] ,part number> (page number,
(,country abbreviation if not evident from context).

In subsequent citations in short form, use only the court and reporter
abbreviations rather than their firll names and English translations.
> Bundesgericht [BGer] [Federal Supreme Court] fan. 28, 1999, t25
ENTscHETDUNGEN DEs scHwErzERrscHEN BunoEscenrcxrs IBGE] |
g6 (Switz.).
> Tribunal f6d6rale [TF] jan. ro,2ot4, 4A_43tlzor3.
> Bundesgericht [BGer] lFederal Supreme Court] Sept. 23,2oo8,
zC.z68lzoo8 (Switz.).
Cite the official reporter according to the language of the decision.
> EnrscngouNcEN DEs sclrwEIzERIscHEN 187'-dare BGE
BuNopscenrcnts (AMTUcHE SAMMLUNG)
> Ax-R-grs DU TRIBUNAL rfufn t surssB (RrcuBn 1875-date ATF
oFFIcIEL)
> Drcrsrorq nnr TrunuNar-e FEDERALE svrzzERo 1875-date DTF
(RAccoLTA urrrcnm)

Volumes by subject matter since 1995:

> Constitutional cases BGE/ATF/DTF I

> Administrative and intemational law cases BGE/ATF/DTF I1

> Civil and bankruptcy cases BGE/ATF/DTF III

> Criminal cases BGE/ATF/DTF IV
> Social security cases BGE/ATF/DTFV

The following publications may also be useful

> DIE PRAXS ons BuNonscnmcHrs (BesEr) l9l2-date PRA
>JoURNAL orsTnrnuNnux 1854-date JoT
> I"r. Snrennporcnrnn 1879-date Sj

Bundesstrafgericht (BStR)/Iribunal p6nal fdd&al (IPF)/Iribunale

penale federale (IPD Gederal Criminal Court, since April l, 2004): Cite to
TPF, if therein.
o l:'r.x'r-'igrr .lurirt{i, ti*rr; 5* if r*r'l:rllrl

o Citation format: .court name> [<court abbreviation,][.Engtish translation of

court name>] ,date of decision>, <reporter name' [.reporter abbreviation']

t
(year of reporter volume>, (page number, ,docket number, instead
of reporter information and page, if onty pubtished online, (,country
abbreviation if not evident from context,).

I b' Bundesstrafgericht I BSIR] [ Federal Criminal

Cou rt] Jan. 9, zoo5,
EtttscHErour.rcEN DES scHwEtzERtscHEN BuHoessrnnrcERtcHTs

o ITPFI zoo5, zrZ (Switz.).

p Tribunal p6nat f6d6rat [TPF] [Federal Criminal Court] Feb. 27,2074,
RH.zor4.z (Switz.).

o Cite to the following publication, according to the language of thc court

dccision:

o r EN'fs()tEIDFtDEsscHwltzERls<lIeNBult>tss.rnu;cERI(iHTs
! sutssE
TPF

t
ARRETS ou TRtsttNAr F6DERAL pfNAI- TPF
r DnosroNt otL TRtguN,rLr FEI)ERALE PENALE svtzzERo TPF

Bundesverwaltungsgericht (BVGE)/Tribunal administratif f6ddral

t (TAD/Iribunale amministrativo federale (TAF) (Federal Administrativc

Court, sinceJanuarv 1, 2007): Cite to BVGE/ATAF/DTAF, iftherein.

I F Amtliche Sammlung der Entscheide des

schweizerischen Bundesverwaltungsgerichts
BVGE

t
p Recueil officiel des Arrdts du Tribunal f6d6ral ATAF
administratif suisse
r Decisioni del Tribunale amministrativo federale DTAF
svizzeto

o r Bundespatentgericht
r Tribunale fdddrale des brevets
BPG
TFB

I r Tribunale f€derale dei brevetti

e Federal Patent Court
TFB
FPC

o Federal administrative agencies: Cite decisions to VPB/JAAC/GAAC, if

therein, using the citation format for periodicals.

t I
b
VER\ii,ALTuNGspRAxls DER

JuNSnRUDENCE oss
CONFEDERATIoN
BtJNDEsBEttoRl)En
,\utontr6s ADMINISTRATTvEs DE I.4.
VPB
IAAC

I r Glnlspntnrrxzl
CoNFEDERAZIONE
DELLF. AUToRITA AMMINISTP-,I'rIVE DELI-A. GMC

o From 1987 until 2006, VPB was published in hard copy. From 2007 onward,
it has been published only electronically, at http://www.bk.admin.ch/
dokumentatio rr/ 0257 4.

t Cite decisions of federal administrative agencies by number of the decision

and volumc:

o r" Consiglio federale (Federa[ Council), Sept. 25, 1989,54 Gtunts-

PRU DENZA DELTE AUTORITA NTITUT N ISTNATIVE D ELLA CON TE OTNE.

[GMC]no. 34 (switz.).
a zroNE

I
Foreign Jurisdictions: Switzerland o
Constitution
Citation format for the current constitution: (constitution name in German or
t
French, [,constitution abbreviation in German or French,][CoNsnruroN]
,date of enactment,, ,abbreviation or full title of systematic collection o
of laws' <number of ]aw,, <article,, (paragraph, if applicable' (country
abbreviation if not evident from context,).
In German:
t
> Bu H oesvenFAssu
29,parc. r (Switz.).
NG IBV] [ConsrlrunoN ] Apr. 18, tggg, 5R ror, art. a
In French:

> CorsrrrurroN F€DERALE [Csr] [Cotsrrrurror]Apr. r8, 1999, RO

I
1o1, art.29,parc. r (Switz.).
,title in German and/or French,, o
t
Citation format for the former constitution:
.date,, ,abbreviation or full title of chronological collection of laws in
German and/or French, [,abbreviation of former constitution in German
and/or French,l,article',paragraph, if applicable, (country abbreviation
if not evident from context').
> Bundesverfassung, Constitution f6d6rale , May 29, 1874, AS r, RO r
t
IBY t874, Cst 1874lart. + (Switz.).
I
Citation format: ,code name in German, French, and/or ltalian, [,code
abbreviation in German, French, and/or ltalian,l[,English translation of
o
code name'l <date of enactment), <compilation of laws, ,number of [aw,,
,article,, .paragraph, if applicable, (country abbreviation if not evident
from context').
o
> ScnwerzEntscHEs ZtvtLGEsErzBUcH [ZGB], Cooe crvt [CC], CoorcE
crvrrr [CC] [Crvrr- Cooe] Dec. ro, r9o7, SR zro, RS 2to, art.3
o
To cite
(Switz.).
a former version of a code that was in effect at an earlier date, rather than
o
citing to the updated and systematic compilation of laws, which is maintained as
a looseJeafsystem and available online, it is preferable to cite to the chronological I
collection of laws and to mention the operative date or the last amending law:

> ScnwrrzenrscHEs STRAFGESETzBUcH [SrGB] [CnrnnrHnl Cooe] Dec.

21, t937, SR lSl (1918), os amended by Gesetz, Oct. 4, r99r, AS
t
zt+65 Gggz),aft.37, para. r (Switz.).

Swiss codes and statutes are subdivided into articles (not sections) and
a
thereafter into paragraphs andlor numbers. When new articles are inserted
into an act, they are often numbered as follows: art. 264, art.264a, art. 264b, a
etc. Until recently, this numbering looked like this: art. q9, qgbis, t79ter,
up to art. rTgnovies. In some English translations, this numbering has been
replaced by art. q9, art. t79a, etc. This substitution appears permissible; it
t
may be preferable, however, to give both versions:

> SIGB art. r79bis (SIGB art. r79a) I

I
o fforcign Jurisdictions: Ss' itzerland

I > ScnwgzenrscnEs ZMLGEsETZBUcH. CoDE

crvrrr (Civil Code)
crul, CoDtcE zGB, CC, CC

co
a
> Onuc,moNrxREcHT, CoDE DEs oBLtcATIoNS, Cootcr otl-rt oR, co,
oBlrcAzroNr (Code of Obligations)
> ScHwEIzERrscHLs STRAFGESE-IZBUCH, CoDE P6NAL st[ssE, StGB, CP, CP

t CoDrcE IENALE s!'rzzERo (Criminal Code)

Statutes and decrees

O The citation format for laws and regulations is the same as for the codes. Cite
codes, statutes, and decrees to the updated and systematic compilation of

o federal law and/or to the chronological collection of federal law.

Updated compilation (cite by law number):

I > SysrEMATrscHE S.rnunrr.rc ors BuNnrsnn<;urs

> REorJErr. svstfuerqut

1987-date
r6o6nel. 1987-date
5R
e.g., SR zro

I
DU DRoIT RS
> Rr<;colre srsrEMATrcA DEL DIRITT() FEDERALE 1987-date RS

Chronological collection (cite by page and year):

o > AMTLTcHE SAMMLuNG I)ES BTJNDESREcHTS 1848-date AS

e .g., AS 9o

I
(rggs)
> Rr<;urrl oFFICIEL DU DROII'FED6RAL 1848-date RO
> RAccoLTA uFFrorALE DELLE t,Ftc(;t FEI)ERALI 1848-date RU

o Legislative materials

o Draft laws and decrees can be found in the following sources:

> BtrNDESBI-ATT 1848-date BBt

I , FETJII-r-E TEDERAI.D sInssE

> Fo(;Lto FEDERALE svtzzER()
1848-date
1848-date
FF

FF

I Until 1997, cite by volume, page, and year; since 1998, cite by page and then
ye r.
> u+glGglS)
o
BBr- |

> FF 6o5r (zoor)

I Internet sources
The most comprehensive electronic sourcc is the Fedcral Authorities of the
Swiss Confederation website athttpt//www.admin.ch. This site has a portal
O in English that links to the Parliament, the Executive Branch of (iovernment,
and to thc four federal courts. Legislation, legislative materials, and cases are

o available in the three or four national languages (some documentation is also

in Rumantsch).

o http://wnry.bger.ch (Federal Court): Three main liles arc available to the

public without subscription. The BGE/ATF/DTF lilc contains published

a decisions beginning in 1954 and is best searched in the Index by BGE/ATF/DTF

citation. The file for additional iudgments (weitere Urteile ab 2000/Autres arr€ts
dds 2000/A1tre decisioni dal 2000) contains unpublished decisions and is best

I searched by docket number. The file f<rr new decisions (l,iste der Neuheiten/e
Foreign Jurisdictions: Swiss Cantons o
des demiires d€cisions/Elenco delle ultime decisioni) contains the decisions
the last two weeks and is best searched by date.
of
I
http ://www.bger. ch,/indeduridiction /iurisdiction-inherit-te mplate/
jurisdiotion-recht.htm (decisions in German) ?
http://www.bstger.ch (Federal Criminal Court)
http://bstger.weblaw.cV?method=tpf&ul=fr (decisions in French)
http://www.bvger.ch (Federal Administrative Court)
I
http://www.bvger.ch/publiws/?lang=it (decisions in ltalian) O
o
http://www.patentgericht.ch,/enlrechtsprechu ng/ case-law (Federal
Patent Court, some decisions in English)
http://www. admin. ch,/bundesrecht/0o566/index.htrnl?lang=de
(Jpdated and Systematic Compilation of Federal Iaw (in German))
http://www. admin. ch,/bunde sr echt/ OO 567 / ndex.html?lang=fr
o
(Chronological Collection of Laws (in French))
o
T2.4O.l Swiss Cantons
t
Cases
Cite cantonal material and give court names in the official language or languages
of the Canton.
I
Ordinary iurisdiction
The names of courts vary among the cantons. Common names are: ObergerichV
o
Cour d'AppeVCorte d'Appello (cantonal court of appeal), Bezirksgericht/
Tribunal de districtffribunale di Prima Istanza (ordinary court of first O
instance), and Friedensrichter{ustice de PaiVGiudice di Pace (court of
petty iurisdiction). Cite to the official publication, if any, of the courts of that
Canton, if therein; oth€rwise, cite to periodicals or reporters.
e
> AKTUELT-E JuRrsrrscHE PRAxs

> Basmn Jurusnscnp MrrrnrruNcrlr

1992-darte
l9J4-drte
A'P
BJM
o
> BLAT'ITR FUR ZuncnnnrscuE RECHTSPRECHUNG I9O2-dAtC
>JouRNAL ors Tnrnur.nux, III, Dnon Cexrorler 1846-date
1904-drte
ZR
IDT
slz
lll |t
o
> ScHwtrzERrscHE JURISTENZEITUNG
> I"A SEMAINE JUDICIAIRI 1879-dxte SJ

> Zurscnnrrr JuRrsrENwRxrNS 1864-date

DEs BER\rrscHEN zBlv
> ZsrrscgRrFr FoR ScnwrrzERrscnps RscHt

> REPERToRIo DI GruRJSPRUDENZA PATRIA

1852-date
1881-date
zsR
REP. o
> ZrNtter-sr-ATT FUR STAATS-uND
GEMEINDEWRITALfiJNG
1888-date zBl
c
Administrative iurisdiction
Verwaltungsgerichtfiribunal administratiffiribunale amministrativo
(administrative court): Cite to one of the sources listed above, if therein.
o
o
t
a tr:llt't"i glt .l rlrisclir'tr itlrc:'l'lrill rt r l

o Statutes and decrees

Use the citation format for federal statutes and dccrees. (lite to thc oflicial

o compilation ofthc canton or to its official gazette, according to thc organization

of thc publication being cited. For example :

o . Sys'tEN,L,rt'lscHE
L RE(itlEIL
Seuuluruc Dt,s AAR(;AtiIs(tHtN
svs'rfmvnqul l)E I.{ LE(,lslAlloN (,[NEv()tsE
Re<.tlts SAR
RSG

t n BrRNrscnti Sysr'BMAlrs(.HE

Internet soufces
GISETZEsSAMMI.IJNG RSB

o The websites of the (lantons are accessible from thc Federal Auth<lrities of
the Swiss Confederation wcbsitc tt httpz/ /www.admin.chlorg/polit/

o index.html?lang=en. The link labeled "The Cantons online" takes you to a

drop-down menu from which you can select a specific Canton's website. The

t
cantonal websitcs arc in thc language(s) spoken in the Canton. For instance,
the websitc of the Canton of Aargau, at http://www.ag.ch, is in German.
From therc, click on "(;esetzc" to access thc systematic compilation ofAargau
legislation in German. The cantonal pagcs differ slightly, so an understanding of

o the languagc is necessary to navigate and link to thc appropriatc liles.

o T2.41 Taiwan, Republic of China

(Civil Law)

o Jurisdictional note

o Apply thcse guidelincs to sources relating to the Rcpublic of China on Taiwan

(1949-dltc) and to thc Republic of China during its Mainland peri<-td (1912-
1949). For sourccs relating to Taiwan underJapanesc occupation (lil95-1945),

I adapt the guidelines fbr table T2.24 Japan as nccded. For sourccs related
to the People's Republic of China (1919-<lttc), sec the guidclines tirr table

t T2.9 China, People's Republic of. For sources related to China prior to the
founding of the Republic of China in 19 1 2, adapt these guidelines as necessary.

I Romanization and capitalization

For romanization and capitalization of Chinese language citations, folkrw

t
instructions in rule 2O.2.4

Translated sources
For citations to translated or bilingual sourccs, choose one of the following

o options:

1) Follow rule 2O.2.5, giving parallel citations to the original languagc sottrce

o and a translated vcrsion.

2) !(rhere the original is diflicult or impossiblc to verif, cite to the translated

o source without reference to the original language vcrsion. In this casc, it is not
necessary to prcface the source with "transloted in."

o Choice of authorities
Whcre not spccilied otherwisc herein, prefer any sotlrce published by or with

o thc cooperation of a couft or govefirment agency (including alacncy websitcs).

Foreign Jurisdictions: Taiwan O
Chinese language sources are always more authoritative than translations, but
it may be more appropriate to cite to a translation where available. o
Cases
Citation format: ,case name), (year of publication> <Source) ,first page,,
t
,page(s) of specific material, if desired, (,court abbreviation' ,date of
decision,) (,iurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context,). o
Abbreviate English language court names according to table T7.
> Chen Hsiao v. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, zooz CntHesr (Trtwrl)
o
Y.B. Inr'l L. & Arr. rz9 ffaipei Admin. High Ct. May r5, zooz).

Sifayuan Dafaguan Huiyi (Council of Grand Justices: constitutional court), t

Ztigao Fayuan (Supreme Court), Gaodeng Fayran Gliglt Court), Difang
Fayuan (district courts): Cite to one of the following sources, if therein. o
> Dafaguan HuiyiJieshi Huibian (Collection of Grand
Justices Council Interpretations) (title varies slightly
by edition)
Sntzt

I
>DafaguanJieshi(GrandJusticeslnterpretations)
> Zrigao Falrran Minshi Caipanshu Huibian (Supreme
Court CivilJudgments Collection)
llEsHl
Mtl{sxt
HutBlAN
o
> ZuigaLo Fal'uan Xingshi Caipanshu Huibian (Supreme
Couft CriminalJudgments Collection)
XlNGsHl
HulBlAN o
I
> Sifayuan Faxue ZiliaoJiansuo Xitong (Iaw and Strnvuail
Regulation Retrieving System) ltnlsuo
XrroilG

co;;ttdtt;; o
I
Give the promulgation year of the version or revision cited.
> Zhonghua Minguo Xianfa (Constitution of the Republic Mtxe uo Xtnnrl
of China)
> Mrneuo Xrrrrn art. t (t947) Oaiwan).

Statutes, regulations, and decrees

o
For laws, regulations, and offrcial decrees of the Republic of China, cite to the
sources named below, if therein. Otherwise, cite to any source published by
T
of with the coopefation of a court of goveflrment agency (including agency or
court websites), if therein, then any source. o
> Zhonghua Minguo Xianxing Fagui
Huibian
1994-da'te Xrnlxrre
Hursreil
Fecur
o
Flwusu Feeur
o
> Fawubu
Quanguo Fagui Ziliaoku
(Ministry of Justice Izws and Zrr-rloru
Regulations Database)
> Zongtongfu Gongbao (Of&ce
President Gazette)
ofthe 1948-date ZoNGToNGFU
GoNeano
o
il.;tt;;; ;;;;;;til;
Citation of a bilateral treaty, convention, or intemational agreement: <name o
of agreement,, ,date of signing,, ,subdivision, if desired', ,abbreviated
o
o Forciglr Jrrrisclictirins:'I'aiu'ar-l

I names of parties to agreemeflt>, <5esJss> ( jurisdiction abbreviation if not

evident from context').

o Citation of a multilateral ffeaty, convention, or international agreement:

(name of agreement), ,date of signing,, ,subdivision, if desired', 'one
Taiwan treaty source,, ,one international treaty source, if appticable'

o (,iurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context,)'

Cite to one of the sources named below, if therein and available . Otherwise cite

o to any source published by or with the cooperation of a court or government

agency (including agency or court websites), if therein.

o > Zhongwai Tiaoyrre Jibian (Treaties

Between the Republic of China and
Foreign States)
1927-1998 Znoncwet
TlAoYuE
JTBTAN

I > Waijiaobu Gongbao

> Fawubu Quanguo Fagui Ziliaoku (Ministry

1999-date WAU|AoBU
GoNeeao
Flwusu Fleut

o ofJustice Laws and Regulations

Database)
Ztt-tloxu

o Sources
> Dafaguan HuiyiJieshi Huibian Sx rzr

o >
tt*H€#A4*+R$F
The Republic of China Constitutional Court (Grand
Justices Council) Reporter: Interpretations
CoNsr. Cr.
INTERP.

o ; Waiiiaobu Gongbao WArlrAoBU

GoNGBAo

o > 'IAFIJA#
Zhonghua Minguo Xianfa
++REffi/*
MTNGUo XTANFA

o > Zhonghua Minguo Xianxing Fagui Huibian

++RHrn?il*ffi.FfR
XTANxTNG FAGUI
HutetaN

Znorewnt

o
> Zhongwai Tiaol'ue Jibian
TrnoYue
+rf{##!*jiffE JTBTAN

o
> Ztigao Fayuan Minshi Caipanshu Huibian MrNsHl
HurBrAN
RHt*[ftR+#r+r]€ft#F
> Zuigao Fanran Xingshi Caipanshu Huibian XrNGsHr

o ftHI*|]ifUF&+|jgRffi
Hutatax

o Internet sources
http / / rctdopac3.ncl. edu.t/nc[ournaf search,/search.isp?search-
:

I type=sim&la=eng (PerioPath Index to Taiwan Periodical Literature

system €€FJTtJ-'6fuX,*116ffi (Qikan Lunwen suoyin xtong))
http://www.president.gov.t/Default.aspx?tabid=E2 (Laws, Regulations,
o and Decrees in the office of President c^zette
(Zongtongfu Gongbao Faling))
f;ts'ffift4#i*+A;Sj

c http://www.a siailii.org/ttt /casesA'WCC (Constitutional Court of Taiwan

Decisions, English only (Const. Ct. Taiwan Decisions))

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: United l{ingdom o
http:/ / gaz.ncLedu.tw (Govemment C'azettes Information Network
#K"='Rffi, Chinese only (Zhengfu Gongbao))
4ff A
o
http://www.iudicial. gov.t/publish,/publisho2.asp
Gazette;lifHA#,
(f
Chinese only (Situ1'uan Gongbao Xitong))
udicial Yuan
o
o
http://iirs.iudicial.gov.tw fludicial Yuan of the Republic of China Laws and
Regulations Retrieving system di*Hl* ryWf+&*^ffi, Chinese (Sifayuan
Faxue Ziliao))

http://jirs.iudicial.gov.t/eng (udicial
Laws and Regulations Retrieving
Yuan of the Republic of China
System'JiiFii* 4'AN&RKffi, English o
(udicial Yuan laws))
http://www.iudicial. gov.t/constitutionalcourt/po3.asp (ustices of the
Constitutional Court, Judicial Yuan: Interpretations)
o
o
T2.42 United Kingdom
(Common Law and Mixed Turisdiction (Scotland))
t
>
>
>
England
England and Wales
Great Britain (England, Wales, and Scotland)
pre-1215-1536
1536-1707
1707-1800
o
> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
(England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland)
1800-1921
o
> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland l92l-date
(England, Wales, Scotland, and Northem Ireland)
I
o
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern lreland is the collective
name offour countries: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northem lreland. The
four separate countries were united under a single padiament in London,
known as the United Kingdom Parliament at Westminster, through a series
ofActs of Union. The United Kingdom has recently undergone a period of
devolution with the creation of a Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly, and
o
Northem Ireland Assembly that may pass legislation in certain areas. As such,
it is necessary to establish whether an Act of Parliament applies to the entire o
United Kingdom; to England; to England and Wales; to England, Wales, and
Northern Ireland; or to Great Britain @ngland, Wales, and Scotland); and refer
to the countries appropriately. This information can be found at the end of Acts
o
of Parliament in the section entitled "extent."
o
I
Cases

Jurisdiction, if not evident from context

Following rule 20.1, if the lurisdiction is not clear from the conte)rt or citation,
it should be indicated in parentheses at the position noted in the citation
formats below.
3
Jurisdictions for the United Kingdom:
> Unit€d Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland, and UK
o
>
Northem lreland)
Great Britain @ngland, Wales, and Scotland) Gr. Brit. C
England

o
> Eng.
o Forcigrr Jurisdicfionsr llnited Kingdotrr

o > Wales
> Scotland
> Northem Ireland
Wales
Scot.
N. lr.
O Courts

o Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (PC) (heafs mattefs referred by the
Crown; appeals from ceftain superior courts of England, Wales, Scotland, and

o Northern Ireland; matters conceming issues of devolution in Northem Ireland,

Scotland, and Wales; appeals from the English Ecclesiastical Courts on certain
matters, from the Court of Admiralty, the Prize Courts, and the courts of the
Crown Dependencies, Overscas Teffitories, and Commonwealth countries
O that have retained the right of appeal to Her Maiesty's Council or Judicial

o
Committee): Cite to the Law Reports or to Eng. Rep.
\#hen citing decisions of the Prily Council or another court that hears appeals
from more than one iurisdiction, indicate parenthetically the jurisdiction from

o which the appeal was taken.

Citation formar: <case name> (,year of publication') ,volume, if any'

o (reporter abbreviation, ,first page, (court abbreviation if not clearly

indicated by reporter for post-r865 cases>) <page(s) of specific
materia[, or paragraph number(s) of specific material in brackets, if

o desired' (appeat taken from (relevant abbreviation,) (,lurisdiction

abbreviation if not evident from context,).

o > B.C. Elec. Ry. v. Loach

B.C.).
ltgt6lt AC Zrg (PC) (appeat taken from

o >
>
Appeal Cases (3rd Series)
Appeal Cases (2nd Series)
1891-date
1876-1890
1866-1875
AC
App. Cas.

o
> Prilry Council Appeal Cases (continued LRPC
by Appeal Cases, 2nd Series)

' English Reports-Full Reprint 1094-1873 Eng. Rep.

o House of Lords (H L) (previously the final court of appeal for civil cases in the
United Kingdom and for criminal cases in England, Vales, and Northern

o Ireland): CiIe to the Law Reports, to Eng. Rep., or in Scottish civil cases to the
House of Lords section of Session Cases, listed under table T2.42.3 Scotland,
in that order of preferencc. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

o (UKSC) took over the appellate lurisdiction ofthe House ofLords and the iuris-
diction of the Judicial Committee of the Prily Council on October l, 2009.

o When citing decisions ofthe House ofLords, or another court that hears appeals
from more than one jurisdiction, indicate parenthetically the iurisdiction from
which the appcal was taken.

o Citation format: ,case name) <year of pubtication in parentheses or in

brackets, depending on the reporter> <volume number, if any' .vspe11sy

o abbreviation, .first page, (.court abbreviation, if not clearly indicated by

reporter for post-1865 cases') ,page(s) of specific material, or paragraph

a number(s) of specific material in brackets, if desired, (appeal taken from

<relevant abbreviation,) (,jurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from
context,).

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: Unitecl Kingdom o
> Donoghue v. Stevenson [rgfz] AC S6z (HL) 564 (appeal taken from
Scot.).
o
> Rv. Shayler [zooz] UKHL
Eng')'
u, [zoo3]r AC (HL) 3S (appeattaken from
o
>
>
Appeal Cases (3rd Series)
Appeal Cases (2nd Series)
l89l-date
1875-1890
rffi-r875
AC
App. Cas. o
lrish Appeals (continued by & l. App.

o
> English and LRE
Appeal Cases, 2nd Series)
> Scotch and Divorce Appeals (continued r8(fi-r875 LRS & D. App.
by Appeal Cases, 2nd Series)

Neutral citation
o
All judgments after 2OOl have a neural citation, a format independent of the
publishing source that allows for immediate online publishing. o
Citation format: .case name, [.year of publication,] ,neutraI citation
abbreviation, <neutraI citation court abbreviation, if necessary> (case
reference number', [,paragraph(s) of specific material, if desired,]
o
(appeal taken from ,relevant abbreviation,) (jurisdiction abbreviation if
not evident from context,). O
> Archbold v. Royal College ofVeterinary Surgeons [zoo4] UKPC r,
lzHll (appeal taken from Eng.). o
Cases that are also repoted in the official Law Reports should first list the neutral
citation and then the citation of the off,cial reporter: (case name) ,neutral
citation', .citation to officiaI reporter' (,iurisdiction abbreviation if not
o
evident from context>).
> R v. Pyrah [zooz] UKHL z+1,[zooll r AC 9o3 (appeal taken
o
>
from Eng.).
Privy Council UKPC
o
> House of Lords
> Supreme Court
UKHL
UKSC o
See table T2.42.1 England and Wales for a list of more neutral citation
abbreviations, along with appropriate court abbreviations. o
Parentheses and square brackets
For England, Vales, and Northem Ireland, the year should be in parentheses in o
citations when the reporter can be found without reference to the year. If the
year is an integral part ofthe citation and necessary to locate the correct volume
of the reporter, it should be in square brackets. An easy way to determine
o
whether square brackets or parentheses are needed is to look at the citation. If
you need the year to locate the case, it should be in square brackets: o
> Donoghue v. Stevenson
Scot.).
ltglzlAC S6z (HL) (appeal taken from
o
> R v. Lockwood (tl9z) 99 Eng. Rep. 379 (KB).

Scotland only uses square brackets for neutral citations. o

o
o lforeign Jutisclictions: lrnite(l ltingclorn

o Internet sources for cases

For citations to Intemet sources, follow rule 18:

o * R v. Shayler [zooz] UKHL 11, [2oo3] 1 Ac (HL) 35 (appeal taken

from En g.), http: //www.publications.parliament.uk/ p a I ldzootoz I

o tdiud gmt/idozo321lshayle-1.htm.

Electronic subscription databases

o > Lawtel Transcripts

com)
r Vestlaw Transcripts
(http://*'ww.lawtel. 1984-date

(http://w*ry. 1999-date
LTL

WL

o westlaw.co.uk)
>CasetrackTranscripts(trttp://www. 1996-c[ate

o >
casetrack.com)
The Incorporated Council ofLaw
Reporting (http://www. iclr.co.uk)
1865-date

o si"d;"
o Citation format: ,statute short title, where available' ,year(s)', <regnaI
year(s) for statutes enacted prior to t963' g. 'chapter number(s)',
5(5) ,section number(s)', sch(s). ,schedute(s), if any' (,jurisdiction
o abbreviation if not evident from context').
>
Supreme Court ofludicature Act 7925,75 & 16 Geo' 5 c. 49,$ zz6'

o sch. 5 (Eng.).
Indicate regnal years by the following format: of reign' (abbreviated
'year(s)

o name of the monarch, .numeric designation of the monarch in Arabic

numerals>. If the monarch was the first of that name, omit the numeric

o
designation.
> 11 Hen.7

o >15&16Geo.5
> r3 Etiz.

o If a short tirle has becn established by the short Titles Act or the statute Law
Rcvision Act, it should be used:

o i" Fatal Accidents Act t845, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 93 (Eng.).

If the name is omitted or does not include the date or year, use the citation
format: ,statute short title, where available,, 'regnal year(s) for statutes
o enacted prior to 7963> c. (chapter number(s)', 5(5) 'section number(s)',
sch(s). ,schedute(s), if any, (year if not included in the titte of the act')

o (jurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context').

> Hypnotism Actt95z,r5 & 16 Geo.6 & tEliz.zc.464,$tt7

o (Gr. Brit.).

For statutes enacted since 1963, omit the regnal year:

o > Climate Change Act 2oo8, c.z7 (Eng.).

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: United Kingdom o
Abbreviate monarchs' names
> Anne
as follows:
Ann.
o
>

>
Charles
Edward
Car.
Edw.
o
>
>

>
Elizabeth
George
Henry
Eliz.
Geo. o
o
Hen.
>James lac.
> Philip & Mary Phil. & M.
>

>
Richard
Victoria
> William
Rich.
Vict.
wiil.
o
>Villiam & Mary W.&M.
o
Regnal years
Regnal years can be determined from calendar years by reference to ,4
Handbook of Dates for Students of Englisb History or Sweet O Maxwell's
o
Guid.e to Law Reports and Statutes, and online Lthtlryl//www.iustis.com,/
supportfaq-regnal-to-calendar.aspx, among other sources. o
Internet sources for legislation
For citations to an Internet source, follow rule lE, and preferably cite to
o
legislation.gov.uk:

> Climate Change Act 2oo8, c. zZ (Eng.), http://www.legislation.gov.

o
uk/ ukpga/zoo 8 | z7 | contents.

Statutory compilations
o
Preferably, official sources should be used when citing to legislation. If
satutory compilation is used, follow the citation format: <statute title,, (<year
of enactment>) 5 ,section or article number(s), if any', <volume number,
a
o
,compilation nsms, (edition of compilation, if appropriate') ,first page,,
.page(s) of specific material, if desired, (jurisdiction abbreviation if not o
evident from context,).
> An Ordinance of the Lords and Commons in Parliament for the o
>
Safety and Defence of the Kingdom of England and Dominion of
Wales, (1642) | Acrs & Onos. lrrennre ruru r (Eng.).

Christmas Day (Trading) Act, (zoo4) $ z, z Cunnelt Ltw 234,236

o
>
(Eng.).

Law of Property Act, (rgzS) S 44,37 Hats. Smr. (+th ed.) rlg (Eng.).
o
> Acts and Ordinances of the Intemegnum 1542-1560 Acrs & Onos.
INTERREGNUM
o
> Current Law Statutes
> Halsbury's Statutes of England
1985-date CunneHr Lew
1929-date Has. Srer. o
Regulations
Citation format: ,regulation name, <year of enactment,, ,publication o
abbreviation, <instrument number', .article,,,paragraph, (jurisdiction
abbreviation if not evident from context,). o
o F'orcign -f urisclictions: United Kingclotn

o >
> The Certification of Enforcement Agents Regulations

Statutory Instruments
f
20741 421, art. 3, fl (Eng.).

1947-dxe 5l
2ot4,Sl

O > Statutory Rules and Orders r89o-r947 stat.R&O

o Padiamentary materials
Bills

o Citation format: ,bill name> ,session year>, ,abbreviation of applicable

House of Parliament, Bitt [,bitt number,] c[. ,clause, (,lurisdiction

o abbreviation if not evident from contextD.

> Assisted Dying for the Terminally ltl Bill zoo4-5, HL Bill [rZ] ct. z

o (Gr. Brit.).

> CriminalJustice (Justifiable Conduct) Bill zoo4-5, HC Billll5l ct. z

o
(Eng.).

Explanatory Notes and Memoranda

o Citation format: ,statute short titte, where available, ,year(s),, (regnal

year(s) for statutes enacted prior to tg63> c. ,chapter number(s)',
,Explanatory Notes, 1l(D,paragraph number(s)' (,iurisdiction

o abbreviation if not evident from context').

> Climate Change Act zoo8, c.27, Explanatory Notes 1l z (Eng.).

o Padiamentary debates
Parliamentary Debates contains the oflicial verbatim reports of debates,

o speeches, answers to wfitten and oral questions, and records of dMsions.

Citation format: ,volume number, Parl Deb .abbrevlation of applicabte

o House of Parliament, (,series) (.year of debate) col. ,cotumn number'

(.iurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context).

o > 4o5 Parl Deb HC (5th ser.) (zoo3) col. z: (UK).

Due to publication of the Parliamentary Debates online, recent debates may

o be available but may not yet have a volume number. In these instances, it is
permissible to include the exact date of the debate, following the citation
format: ,date', Parl Deb ,abbreviation of applicable House of Partiament,

o (,year of debate) col. ,column number, (,iurisdiction abbreviation if not

evident from context,).

o >
> z5 Nov. zoo8, Parl Deb HC (zoo8) col. zoz (UK).
House of Lords, 5th series 1909-date Parl Deb HL

o r House of Commons, 6th scries 1981 -date

Gth ser.)
Part Deb HC
(5th ser.)

o r House of Commons, 5th series Part Deb HC

(Sth ser.)

Prior to 1909, the proceedings of the House of Lords and House of Commons

o were produced together in the same volumes:

o
Foreign Jurisdictions: United Kingdom o
> Housr oF LoRDs .rtto House on CoruuoNs,
4th series
or Ionos xrro HousE oF CouuoNs,
r892-1908 Parl Deb HC
(4th ser.)
Parl Deb HC
o
o
> HousE 1830-1891
3rd series 6d ser.)
> HousE oF LoRDs l,tto Housr or Coutrlolts, 1820-1830 Parl Deb HC
(zd ser.)

o
2nd series
> Housp oF [,oRDs AIto Housn oF CoMMoNs, 1803-1820 Part Deb HC
lst series (rst ser.)
> PA.RUAMENTARY

>JoURNAL
[IrsroRY r066-r803 Parl. Hist. Eng.
HL lour.,
lour.
HC o
Official govemment reports
Citation format: .government department or committee name), (report
o
title', ,session year>, <abbreviation of appticabte House of Parliament
where report was issued, .paper number), <paragraph symbol and
o
number, or "at" page number of specific materia['
abbreviation ifnot evident from context,).
(,iurisdiction
o
> CorsrrrurtoNAL
A SueREME
(UK).
AFFATRS Commtrree, Juotctlt- Appoll{TMENTS AND
Counr (Counr oF FrNAt AppEAL), 2oo3-4, HC 48-I, at rz o
> Selecr ComMrrrEE oN Antmls rN ScrENTIFrc Pnocrounes,
REPoRr, 2OO7-2, HL 150-I, fl 5(2) (UK).
o
Command Papers
t
t
Citation fonnat: .government department or committee name), <report
fi[[s>, <!€:tI>1 .relevant abbreviation' .Command Paper number,,
,paragraph symbol and number, or "at" page number of specific
material, (,jurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context).
> DgpARTMENT FoR Et{vtRoNMEt{T, FooD lxo Runll ArFAtRs, LAUNcH
oF rHE DRAFT ANTMAL WELFARE BILL, 2oo4, Cm.6z5z, at S (UK).
o
Relevant abbreviations are es follows:
s€ries
o
lst 1833-18f9 lC. (rst series)I

o
>
> series
2nd 1870-1899 lC. (zd series)I
> 3rd series 1900-f918 lcd.l
>4th series
>5th series
1919-1956
1957-1986
lCmd.l
Cmnd. o
>6th series 1986-date Cm.

o
Treaties
Citation fomat: <treaty name>, ,date of signing,, ,abbreviated names
of parties to agreement', ,article, if desirable,, .treaty source, (,year
t
of treaty source volume,) (,relevant abbreviation, ,Command Paper
number, for the British Treaty Series,). t
> Declaration Between the United Kingdom and France and Russia
Engaging Not to Conclude Peace Separately During the Present
European War, Sept. 5 t9t4, Gr. Brit.-Fr.-Russ., Gn. Bntt. T.S. No. r
o
Ggtl) (cd.ttti.
o
o Foreign "f urisd ietiorts:

o ' BRrrsH Truerv Srmrs 1892-date Gn. Brur. TS No.

<treaty number>
(,yearD,

o (. relevant
abbreviation,

o ,Command
Paper
number,).

o > BRIr-rsH FoRxrcN AND STAfi PAPERS l8l2-1968 ,vo[ume number>

BSP ,first page'.

o > HERTSLET's Coulrtncr,u TnrarrPs 1820-189r ,volume numbert

HCT ,first page,.

o c;;;;; abbreviations
t These abbreviations should be used in case names, in addition to those found in
tables T6 and T10, or other citation formats where appropriate.
Attorney-General A-G or AG

o
>

> Borough Council BC

cc
' County Council
o t Civil Procedure Rules
> Crown Prosecution Service
CPR
CPS

o
> District Council DC
> Director of Public Prosecutions DPP
> His/Her Maiesty HM

o ' lnland Revenue Commission

> London Borough Council
tRc
LBC

o Practice Direction
> PD
> Rex (the King) and Regina (the Queen) unless the R
King or Queen is the respondent

o > Rules of the Supreme Court

Internet sources
RSC

I http://www.padiament.uk @adiament of th€ United Kingdom of

Britain and Northern Ireland)
Great

o http://www.legislation.gov.uk (official legislative

Kingdom)
site of the United

o http ://www. gov.uk /government/organisations/ministry-of-

iustice (Ministry ofJustice)
http://www.officialdocuments.gov.uk (publications of the United
o Kingdom)
httr://lawcommission.iustice.gov.uk (Law Commission)

o http://www.gov,uk (information site for Central GoYemment)

http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk (PrirY Council Office)

o http://services.parliament.uVbills (Index to Bills)

http://www.legalabbrevs.cardlff.ac.uk (Cardiff Index to Legal

o Abbreviations)
 Foreign Jurisdictions: England and Wales o
http://www.publications.parli annent.uk/ p nd/ldiudgmt.htrn (House
of Lords Judgments from 19962009) o
http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk (Gazettes)
http://www.bailii.org @ritish and Irish Legal Informarion Institute) o
http://www.british-history.ac.uk (British History Online (contains
historical Padiamentary Debates))
http://www.loe.gov flaw /help/ gtide/ nations/uk.html (.aw Library of
o
Congress Legal Research Guide: United Kingdom)

http://www.numberlo.gov.uly'news/atest-news (Iatesr News (prime

o
Minister's press releases))
o
T2.42.1 England and Wales
I
Prior to 1865
Priorto 1865, there was no ofncial series of law reports. Cases were reported
o
in numerous commercial reporters, commonly referred to as the nominate
reporters. Subsequently, most of the nominate reporters were reprinted in a o
series referred to as the English Reports (Eng. Rep.). The Englisb Reports
should be cited if the case is available therein, and a parallel citation to the
original nominate reporter should also be given. It is not necessary to provide
o
the name of the court that heard these cases.

Citation format: <case name) ((year of publication,) ,volume number,

I
if any, Eng. Rep. ,fi151 page, <page(s) of specific material, if desired,;
(VOlume number, if any, ,nominate reporter abbreviatiOn' ,first page,,
<page(s) of specific material, if desired, (.jurisdiction abbreviation if not
I
evident from context').
> Semayne's Case (16o4) 77 Eng. Rep. r94, 195; 5 Co. Rep.9r a,g1-b.
o
English Rqrorts
> English Repons-Full Reprinr 1220-1867 Eng. Rep.
o
>
>
Revised Reports
Year Books
1785-1866 Rev. Rep.
YB
o
In citing the Year Book, include the regnal year, folio, term in which the plea
was heard, and plea number; include a parallel citation to a nineteenth- or
o
twentieth{entury reprint if possible.
> YB t7 Edw. 4, fo[. za, Pasch, pl. 3 (1477) (Eng.). I
> YB ro Edw. z, Hit. zo (r3r7) (Eng.), reprintedrn
53 (1935).
54 Seloel Socrrry
o
After 1865
Cite to the official law Reports, if therein. The Law Reports consist of the I
House of Lords cases (HL), Privy Council cases (pC), Appeal Courts (Criminal
and Civil) (AC), Queen's Bench (QB), Chancery (Ch), Family (Fam.), probate o
t
(P), Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAD, and relevant cases from the European
Court ofJustice (ECJ). Other reporters should only be used if a case has not
o Iotcign Jtrrisdictions: Fingland ancl Wales

o been reponed in the Law Reports, in the following order of pref€rence: Weekly
Law Reports (WLR), All England Law Reports (All ER), or other reporters.

o Citation format: ,case name) <year of pubtication in parentheses or in

brackets, depending on the reporter> (volume number, if any, .1spsfts1
abbreviation' ,first page, (,court abbreviation if not clearly indicated by
o reporter>) ,"at" page(s) of specific material, or paragraph number(s) of
specific materia[ in brackets, if desired, (, jurisdiction abbreviation if not

o evident from context,).

> R v. Ketly [r9gg]QB 6zt at 6zS (Eng.).

t Neutral citation
All iudgments after 2001 have a neutral citation. For these cases, cite first to the

o neutral citation and then to the ofncial Law Reports, if therein. Note that not
all cases are published in the Law Reports. Follow the order of preference of
the Latu Reports as noted above.

o Cases that are also reported in the official Law Reports should first list the
neutral citation and then the citation of the oflicial reporter following the

o citarion format: ,case name, [<year of publication,l .neutraI citation court

abbreviation' (court abbreviation if not evident from citation,) ,case
reference number,, [,paragraph(s) of specific materia[, if
o
desired,],
,citation to officiaI reporter) (,iurisdiction abbreviation if not evident
from context').

o > Quinland v. Governor of Swaleside Prison Izooz]

lrz8l, [zoo:]QB lo6 [ttz] (Eng.).
EWCA (Civ) rZz+

o * Michael Charman v. Orion Pubtishing [zooz] EWCA (Civ)

lsol, IszHss] (Ens.).
glzl+ll,

o Neutral citation abbreviations

r Supreme Court of the United Kingdom UKSC

o > Court of Appeal (Civil)

' Court of Appeal (Criminal)

r High Court (chancery)
EWCA (Civ)
EWCA (Crim)
EWHC (Ch)

o " High
> High
Court
Court
(Queen's Bench)
(Administrative Court)
EWHC (QB)
EWHC (Admin)

o r High
e High
Court
Court
(Family)
(Admiralty)
(Technology & Construction)
EWHC (Fam)
EWHC (Admtty)
EWHC (TCC)

o
> High Court
> Patents Court EWHC (PaO
r Commercial Court EWHC (Comm)

o Attributions to judges
attributing an opinion to a ludge, use the following citation format: <case

o
\$(/hen

name) <year of publication in parentheses or brackets, depending on

the reporter, ,votume number, if any' 'rspqrtsr abbreviation' 'first page'

o (court if not clearly indicated by reporter,) .page(s) of specific materiat,

or paragraph number(s) of specific materiaI in brackets, if desired'
(iudge name,) (appeat taken from .court abbreviation, if appticabte')
(,jurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context').
Foreign Jurisdictions: England and Wales t
> R v. Martin [1998]AC 917 (HL) 948 (Lord Hope of Craighead)
(appealtaken from HM Court-MartiatApp. Ct.) (UK). O
For Law Lords of Appeal in the Ordinary, territorial qualifications may be used
the first time they are mentioned, then subsequently omitted (e.g., "Lord Hope o
ofCraighead," then "Lord Hope").

Abbreviations of iudges I
> Supreme Court Judge .appropriate peerage or E.g., Lord Smith
Sir/Dame, <last name>
SCJ

o
t
scJ
> President of the .appropriate peerage E.g., Lord Smith P
Supreme Court or Sir/Dame, ,last

> Deputy President of

the Supreme Court
name' P
(appropriate peerage)
.[ast name' DP
E.g., Lord Smith DP
I
> Law Lord ofAppeal
in Ordinary
no abbreviation E.g., Lord Hope
Craighead
8.g., Baroness Hale
of
a
>
>
Lord ChiefJustice
Master of the Rolls
(title> <last namer
<title> <last namer MR
CJ E.g., Lord
E.g., Lord
Woolf Cl
Woolf MR O
> Lord Chancellor

>Justice ofthe Court

<title> <last name> LC

.title, if the Justice is a

E.g., Lord lrvine of Lairg
LC
Smith
E.g., LJ or Lord
I
ofAppeal
>Justices ofthe High
peer' ,last name, LJ
<last namer J
Smith LJ
E.g.,Smith J I
I
Court

Official law reports

>

>
Appeal Cases (3d Series)
Appeal Cases (2d Series)
> Chancery Division
1891-date
1875-r890
l89l-date
AC
App. Cas.
ch
o
>

>
Queen's Bench
Family Division
1952-date
1972-date
QB
Fam,
o
>

>
Admiralty & Ecclesiastical Cases
Chancery Appeal
1865-r875
1855-r874
LRA&E
Ch App. o
Chancery DMsion chD
o
> 1875-1890
> Chancery Division 1866-r875 LRCh
> Common Pleas 1875-1880 CPD
>

>
Common Pleas
Criminal Appeal Reports
1865-r875
1908-date
LRCP
Crim. App.
O
>

>
Crown Cases Reserved
English and Irish Appeals (continued by
Appeal Cases, 2nd Series)
1865-1875
181M-1875
LRCCR
LRE & | App. t
>

>
Equity Cases
Exchequer Cases
r86t-r87,
1865-1875
LR Eq.
LR Exch.
o
> Exchequer Division (merged with

Queen's Bench)
> House of Lords, Scotch & Divorce
1875-1880

1866-1875
Exch. Div.
I
o
LRHL Sc.
Appeals
o forcign Jurisdictieins: England and Wales

I >

>
King's Bench
Priry Council Appeal (lases (continued
by Appeal Cases, 2nd Series)
1901-1951
1n65-lri75
KB
LRPC

o > Probate (continued by Family Division)

> Probate , Divorce & Admiralty Division
1n91-1970
1871-1890
P

PD

o >

>
PK)bate & Divorce Cases
Queen's Bench
1861-l{i75
1891-1900 QB
LRP & D

o > Queen's Bench

> Queen's Bench Division
) Scotch and Divorce Appeals (continucd
r865-1875 LRQB
1875-1890 QBD
1866-1875 LRS&DApp.
O by Appcal Cases, 2nd Series)

Law reports and journals

I >

>
All England Law Reports
All England Law Reports (Commercial
1936-date
1998-date
Att ER

Att ER (Comm.)

o >
Cases)
AII England Law Reports (European
(lases)
1995-date All ER (EC)

O '
>
All England law Reports Annual Review
Annotated Tax (lases
1982-date
1922-1976
Att
ATC
ER Rev.

I > Banking Law Reports

r Butterwofth's Company Law Cascs

> Butterworth's Medico-Legal Reports
1992-1997 Bank
1983-drte BCLC
1992-date BMLR
LR

o > Commercial Cases

> Criminal Appcal Reports (Sentencing)

1896-1941
1979-drte
Com. Cas.
Cr. App. R(5)

o >
>
De-Rating Appeals
Financial Times Law Reports
1930-1961
1981-datc
1975-detc
DRA
FTLR

o Industrial Cases Rep<>rts (formerly

> ICR
Industrial Court Reports)
> Information Technokrgy Law Reports 1997-<late Info. TLR

o > Justice of the Peace and Local

Govemment Review Reports

> Justice of the Peace Reports
1837-date
l9tl3-date
IPR

lP

o > Knight's Local Government Rep(xts

> LJ.R., King's Bench, New Series

1903-1998
1831-1946
LGR

LJKB

o t
>
LJ.R., King's Bench,
LawJournal Repofts
old Series 1822-183r
1822-1949
1859-1947
L,IKBOS
LJR

o
> Law Times Reports LT
> Law Times Reports, Old Series 1843-1fri9 LTOS
> Lloyd's Law Reports 196ti-datc Ltoyd's Rep.
1999-date Ltoyd's
O > Lloyd's Law Reports Banking

1919-1967
Bank
Ltoyd's List
Rep.

o
> Lloyd's List I-aw Reports LR

> Magisterial Cases 1896-lL)46 Mag. Cas.

e Professional Negligence and Liability 1996-ttate PNLR

o Reports
Foreign Jurisdictions: England and Wales o
> Property and Compensation Reports
(formedy Planning and Compensation
1949-1985 P & CR
O
Reports)
> Property Planning and Compensation
Reports
1986-date PP&CR
t
> Rating and Valuation Reporter

> Rating App€als

1960-date
1962-date
R&VR
RA
I
I
> Reports of Patent Cases 1884-r885 RPC

> Reports of Patent, Design, and 1884-date RPDTMC/TMC/

Trademark Cases RPC
> R€ports of Tax Cases

>Road Haulage Cases

Road Traffic Reports
1875-d^te
r9r0-r9t3
l97o-date
TC
RHC
RTR
o
o
>

>Simon's Tax Cases 1973-date src

> Solicitors'Joumal 1857-dte s,
>

>
Taxation Reports
Times law Reports
1939-1981
1884-1952
TR
TLR o
I
>Tirnes Newspaper law RePorts 1953-d^te The Times
>Weekly l.aw Reports 1953-date WLR
>Weekly Notes 18(fi-1952 WN

Welsh statutory instruments a

Citation format: <statute name> <year of enactment>, W.S.l. ,instrument
number' (W., number) <article,,,paragraph, (,jurisdiction abbreviation I
I
if not evident from contextD.
> The Food (Hot Chilti and Hot Chilli Products) (Emergency Control)
(Amendment) (Wales) Regulations zoo4 W.S.l. zoo4l39z (W. zro) art.
2,113.
o
Internet sources
http://www.legislation.gov.uk (JK Legislation via the National
Archives (UK))
o
http://www.supremecourt.uly'decided-cases,/index.shtml
United Kingdom Suprem€ Court)
(cases of the
o
http://wales.gov.uk (Welsh Assembly Govemment)
http:l/www.hmcourts-service,gov.uk (Her Majesty's Courts Service)
o
http://www.bailii.orgldatabases.htrnl (British
Institute @nglish and Welsh case law))
and Irish Legal Information o
http://www.oldbaileyonline.org (Proceedings of the Old Bailey-Cases
from 1674-1913)
o
http://www.cps.gov.uk (Crown Prosecution Service)
I
http://www.lawsociety.org.uk (Iaw Sociery)
http://www.loc.gov4aVhelp/guide/nations,/uk.html
Congress Guide to Law Online: United Kingdom)
(Library of I
t Foreign Jrrrisclictions: Northen; Ireland

o T2.42.2 Northern Ireland (and Ireland Until 1924)

The Northern lreland Assembly was established

o
in 1998 (and came into effect
in December 1999) as part of the Belfast Agreemenr that devolved legislative
powers in certain areas to Northem Ireland.

o Cases
All courts: Cite to Nl
o English court system.
if therein. The court stmcturc is similar to the

Citation formar: .case name> <year of publication in parentheses or

o brackets, depending on reporter, ,volume number, if any, ,ygp9y1s1

abbreviation, ,first page' (,court abbreviation, if not clearty indicated by

t reporter,) (jurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context).

> Re Taylor [1923] Nl r59 (QB) r8.

o Law reports
> Northern Ireland law Reports 7925-cJate NI

o >

>
Irish Reports
Law Reports, Ireland (4th series)
(continued by Irish Reports)
Itl94-date
1878-1893
lr.
LR lr.
R.

I " Irish Reports, Common Law Series (2nd

series)
1867-1878 lr. R-CL

o 'Irish Common Law Reports (2nd series) 1850-1866 lr. CL

(continued by Irish Reports, Common
law Series)

I 'Irish law Reports (lst

by Irish Common Law Repofts)
r Irish I-aw Times Reports
series) (continued l 838- I 850

1867-date

o ) Irish Jurist Repofts

Neutral citation
1849-1867

o AII iudgments after 2001 have a neutral citation. Cases that are also reported in
the officiil Law Reporfs should lirst list the neutral citation and then the citation

I of the official reporter.

Citation format: ,case name> [<year of publication,] ,neutraI citation,

o (.court abbreviation if not evident from citation,) .case reference

number', [,paragraph number(s) of specific material, if desired']; <year in
parentheses or brackets, depending on reporter, ,reporter abbreviation,

a ,first pag€,, .court, if not clearly indicated by reporter, (,jurisdiction

abbreviation if not evident from context).

o >
>
R

R
v. Singleton [zoo3]NtCA (Civ)

v. Poltock [zoo4] NICA (Crim)

z9,lzl,lzoo4l
lq [f 8] (N. tr.).
Nl 7r, CA.

o Neutral citation court abbreviations

> Court of Appeal (Civil)
NICA (Civ)

o > Court of Appeal (Criminal)

>High Coun (Chancery)
r High Coun (Queen's Bench)
NICA (Crim)
Nlch
NIQB
Foreign Jurisdictions: Northern lreland o
>

>
High Court (Family)
Crown Court
NlFam
Ntcc I
Neutral citation tribunal abbreviations
> Northem Ireland Fair Employment Tribunal NIFET
o
> Northern Ireland Industrial Tribunals NIIT
o
I
Statutes
The citation format of statutes applicable to Northem Ireland always includes,
in parentheses, '(Northern lreland),' either before or after the word "Act," as
part ofthe title. The location ofthe words "(Northern lreland)" is dependent
upon whether the act was passed in th€ Westminster Padiament, Northern
Ireland, or Ireland. For acts passed by the United Kingdom Parliament (1226-
t
date), '(Northern lreland;," or '(lreland)," whichever is appropriate, is
located before the word "Act."
o
Ciration format: <statute short title, if available' .year(s) of enact-
ment, ,regnal year(s) for statutes prior to 1963, .chapter,, ,section,,
,schedule, if any,.
I
> Commission for Victims and Survivors Act (Northern lreland) zooS o
c.6, 5 r, sch. r.
> Public Processions (Northern lreland) Act 1998 c. z.
For acts passed in Ireland by the Irish Parliament in Dublin (1310-1800) and in
t
Northem Ireland by the Padiament in Northem Ireland (l!21-1977)
^ndthe
Northem Ireland Assembly (2000-date), "(l re la n d)' or'(N o rth e rn l re land),' o
whichever is appropriate, is located after the word "Act" and before the year.
> Electronic Communications Act (Northern lreland) 2oo7 c.9. I
Statutory compilations and session laws
> Northern lreland Statutes 197z-d^te N. lr. Stat. o
>

>
Northern Ireland Public General Acts 1947-r97r

Northem Ireland Public General Statut€s r92r-1946

N. lr. Pub. Gen.
Acts
N. lr. Pub. Gen.
I
> Statutes Revised, Nonhern Ireland,
Cumulative Supplement
1981-date
Stat.
N. lr. Rev. Stat.
Cm. Sup.
I
> Statutes Revised, Northem Ireland 1226-r98r N. lr. Rev. Stat.
o
Regulations
The rule above concerning the location of "(Northern lreland)' should be
followed in the citation of Orders in Council and other regulations.
I
Citation format for Orders in Council (treated as primary legislation in Northem
Ireland): .ordertitle,.year ofenactment,, Sl ,year ofenactment>/<Statutory
a
Instrument number, (N. lr.,number,),article,,,paragraph, (,iurisdiction
abbreviation if not evident from context,). o
> The Energy (Northern lreland) Order zoo3, Sl zoql4tg (N. lr. 6)
art. 5, 11 2.
o
t l.'oreiglt Ju risd.ictions: Scotland

I Citation format for Northern Ireland Statutory Rules: ,rule title' (year of
enactment>, SR ,year of enactment>/.Statutory Rule number' .article,,
,paragraph, (,lurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context,).

o > ldentification and Notification of Cattle Regulations (Northern

fretand) 2oo4 SR 2oo4l42o art. 2, fl 1.

o > Statutory Rules and Orders of

Ireland
Northern 1922-1973 SR & O (N. lr.).

o Internet sources

o http://www,niassembly.gov.uk (Nlorthem Ireland Assembly)

http://aims.niassembly, gov.uk /offi cialreport/offi cialreport. aspx

t (Official Report of the Northem Ireland Assembly Qlansard))

http://www.legislation.gov.uk (Iaws of Northern Ireland via the National
Archives)

o http://www.b ailii.ory/ nieflegislnum_act (Srarures of Northem Ireland)

http ://www. gov.uk /government/organisations/northern-ireland-

o office (Northem Ireland Office)

http://w*v.courtsni.gov.uk (,{orthem

t
Ireland Court Service)
http://www.lawsoc-ni.org (Iaw Sociery of Northern lreland)

http://www.nilawcommission.gov.uk /index.htm (.,iorthern Ireland Law

o Commission)

http://www.l oc.gov fiaw/help/ g$de / nanons/uk.php (Library of

t Congress Guide to I-aw Online: United Kingdom)

I T2.42.3 Scotland
A Scottish Padiament was created by an Act of Padiament in 1998 that devolved

t certain legislative powers to Scotland. The Scotrish Parliament opened in 1999

and has authority to pass primary legislation in areas such as health, education,
agriculture, and justice in the form of Acts of Scottish Parliament and Scottish

o statutory Instruments.

Cases

o The Supreme Courts of Scotland consist of the Court of Session, which hears
civil cases, and the High Court ofJusticiary, which hears criminal cases. The

I Sheriff Courts are lower courts that hear civil and criminal cases, as well as
fatal accident inquiries.

o Citation format: (case name> (.year of pubtication,) <reporter abbreviation>

,first page,, .page(s) of specific materiat, or paragraph number(s) of
specific materia[ in brackets, if desired' (.iurisdiction abbreviation if not

o evident from context,).

> Allison v. Orr (zoo4)

t 767,268 (Scot.).
SCLR

All judgments after 2001 have a neutral citation. For cases that are also reported
in the official Law Reports, a parallel citation should be included after the

o neutral citation.
Foreign Jurisdictions: Scotland I
Citation format: <case name, [<year of publication,] ,neutral citationr
<court abbreviation if not evident from citation, <case reference number)
[.paragraph(s) of specific material, if desired,l, (year in parentheses
t
or brackets, depending on the reporter) ,1qp6ft.t abbreviation, .first
page,, ,page(s) of specific material, or paragraph number(s) of specific o
material in brackets, if desired' (,iurisdiction abbreviation if not evident
from context). I
I
> Smith v. Jones [zoo5]CSIH f4 [z+S], (zoo6) 5C236,239 (Scot.).
Court of Session (Sess.) (general original and appellate furisdiction ofcivil
cases): Cite to SC, if therein. Citations to SC should include the year as above;
citations to the older series are to the volume in place of the year.

> Dalgleish v. Assessor for Strathclyde Region (1986) SC zl (Scot.).

o
> Crichton v. Henderson's Trs. 1 F z+ (Scot.).
> Session Cases 7907-date SC
I
> Fifth Series (edited by Fraser)
> Fourth Series (€dited by Rettie)
1898-1906 F
1873-1898 R
1ft62-1873 M
o
I
> Third Series (edit€d by Macpherson)
> Second Series (edited by Dunlop) r838-1ft62 D
> First Series (edited by Shaw) 1821-1838 S
> Scottish Civil l.aw Reports
> Session Cases (House of Lords)
Session Section
1987-dzte SCLR
1850-date SC (HL) t
High Court ofJusticiary $Cl) (criminal appeals and trials of the most serious
crimes): Cite to rC or SC0), if therein.
o
> Lloyd v. HM Advocate r F0) lr (Scot.).
> Scott v. Smith (rg8r) lC 45 (Scot.). I
>Justiciary Cases (sometimes bound
Session Cases)
with l9l7-date JC
a
Session Cases, High Court of rg0tr,-1916 sc0)
I
>

Justiciary s€ction
>Fifth Series (edited by Fraser) 1898-1906 F0)
> Fourth Series (edited by Rettie) 1873-r898 RO Neutral
citations
before zoo5
I
>

>
Scottish Court of Session Decisions
Scottish High Court Decisions
ScotCS
ScotHC I
I
> Scottish Sheriff Court Decisions ScotSC Neutral
citations
after 2oo5
>Scottish Court of Session, Inner House
>Scottish Court of Session, Outer House
>scottish High court of Justiciary
cslH
c50H I
I
HCJT
>Scottish Court of Criminal Appeal HC'AC

Statutes
Acts of the Scottish Parliament since 1999: o
o
o lrore iglr.f rrrisclir tirtlrs: Zrtrtbia

I Citation format: ,statute short titte, if available, <Vear of enactment>

(ASP ,Act of Scottish Parliament number,) ,section', ,schedule, if any,
,paragraph, (jurisdiction abbreviation if not evident from context,).

o > Vulnerable Witnesses (Scotland) Act 2oo4, (ASP l) 5 l, sch. z, 1l l.

o The acts of the Scottish Parliament that cxisted from 1 235 to I 707 may be citcd
to thc f<rllowing compilations:

The Acts of the Parliaments r>f Scotland lti14-1U75

o
APS
Records <lf the Parliamcnts <tf Scotland RP5
to 1707 (available at http://wurw.rps.

o ac.uk)

Internet sources
I http://s'n.w.scottish.padiament.uk (Sconish Parliament)
http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk (Sconish Court Scrviccs)

o http://wrry.legislation.gov,uk (Sconish Legislation via the National

Archivcs)

o http://*'u..scottish.parliament.uk /parliamentarybusiness/Bills.aspx
(Current Sconish Bills)

I http://www.b rilii.orgll databases.html#scot (British and Irish Legal

Information Institutc, Scottish Legislation and Cascs)
(Scottish

o http ://www.scottishlaw.org.uVscotlaVscotorgsgov.html
Govcmmcnt links)
http:/hqry.lawscot.org.uk (Law Society of Scotland)

I http://w*v. journalonline.co.uk
Scotland)
(Or-rline Joumal of thc Law Society of

o http://www.scotlawcom.gov.uk (Scottish Law (irmmission)

http://www.lo c.gov /hw /help/ gpide / nations/uk.php (Library of

o (bngress (luidc to Lrw Online : tJnitctl Kingdom)

o T2.43
(C<>r.nrn<>n
Zambia, Republic
Law)
of

o Cases
Citation format: <case name> (,reporter year,) ,volume number if applicable'

a <reporter abbreviation, .first page,, <pages of specific material, if desired'

[,court abbreviation, if desired,] (,country abbreviation if not evident

o from context,).
> Attorney General v. Valentine Shula Musakanya, (198r) ZLR r

o lSCl (zam.).
> Susman Bros. & Wutfsohn Ltd. v. The King (1949-1954) 5 NRLR z

t (N. Rhodesia).

> Shingadia Bros. v. Karson Jadaviee Shingadia (tgs8) R&N

(Rhodesia & Nyasatand).
t

o
Foreign Zambia o
$upreme Court of Zambia (SC) (dghest court of the country with appellate
jurisdiction in both civil and criminal matters) and High Court of Zambia (HC) o
(superior court of record with general original civil and criminal jurisdiction):
Cite to ZLR, if therein; Magistrate's Courts Qimited original civil and criminal
jurisdiction, divided into four classes), Industrial Relations Court (original t
and exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine any industrial relations matters
and any proceedings under the Industrial and Labor Relations Act), and Land
Tribunal (deals with land disputes and other matters affecting land rights and
o
obligations).
> Zambia Law Reports r964-date ZLR
o
>

>
Northern Rhodesia law Reports
Rhodesia and Nyasaland law Reports
r9rr-1958
1914-1963 R&N
1963-1964 ZNRLR
NRLR
o
I
> Zambia and Northem Rhodesia I-aw
Reports

Constitutions
Citation format: ,abbreviated constitution name> (.year of the version
cited') ,section(s), if desired,.
t
> Consr. oF ZAMBTA (tgg6) S zz. a
For more information on how to cite to the Constitution as part of the consol
idated laws, see the Sgltutes section below.

Cite to the Constitution ofthe Federation ofRhodesia and Nyasaland of 1953

I
as follows:
> Feo. R. & N. Corsr. (S.1. No. rrgg of tg53) Srnr. L. Feo. R. & N.
o
Statutes
(1954) (Rhodesia & Nyasaland).
t
Citation format: .statute name>, Cap. ,number, (,year of revision,)
,section(s), if applicable, ((country abbreviation if not evident from
o
context').
Or: <statute name, No.,number, (year,) GovenHuetr G AzErrE ("Acts," o
"Bi[[s," "S1," or "GON", (section(s), if desired, (country abbreviation if
not evident from context,).
I
> ElectoralAct, Cap. 13 GSS6) 5 qS (Zam.).
> Electoral Act No. z (r99t) Goventmrrr Gazerre (Acts) 5 t+S (Zam.). t
Internet sources
http://www.padiament.gov.zm (offrcial site of the Zambian Padiament;
t
provides access to the 1996 revised edition of. Iaws of Zambia, bills, recently
enacted Acts, and other padiamentary materials, including order papers and
debates)
I
http://www.safl ii.org/conte nt/ zambia-index (Southem African Legal
Information Institute (SAFUD; provides access to Ztmbiancourt decisions, I
consolidated laws of Zambia, and other materials including bills, Acts, and
statutory instruments)
http://wwwto c.gov flaw /help/ gaide/ nattons/ zambia.htrnl (Ubrary
o
o
of
Congress Guide to Law Online: Republic of Zambia)
o Intcrgovertrmental ()rgarriz:rtions

o T3 INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGAI\IIZATIONS

o T3.l United Nations

United Nations Documents: cite to U.N. Docs'

o > Unitcd Nations l)ocuments U.N. Docs.

United Nations Principal organs: In citations to oflicial records, abbrcviate

o thc records of the principal organs of the United Nations as follows:

> (ieneral Assembly GAOR

o >

>
Security (louncil
Economic and Social (louncil
SCOR
ESCOR

o > Trusteeship (louncil TCOR

Courts: International Court of Justice (l'C.J.): Citc decisions to l.C'l'; cite

o pleaclings t<l l.C.f . Pleadings; cite acts and documcnts to l.C.J. Acts & Docs'

>Judgmcnts, Aclvisory
and Orders
Opinions, 1946-<Jate 'year' I'C.J. xx

o > Pleadings, Oral Arguments, and

Documents
1946-<hte ,year' l.C.l. Pleadings xx

o > Acts and Documents 1946-date ,year, l.C.l. Acts & Docs.
XX

o Treaties and international agreements: Cite to U.N'T.S.

> United Nations Treaty Serics 1946-<Jtte ,volume' U.N.T.S. xxx

o T3.2 League of Nations

o Courts: Permanent Court of InternationalJustice (P.C.l.l.): Cite decisions,

pleaclings, rules, and acts to P.C.l.J., indicating thc series and the case or
document number.

O >Judgments, Advisory
()pinions, and Orders
1920-1945 .year, P.C.l.J. (ser. x)
No. x

o Treaties and international agreements: Cite to L.N.T.S'

Series 1920-1945 <volume) L.N.T'S' xxx
o Leaguc of Nations Treaty
>
(Year')

o T3.3 European Union

Courts: Cite cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union
o (E.C.l.) and the General Court (Ct. of First Instance) to E.C'R', iftherein lf
not, cite to C.M.L.R., Common Mkt. Rep. (CCH), or CEC (CCH), if therein, in

o that order. If not, cite to offlcial online sources.

> Rep<rfts ofcases before the Court 1973-date .year' E.C.R. xxx

o
ofJusticc
> (.()mmon Markct Law Rcpofls 1962-datc .yean C.M.L.R. xxx

o
lntergovernmental Organizations o
> Common Market Reports 1962-1988 ,yean Common Mkt.
Rep. (CCH) xxx
(year) CEC (CCH) xxx
I
Eufopean Community Cases

a
> 1989-2007

Legislative acts: Cite acts of the European Council and the European
Commission to O.J. (the OfficialJoumal of the European Union, fonnerly the
Official Joumal of the European Communities), if therein. If not, cite to O.J.
Spec. Eo., if therein. If not, cite to J.O., if therein. For issues of J.O. before
o
1967, indicate the issue number. For issues of O.J. and J.O. dating from 1967
and later, indicate the series and issue number. o
> OfficialJoumal of the
Union
European 1973-date .year> O.J.
number,) xxx
(L,act

,yean O.l. Spec. Eo. xxx

t
t
> OfftcialJournal of the European t952-r972
Community, Special Edition
>Journal Offrciel des 1958-date (L.act
,year> J.O.

I
Communaut6s Europ6ennes number, xxx

Padiamentary documents: Cite as follows:

>

>
European Padiamentary Debates

European Padiament Working Session or

Eun. PanL. Dea.
(debate number,) x
Eun. Prnl. Doc. (COM
t
>
Session Documents
Parlement Europden Documents de S€ance
,document number>) x
Doc. (SEC
PARL. EuR.
O
,document numberr) x
o
T3.4 European Commission of Human Rights
Cite to Eur. Comm'n H.R. Dec. & Rep., Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R., or Eur. H.R. o
Rep., in that order.
> European Commission of Human Rights .volume' Eur. Comm'n o
I
Collections of Decisions H.R. Dec. & Rep. xxx
> European Human Rights Reports ,volume, Eur. H.R. Rep.
xxx
>Yearbook ofthe European Convention on
Human Rights
Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R.
o
Tr.5 European Court of Human Rights I
Cite to Eur. Ct. H.R. or to Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R.
> European Court of Human Rights Reports
Judgments and Decisions
of xx Eur. Ct. H.R. (,year') I
> Yearbook of the European Convention on
Human Rights
Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R.
o
T3.6 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
t
cite to Inter-Am. Comm'n H.R.
o
I
o I rttergovcrtr tnr:ntlrI ()rga niz'.rti<tns

o > Inter-American Commission on Human

Rights Annual Reports
lnter-Am. Comm'n H.R.

o T3.7 Inter-American Court of Human Rights

Cite to Series, to Rep. Inter-Am. Ct. H.R., or to official online sources'

o Series:

I >

>
A - Judgments and OPinions

B - Pleadings, Oral Arguments and

Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. A)
No. xx
InterAm. Ct. H.R. (ser. B)

o >
Documents (Relative to Series A)
C - Decisions and Judgments
No. xx, xxx
Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C)
No. xx
> D - Pleadings, Oral Arguments and Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. D)

lo Documents (Relative to Series C)

r E - Provisional Measures
No. xx, xxx
Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. E)
No. xx, xxx

lo > F- Procedural Decisions Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. F)

No. xx, xxx

lo Annual Reports of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights:

lr ' Complete Opinions: l97o-date

Rep. Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. xxx

lr T3.S International Tribunal for the

Cite to ITLOS ReP.
Law of the Sea

lr
lo
r Intemational Tribunal for
I-aw of the Sea RePorts of
the
Judgments. Advisory OPini<tns
and ()rders
1916-date ITLOS Rep.

lr T3.9 Intergovernmental Organizations

>ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-BanTreaty
Organizatkrn
> Food and Agriculture Organization
CTBTO

FAO

t: > Global Environment Facility

> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

'
Change
International Atomic Energy Agency
International Bank for Reconstruction and
GEF

rPcc

IAEA
IBRD

l:
>

Development
> International Centre f<rr Settlement of ICSID

lr
Investment Disput€s
> International Civil Aviation Organization tcAo
I International Criminal Police Organization INTERPOL

lo > InternatiOnal Development Association

> Intemational Finance Corporation
IDA
rFc

lr
Treaty Sources o
> Intemational Fund for Agricultural
Development
> Intemational l.abour Organization
IFAD

tLo
I
>

>
Intemational Maritime Organization
International Monetary Fund
tMo
IMF
o
>

>
Intemational Refugee Organization
Intemational Telecommunication Union
tRo
ITU I
> Intemational Union for Conservation of
Nature
> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
IUCN

MIGA
I
> Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development
OECD
I
I
> Organisation for the Prohibition of oPcw
Chemical Weapons
>United Nations U.N.
> United Nations Children's Fund

> United Nations Development Programme

> United Nations Educational, Scientific and
UNICEF
UNDP o
o
UNESCO
Cultural Organization
> United Nations Environment Programme UNEP
> United Nations Industrial Development
Organization
UNIDO
I
Universal Postal Union

t
> UPU
>World Bank Group WBG
> World Customs Organization wco
> World Health Organization

> World Intellectual Prop€rty Organization

wHo
wtPo t
o
> World Meteorological Organization wMo
> World Tourism Organization UNWTO
> World Trade Organization wTo

You may abbreviate other intergovemmental organizations as well. On first o

t
mention, provide the frrll name of the organization, while indicating the abbre-
viation you will use in brackets.

T4 TREATY SOURCES
o
The dates in the center column refer to the years of the treaties contained in
the source, not the years in which the source was published.
I
T4.l Official U.S. Sources
United States Treaties 1950-date <volume) U.S.T. xxx
o
I
>
and Other Intemational
Agreements
Statutes atl'arge 1778-1949,volume' Stat. xxx

o
>
(indexed at 64 Stat. 81107)
> Treaties and Other r945-date T.1.A.5. No. x
Intemational Acts Series
o
o Arlritlll li('p()rt('rs

o >

>
Treaty Series
Executive Agreement Series
r778-r94t T.S. No. x
1922-1945 E.A.S. No. x

o '
>
Senate Treary Documents
Senate Executive Documents
1981-date
1778-1980
S. Tnserv Doc. No. x
S. Exec. Doc. No. x

o T4.2 Intergovernmental Treaty Sources

o
! Unit€d Nations Treaty Series 1946-date ,volume, U.N.T.5. xxx
FLeague ofNations Treary Series 1920-1945 ,volume, L.N.T.S. xxx
* Pan-American Treaty Sefies 1949-d^te ,volume, Pan-Am. T.S. xxx

o >

>
European Treaty Series 1948-2003 E.T.S. No. xxx
Organization ofAmerican States 1970-date 0.A.5.T.S. No. xxx

o Treary Series
t Council of Europe Treaty Series 2004-date C.E.T.S. No. xxx

o T4.t Unofficial Treatv Sources

o ) U.S. Treaties on LEXIS

> Intemational Legal Materials
1776-date
1962-date
LEXIS xxx
,volume> l.L.M. xxx

o
! Parry's Consolidated Treaty 1648-1919 <volume' Conso[. T.S.
Series xxx
t Hein's United States Treaties Hein's No. KAV xxxx
and Other Intemational
O >
Agreements
B€vans 1776-1949,volume, Bevans xxx

o T5
o ARBITRAT REPORTERS
This list provides abbreviations for arbitration reporters. See rule 21.6 for

o guidance on citing intemational arbitrations.

> Arbitration Materials Arb. Mat't

o >

'
Hague Court Reports, First Series
Hague Court Reports, Second Series
Hague Ct. Rep. (Scott)
Hague Ct. Rep. zd (Scott)

o Intemational Centre for Settlement of

> ICSID Rep.
Investment Disputes (ICSID) Reports
! International Centre for Settlement of ICSID Rev.

o >
Investment Disputes (ICSID) Review
International Chamber of Commerce
Arbitration
Int'l Comm. Arb.

o > Int€mationd Tribunal for the Law of the

Sea ReportsofJudgments, Advisory
ITLOS Rep.

o >
Opinions and Orders
Investment Treaty Arbitration Investment
Treafy Cases
ITA Inv. Treaty Cases

o r Permanent Court of Arbitration Case

Repository
PCA Case Repository

I
Case Narnes and Institutional Authors o
>United Nations Reports of International
Arbitral Awards
R.r.A.A.
I
> Wodd Arbitration Reporter World Arb. Rep. (,i55ug
numberr)
I
T6 CASE NA]VIES AI\[D INSTITUfiONAL AUTHORS I
IN CITATIONS
Abbreviate case names in citations by abbreviating any word listed below (rule I
10.2.2>.It is permissible to abbreviate other words of eight letters or more if
substantial space is thereby saved and the result is unambiguous in context.
(Thus, it would be permissible to abbreviate "Encyclopaedia Britannica' to
I
"Encyc. Britannica,' "Attorney" to "Att'y," or "Petroleum" to "Petrol.") Unless
otherwise indicated, plurals are formed by adding the letter
any word in the possessive form by adding an aposrophe
"s." Abbreviate
if the word is plural
o
and an apostrophe with the letter "s' if the word is singular (Ihus, abbreviate
"Employees'" to "Emps.'" and "Employee's'to "Emp.'s'). o
>Academ[ic, y]
>Administratlive, ionl
Acad.
Admin.
>Communication
>Cornmunity
Commc'n
Cmty.
I
>Administrattor,
>Advertising
rixl
>Agriculturle, all
Adm'[r, x]
Advert.
>Company
>Compensation
Co.
Comp. o
I
Agric. >Computer Comput.
>Alliance Atl. >Condominium Condo.
>Altemative Alt. > Congress[ional] Cong.
>America[n]
>and
>Associate
Am.
&
Assoc.
> Consolidated

>Construction
> Continental
Consol.
Constr.
Cont'1
o
>Association
>Atlantic
Ass'n
Atl.
> Cooperative

>Corporat[e, ion]
Coop.
Corp. a
>Authority
>Automo[bile, tive]
>Avenue
Auth.
Auto.
Ave.
>Correction[s, al]
>County
>Defen[der, se]
Corr.
cty.
Def.
I
>Bankruptcy
>Board
>Broadcast[er,ing]
Bankr.
Bd.
>

>
Department
Detention
Dep't
Det. o
o
Broad. >Development Dev.
>Brotherhood Bhd. > Digital Dig.
>Brothers Bros. >Difector Dir.
>Building
>Business
>Casualty
BldS.
Bus.
>Discount
>Distributlor, ing]
Disc.
Distrib. I
I
Cas. > District Dist.
>Cent[er, re] Ctr. >Division Div.
>Central Cent. >East[em]

t
E.
>Chemical Chem. >Econom[ic, ical, Econ.
>Coalition Coal. ics, yl
> College Coll. >Education[al] Educ.
>Commission
>Commissioner
>Committee
Comm'n
Comm'r
>Electrlic, ical, iciry,
onicl
>Employee
Elec.
o
o
Emp.
Comm.
o Case Nlrtrcs and lrlstitutionlrl Authors

o >
>
Employler, mentl
Enforcement
Emp'[r,
Enft
t] >

l
Maritime
Market
Mar.
Mkt.

t > Engineer

> Engineering

> Enterprise
Eng'r
Eng'g
Enter.
> Marketing

> MechanicIal]

> Medic[al, ine]

Mktg.
Mech.
Med.

o ) Entertainment
> Environment

> Environmental
Entm't
Env't
Envtl.
> Memorial

r Merchan[t, dise,
Mem'I
Merch.

o
disingl
i Equality Equat, > Metropolitan Metro.
> Equipment Equip.

t
> Mortgage Mortg.
> Examiner Exam'r > Municipal Mun.
> Exchange Exch. > Mutual Mut.
> Executive Exec.

o
> National Nat't
> Execut[or, rix] Ex'[r, x] > Natural Nat.
> Expkrrat[ion, ory] Expl.
> North[ernl N.
> Export[er, ation]

o > Federal

> Federation
Exp.
Fed.
Fed'n
>

>
NortheastIern]
Northwest[ern]
Ne.
Nw.

I > Fidelity

> Financle, ial, ingl

Fid.
Fin.
>

>
Number
Opinion
No.
Op.

t >Foundation > Organiz[ation, ingl org.

Found.
>General Gen.
> Pacilic Pac.
r Global Glob.
> Parish Par.

a > Govemment

> Group

> Guaranty
Gov't
Grp.
> Pannership
>Person[al, nel]
> PharmaceuticIs, al,
P'ship
Pers.
Pharm.

a
Guar,
> Hospitallityl Hosp. alsl
> Housing Hous.
> PreservIe, ationl Pres.

o > Import[er, ation] Probat[e, ion]

> Prob.
lmp.
> Incorporated Inc. > ProductIion] Prod.
> Indemnity Indem. > Professional Prof t

o > Indepcnden[ce, tl

> Industrly, ies, iall

Indep.
Indus.
> Property
> Protection
Prop.
Prot.

I > Information

> Institutle, ionl

> Insurance
lnfo.
Inst.
lns.
> Public

> Publication

> Publishing
Pub.
Publ'n
Pubt'g

o ) International
> Investment
Int't
Inv.
>

>
Railroad
Railway
R.R.
Ry.

o > Investor Refining Ref.

>
lnv'r
> l^aboratory
> Regional Reg't
Lab,
> Liability
> Rehabilitatlion, ivel Rehab.
Liab.

a > Limited

> Litigation
Ltd.
Litig.
> Reproduct[ion, ive]

> Resource[sl
Reprod.
Res.

o Restaurant
> Rest.
> Machine [ry] Mach.
> Maintenance
l Retirement Ret.
Maint.
> Road Rd.
> Management

o
Mgmt.
r Savings Sav.
> Manufacturer Mfr.
> School[s] Sch.
> ManufacturinS Mfg.

o
> Scien[ce, tific] 5ci.
Court Narnes o
>
>
Secretary
Securit[y, ies]
5ec'y
Sec.
> Techn[ical, ological,
ologyl
Tech.
I
I
> Telecommunication Telecomm.
> Service Serv.
> Shareholder S'holder >Tele[phone, graph] Tel.
> Temporary Temp.

t
> Social 5oc.
> Society Soc'y >Township Twp.
> Solution Sol. > Transcontinental Transcon.

I
> Southleml s. > Transportlation] Transp.
> Southeastlernl Se.
> TrustIee] Tr.
> Southwest[ern] Sw.
> Turnpike Tpk.
>
>
Steamship[s]
Stfeet
s.s.
5t.
> Uniform
>
>
University
Utility
Unif.
Univ.
utit.
I
Subcommittee

o
> Subcomm.
> Surety Sur. > Village vilt.
> Systemlsl sys. > Westleml W.

T7 COI'RT NAMES
o
The following alphabetical list provides abbreviations for court names to be
used in citing cases according to rule 1.0.4. If the abbreviation for the firll name
o
of the court is not listed below, a composite abbreviation may be assembled
using the words listed in this table. o
>

>
Administrative Court
Admiralfy [Court, Division]
> Aldermen's Court
Admin. Ct.
Adm.
Alder. Ct.
a
> Appeals Court

> Appellate Court

App. Ct.
App. Ct.
o
> Appellate Department

> Appellate Division

App. Dep't
App. Div. o
> Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals

> Bankruptcy Appellate Panel

> Bankruptcy [court, Judge]
ASBCA
B.A.P.
Bankr.
t
> Board of Contract Appeals
> Board of Immigration Appeals
B.C.A.
B.t.A. I
> Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences
>
>
Board ofTax Appeals
Borough Court
B.P.A.t.
B.T.A.
,Name> Bor. Ct.
I
> Central District

> Chancery [Court, Division]

c.D.
ch. I
o
> Children's Court chitd. ct.
> Circuit Court (old federal) c.c.

t
> Circuit Court (state) Cir. Ct.
> Circuit Court of Appeals (federal) Cir.
> Circuit Court ofAppeals (state) Cir. Ct. App.
> City Court
> Civil Appeals
> Civil Court of Record
,Name, City Ct.
Civ. App.
Civ. Ct. Rec.
o
o
I Courl Nitrnct

o '
>
Civil f)isffict Court
Claims Court
Civ. Dist. Ct.
ct. ct.

o > Commerce Court

> Commission
> Common Pleas
Comm. Ct.
Comm'n
C.P. .when appropriate,

o name county or similar

su bdivision,

o Commonwealth Court
> Commw. Ct.
> Conciliation Coun Concil. Ct.
> County Court , Name, Cty. Ct.

a > CountyJudge's Court

> Couft
Cty. J. Ct.
ct.

o
> Court of Appeal (English.l c.A.
> Court of Appeals (federal) Cir.
> Couft ofAppeallsl (state)

I
Ct. App.
> Court ofAppeals for the Armed Forces c.A.A.F.
> Couft of Civil Appeals Civ. App.

o
> Couft of Claims ct. cl.
> Couft of Common Pleas Ct. Com. Pt.
> Court of Criminal Appeals

I
Crim. App.
> Couft of Customs and Patent Appeals c.c.P.A.
> Court of Customs Appeals Ct. Cust. App.

a > Court of Errors

> C()urt of Errors and Appeals
> Couft of Federal Claims
Ct. Err.
Ct. Err. & App.
Fed. Cl.

o > Court of [General, Special] Sessions

> Couft of Intemational Trade
Ct. , Gen. or Spec.' Sess.
Ct. Int'[ Trade

o I Couft of Military App€als

D Court of Military Review
c.M.A.
c.M.R.

t > Couft of Special Appeals

> Court of Vetefans Appeals
> Criminal Appeals
Ct. Spec. App.
Ct. Vet. App.
Crim. App.

a > Criminal District Court

>
>
Customs Couft
Disfict Court (federal)
Crim. Dist. Ct.
Cust. Ct.

o
D.
> District Court (state) Dist. Ct.
> Disrict Court of Appeallsl Dist. Ct. App.

o > Division
> Domestic Relations Court
> Eastem Disffict
Div.

o >
>
Emergency Court of Appeals
Equity [Court, I)ivision]
Emer. Ct. App.
Eq.

o > Family Court

> High Court

Fam. Ct.
High Ct.

o Judicial District lud. Dist.

>

>
Judicial Division lud. Div.
>
Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Liti€iation l.P.M.L.

o ! Justice of the Peace's Court l.P. ct.

trxplanatory Phrases I
>Juvenile Coun
> Land Court
Juv. Ct.
Land Ct. I
o
> Law Court Law Ct.
> Law Division Law Div.
> Magistrate Division Magis. Div.
> Magistrate's Court

> Middle District

Magis. Ct.
M.D. a
> Municipal Court

> Northem District

Orphans' Court
<Name' Mun. Ct.
N.D. I
I
> Orphans'Ct.
> Parish Court <Name, Parish Ct.
> Police Justice's Court Police J. Ct.
> Pr€rogative Court
> Probate Court

> Public Utilities Commission

Prerog. Ct.
Prob. Ct.
P.U.C.
o
> Real Estate Commission

> Recorder's Court

Real Est. Comm'n
Rec's Ct.
o
> Southem District

> Special Court Regional Rail

Reorganization Act
s.D.
Reg't Rait Reorg. Ct. t
>

>
Superior Court
Supreme Court (federal)
Super. Ct.
u.5. o
>

>
Supreme Court (other)
Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Sup. Ct.
App. Div. t
I
> Supreme Court, Appellate Term App. Term
> Supreme Coun of Errors Sup. Ct. Err.
> Supreme Judicial Court Sup. Jud. Ct.
> Surrogate's Court
>Tax Appeal Court
> Tax Court
Sur. Ct.
Tax App. Ct. I
o
T.C.
>Teen Court Teen Ct.
> Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals Temp. Emer. Ct. App.
>

>
Teffitor[ial, y]
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
> TraffEc Court
Terr.
T.T.A.B. o
o
Traffic Ct.
> Tribal Court <Name' Tribat Ct.
>Tribunal Trib.
>

>
Water Court
Western District
> Workmen's Compensation Division
Water Ct.
w.D. I
o
Workmen's Comp. Div.
>Youth Court Youth Ct.

T8 EXPII\NATORY PHRASES o
The following table lists a number of explanatory phrases (some of which
contain abbreviations) commonly used to indicate prior or subs€quent history
and weight of authority of judicial decisions. As indicated below, phrases
o
that are followed by a case citation as their direct object (such as "alF g" ot
a
t l.egislal ivl' l)tlcutncnts

o "overruled by") are aot followed by commas. Phrases introducing a case

ciration for the action inclicated by the explanatory phrase (such as
denied,"'S are followed by commas, which are not itahcized (see rule 2'
"cert
l(0)'
o See rule 10.7 for guidance in using
, OCq.
explanatory phrases'
, dismissing appeal from

o > acq. in result

, aff d,
>

>
enforced,
enforcing

o , off d bY on equallY divided court,

> aff d mem.,
, invalidoted by
, mondomus denied,

o , off d on other grounds,

> aff d on reh'9,
, modified,
, modifying

o ,alf9
, omended by
> nonocq.
. overruled by

I >

>
appeal denied,
oppeal dismissed,
>

F
perm, opp. denied,
perm, app. gronted,
petition for cert. filed,

o
>
> oppeal docketed,
> appeol filed, > prob. juris. noted,
, reh'g gronted [denied]'

o
> argued,
> cert, denied, , rev'd,
, cert. dismissed, , rev' d on other grounds,

o > cert. dismissed os improvidently

granted,
, rev'd per curiom,
> rev' g

o > ceft. granted,

, certifying questions to
>

>
vocated,
vacoting as moot

o > denying cert. to > withdrawn,

o T9 LEGISIATTVE DOCUMENTS
This table gives suggested abbreviations for citation of the words most
o commonly found in legislative documents. In some cases, it indicates that
a

word should not be abbreviated. Words of more than six letters not appearing

o on the list may also be abbreviated if the abbreviation selected is unambiguous.

omit all articles and prepositions from any abbreviated titl€ if the document can
be identified unambiguously without them.

o > Annals
r'Annual
Annals
Ann.

o >

>
Assembly[man, woman, member]
Bill
Assemb.
B.

o > Committee
> Concurrent
Comm.
Con.
Conf.

o
> Conference

> CongressIional] Cong.

> Debate Deb.

o
Geographical Terms I
> Delegate
>Document[s]
Det.
Doc. a
>

>
Executive
Federal
Exec.
Fed. a
I
> House H.
> House of Delegates H.D.
> House of Repres€ntatives H.R.
>Joint
>lrgislat[ion, ive]
t.
Legis. I
I
> Irgislature Leg.
>Miscellaneous Misc.
>Number No.
>

>

>
Order
Record
Register
Order
Rec.
Reg.
o
>

>
Regular
Report
Reg.
Rep.
o
>

>
Representative
Resolution
Rep.
Res. I
a
> Senat€ s.
> Senator Sen.
> Service Serv.
>

>
Session
Special
>Subcommittee
Sess.
Spec. I
o
Subcomm.

TlO GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS

The following list provides abbreviations for geographical locations for use in
I
case citations (rules 10.2.2 and 10.4), names of institutional authors (rule
f 5.1(c)), periodical abbreviations(de 16 and table T13), foreign materials
(rule 20.f), and treaty citations (rule 21.4.2).
I
Tf.0.1 U.S. States, Cities, and Territories
I
States o
I
>Hawaii Haw.
>Alabama Ala.
>Alaska
> Idaho ldaho
Alaska

t
>Arizona Ariz.
> Illinois il1.

>Arkansas > Indiana lnd.

Ark.
>Califomia
>Iowa lowa
Cal.

o
> Kansas Kan.
>Colorado Colo.
>Kentucky Ky.
> Connecticut Conn.
>Louisiana La.

o
> Delaware Del.
>Maine Me.
> Florida Fla.
>Maryland Md.
> Georgia Ga.
> Massachusetts Mass.

o
o (icographic:rl'I erlrrr

I >

>
Michigan
Minnesota
; Mississippi
Mich.
Minn.
> Oregon
) Pennsylvania
Or.
Pa.

o Miss. Rhode Island

> R.t.
> Missouri Mo. b South Carolina s.c.

t
> Montana Mont. South Dakota S.D.
'
> Nebraska Neb. I Tennessee Tenn.
> Nevada Nev. r Texas Tex.

o r New Hampshire
I NewJersey
>New Mexico
N.H.
N.J.
t Utah
r Vermont
r Virginia
Utah
vt.

I
N.M. Va.
> New York N.Y. , Washington Wash.
> North Carolina N.C. r West Virginia W. Va.

o > North Dakota

r Ohio
r Oklahoma
N.D.
Ohio
> Wisconsin

> Wyoming
Wis.
wyo.

I
Okla.

Cities

o Abbreviations for city names may als<l be composed from state name
abbreviations above. For example, "Oklahoma Citv" should be shortcned to

a "Okla. City."
> Baltimore Balt.

a '
l
Boston
Chicago
Dallas
Bos.
chi.

I
> Dall.
> District of Columbia D.C.
> Houston Hous.

o >

>
Los Angeles
New York
r Philadclphia
L.A.
N.Y.C.
Phila.

o > Phoenix

> San Francisco

Phx.
5.F.

o i"*ito"i"t
o >American Samoa
>

>
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Am. Sam.
Guam
N. Mar. l.

a > Puerto Rico

> Virgin Islands

P.R.
v.t.

o TlO.2 Australian States and Canadian Provinces

o Australia
and Territories

a > Australian Capital Territory Austl. Cap. Terr.

I
> New South Wales N.S.W.
Geographical Terms t
>Northern Territory
>Queensland
N. Terr.
Queensl. I
>South Australia
>Tasmania
5. Austl.
Tas.
t
t
>Victoria Vict.
> Westem Australia W. Austl.

Canada
>Alberta Alta. I
a
>British Columbia B.C.
> Manitoba Man.
>NewBrunswick N.B.
>

>
Newfoundland & Iabrador
Northwest Territories
Nfld.
N.W.T. o
> Nova Scotia
>Nunavut
> Ontario
N.S.
Nun.
Ont.
I
> Prince Edward Island

> Qu€bec
P.E.r.
Que. o
> Saskatchewan
>Yukon
Sask.
Yukon a
T10.3 Countries and Regions I
>Afghanistan
>Africa
Afg.
Afr. I
>Albania
>Algeria
>Andorra
Atb.
Ats.
Andorra
I
>Angola
>Anguilla
Angl.
Anguitla
o
>Antarctica
>Antigua & Barbuda
Antarctica
Ant. & Barb. I
>Argentina
>Armenia
>Asia
Arg.
Arm,
t
I
Asia
>Austfdia Austl.
>Austria Austria
>Azerbaijan
> Bahamas
Azer.
Bah. t
Bahrain Bahr.

I
>

> Bangladesh Bangl.

Barbados

I
> Barb.
>Belarus Belr.
>Belgium Belg.
> Belize Belize
t
o (ierlgrlrph it itI'l'crtns

o >

>
Benin
Bermuda
Benin
Berm.

o
> Bhutan Bhutan
> Bolivia Bol.
> Bosnia & Herzegovina Bosn. & Herz.

o t
>
Botswana
Brazil
Bots.
Braz.

o >

>

>
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Brunei
Bulg.
Burk. Faso

O >

>
Burundi
Cambodia
Burundi
Cambodia

o >

t
Cameroon
Canada
Cameroon
Can.

o >

>

>
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African RePublic
Cape Verde
Cayman ls.
Cent. Afr. ReP.

o >

>
Chad
Chile
Chad
Chile

o >
>
China, PeoPle's RePublic
Colombia
of China
Colom.

a > Comoros Comoros

> Congo, Democratic RePublic of the Dem. ReP. Congo
> Congo, Republic ofthe Congo

o F

>
Costa Rica
C6te d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
Cdte d'lvoire

I F

>
Croatia
Cuba
Croat.
Cuba

t >

>
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Czech

t
> Denmark Den.
> Diibouti Diib.
> Dominica Dominica

o > Dominican RePublic

> Fruador
Dom. Rep.
Ecuador

I
Egvpt
" Egypt
> El Salvador El5al.
> England Eng.

I >

P
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eq. Guinea
Eri.

I >

>
Estonia
Ethiopia
Est.
Eth.
Eur.

o
> Europe
> Falkland Islands Falktand ls.
> Fiii Fiii

o
Geographical Terms o
>

>
Finland
France
Fin.
Fr.
t
>

>
Gabon
Gambia
Gabon
Gam. I
>

>

>
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Geor.
Ger.
Ghana
t
>

>
Gibraltar
Great Britain
Gib.
Gr. Brit. I
>

>
Greece
Greenland
Greece
Green. o
>

>

>
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Gren.
Guad.
Guat.
t
>

>

>
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guy.
I
>

>
Haiti
Honduras
Haiti
Hond.
O
>Hong Kong
> Hungary
H.K.
Hung.
o
>

>
Iceland
India
lce.
lndia a
Indonesia

I
> Indon.
> Iran lran
t Iraq lraq
>

>
Ireland
Israel
lr.
lsr. o
>

>
Italy
Jamaica
It.
Jam. I
> Japan
>Jordan
> Kazakhstan
Japan
Jordan
Kaz.
t
>

>
Kenya
Kiribati
Kenya
Kiribati I
>

>
Korea, North
Korea, South
N. Kor.
S. Kor. I
I
> Kosovo Kos.
> Kuwait Kuwait
> Kyrgyzstan Kyrg.
> Laos

> l,,tYia
Laos
Lat. I
kbanon
o
> Leb.
> Irsotho Lesotho

I
> Liberia Liber.
t (icographicarl -l'trttrs

o >

>
Libya
Liechtenstein
Libya
Liech.

t > Lithuania
> Luxembourg
Lith.
Lux.

t
) Macau Mac.
> Macedonia Maced.
> MadaS;ascar Madag.

o >

>
Malawi
Malaysia
Malawi
Matay.
Maldives

o
> Maldives
> Mali Mali
> Malta Malta

a >

>
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Marsh. ls.
Mart.

o > Mauritania
> Mauritius
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mex.

o
> Mexico
> Micronesia Micr.
> Moldova Mold.

o > Monaco
'Mongolia
Monaco
Mong.

o >

>
M<lntenegro
Montserrat
> Morocco
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco

o >

>
Mozambique
Myanmar
Mozam.
Myan.

a >

>
Namibia
Nauru
Namib.
Nauru

o > Nepal Nepal

> Netherlands Neth.
> New Zealand N.Z.

a > Nicaragua
Niger
Nicar.
Niger

t
>

> Nigeria Nigeria

> North America N. Am.
N. lr.

o
> Northern Ireland

> Norway Nor.

Oman

I
> Oman
> Pakistan Pak.
> Palau Patau

o r
i
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Pan.
Papua N.G.
Para.

o 'Paraguay
>

>
Peru
Philippines
Peru
Phit.

o
 Geographical Tenns o
>

>
Pitcaim Island
Poland
Pitcairn ls.
Pol. t
>

>
Portugal
Qatar
Port.
Qatar I
I
> R6union R6union
> Romania Rom.
> Russia Russ.
>

>
Rwanda
Saint Helena
Rwanda
St. Helena I
Saint Kitts & Nevis

I
> 5t. Kitts & Nevis
> Saint Lucia St. Lucia
> Saint Vincent & the Grenadines

I
St. Vincent
> Samoa Samoa
> San Marino San Marino
> Sio Tom6 and Principe
> Saudi Arabia

> Scotland
Sio Tom6 & Principe
Saudi Arabia I
o
Scot.
> Senegal Sen.
> Serbia Serb.
>

> Sierra
Seychelles
kone
sey.
Sierra Leone I
o
> Singapore Sing.
> Slovakia 5lovk.

I
> Slovenia Slovn.
> Solomon Islands Solom. ls.

t
> Somalia Som.
> South Africa S. Afr.
> South America 5.Am.
t
> Sri

>
Spain
Ianka
Sudan
Spain
Sri Lanka o
I
Sudan
> Suriname Surin.
> Swaziland Swaz.
>

>
Sweden
Switzerland
Swed.
5witz. o
I
t Syria Syria
>Taiwan Taiwan
>Taiikistan Taj.
>Tanzania
> Thailand
Tanz.
Thai. o
>

>

>
Timor-Irste (Bast Timor)
Togo
Tonga
Timor-Leste
Togo I
o
Tonga
>Trinidad & Tobago Trin. & Tobago
> Tunisia Tunis.

I
t .J rrtlges arrcl ()fticials

o >

>
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turk.
Turkm.

I > Turks & Caicos Islands

r Tuvalu
> Uganda
Turks & Caicos ls.
Tuvalu
Uganda

o > Ukraine
> United Arab Emirates
Ukr.
U.A.E.

o > United Kingdom

> United States of America

U.K.
U.S.

I ' Uruguay
' Uzbekistan
> Vanuatu
Uru.
Uzb.
Vanuatu

o >Vatican Ciry
> Venezuela
Vatican
Venez.

o >

>
Vietnam
Virgin Islands, British
Viet.
Virgin ls.

I
Wales
' Wales
> Yemen Yemen
> T,ambia Zam.

o >Zimbabwe Zim.

o T11 JUDGES AND OFFICIALS

I Abbreviate titles of iudges and other officials according to the following table
See rule 9 for further guidance in using abbreviated titles.

Administrative t^aw Judge A.L.J.

o
>

- Arbitrator Arb.
> Assembly[man, woman, member] Assemb.

o >

>
Attomey General
Baron
Att'y Gen.
B.
c.

o
> Chancellor
> Chief Baron c.B.
> Chief Judge, Chief Justice c.J.

a >

'
Commissioner
Delegate
Comm'r
Det.

o
> Honorable Hon.
>Judge, Justice t.

t
>Judges, Justices il.
> Lord Justice L.J.

> Magistrate Mag.

t >

>

>
Master of the Rolls
Mediator
Referee
M.R.
Med.
Ref.

o >

>
Representative
Senatof
Rep.
5en.

t > Vice Chancellor v.c.

 Periodicals I
TI2 MONTHS
t
t
In citations, abbreviate the names of months as follows:
>January Jan.
>February

t
Feb.
> March Mar.
>April Apr.
tMay

o
May
>June June

t
>July Juty
>August Aug.
> September Sept.
>October
>November
>December
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
I
T13 PERIODICALS
o
Always use the title of the periodical that appears on the title page of the issue
you are citing, even if the title of the periodical has changed over time.
o
Note that preferred abbreviation conventions for individual journals may differ
from those listed in this table. The abbreviation conventions listed here are a
primarily intended to serve
source.
a national audience and to clearly indicate the cited
I
To abbreviate English language periodical titles, use tables Tl3.L, T13.2,
and T1O. Common institutional names (e.g., law schools, professional
organizations, and geographic units commonly found in institutional names) I
are listed in table T13.1. If an institutional name is nor listed in table Tl3.L,
individual words should be abbreviated using tables Tl3.l, Tl3.Z, and Tl0.
If a word in an institutional name is not listed in these tables, use the firll word
a
in the abbreviated periodical title. Other words in the periodical title should be
abbreviated using tables T13.1, T13.2, and T1O. If a word is listed in neither I
tableTlS.2 nor table T1O, use the fiilI word in the abbreviated title.
Omit the words "a," "at," "in," "of," and "the" Out retain the word ,,on',). AIso,
if the title consists of only one word after the words "a,', ,,at," ,,in,,' ,,oi,, and
t
"the" have been omitted, do not abbreviate the remaining word. Rule 6.1(a)
explains the spacing of abbreyiations. I
> Richard A. Posner, The Bluebook Blues, tzoYere L.J. 85o (zou).

If a periodical title irself contains an abbreviation, use that abbreviation in the I

o
abbreviated title:
> IMF Sunv.

Omit commas from periodical title abbreviations but retain other punctuation:
> Peter H. Huang & Ho-Mou Wu, More OrderWithout More Low: A I
Theory of Social Norms ond Organizationol Culfures, ro J.L. Ecor,r.
& ORG. 39o (tSgt+).
I
I
o I'erioclit als

t > Nineteen Stotes Adopt Code ofJudiciol Conduct, Ovez! Ovez!, Feb'
797 4, al 77.

o > Amy Hackney Btackwett & Christopher William Blackwell, Hiiacking

Shored Heritage: Culturol Artifocts and lntellectuol Property
Rights,13 CHl.-KENr l. lHrEu. Pnop. tll Qotl)'
a For periodical titles containing colons, omit words following the colon from
the abbreviation:

o > Darren J. Mills, Personal Goodwill, a Corporote Asset, or

at AIl,97 TAxEs 47 (2013).
No Asset

I Not: Darren l. Mills, Personal Goodwill, a Corporate Asset, or No

Asset ot AIl,9r Trxrs: THe Tex MneaztHe ql Qotl)

o If a periodical has been renumbered in a new series, indicate that fact:

> Jill Martin, The Statutory Sub-Tenancy: A Right Against the World?,

o 41 CoNv. & Pnop. Lnw. (n.s') 96 (7977).

For perioclical abbreviations in languages other than English, see rules 20'2'3

I and2O.6.

For online supplements to the print publication, use the citation for the print

o publication, followed by the online supplement name:

> Cot-um. L. Rev. Stoeeln

a > Henv. L. Rev. Fonum

o T13.f
> Adelaide
Institutions
ADEL.

a >

>
Air Force
Albany
A.F.
Ar-e.

t American Bar Associatkrn (ABA)

> A.B.A.
> American Intellectual Property Law AIPLA
Association

I > American Law Institute

> [Journal of the] American Medical

Association
A.L.r.
UIAMA

o > American Society of Composers, Authors,

& Publishers
ASCAP

t
> American tlniversify AM. U.
> Boston College B.C.
> Boston University B.U.

o >

>
Brigham Young UniversitY
Brooklyn
BYU
Bnoor.
rr.

I
> Buffalo Bu
> California (Cat-lrtxNn l-tw Rwlrw only) Cllr r.
Cnp.

t
> Capital
> Chapman CHAP.
> Chartered Life Underwriters c.L.u.
> Cincinnati Ctt't.

o
Periodicals t
>City University of New York
>Cleveland
CUNY
CLev. I
>Columbia
>Cumberland
>Denver
CoLUM.
CuMe. t
I
DENv.
> Detroit Der.
>Dickinson Drcr.
>Duquesne
>Eastleml
DUa.
E. I
I
> Foreign Broadcast Information Service F.B.t.S.
>George Mason Geo. Masor
>George Washington GEo. WAsH.
>Georgetown
>Gonzaga
>Harvard
Geo.
GoNz.
HARv.
I
>Howard
>John Marshall
How.
J. Mnnsnnu
o
>Judge Advocate General['s]
>Tas Vegas
JAG
L.V. I
>

>

>
Iawyer's Reports Annotated
Loyola
Marquette
L.R.A.
LoY.
Mnne.
I
>Melboume
>Memphis
MErB.
MEM. I
>New England
>New York University [School of law]
>Nonh[ern]
Nrw Ene.
N.Y.U.
N.
I
>Northeast[em]
>Northwestleml
NE.
Nw. I
>P€pperdine
>Pittsburgh
>Richmond
Pepp.
Prrr.
Rrcr.
t
>Rocky Mountain Mineral Iaw Institute RocKY MTN. MrN. L.
lxsr. I
Saint Iouis Sr, Lours

I
>

> SanFemando Valley Srr FenH. V.

> Southeast[em] Se.
> South[ern]

> Southem Methodist University

s.
SMU o
> Southwest[ern]

> Stanford
>Temple
Sw.
Srnr.
Tettlp.
I
>ThomasJefferson
>Thomas M. Cooley
T. Jrrrensor
T.M. CooLEY I
o
>Thurgood Marshall T. Mansreu
>Toledo ToL.
>Tulane

I
Tur-.
o l'eriodic:rls

o >

>
Universidad de Puerto Rico
University of Califomia
u. P.R.
u.c.

I > University of Califomia - Los Angeles

> Universify of Missouri Kansas Cify

> University of the District of Columbia,

UCLA
UMKC
uDc/DcsL

o David A. Clarke School of I:w

> Univeniity of West Los Angeles UWLA
Vel.

o
> Valparaiso
> Vanderbilt VAND.
> Villanova VrLL.

o > Washington & Lee

> \ifestIem]

>William & Mary

WASH.
w.
WM. & MARY
& LEE

o > William Mitchell Wm. MtrcxEt-t-

o T13.2 Common Words

I >

>
Academ[ic, y]
Account[ant, ants, ing, ancYl
> Administrat[ive , or, ion]
AcAD.
Accr.
Aotrittt.l.

o > Advertising
> Advoca[te, cy]
ADVERT.
ADvoc.
Arr.

o
> Affairs

> AfricaIn] AFR.

> AgriculturIe, al] Ae ntc.

I >

>
Amendment
America[n, s]
AMEND.
Am.

o > Ancestry AHc.

> and &
> Annual ANN.

o > Appellate

> Arbitrat[ion, or, ors]

APP.
Ane.

I >

>
Association
Attorney
> Bankruptcy
Ass't't
Arr'v
BANKR.

o >
>
Baf
BehaviorIal]
B.
BEHAv.

o > British Bntr.

> Bulletin But-t-.
r Business Bus.

o >

>
Capital
Catholic
Cep.
Carx.
Crn.

o
> Cent[er, re]

> Central CrHr.

> Children['sl Cutto.

I >
>
Chronicle
Circuit
CnnoH.
CrR.
Ctv.

o
> Civil
 Periodicals o
>
>
Civil Libert[y, ies]
CMI Rights
c.L.
c.R. t
>
>
College
Commentary
Commerc[e, ial]
>
c.
CommeHr.
Com.
I
> Communication[s]
> Comparative
Corum.
Conp. I
> Conference
>
>
Congressional
Constitution[al]
Corr.
Core.
CoHsr.
t
> Contemporary
> Contract[s]
> Conveyancer
Corremp.
CoHr. o
o
Cottv.
> Corporat[e, ion] Conp.
> Cosmetic Cosra,
> Counsel[or, ors, or's]
> Couft
CouHs.
Cr. o
I
> Courts Crs.
> Criminal Cnrm.
> Defense Dpr.
>
>
Delinquency
Department
Deure.
Dep'r I
I
> Derecho DER.
> Development[s] Drv.
> Digest Dra.
> Diplomacy
> Dispute
> Doctor
DrPL.
Drsp. I
o
Dn.
> Econom[ic, ics, ical, y] EcoH.
> Education[al] Eouc.
> Employle€, ment]
> English
Emp.
Erc. I
I
> Entertainment Err.
> Environment Env'r
> Environmental Ervrl,
>
>
Estate[s]
Europe[an]
Esr.
Eun. I
t
> Faculty Fnc.
> Family Fntrn.
> Federal

t
FED.
> Federation Feo't
> Financ[e, ial] Frr,r.

I
> Fortnightly Fonr.
> Forum F.
> Foundation[s] FouHo.
>
>
General
Government
Ger.
Gov'r o
I
> Hispanic Hrsp.
o I'crio<licals

o >
>
Histor[ical, y]
Hospital
Hrsr.
HosP.
utvt.

a
> Human H

> Humanit[Y, iesl HUMAN.

> Immigration Iwtmre n.

I ' Independent
> Industrial
> Inequalify
I

I
NDEP.

INEQ.
N DUS.

o > Information
> Injury
I

tNl.
Hro.

o > Institutc
> Insurance
Intellectual
I

lHs.
Nsr.

lHreu.

o
>
> Interdisciplinary INTERDISC.

> Intercst I nr.

o > Intemational
> Invest[mcnts, ors]
I

tNv.
J.
nr'l

o
> Joumal
> Judicial IUD.
> Juridical I unt o.

a > Jurisprudencc

>
Justice
,u Rrs.
Jusr.
IUV.

o
> Juvenile
> Labor LAB.
> I.aw L.

t >
>
Law (lirst word)
I-awyerIs, s', 's]
LAW
LAw.

t > Legislat[ion, ive] LEGrs.

> Librar[y, ian, ies] LI BR,

> Litigation Ltrte .

o >
>
Local
Magazine
LOC.
Mnc.
Menr.

I
> Management
> Maritime Men.
> Market MKr.

t > Matrimonial
> Medic[al, ine]
> Military
Mlrnttta.
MED.
Mtt-.

o > Mineral
> Modcrn
Mtn.
Moo.

o > Municipal
> National
MuH.
Nnr'l
Nar'ltrv

I
> Nationality
> Natural NAT.

> Negligence NEGL.

a > Negotiation NEGor.

> New Series N.S.
> Newsletter NEwsL.

o
Periodicals I
>Office
> Order
Orr.
Ono. I
> Organization

> Paci.fic
One.
Pec.
I
I
> Pat€nt Par.
> Personal PERs.
>Perpsective[s] Pensp.
>Philosoph[ical, y]
>Planning
>Policy
Prru
Pun. I
I
Por-'v
> Politicfal, sl PoL.
> Practilcd, ce, tioner(s)] PRAc.
> Privat€
>Probat[e, ion]
>Problems
Pnrv.
PRoB.
Pnoes.
o
>Proceledings, dure]
> Products Liability
PRoc.
PRoD, L|AB. I
Pnor.

a
> Profession[al]

> Property Pnop.

> Psycholog[ical, y] PsYcnou
> Public

>Publishing
Pua.
Pue. I
>Pu€rtoriquefro
>

>
Quarterly
Record
P.R.
a.
REc.
I
>

>
Referee[s]
Register
REF.
Ree. o
Regtilat[ion, ory]

o
> REG.
> Relations REt.
> Report[s, er] Rep.
> Reproductlion, ive]

> Research
Repnoo.
REs. I
>

>

>
Reserve
Resolution
Responsibility
REs.
Resou
Resp.
I
>Review
> Revista
Rev.
REv. I
>

>
Rights
>School
Scien[ce, ces, tific]
RTs.
5cx.
Scr.
I
>

>
Scottish
Section
Scor.
SEc. I
>

>

>
Securities
Sentencing
Service
Sec.
Serr'c
5env.
t
>

>
Social
Society
5oc.
Soc'v o
> Sociolog[ical, y] Soc.

I
O I)rrblishitrg'l'trrns

a >

'
Solicitor[s, s', 's]
State
Sor-rc.
Sr.

I >

>
Statisticls, all
Studies
t Supreme Court
Srrr.
Sruo.
Sup. Cr.

I >

>
Survey
Symposium
Sunv.
5YMP.

o
t System 5vs.
> Taxation TAx'N
r Teacher Tcnn.

I >Techn[ique, ology]
' TelecommunicationIs]
Trcu.
TELEcoMM.

I > Transnational

t Transportation
> Tribune
TnnHsrlr'l
Tnensp.
Tnra.

o > Trust[ee, sl

' flniform Commercial Code

Tn.
ucc
u.s.
o
> United States

> [Jniversitlies, yl tl
> Urban URB.

o > Utilitlies, yl
>Week
UTr L.

WK.

o
> Weekly Wxr-v.
) Yearbook (or Year Book) Y.B.

I TI4 PUBTISHING TERD{S

t Abbreviate publishing terms in citations according to

following table:
rule 15.4 and the

o >

>
abridge[d, ment]
annotated
abr.
ann.
anon.

I
> anonymous
t clrca
> compilIation, edl comp.

o >

'draft
copyright

'editIion, ()rl
copy.
drft.
ed.

o > manuscript
'mimeograph
m5.
mimeo.

t t new series
" no date
n.5.
n.d.

I
> no place n.p,
publisher n. pub.
'no
> offprint offprt.

t 'old
>
series
permanent
I photoduplicated reprint
o.s.
perm.
photo. reprt.

o r printing prtg.
 Services t\
>

>
replacement
reprint
rep[.
reprt. I
o
>revis[ed, ion] rev.
> special spec.
temporary
> temp.
> tentative

>translat[ion, or]
tent.
trans. I
>unabridged
>volume
unabr.
vol.
t
TI5 SERVICES I
Abbreviations commonly used in referring to service publishers include the
following: o
>Bloomberg BNA
> Cornmerce Clearing House
>Matthew Bender
BNA
ccH I
I
MB
>Research Institute of America RIA

Abbreviations for some of the most frequently cited services are listed below.
Following each looseleaf service title, the lisr indicates the appropriate
abbreviation ofthe service, the publisher, and coffesponding bound services. t
Names of bound services that differ markedly from their looseleaf forms are
printed in italics and crossreferenced to the looseleaf forms. See rule 19 for
further guidance on citation to services.
I
>Administrative kw Third Series
>Affirmative Action Compliance Manual for
Admin. L.3d (BNA)
Aff. Action Compl. Man.
I
Federal Contractors
>AIDS Law & Litigation Reporter
(BNA)
AIDS L. & Litig. Rep.
(Univ. Pub. Group)
o
>All States Tax Guide
>American Federal Tax Reports, Second
All St. Tax Guide (RlA)
A.F.T.R.zd (RlA) I
Series
>American Stock Exchange Guide Am. Stock Ex. Guide
(ccH) I
>Antitrust & Trade Regulation Report

>Aviation Iaw Reporter

Antitrust & Trade Reg.
Rep. (BNA)
Av. L. Rep. (CCH)
I
bound as Aviation Cases
>BNA'S Banking Report
Av. Cas. (CCH)
Banking Rep. (BNA) o
I
> Bankruptcy Court Decisions
Bankr. Ct. Dec. (LRP)
> Bankruptcy Iaw Reports Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH)
> Benefits Review Board Service
Ben. Rev. Bd. Serv. (MB)
>Biolaw
>Blue Sky Iaw Repofter
BioLaw (LexisNexis)
Blue Sky L. Rep. (CCH) I
I
> Board of Contract Appeals Decisions-see Contract
Appeals
Decisions
> Business Franchise Guide Bus. Franchise Guide
(ccH)

a
o Scrvices

I >

>
Canadian Commercial Law Guide
Canadian Tax Reponer
Can. Com. L. Guide (CCH)
Can. Tax Rep. (CCH)
Chem. Reg. Rep. (BNA)

o Chemical Regulation Reporter

>

> Chicago Board Options Exchange Guide Chicago Bd. Options Ex.
Guide (CCH)

o > Collective Bargaining Negotiations &

Contracts
> Collier Bankmptcy Cases, Second Series
Collective Bargaining
Negot. & Cont. (BNA)
Collier Bankr. Cas. zd

o > Commodity Futures l-aw RePorter

(MB)
Comm. Fut. L. Rep. (CCH)

t > Communications Regulation

> Congressional Index

> Consumer Credit Guide

Commc'ns Reg. (BNA)
Cong. Index (CCH)
Consumer Cred. Guide

a > Consumer Product Safety Guide

(ccH)
Consumer Prod. SafetY
Guide (CCH)

o > Contract Appeals Decisions bound as Board Cont. App. Dec. (CCH)
or contraci appeals Decisions B.C.A' (CCH)

I > Contracts Cases, Federal-see (]overnment Contracts Reporter

> Copyright Law Decisions

> Copyright Law RePorter

Copyright L. Dec. (CCH)
Copyright L. Rep. (CCH)

o > Cost Accounting Standards Guide

>The Criminal law RePorter

Cost Accounting Stand
Guide (CCH)
Crim. L. Rep. (BNA)

o ' Daily labor Report

> Dominion Tax Cases
Daity Lab. Rep. (BNA)
Dominion Tax Cas. (CCH)

o > EEOC Compliance Manual

> EEOC Compliance Manual

EEOC Compt. Man. (BNA)
EEOC Compl. Man. (CCH)
Empl. Benefits Cas. (BNA)

o Employee Benefits Cases

>

> Empkryec Benefits Compliance (irordinator Empl. Coordinator (RlA)

Empt. Prac. Dec. (CCH)

t
> Employment Practices Guide
bound as Employment Practices
Decisions-see also Labor law Reporter
Health Guide Empl. Safety & Heatth

I 'Employment Safety and

>
bound as Occupational Safety and Health
Decisions
Employment Testing: law & Policy Reporter
Guide (CCH)
O.S.H. Dec. (CCH)
Empl. Testing (Univ. Pub.
Am.)
O > Energy Management & Federal Energy Energy Mgmt. (CCH)

o
Guidelines
> Environment Reponer bound as Env't Rep. (BNA)
Environment RePorter Cases Env't Rep. Cas. (BNA)

I > Environmental l-aw RePorter

> Exempt Organizati<lns RePorts

Envtt. L. Rep. (Envtt. Law
Inst.)
Exempt Org. ReP. (CCH)

o > Fair Empktl,tment Practice Cases-see Labor Relations Reporter

> The Family Law RePoner Fam. L. Rep. (BNA)

o > Family Law Tax Guide Fam. L. Tax Guide (CCH)

> Federal Audit Guides Fed. Audit Guide (CCH)
> Federal Banking Law Reporter Fed. Banking L. ReP.

o (ccH)
 Services I
> Federal Caffiers Repons
bound as Federal Cariers Cases
> Federal Contracts Report
Fed. Carr. Rep. (CCH)
Fed. Carr. Cas. (CCH)
Fed. Cont. Rep. (BNA)
I
> Federal Election Campaign Financing Guide Fed. Election Camp. Fin.
Guide (CCH) a
>

>
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Reporter
Federal Estate and Gift Tax Reporter bound
Fed. Energy Reg. Comm'n
Rep. (CCH)
Fed. Est. & Gift Tax Rep.
t
as Standard Federal Tax Reporter (ccH)
Stand. Fed. Tax Rep.
(ccH)
I
>Federal Excise Tax Reporter
>Federal lncome, Gift and Estate Taxation
Fed. Ex. Tax Rep. (CCH)
Fed. Inc. Gift & Est. Tax'n I
I
(MB)
> Federal Rules Service, Second Series Fed. R.Serv. zd (West)
> Federal Securities Law Reporter Fed. Sec. L. Rep. (CCH)
> Federal Tax Coordinator Second

>Federal Tax Guide Repofts

Fed. Tax Coordinator zd
(RIA)
o
I
Fed. Tax Guide Rep. (CCH)
> Flre & Casualty Cases-see Insurance Law Reports
>Food Drug Cosmetic Law Reporter Food Drug Cosm. L. Rep.
(ccH)
> Government Contracts Reporter
bound as Contracts Cases, Federal
Gov't Cont. Rep. (CCH)
Cont. Cas. Fed. (CCH) o
o
> Govemment Employee Relations Report Gov't Empl. Rel. Rep.
(BNA)
>Housing & Development Reporter Hous. & Dev. Rep. (RlA)
> Human Resources Management OSFIA

Compliance Guide
OSHA Comp. Guide (CCH)
a
I
> Immigfation Iaw Service lmmigr. L. Serv. (West)
>Insurance law Reports bound as: lns. L. Rep. (CCH)
>Personal and Commercial Liabiliw Personal and Comm. Liab.

Ufe, Health & Accident Insurance

>
Cases 2d
(ccH)
Life Health & Accid. Ins.
Cas. zd (CCH)
I
> Intemational Environment Reporter

> International Trade Reporter

Int'l Env't Rep. (BNA)
Int'l Trade Rep. (BNA) I
I
>IRS Positions IRS Pos. (CCH)
> Labor Arbitration Awards Lab. Arb. Awards (CCH)

t
>Iabor Law Reporter bound as: Lab. L. Rep. (CCH)
> Izbor Cases Lab. Cas. (CCH)
> NLRB Decisions-see also Employment NLRB Dec. (CCH)

a
Practices Guide
>labor Relations Reporter bound as: Lab. Rel. Rep. (BNA)
>Fair Employment Practice Cases Fair Empl. Prac. Cas.

> labor Arbitration Reports

(BNA)
Lab. Arb. Rep. (BNA) I
> Iabor Relations Reference Manual

>Wage and Hour Cases

>ABA,/BNA Iawyers' Manual on Professional
L.R.R.M. (BNA)
Wage & Hour Cas. (BNA)
Laws. Man. on Prof.
t
Conduct Conduct (ABA/BNA)
I
o Seryices

a , Life, Healtb e Accident Insurance Cases-see Insurance Law Reports

> Liquor Control law
I Reporter
Reporter Liquor Cont' L' Rep' (CCH)
Media L. Rep. (BNA)

o
Media Law
> Medical Devices Reporter Med' Devices Rep' (CCH)
> Medicare and Medicaid Guide Medicare & Medicaid

I ' Mutual Funds Guide

&
Guide (CCH)
Mut. Funds Guide (CCH)
Nat'l Rep' legal Ethics

I
> National Reporter on trgal Ethics
Professional Responsibility (Univ' Pub' Am')
> New York Stock Exchange Guide N.Y.S'E' Guide (CCH)

I > NLRB Decisions-see Labor Law Reporter

> Reporter
Nuclear Regulation
> occupational Safety & Health Reporter
Nuclear Reg' Rep' (CCH)
O'S'H' Rep' (BNA).

c >
bound as Occupational Safety & Health
Cases
OFCCP Federal contract Compliance
- Manual
O'S'H' Cas' (BNA)

OFCCP Fed' Cont' Compl'

o > Patent, Trademark & Copyright Joumal

Man. (CCH)
Pat' Trademark &
CoPYright l. (BNA)

o, >
>
Pension & Benefits
Pension Plan Guide
Reporter Pens' & Ben' Rep' (BNA)
Pens' Plan Guide (CCH)

I >

>
Pension & Profit Sharing Second

Product Safety & Liability Reporter

Pens' & Profit Sharing zd
(RrA)
Prod' Safety & Liab' Rep'

o > Products Liability Reporter

> Public Utilities Reports
(BNA)
Prod' Liab' Rep' (CCH)
Pub' Utit' Rep' (PUR)

o > School law Reponer Schoot L' Rep' (Educ' Law

Ass'n.)

a >

> SEC
Search & Seizure

Rules
Accounting
Bulletin Search & Seizure Bull'
(Quintan)
SEC Accounting R' (CCH)

o > Secured Transactions Guide Secured Transactions

Guide (CCH)

I Report
> Securities and Federal Corporate l.aw
- Sec' & Fed' Corp' L' Rep'
(West)
> Securities Regulation & Iaw R€port Sec' Reg' & L' Rep' (BNA)

o >
>
ShippingRegulation
Social Security Reporter
> Standard Federal Tax Reporter
Shipping Reg' (BNA)
Soc' Sec' Rep' (CCH)
Stand' Fed' Tax Rep'

o i
bound as U.S. Tax Caies

rax Jcrv[c
(CCH)
U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH)
St. & Loc. Tax Serv' (RlA)

o
Local Tax
and Locar
State ano Service
> State and Local Taxes-see All States Tax Guide
> State Inheritance, Estate, and Gift Tax St. Inher., Est. & Gift Tax

o >
Reporter
State Tax Guide
State Tax RePorter
Rep. (CCH)
5t. Tax Guide (CCH)
5t. Tax ReP. (CCH)

o
>

> Tax Court Memorandum Decisions T.C.M. (RrA)

bound in Tax Court RePorter T.c.M. (ccH) [or (RlA)]
Tax Ct. ReP. Dec' (RlA)

a > Tax Court RePorted Decisions

 Subdivisions o
>

>
Tax Court Repofts
Tmde Regulation Reporter
Tax Ct. Rep. (CCH)
Trade Reg. Rep. (CCH) I
bound as Trade Cases
> Unemployment Insurance Reporter
Trade Cas. (CCH)
Unempl. Ins. Rep. (CCH)
t
t
> Uniform Commercial Code Reporting UCC Rep. Serv. (West)
Service Second
> Union Iabor Report Newsletter Union Lab. Rep. Newsl.
(BNA)
> The United States Iaw Week U.S.L.W. (BNA- publisher
need not be indicated) I
> The United States Patents Quanerly bound

> U.S.
in same name
Tax Cases
-see
u.s.P.Q. (BNA)

Federal Estate and Gift Tax Reporter; Standard t

> U.S.
> U.S.
Federal Tax Reporter
Tax Reporter
Tax Treaties Reporter
U.S. Tax Rep. (RlA)
U.S. Tax Treaties Rep.
I
> Utilities I.aw Reports
(ccH)
Utit. L. Rep. (CCH)
> Wage and Hour Cases-see Iabor Relations Reporter
I
a
TL6 SUBDIVISIONS
The following list provides abbreviations for names of document subdivisions I
frequently used in legal citations. See rule 3 for further guidance in using these
abbreviations. For those abbreviations shown in blue ink, no space appears o
t
between the subdivision abbreviation and the numberletter:
> ch.3
> tbt.3
>
>
addendum
amendment
add. o
I
amend.
> annotation annot.
> appendi[x, ces] app., apps.
>
>
afticle
bibliography
art.
bibtiog. o
I
> book bk.
> chapter ch.
> clause c1.
> column
> commentlary]
> decision
col.
cmt. I
o
dec.
> department dept.
> division div.
> example

> flgure
ex.
fis. o
o
> folio fot.
> footnote[s]
in cross-references note, notes
in other references n,, nn,
o
t Stlbclir isirlrrs

o >

>
historical noteIs]
hypothetical
hist. n., hist. nn.
hypo.

I > illustrationIs] ittus.

> intr()ducti()n intro.
> lineIs] t.,tt.

o t numbcr
> pagclsl
no.

p., pp.

o
in crtlss-references
in other refcrences latl
paragraphIs]

o if symbol appears in source 1t, 1l1l

if otherwise para., paras.
t part pt.

o >
>
preamblc
principlc
pmbl.
princ.
pub.

o
> publication
> ntle r.
> schcdulc sched.

O > sectionIsl
in amending act
in all othcr contexts
sec., secs.
5, S5

o >

>
scrics, scrial
subdivision
ser.
subdiv.

t >
>
>
subsection
supplemcnt
table
subsec.
supp.
tbt.

o > title
r v<llttme
tit.
vot.

I
o
o
o
C
a
I
o
t
@
I Index
t
I Abbreviations
adjacent spacing 0f,87
intergovernmental organizations, 220-
29,491-94

o administrative reporters, 88, 1 11, international and wortd organization

146-47,236-48 materials, 200-31, 491-9 4
administrative reports, 146 judges, tittes, 94, 509

o agencies,88
American Bar Association, 113
American reporters, 103-04, 233-306
law journals and reviews, 510-17
League of Nations materials, 227,497,
495

I "and," in case names, 98

arbitral reporters, 201, 214, 495-96
authors, 149-50
looseleaf services, 190-92, 518-22
model codes, 131-33
months, 510
multiple citations of same work, 78-81

a bound services, 518-22

business firms, 98, 100
case history, 109-10, 500-01
multiple editions and printings, 152-53
municipal ordinances, 130

o
case names, 96-102 names, commonly abbreviated, 9, 88,
case names, in citations, 101-02 98, 100, 101,496-98
case names, international, 206-14 new series, 511, 515, 577

o citations, repeating, /8-81 newsletters, l69

closing up of, 87 newspapers, 163
codes, statutory, 123-25 no date, 153

o
commissions,2l4-18 officials, tittes, 94, 509
commonly abbreviated names, 9, 88, ordinances, 130
10H1,495-98 paragraph symbots, 7 5-7 6, 89, 523

I congressional reports and documents, parties to treaties ,203-04

135-42,501-02 percent symbols, 89
corporate authors, 150 periodicals, 87 , 159-71, 194, 197-98,
57G'577

o
countries, (see foreign countries)
court documents, 29-30
court of decision, 104-06, 498-500
periodicals, English-language, 570-77
periodicals, foreign-language, 194-95,
197-98

a
dollar symbol, 89
editions of books, 152-53, 517 -18
English-language periodicals, 87, 510-17
pluratization of, 496
prepositions in periodical names, 510
prior case history, 109-11

o
English low Report series, 483-84
English monarchs, 476
European Court and Commission of
Human Rights materials, 210,492
publishers of services, 518-22
pubtishing terms, 517-18
punctuation of, 87-88

o European Union materials, 209-10,

227-24,497-92
explanatory phrases, 59, 7 9, 109-10,
repeating citations, 78-81
reporters, foreign, 194 (see also name
of iurisdiction)

o 500-01
foreign countries, 504-09
foreign courts, 193 (see also name of
reporters, United States, 102-04,
233-306
restatements, 7 7, 131-i3

o jurisdiction)
foreign materials, 193, J07 -490
forei gn periodicals, 797 -98
section symbols, 7 5-7 6, 89
services,518-22
session laws, 125-25 (see also name of

o generally,87-89
"hereinafter," use ol 80-81, 203,205,
iurisdiction)
spacing of, 87-88

I
223,225-27,237 standards,131-13
history of cases, 109-1 1 statutes, 120-34 (see also name of
initials, commonly recognized, jurisdiction)
88,98, 100 subdivisions (e.g., section, article,

o institutional authors, 150

lnter-American Commission on Human
Rights materials, 200, 211, 492-93
chapter), 7 1-7 7, 89, 118, 204, 522-2J
subsequent case historY, 109-1 1
taxation material s, 20, 247-43

a titles of books and pamphlets, 151

Index I
I
AbbreYiations, continued
titles of individuals, 94, 509 regulations, 143-45
treaty series,494-95 revenue materials, 20, 2 47-4]

unions, 100
united Nations materials, 215-27, 497
"United States," 88, 99, 150
use of abbreviations not listed in this
book, 87
"Abrogated by," in case history, 110
Abstracts, in law reviews, 165
'Accord," as signal, 58
"Acquiescence," in tax cases, 243, 501
'Act," capitalization of, 92
Action on decision, 243
Acts (see Codes, Session laws, Statutes)
Addenda,T6-77
Addresses (speeches), 69, 754, 77 4-7
Ad ministrative agencies
abbreviation of , 88, 743, 236-48
adiudications, l45-47
arbitrations, l46-42
reporters, 88, 146-47 ,236-48
reports, 145
Administrative cases
citation of, 745-47, 236-48
exact date, when required, 145-47
number of case, when required, 146-47
I
revenue rulings, 20, 247-4J
rules,143-45
slip opinions, 146-47
state, 141, 248-302
tax materials, 20, 241-43
Treasury decision s, 20, 241-4] o
I
Treasury materials, 20, 241-43
Treasury regulations, 20, 241-43
U.N. Administrative Tribunat, 219
United Kingdom,4Z6-ZZ
varieties of, 143
Administrative Procedure Act, 78,134, 140 a
I
Advisory committee notes, 7 6-7 7
5 Affidavits, 25-26,29
"Affirmed" and "affirming," in case
history, 10, 15-16,95,109, 501
Agencies, administrative (see
Administrative agencies)
Agreements, international, 200, 202-06,
I
230-31
Alabama a
t
citation rules and style guides, 45
sources of law, 248-49
Ataska

t
omission of procedural phrases, 146 citation rules and style guides, 45
parallel citation, 147 sources of law, 249-50
recent,746-47 All England Law Repofts,487,483

t
services, when cited, 14l Alphabets, f or eign, 79 4-9 5, 3 44, 35 4,
"sub nom.," use on appeal, 111 )70, )82,393, 404, 444, 454, 469
Administrative law iudges, 93,94, 509 Alterations in quotations, 83-85
Administrative materials Alternative holding, indication ol 107
ad judications, 1 45-47, 236-48
agency publicatio ns, 7 43-48, 236-48
basic citation forms, 143
"Amended by''
in constitution citation, 118
in statute citation, 722, 728-29
o
cases,745-47
citation order, 62-53
of Fed e ra I R e g ulati o ns, 74)-44
Co d e
Amended constitution, 1 18
Amended statutes, 122, 726, 128-29
Amendments
I
compilations of regulations, 143-45
court administrative orders, 115
executive orders, 62, 243
constitutional, 1

model codes, 1)7,133

restatements, 737,733
18

I
I R eg i ste r, 7 43- 44
Fe d e ra

federal rules and regulations, 143-45

foreign (see name ofcountry)
session laws, 125
standards, 131,133
statutes, 722, 726, 728-29
o
o
generally, 1 43-48, 236-48 Treasury regulations, 241-42
lnternal Revenue Service, 20, 247-4) uniform acts, 131
Internet sources,147 "Amendment(s)," abbreviation of,

t
51 3,
names of rules and regulations, 143-45 522
notices, 144-45 American Bar Association
offi cial releases, 143-45 abbreviation as ABA, 133

o
opinions, formal advisory, 240 publications, 1?3, 168-69
order within signal, 62-63 section reports, 168-59
popular names of rules and regulations, Am e ri can I urisprud en ce (Am. lur ), 23,

o
744 155
presidential orders, 62, 243 American Law Institute
presidential pape$, 244 generaUy,131-32
presidential proclamations, 243
proposed rules and regulations, 144-45
proceedings,
pu
l68
blications, 131-T, 168-69
I
o Index

I Americon Law Reports (A.L.R), 168

American Samoa
sources of law, 303
Articles
appearing in two or more parts, 167-68
basic citation forms, 159-60

o Ampersand
authors' names, 22-2f , 749-50
books titles and pamphlets, 22-23
citation order, 63
collected essays, printed in,154
essays in collection, 153-54

a case names, 12, 98

editors'names,151
footnote citation, 74
foreign periodicals, 197-98
forthcoming publications, 175
law reviews and iournals, 159-63

o URL, 185
volumes, parts, and suPPlements,
77-72
magazines, 162-63
multipart, 167-68
newspapers, 163-64

o Annals of Congress,740
Annexes
European Union materials, 222-23
order within signal, 63
page citation, 72-73
periodicals,159-71

a generally, T6-77
U.N. records, 276, 277-78
typeface in law review citations, 67-69
typeface in law review text, 69-10
typeface in non-iournal legal writing' 5

t
World Trade 0rganization materials,
226-27 "Article(s)," abbreviation of, 522
Annotations "Ass'n," in case names, 98, 100, 495
A.L.R., L.R.A.,168 "At," used in citation of Pages or

I generally, 76-77
Annuol Digest ond Reports of Public
l nte rnational Law Case s, 273
sections, 7, 8, 16, 23, 25, 7 2, 78-87
"At," used in electronic media,14,779,
189

I Annual reports
government agencies, 145
lnter-American Commission on Human
Rights, 211
"Attorney General," abbreviation of, 509
Attorney Genera[, oPinions, 240
Audio recordings, 114-15, 188
Auditing standards, 132

O lnternational Court of Justice, 207

"Appeal dismissed," in case history, 110
Australia
sources of national law, 31G-16

o Appeal docketed, 95, 107

Appeals, 95, 106-07 ,709
Appendices
Australian states and territories, 315-18
Austria
sources of national law, 318-22

o codes,124
generally,7 6-77
statutes reprinted in codes, 124
Authentic or officiaI online documents'
1 78-81

Authorities in text, identification of, 57

o U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual, 132

"Appendi[x, ces]," abbreviation
Arabic numerats
of , 522
Authorities previously cited, 78-81
Authors
annotations, 168

o monarchs,475
volumes, 71
Arbitrations
articles in periodicals, 161
book reviews, 156-67
books and pamphlets, 149-50

o administrative, 743, 745-46 collected essays, 1 53-54

international, 207, 174, 227, 237 colloquy, names not given, 167
"Arbitrator," abbreviation of, 509 congressional documents and reports,

o Arbitrators, indicated parenthetically, 146 139

Argentine Republic direct Internet citations, 182
sources of national law, 307-09 essays in collection, 153-5q

o Arizona forewords,154
citation rules and style guides, 45 institutional, 1 50
sources of law, 250-51 law reviews and journals, 762,765-67

o Arkansas model codes, 133

citation rules and style guides, 46 multiple, books and pamphlets, 149-50
sources of law, 251-52 multivolume works, 149
news reports and articles, 163

o
Armed Services Board of Contract
Appeals, 236 newspapers, 163
Article (part of sPeech) no author, 80, 1 62-63, 755-66, 77 0-7 1
periodical materials, 161

o
capitalization of, 91
omission of , 757, 767, 772, 207 periodicals, surveys and symposia in, 167
Index t
Authors, continued
prefaces, 1 54
restatements,131-33
reviewer of book, 166-67
dictionaries, legat, 1 55
edition,152-53
editor, when indicated, 151
I
standards,131-33
student, 151, 155-65
encyclopedias, legat, 1 55-56
The Federolist, T55 o
symposium, names not given, 167
U.N. material,215-21
Author's mistakes in quoted material, 83
Ballentine's Low Dictionory, 755
footnote typefaces, 68-69
forewords, 154
forthcoming publications, 175
generally, 149-58
t
Bankruptcy
appellate panels, 97, 105,2J5,498
.acae q7 I On 1 O1 -O?
given names of authors, 14F50
government agencies as authors, 150 o
I
government agency reports, 145
coutts, 62,97 ,235 institutional authors, 150
pending or unreported cases, 113 Internet sources, 1 56-57
Bon kruptcy Repofter, 235 italicization, when refened to in text,
Bar publications, 168-59
"Baron," abbreviation of, 509
69-70
law reviews and journals, 23-24,68, o
Basic charters, international and world
organizations, 63, 200-02, 220-25,
228-29
162-53,197-98,510-17
legal dictionaries and encyclopedias,
8,155-56 t
Bible,156
Bilts
bills and resolutions, 736-37
congressional, l36-37
letters,154,173
man uscripts, ty ped, 77 2-7 3
multiple authors, 149-50
multiple editions, 152
t
state,117
Block's Low D ictionory, 23, 755
Blackstone's Com m entories, 755
multiple printings, 152-53
m u ltivolu me w orks, 22-23, 1 49, 151

name of author, 149-50

o
Block quotations, 8-9, 82-83
Btogs, 178, 182-83
fhe Bluebook,757,756
names and titles, capitalization, 91,
151,161
number, serial, 155
o
Bloomberg BNA services, 518
Board of Tax Appeats
citation of cases, 62, 235, 242-43, 498
order within signal, 5, 53
page citation, 72-7 4, 149
paragraph citation, 7 5-7 5
o
Book notll, 160,766
Book reviews
citation order, 63
periodicals,5l0-12
photoduplicated reprints, 153, 517
place of publication not given by source,
I
periodicats, 165-67
"Book(s)," abbreviation ol 522
Books and pamphlets
753
place of publication, when required,
15]
o
ABA publications , 133,168-69
abbreviation of title, 151
administrative agency records and
pocket parts, 153
pre-1900 works, 153
prefaces,154
o
tepofts, 743, 745-47
A.L.l. publications, 737-3J
author,149-50
printings,152-53
publication number, 152
repeated citation of, 78-81
o
basic form of citation, 149
book reviews, 165-62
capitalization, 91, 151
reprints, 1 52-53
restatements, 79-20, 737-33
sections, 75-76
o
citation, components of, 149
citation analyzed, 149
citation order, 53
serial number,155
series of, 155
short citation forms, 157-58
o
collected documents, 1 53-54
collected essays, 1 53-54
congressional materials, 135-42
shorter works in collection, 153-54,
757-58
special citation forms, 155-55
o
corporate author,150
date,752-53
date in title, 152
star pages,73, 155
subdivisions of,77-77
subtitles, omitted, 151
o
date not given by source, 153
D eclorati o n of I nde pen de n ce, 75
supplements,153
theses, unpublished, 173
a
o Index

o titles,151
translator, when given, 151
typeface, 6-7, 58, 70, 149
courts,92-93
generally, 91-93
headings, 91

o typeface, authors, 7, 68, 69-70

typeface in court documents and legal
memoranda,6-7
Internet main page titles and URLs, 91
party designations, 10
people or groups, nouns referring to, 91

o typeface in law review citations, 67-69

typeface in law review text,69-70
unpublished w orks, 77 2-7 7
titles of books and articles, 97,757,767
titles of foreign documents, 193-94
Case comments in law reviews, 165-65

o volume designati ons, 7 7-72

well-known works, 23, 755-56
writer of, 149-50
Case history (see History of cases)
Case names
abbreviations, 9/ -102, 496-98

a yeat,752-53
Bound services
abbreviations, 518-22
abbreviations, in citations, 101-02,
496-98
abbreviations, in textual sentences,

o generally,190-92
typeface,190
Brackets
97-707
administrative actions, 146, 235-48
"adminlstrator," omission of, 98

o alterations in quotations, 83-85

establishing short citation or
translation, used in, 80-81, 193-99
ampersand, use of in text, 98
appeal, when different on, 111
"appellee," omission of, 98

o quotations, used in, 83-85

volume designati ons, 7 7-72, 79V97
years, 190-91
arbitrations, 146
arbitrations, international, 214
"Ass'n," abbreviation in text, 98

o Brazil
sources of national law, 328-32
treaty source, 331
bankruptcy, 97
"Bros.," abbreviation in text, 98
business firms, 98, 100

a Briefs and legal memoranda (see Court

documents and legal memoranda)
Briefs and records, citation of
citations, abbreviations in, 101-02'
496-98
cite first listed partY onlY, 96-97

o citation order, 63
generally,113-15
British Columbia
"Co.," abbreviation in text, 98
Commissioner of Internal Revenue,
as party, 101

I sources of law, 336,340

British materials (see Engtand)
Broadcasts, 187-89
Common Market cases, 209-10
common names, when different from
name in reporter, 101, 116

I "Bros.," in case names, 12,98,100' 496

Business firms, in case names, 98' 100
"But cf.," as signal, 59
consolidated actions, 96-97
"Corp.," abbreviation in text, 98
court documents and legal memoranda,

o "But see," as signal, 59

Byline, newspaper articles, 163-64
California
77-72
"d/b/a," omission of,
descriptive terms,98
97

o sources of law, 252-53 different on appeal, 111

Canada "estate of," 97-98
sources of national taw, 332-41 "et a'.," 97
European Court of Justice, 209-70,224

o treaty source, 341

Conodion Guide to llniforn Legol Citotion'
338
"executor," omission of, 98
"ex parte," 98

o CanaI Zone "ex rel.," 97-98

sources of law, 303 first word, retention in full, 95
Canon Law,341 foreign cases, 196

o Canons of Professional Responsibility' generally, 95-102

r )) geographical terms, 99
Cantons, Swiss,458-69 given names and initials of parties'

a Capitalization 99-100
change in quotation, indication of, "1d.," use of,175-77
83-84 "ln re," 97-98

c court documents and legal memoranda, in rem actions, 97,98

9-10 "lnc.." abbreviation in text, 98
Index
Case names, continued
t
"lnc.," when omitted, 100
Internal Revenue Commissioner, as
party, 10i
appea[, disposition on, 95
appeal docketed, 95, 107
arbitrations, 743, 745-46, 207, 274,
o
international arbitrations, 201, 214
International Court of Justice, 200,
227,237
bankruptcy, 97, 705, 1.1.) I
t
206-07 basic citation forms, 9 4-96
"Judgment of," 96 before decision, 14-15, 95-96, 106-07,
Latin words italicized, 90 717-73

I
"licensee," omission ol 98 Bloomberg, 186
"Ltd.," abbreviation in text, 98 briefs, citation of , 24-25, 63, 95,
"Ltd.," when omitted, 100 713-15
mandamus actions, 101 BriIish,477-74
multiple dispositions, when indicated,
101
"N0.," abbreviation in text, 98
certiorari, citation of petition for,
773-75
citation, basic forms of , 94-96
o
omissions in, 97-100
parentheticaL indication of alternate
name, 97, 101
citation, components of, 10, 94-95
citation order, 61-62
citation to particular page, 7, 72-73,
o
parties, only first-listed named, 97
partnerships,97
Permanent Court of International
72-7 4
civil law (foreign) ,196, 198
commentary on, cited with case, 65-66
o
lustice, 206-02
popular names, 96, 98, 101
procedural phrases, 97-98
common law (foreign), 796,798
components of citations, 10,94-95
computerized research services, 14-1 5,
a
real property, as party, 97
running heads, words omitted in,95
short citation form, to entire decision,
777-73, 77 6, 17 8-7 9, 186
concurring opinion, 75, 707
country, indication of , 79]
a
IIb
short forms, 115-18
short names, 101
court of decision, 1)-14,104-06
court of decision, abbreviations, 497-99
court of decision, American, 13-14,
I
state as party in state court decision, 99
surnames, 99-100
textual reference s, 72, 68, 59-70,96
104-06
court of decision, other jurisdictions,
196
o
"The," omission of,98
transcripts, llS-15
"trustee," omission of, 98
court, when indicated, 104-06
dates, 13, 94, 106-07, 111-13
denial of rehearing, 109, 111
I
typeface used in court documents, 5-7,
b/
typeface used in law review citations,
dictum, 102
different name on appeal,111
dissenting opinion, 75, 707
I
67-69
typeface used in law review text, 67,
69-70
docket number, 14-15, 89, 95-96,
777-75,277
dual citation of sources, 14,102-04,
o
unions as parties, 100
"Will of," 98
Case notes in law reviews, 165-65
146-47
electronic databases, 14-15, 111-13,
176,778-79,1.86
o
Case number
adm inistrative ca ses, 746-47
appeal or petition for certiorari, 95-95,
Engtand,429-83
Eu ropean Union, 227-24, 490-9 1

explanatory phrases, 5-6, 64, 108-09 o

775
court documents, 773-75
Federal Cases,233-]5
federal court, 233-36
filed, 95
foreign, 196
o
o
pending cases, 95-96, 111-13 history on remand, 109
unreported cases, 95, 11 1-13 history, prior and subsequent, 15-16,
Case writeups 109
citation ol 165-65
cited with case,65-56
Cases (see also individual jurisdiction or
in rem,77,97-98
interim orders,95
internationaI and world organization, o
o
couru 20042,206-74,228
administrative actions, 7 43, 746-47 international arbitrations, 21 4, 495-96
o Index

t International Court of Justice, 206-09,

491
l nternet sources, 26-27, 777-72,
state courts, 10546, 248-306
statutory material, cited with, 65-66
subsequent history, 95, 109-10

o 178-86
italicization of names in court
documents, 6
transcript of record, citations to, 25-26,
95,773-75
typeface used in court documents, 5-7

o italicization of names in text, 69-70

italicization of procedural phrases in
citations, 68
typeface used in law review citations,
67-69
typeface used in law review text, 69-70

o italicized words in history of,

50H1
Judge or Justice writing opinion, 107-08
unofficial reporter, when cited, 102-04,
146-47
unreported, 14-15, 111-13

t LEXIS, cited to, 14, 71't-72, 77 8-7 9,

186, 189
medium neutraI citation, 102, 104
weight of authority, 1 5, 107-08, 109-10
Westlaw, cited to, 14, 111-12
year of decision, 73-74,70647

o memoranda, citations to, 173-74

memorandum decision, 108
motions, citation to, 113-15
Catholic Church, codes, 341
cD-R0M,186,189
Certiorari

I name cited as in official report,96

named in text, initial and subsequent
citation, 12, 78-79, 96, 117
applied for, granted, denied, 15-15,
95-96,109-10
indication in case history, l5-16,

I names, 11-12,96-102
newspapers, cited in, 103, 163-64
no name, citation 0f,96
109-10
petition, citation of, 115
"sub nom." not used,111

t non-common-law, 196
number of case, 95-96,771-72
official reporters, when cited, 12-14,
702-04
"Cf.," as signal, 5, 59
c.F.R., 22, 62-63, 743-44, 747-48
"Chanceltor," abbrevation of, 509
Chapterg

O online,111-12
order within signal, 5, 61-63
codes, statutorY, /5-76
number, when given for federal statute,

o page citations, 72-73 723

parallel citation of sources, 14,102-04 "Chapte(s)," abbreviation of, 522
parenthetical information, 108 Charters, internationat organizations,

t pend in g, 1 4-15, 10647, 777-713

per curiam decisions, 108
periodicals, when cited, 23-24, 113,
20743,217-25
"Chief Baron,"'lustice," "ludge,"
abbreviation of, 509

o 120, 128, 159-60 Chile, Republic of

Permanent Court of International sources of nation al law,347-44
justice, 206-09, 491 China, People's RePublic of

a plurality opinion, 107 sources of nation al law,344-49

prior history, 109-10 "Circuit," capitalization of, 92
procedural phrases, 97-98 Circuit courts of appeals (see Courts)

t public domain format, 104

pubtished decision, 96
recent, 95, 106-07
Circuit courts, old federal, 705,233-f4
Circuit lustices, 233
Citation of commentary with case or

o
records, citation of , 24-26, 95, 111-15 book,66
releases of administrative agencies' Citation order,60-63
cited to, 143-47 Citation sentences and clauses, 3-4,

I repeating citations of , 8, 76-77, 78-79'

1 15-18
reporters, 102-04
57-58
Citations (see also specific types of
material)
abbreviations of case names, 496-98

o
reporters, defi ned, 103-04
reporters, rePrinted, 103-04 analogous authoritY, 59
services, appearing in, 95-96 authentic or official online documents,

t services, when cited, 102-03

short citation form, 8, 15-17, 115-18
slip opinions, reported in, 95, 706-07,
178-81
authoritativeness, order within citation'
5,61-63
authorities, 5,61-63

o
772,777
sources, 102-04 background authoritY, 60
 Index
Citations, continued
o
citations analyze d, 57 -58
comparing authorities, 59
contradictory proposition, 59
C.M.L.R. (Common Morket Low Reports),
209-10,491
"C0.," in case names, 72,98,700, 496
I
court documents and legal memoranda,
29-56
direct contradiction, 59
"Code," capitalization of, 92
Code, Internal Revenue (see lnternal
Revenue Code)
a
dirp.i <ilnn^rl
footnotes, 7 ,12-13, 57
(R

law review text and footnotes, 12-13,

Code of Federol Regulotions (C.F.R.), 22,
62-8,143-44,147-48
Code ofJustinian, 444
a
57-58,82-83
material cited more than once, 8, 16-
77, 7 8-87, 77 U7 7, 77 6-7 7, 788-89,
Code of Theodosius, 444
Codes (see also Statutes)
abbreviations, l23
o
'lo1-ot 1oR-oo t?n-?1
numerous authorities, 8, 78-81
omission from quotation, indication of,
administrative compilations, 143-45
American,121-23
appendices, l24
I
85-85
opposing proposition, 59-60
order of, 5,61-63
appendix with reprinted statute, 124
basic citation f orms, 720-27
o
t
chapters,123
pages,72-7 4 compilations of, 124
parenthetical explanations, 54-65 components of citation, 121-25
placement, 5,61-63 date,724-25
placement after quotation, 82-83
punctuation of , 60-67, 67 -69, 7 5
quotations, 82-85
editors,124
electronic databases, 125-27
ethics,133
I
related authority, 65-65
repeating citation s, 8, 76-77, 7 8-79,
1 1 5-18
federal,121-23
foreign, 197 (see also name of
ju risdiction)
o
sampling of authorities, 5Z-58
signals in,4-5, 58-60
string citations, 57-58
future location of statutes, 128
historical fact of enactment, 122
lnternal Revenue, 20, 129-]0
o
subdivisions, 71-ZZ
supplementary material, 59-60
supporting proposition, 58-59
legislative materia ls, 78-79, 723-28
LEXIS, 186
materially different from statute, 122 t
typeface used, 6-7, 67 -7 0
weight of, 107-08
Citations analyzed
books, 149
official and unofficial, 123-25
ordinances, city, 130
ordinances, county, 130
ordinances, municipal, 130
o
cases, 10, 94,107-08
constitutions, 1 18-19
parallel citation to, 725-26
pocket parts, 124-25 O
o
periodical materials, 159 positive law, enacted into, 122
regulations, l43 publishers of, 124
rules, 143 Roman law,444
statutes, 120
treaties, 202-203
United Nations materials, 215-21
scattered sections, 122
secondary sources cited to, 121,
1.27-28 I
o
"Cited in," use of, 66 sections cited, 122
"Citing," incase parentheticals, 69, 108 state, 723-24, 248-302 (see also name
City and county ordinances, 130 of individual state)

o
"City of," when omitted in case names, 99 statutes, when cited to,720-22
Civit taw jurisdictions (see also name of cilhiart-mettar 1 ??
i urisdiction) supplements, 722,724

o
cases, 196, 198 tax materials, 20, 129-30
codes,197 tittes,123
constitutions, 196, 198 Treasury materials, 20, 247-42

I
statutes,192-98 typeface used, 18, 120-21
Civit Rights Act of 7964,140 uncodified laws,724
"Clause(s)," abbreviation oi 522 uniform acts, 19-20, 131-33

o
Clean AirAct, 140 unoffi cial, differently numbered, 128
Closing up of abbreviations, 87-88 volumes,123
o Index

o Westlaw, 126-27
which to cite,121-22
yeat, 724-25
statutes,197
Common Morket Law Reports (C'M.L.R.)'
209-10,214, 491-92

o Codification
session laws, parenthetical indication
of,125-26
Common Market materials, 209-10, 274'
491-92
Common Mo rket Re porter, 209-70, 27 4'

o Coltected works
citation of works
editor,152,153-54
in,75)-54
491-92
"Commonwealth of"
capitalization, 92

o "id." short form, 157-58

"in," used to introduce cotlection, 65-66
parallel citation to, using "reprinted in,"
when omitted in case names, 99
"Compore . . . with . .. ," as signat, 5, 59
Compilations

o 66
"supro" short form ,157-58
Cotloquia, in periodicals, 167
administrative regulations, 143-45
treaties, 204-06,495
Compilations of statutes (see also Codes,

I Colorado
citation rules and stYle guides, 45
sources of law, 253-54
Statutes)
federat,123
foreign, 197, (see also name of

I "Column(s)," abbreviation of, 522

Comma
citing commentary with case 0r statute'
ju risd iction)
stale, 723-24,248-302
Compiler of codes, 124

o 66
citing multiple sections of code, 75-76
"compare.. . with" signal, 59
Computerized research services (see
Electronic databases)
Concurrent resolutions, 136-37

o italicization, 58, 69-70, 500-01

periodical names, 51G-11
titles ending in dates, 72, 151
Concurring opinions, 15, 102-08
"Congress," capitalization of, 91
CongressionaI debates, 135, 140

o Command number, English, 478

Command Papers, English, 478
"Comment," abbreviation of, 522
Congressionol Globe, 740
Con gressional materials
bills and resolutions, 27-22, 7)5'

o "Comment," designating student work,

165-66
Commentary
135-37
committee prints, 135, 138-39
concurrent resolutions, 136-37

o citation 0f,66 debates, 135,140

Commentaries & sPecial article documents, 135,138-39
designations, 144-745 hearings, 21,137-38

o Comments
model codes, 131-33
periodicals, 165-66
ioint resolutions, 136-37
parallel citations, 137 -38, 740
reports, 21, 135, 1)8-39

o restatements, l3l-33 resolutions, 135, 136-37

rules of ethics, 133 secondary authority, 1j5-36, 740
sentencing guidelines, 131-33 unnumbered documents, 139

o standards,131-33 Congressionol Record

Commerce Clearing House (CCH) services' daity edition, 735,740
190-91, 518 (see also Services and debates,140

o topical reporters) permanent edition, 138, 140

Commerce Court, 234, 499 resolutions cited to, 736-37
Commercial electronic databases (see Conjunctions, capitalization of' 91

o Electronic databases) Connecticut

"Commissioner," abbreviation of, 509 citation rule and stYle guide, 46
Commissioner of Internal Revenue, in sources of law, 255-56
Consecutive pages or footnotes, citation

o case names, 101

Committee materials, U.N., 215-18
Committee prints, 135, 138-39
of.,72-7 4
Consecutive sections of codes' 75-76
Consolidated actions, case names, 96-97

o Common law jurisdictions (see also name

of jurisdiction)
cases,196
Constitutions
amended provisions, 118

c codes,197 capitalization of Parts of, 92

constitutions,196 citation order, 61
 Index
Constitutions, continued
o
electronic media, 1 1B-19
federal and state, 118-19
foreign, 196 (see also name of
Court of Customs and Patent Appeals,
2)4
Court of decision
e
iurisdiction)
generally, 77 ,778-79
order within signal, 5, 61
abbreviations, 104-05, 498-500
American, 13-14, 104-06
civil law jurisdictions, 195
a
repealed provisions, 1 18
short form, 119
subdivision, llS
common law lurisdictions, 196
internationaI arbitrations, 214
international courts and tribunals,
o
superseded,118
typeface in footnotes, 119
"Construed in," use of, 56
"Construing," use of, 66
206-14
International Court of Justice cases,
206-09
state, 13-14, 105-06
I
"Contra," as signal, 59
Conventions, internationa[, 200, 202-04,
when indicated, 9 4, 10446, 773, 796
when omitted, 105-05
O
230-31
"Corp.," in case names, 98, 100
Court of International Trade, 234-35
Court ofJustice ofthe European Union,
o
t
Corporations 200,209-10, 491-92
abbreviations, 98, 100, 150 Court of Military Appeals, 236
authors, 1 50 Courts (see also name of court or
case names, 98, 100 ju risdiction)
Corpus Juris Secundun (C.l.S),155
Council of Europe materials, 225
Countries (see also name of jurisdiction)
a bbreviations, 10 4-06, 498-500

administrative orders, 1 15
Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit,
o
abbreviated in case names, 102
abbreviated in international law cases,
207
Court of, 7O5,234
Appeals, District of Columbia Municipal
Court of,257
o
abbreviated in international
arbitrations, 214
abbreviated in treaty citations,203-04
Appeals for the Armed Forces, Court ol
236
appeals, United States courts ol 105,
o
abbreviations of, 504-09
County and city ordinances, 130
"Court," capitalization ol 92-93
234
Arbitration, Permanent Court of, 201,
274
a
Court administrative orders, 115
Court documents and legal memoranda
abbreviations of documents in, 29-30
bankruptcy, 105, 113, 235
bankruptcy appetlate panels, 105, 2J5
Board ofTax Appeals, 235 I
o
audio recordings of court proceedings, circuit courts, old federal, 105,234
774-75 Circuit Justices, 233
block quotations in, 8-9 civil law countries, 195 (see also name
of jurisdiction)

e
books, citations to, 22-23
cases, citations to, 70-77 Claims Court, 234
capitalization in, 9-10 Commerce Court,2J4
constitutions, citations to, 17
Electronic Case Filings, 25, 114
explanatory parentheticals in, 5-6
common law countries, 195 (see also
name of jurisdiction)
Court ofAppeats for the Armed Forces, I
o
federal taxation materials, citations to, Court of, 236
20 Court of First Instance, 209,497-92
Internal Revenue Code, citations to, 20 Court ofJustice ofthe European Union,
legislative materials, citations to, 2l-22
parallel citations in, 74, 76-7t, 27
periodical materials, citations to, 23-24
200,209-10, 491-92
Customs and Patent Appeals, Court of,
62,2J4 t
o
signals in, 4-5 district, federal, 705, 235
short forms in, 7G77 ,20-27,23,24, Emergency Court ofAppea{s,62, 234
26-27 English, 47 2-7 5, 480-87

o
statutes, citations to, 18-21 European Court of Human Rights, 200,
typeface of citations in, 6-Z 270,492
Court filings, 113-15 federal,30-45,2))-36

c
Court of Claims, 234 foreign countries, 196 (see also name of
ju risdiction)
O Index

t Foreign Intelligence Survelllance Court,

105
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
Cyclopedio of the Law of Private
Corporations, 752
Czech Repubtic

o of Review, 105
foreign, language used in citation of,
193-95
sources of national law, 351-54
Daily Compilation of PresidentiaI
Documents, 244

o General Court, 209-10, 491

lnter-American Commission on Human
Rights, 200, 211, 492-9J
Dash
graphical materiat, used in citing, 74
page range, used in citing, 72-73,7)

o Inter-American Court of Human Rights,

200,277-72,493
international,206-14
sections of code, used in citing, 76
Databases (see Electronic databases)
Dates

o International Criminal Tribunals, 201,

272-73
International Criminal Court, 201,
administrative compilations, 143-44
amended constitutional provisions, 118
amended statutes, 128-29

I 272-7i
lnternationaI Court of Justice, 62, 200,
206-09,491
bilateral and multilateral treaties,
20245
books and pamphlets, 749,752-53

I International Trade, Court of, 62,

234-35
lnternational Tribunal for the Law of the
case history, 706-07, 709
cases,94-96, 706-07
cases, cited to U.S.L.W., 95-96, 107

o 9ea,207,272
Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation,
105,235
cases, in electronic databases, 95, 103,
106,179
cases, in tooseteaf services, 706, 797

o Military Appeals, Court of, 235

Military Review, Courts of, 235
Military Service Courts of Criminal
cases, in newspapers, 95, 103, 106
cases, in slip opinions, 95, 103, 106,
772-73

o Appeals, 236
old circuit, federal, 105, 234
Pennsylvania, early federal and state,
cases, internationat, 200-01
cases, International Court of iustice,
200,208

o
104 cases, pending, 706-07 ,777-71
Permanent Court of Arbitration, 201, cases, unreported, 95, 771-73
274 Code of Federal Regulations, T43

I Permanent Court of International

lustice, 205-09, 491
Rail Reorganization Court, 235
codifications of statutes, 120-21,
124-26
constitutions, when used, 118

o rules of evidence and procedure,

130-31
state, 45-56, 105-06, 248-302
enactment, session laws, 125-26
ethical opinions, 133
ethical rules, 133

o Tax Court, 235,242-43 exact date, administrative cases, 146

Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals, exact date, cases, 95-95, 106-0/,
2]4 177-72,797

o terms,94 exact date, Congressional debates, 135

territories, 56, 303-06 exact date, international agreements,
U.S. Supreme (see United States 202-04

o Supreme Court) exact date, lnternationaI Court ofJustice

Courts of Military Review, 236 cases, 200, 208
Cross-references exact date, letters, speeches, and

o court documents and legal memoranda, interviews, 772, 77 4

7-8 exact date, ordinances, 130
generally, 77 exact date, periodicals, 159-60, 162-64

o
groups of authorities previously cited, exact date, services, 191
77 exact date, statutes, 126
order of authorities, 53 exact date, treaties, 202-04

o
previous footnotes, 77 exact date, unpublished works, 77 2-7 5
textual material in same work, 77 exact date, unreported cases, 14-15,
Cu n u lotive Bulletin, 20, 242 711-72
exchange of notes, 204

o
Customs Court, 62, 23 4-35
filing of appeal, 95
Index
Dates, continued
o
6lino nf raqo< O(
forewords,154
1 'l ?

lnternal Revenue Code, 20, 729-30

citation rule and style guide,46-47
sources of law, 256-57
Deletions from quotations, 82-86
o
international agreements, 202-04
Internet sources, 184-85
legislative materials, 27-22, 735-42
Denial of certiorari, 75, 69, 109, 501
DeniaI of rehearing, when given, 109
Department of Agriculture, 237
o
tooseleaf statutory codifi cations, 125
model codes, 131-33
multilateral treaties, 200, 204
0epartment of Commerce
National oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration,238
o
multiple decisions in one year, 107
multivolume works, 149
newspapers, 24, 159, 163-64
Patent and Trademark 0ffice,238-40
Department of Education, 240
Department of Energy, Nuclear
o
ordinances, municipal, 130
period icals, 23-2 4, 159-50
pocket parts, books, 1 53
Regulatory Commission, 246
Department of Homeland Security, 240
Department of lustice, 240
o
prefaces, 1 54
prior to 1900, books, 153
regnal years, in English statutes,
Department of Labot, 240-47
Department of State publications, 204-
05,230,247
o
475-76
repealed constitutional provisions, 1 18
repealed statutes, 128
Department of the Interior, 241
Department of th e T rcaswy, 241-43
Department, state court, 14, 106
o
restatements,131
rules of court, 131
rules of procedure, T9-20,730-37
Depublished cases, 113
Descriptive terms, omitted in case
names,98
o
services,191
session laws, 19, 126
standards,131-33
"Developments in the Law," 165
Dictionaries,23, 155
Dictum, indication ol, 90, 707
o
statutes, 78-79, 724-25
statutes, amended, 128-29
statutes, cited to session laws, 126
Digest of lustinian, 444
Digest of United Stotes Prcctice in
lnternational Law,230
o
<trtillaq f^rpisn 1O7

statutes, in current code, 720,724-25

Digests, international, 230
Disciplinary rules,133
o
t
statutes, in supplements to code, Discussion drafts, 133
724-25 DismissaI ofappeal, 106-07, 110, 501
statutes, not in current code,722,724 0ismissaI without opinion, 106-07
statutes, repealed, 128 Dissenting opinions, 75,73, 96, 707
statutes, uniform acts, 131-33
supplements, books, 7 1-7 2, 153
supplements, codes, 7 7-72, 724
Dissertations, unpublished, 123
District court, federal
cases in, 105
o
titles ending in, 72, 757
treaties, 200, 204
U.N. materials,215-21
rules of, 130-31
District of Columbia
Circuit Court ofAppeats fot the,37-32,
o
undated journals, 162-63
uniform acts, 79-20, 137-33
unreported cases, 95, 777-L3
105
citation rule and style guide,
47
o
U.S. Supreme Court cases,
year of decision of case, 105-07
"d/b/a," omission in case names,
94,70647

9Z
sources of law, 2 57-58
Divided court, parenthetical indication of,
107,777
o
Debates
congressional, 735, 740
European Parliamentary Assembly, 223,
Division, federal courts, 105
Docket number
appeal or petition for certio(ati,95-96
o
492
legislative, 735,740
Republic of lreland, 385
brlefs, court filings, transcripts, 113-15
pending cases, 111-13
renumbering, ll2 o
United Kingdom,4Zl-78
DecimaI point,88
"Decision(s)," abbreviation of, 522
unreported cases, 95, 111-13
Document number
intergovernmental organizations' o
Decloroti on of I ndepen
Delaware
d ence, 7 5 materials,215-31
U.N. oublications. 275-21
o
o Index

o Documents
intergovernmental organizations,
215-31
Emergency Court of Appeats, 62, 234, 499
Emphasis in quotations, 83-84
Emphasis, italics for, 69, 90

o le gislative, 135-36, 138-39

published, collected, 154
u.N.,215-21
"En banc," parenthetical indication of,
65.59.107
Encyclopedias, legal, 23, 1 55

o unpublished, collected, 1 54
Dollar amounts
numerals used,88-89
Endnotes. 7, /4
"Enforced," in case history,111, 501
"Enforcing," in case history,501

a Dual citation, when required, 14, 15,

102-03
DVDs, 187
England and Wales
sources of national law, 480-84
English Repons- Full Reprint, 473,

o Economic and SociaI Council, official

records, U.N., 216,491
E.C.R. (Europeon Community Reports),
480-81
Envi rcn mental Ptotecti on Age ncy, 243
Epilogues, 1 54

o 209-10,491*92
Editions
abbreviation of , 752, 577
Equal Employment opportunity Act, 140
Equal Emptoyment 0pportunity
Commission, 243

o books and pamphlets, 152-53

Code of federal Regulations, T(i
Congressional Record, 740
Essays in collection (see also Shorter
works in collection)
citation of materiat in, 153-54

o The Federotist,755-56
first edition, when cited, 152-53
names of, 152
editor,153
parallel citation to, 66
"supro" short form ,157-58

o when indicated, books and pamphlets,

152-53
year,752-53
typeface, 1 53
"Estate of," in case names, 11,97-98
"Et al."

o Editors
books and pamphlets, 151
codes,124
authors' names. 22-23, 750
case names, omitted, 11, 97
editors' names. 149, 151

o collected works, 1 53-54

reporters, 103-04
shorter works in collection, 153-54
"Et seq.," prohibition on use, 75
Ethical considerations, 131
Ethics, codes of, 133

o "8 9.," as signal, 4-5, 58

Egypt, Arab Republic of
sources of national law, 354-56
European Commission of Human Rights,
270,492
European Court of Human Rights, 200,

o Etectronic Case Fitings (ECF), 114

Electronic databases
Bloomberg, 111, 186, 518
270,492
European Court oflustice (see Court of
iustice of the European Communities)

o books and pamphlets, 756-57,786

cases, 14, 1,16-77 , 786
codes,121, 726-27,786
Dialog,164, 169,186
European Parliament Working Document,
2n,492
European Parliamentary Assembly, 223,
492

O generally, 186
legislative materiats, 140-41, 186
European Union materials, 209-10,
221-24,497-92

o LEXIS, 14, 777-72,127 , 747, 186

Loislaw.com, 772, 777, 127, 186
news reports, 764,786
periodicals, 169,186
Evidence, rules of, 19, 130-31
"Ex rel.," in case names, 11,69,90,
97-98
Executive Agree ment Series (E.A.5.),

O secondary materials, 186

short citation forms, 116-1/, 189
205,495
Executive Office ofthe President, 243-44

o statutes, 727, 726-27 ,186 Executive orders,243

unpublished sources, 176 Explanation of cited authorities, use
VersusLaw, 772,727 of parentheticals (see Explanatory

o
Westlaw, 74, 777, 727, 734, 741-42, parentheticals)
756,786 Explanatory parentheticals
Eteventh Circuit (see Fifth Circuit Split) cases. 15. 107-08

o
Eltipsis, 82-86 European Parliament debates, 223
E-Mail,172-7 4 generally, 5-6, 58-60, 64,70
 Index
Explanatory parentheticats, continued
o
internet sources, 181, 187-88
order within citation, 65
statutes.129
Federal taxation materials (see Tax
materials)
The Federalist, 755-56, 758
o
Explanatory phrases
abbreviations used in case citation,
500-o1
Fifth Circuit Sptit, 113
"Figure," 77 ,522
Films,179,187,189
O
amended statutes, 128-29
constitutions, amended or repealed,
118
First editions, when cited, 152-53
First tisted relator, not omitted in case
names,96-9l
o
italicization of, 109-10, 500*01
repealed statutes, 128
tvpeface used in court documents and
First names and initials
authors of article s, 161, 170-7 1
authors of books and pamphlets, 149-
o
legal memoranda,5
typeface used in law review citations, 7,
69
50,757-58
case names, 99-100
Florida
o
weight ofauthority, 102, 109-10
weight of authority in court documents
and legal memoranda, 6-Z
citation rules and style guides, 48
sources of law, 258-59
"Fotio(s)," abbreviation of, 522
a
Expressions, mathematica[, 90
Federal Appendix , 105,234
Federal Aviation Administration, 244
Footnotes
abbreviation of , 72-73, 7 3-7 4, 522
citation of, 73-7 4
o
Federol Coses, 8 4-35, 2 49-50
Fed erol Com m u n icotion s Con n i ssio n.
244
consecutive and nonconsecutive, Z4
arnqc-rpfarpnrp f^ 77
material previously cited in, Z8-81
o
Federal courts (see also individuaI court
name)
citation rules and style guides, l0-45
multipage, 73
multiple, Z4
numbers in,88-89
o
courts ofappeals, 234
courts of decision
district courts,235
,10446
omission from quotation, indication of,
83-84,86
spanning several pages, 73
o
generally, 233-36
Supreme Court, official cite only, 233
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission,
textual material, typeface used in,
69-70
typeface used for citations in,67-69
o
245
Federal government (see United States)
Federal ludiciaI Center
'Footnote(s)," abbreviation of , 72-7f ,
7f-7 4, 522
"For the use of," abbreviated to"ex rel.,"
o
Manual for Complex Litigotion,T56
Federal Labor Relations Authority, 245
Federal Mine Safety ond Health Review
97-98
Foreign alphabets, 794-95, 344, 354,
370,382,393, 404, 444, 454, 469
o
Comnission,245
Federal Practice and Procedure, 23, 749,
750,756
Foreign countries (see also name of
individual country)
abbreviation of, 504-09
o
Fed e ral Reg i ste r,
748,242,243,247,248
6, 22, 129, 7 43, 744,

Federal Regulotions, Code of,22, t43,

International Court of Justice cases,
200,20649,491
Foreign derivation, italicization of words o
744.748.248
Federal
Federal
Reporter, 11, 234-35, 249, 257
Reserve,245
of,5,90
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court,
105
o
o
Federol Rules Decisions, 235 Foreign Intelligence Survei[[ance Court of
Federal Rules ofAppetlate Procedure, 130 Review, 105
Federal Rules ofCivil Procedure, 19, ZZ, Foreign language

o
130 abbreviation of words, 194
Federal Rules ofCriminal Procedure, 130 constitutions, 195
Federal Rules of Evidence, 19, 1]0 court name and location, give English

o
Federal Rules Service, 790,235, 520 version,196
Federal statutes (see Statutes, Stotutes English versions and translations,
at Large) 193-95,20243,206,211

o
Fed erol Supple nent, 73, 23 4-35, 249, names, 100
303-05 words italicized,5, 90
a Index

o Foreign materiats (see also name of

individual country)
abbreviations, l94
Government agencies
annual and regular reports, 138-39
authors, as, 139, 150

o alphabet,194-95
cases, generally, 196
civil law, 193-99 (see also name of
books and numbered publications, 155
capitalization of, 91
subdivisions,150

o j urisdiction)

codes, statutory, 197

common law, 793-99 (see also name of
Government Printing 0ffice Style Monuol,
91
Government pubtications, U.5., 143-45,

a i urisdiction)

constitutions, l96
English used in naming courts, 196
148,2]6-48
Graphical materials, 74
Greece

o establishing abbreviations in initial

citation,194
international (see lnternational
sources of national law, 368-70
Groups of authorities previously cited,
reference to, 77

o agreements, International
organization materials)
internationat agreements, 200, 202-06
Guam
citation rules and style guides, 56
sources of law, 303-04

o jurisdiction,193
offi cial treaty sou rces, 49 4-9 5
periodicals,197-98
Hogue Couft Reports, 207, 27 4, 495
Hawaii
citation rules and style guides, 48

o short citation forms, 198-99

statutes, 197
treaties, 200, 202-06
sources of law, 250-61
Headings, capitalization in, 91
Hearings

o treaty sources, 494-95

Forewords, 72, 154, 161,162
Formal opinions on professional
congressional, 21, 64, 87, 735, 737-38
titles of, printed in itatic type, 21,
137-38

I responsibility,133
Forthcoming publications, 77 2, 77 5
France
typeface used in court documents, 6-Z
"Hereinafter," used for shortened citation
forms,8,80-81

o sources of national law, 355-51

Frequently cited authorities, short forms
for, 78-81
History of cases
both prior and subsequent, 75-76,709
dates of decision s, 13-74, 706-07

o "F.S.8.," in case names, 100

Gaius, Institutes of, 444
GeneraI Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
different case name on appeal, 15, 111
explanatory words, abbreviations,
500-01

o (GATr),225-27
GeneraI Assembty, official records, U.N.,
207,275-76,220
Generally Accepted Accounting
explanatory words italicized or
underscored, 6-7 ,15, 69,109, 500-01
"mem.," opinions designated as, 108
multiple decisions within single year,

O Principles,132
Generalty Accepted Auditing Standards,
707
multiple dispositions, 101, 110

o L)Z
GeographicaI terms
abbreviations, 502-09
ordering within signal unaffected by, 61
overruled cases, 110
"per curiam," opinions designated as,

o case names, 99
Georgia
citation rules and style guides, 48
108
position of parentheticals, 64, 108
prior and subsequent, 75-76, 709-77

o sources of law, 259-50

Germany
Ldnder (see Liinder, Germany)
prior history indicated for memorandum
decision, 108, 109
prior history, when given, 109

o sources of nation al law, )62-67

Given names
authors,149
remand, when given, 109
separate decisions of other issues,
when cited, 109

o corporation, partnership, and business

names, 98, 100, 150
individuals,99-100
significance of disposition, 110
subsequent history, 15-15, 66, 95-96,
709-77

o Government Accountability Office, 139, subsequent history, appeal filed,

245 docketed, 95, 500-01
Index o
o
History of cases, continued
subsequent history, certiorari applied India
for, granted, denied, 95-96, 109, sources of nationallaw,3T6-79
500-01 Indiana
subsequent history, names of
when different on appeal,
subsequent history, reason
parties,
111
for
citation rules and style guides, 35, 49
sources of law, 263-64
Indian Nations (see Navaio Nation and
o
subsequent disposition,
typeface,6-7, 110,
weight of authority, 109
110
500-01
Oklahoma Native Americans)
Informal opinions on professional
responsibility, 133
o
Historyof statutes
amended statutes, 721-22,726,
128-29
"lnfra," !seot,77
Initials
authors of books and pamphlets, 149
o
parenthetically indicated, 129
Holdings
alternative, indication ol 107
authors of periodicals, 16i, 169
closing up of,88
commonly abbreviated names,88
o
concuning opinion,75,73,84, 108, 117
contrary to citations, 59
dictum, 102
editors, 151
parties in case names, 99
punctuation of,88
o
dissentingopinion,75,73,84,707, translators,l5l
708,777
implied, indication of, 10/
Insertions in quotations, S3-85
Institutes ofGaius,444
o
plurality opinion,
unclear, indication
Kong
107
of,707
Institutes oflustinian,444
Institutes, regular publications by, o
t
Hong 168-69
sources of law, 37G-73 Institutional authors, 150
House of Commons Inter-American Commission on Human
debates and lournal,477-78 Rights, 200, 21t,492-93
House of Lords
coutI,473-74
Inter-American Court of Human Rights,
200,277-72,493
debatesandlounal,4TT-78 Intergovernmentalorganizationmaterials
o
House of Representatives (see
Congressional materials)
Human Rights
(see also U.N. materials)
abbreviated names,491-94
arbitrations, 201,214
o
European Commission 0f,492
European Court of, 2O0,270,492
lnter-American Commission on, 200,
basic citation forms,200-02
cases, 206-14
Common Market, 209-210,491-92
o
211,492-93
493
Council of Europe, 225
lnter-American Court of, 200,277-72, Court ofJustice ofthe European
Comm ities, 200,209-10, 491-92
un
o
Hungary, Republic of
sourcesofnationallaw,]73-76
"/d.," ,8,78-79
use of
courts,20H1, 206-14
debates,EuropeanParliamentary
Assembly, 28,492
o
cases, 117
ldaho
citation rules and style guides, 35,
document number of League of Nations
materials,227,497
document number of U.N. materials,
o
48-49
sources of law,
lltinois
261
207.275-227
European Commission of Human Rights,
270,492 o
citationrulesandstyleguides,35,49
sources oflaw,262-63
lmplied holdings, indication ol107
EuropeanUnion,200,209-70,227-24,
491-92
European Court of Human Rights, 200,
o
"ln re," in case names,
ln rem
11,97-98
iurisdiction,77,97-98
re,"
"fn the matter of," abbreviated lo"ln
77,97-98
270-77,492
founding documents, U.N., 202-03,220
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,
o
"/n," use of,65-66,153-54
"lnc.," in case names, 12,98, 100
lnclusive numbers,T2-76
225-27
generally,214-31,491-93
Inter-American Commission on Human o
Income tax materials (see Tax materials)
Rights,200,211,492-93

o
o Index

o Inter-American Court of Human Rights,

200,211-12,49)
International Court of Justice, 200,
language of source, 193-94
League of Nations Treaty Series
(r.N.T.s), 491,495

o 206-09,491
League of Nations, 227, 497
League of Nations covenant, 221
name, 203
202-06
mu lti lateral, 200,

offi cial sources, 494-95

o League of Notions Treaty Series

(L N.T.s.), 200, 205, 491, 495
number, League of Nations documents,
opening for signature, 204
order within signal, 61
parallel citation, 205-06

o 227
number, U.N. document, 207, 275-227
number, U.N. sates, 219-20
parties to, 203-04
popular name, 203
short citation forms, 230-31

o officiaI records, U.N., 217-18

order of citation, 62
Permanent Court of International
sources, intergovernmental, 495
sources, official, foreign (see name of
j urisdiction)

o justice,206-209
Reports of lnternational Arbitral Awards,
United Notions,496
sources, offi cial, U.5., 49 4-95
sources, unoffi cial, 495
State Department sources, 241

o sales number of U.N. materials, 219-20

sources, 491-94
treaty sources, 494-95
Stotutes ot Large (Stat.), 494
subdivisions,204
subject matter, 203

o United Notions Treaty Series (U.N.T.5.),

491
yearbooks, internationa[, 229-30
title, 203
Treaties and Other lnternotionol Acts
Selies (T.|.A.S), 205, 494

o yearbooks, U.N., 220

lnterim orders,95
Internal Revenue Code
Treoty Seri e s (I .S ), 205, 495
United Nations Treaty Series (U.N.T.S),
200, 202-05, 226, 491, 495

o citation to other than current code,

129-30
court documents and legaI memoranda,
United States
U.S. a party, 200,205
U.S. not a party, 200, 205-06

o citations in, 20
generally, 20,729-30
legislative history, 140
lJ.S. Treaties ond Other lnternational
Agreements (U.S.T), 200, 494
year,204

o supplements,129-30
unoffi cial codes, 129-30
yeat,729-30
International Court of lustice, 200,
206-09,491
lnternationaI law

o InternaI Revenue Commissioner, in case

names, 101
"lnternat Revenue," omitted in case
arbitrations, 207,274
cases, 200-01, 205-14
Common Market, 209-10, 491-92

o names, 101
Internal revenue regulations and rulings,
20,247-43
CounciI of Europe, 225
courts,206-14
digests, 230

o International agreements
American treaties, 200, 202-05
basic citation forms, 200, 202*06
European Union, 200, 209-70, 227-24,
491-92
generally,200-31

o bilateral, 200,202-06
citation, basic form of, 200, 202-06
citation order, 61
intergovernmental organizations, 21 5-
29,491.-94
international agreements, 200, 202-06

o compilations of agreements, 494-95

components of citation, 202
country names, 203-04
League of Nations, 221
short citation forms, 230-31
treaties, 200, 202-06

o date, 204
entry into force, 204
Executive Agreement Series (E.A.SJ, 495
u.N.,215-21
yearbooks, international, 229-30
yearbooks, U.N.,220

a foreign language, titles in, 193-94

foreign sources (see name of
iurisdiction)
Internationol Low Reporfs (l.L.R), 213
Internationol Legal Mateiols (l.L.M),
200, 202, 205-06, 208, 49 5

o intergovernmental organization
materials, 67-63, 227-26, 497-9 4
lnternational materiats
arbitrations,2l4
Index o
o
InternationaI materials, continued
basic citation forms, 200-02 lowa
cases, 1 96, 200-01, 205-14 citation rules and style guides,49
Common Market, 209-210, 491-92
sources of Law, 264
Council of Europe, 225
digests, 230
"1.R.C." replacing "25 U.S.C.," 20,
129-)0.236
European Union,200, 209-70,227-24, lran, lslamic Republic of
o
491-92
generatly,200-31
internationaL agreements, 200,
sources of national law, 379-82
lraq, Republic of
202-06
sources of national law, 382-84
o
jurisdiction,202
League of Nations, 221
non-Englishlanguagedocuments,
lreland, Northern, 485-87
lreland, Republic of
sourcesofnationallaw,3S4-87
o
19J-95,202
periodicals, l9T-98
short citation forms, 198-99, 230-31
lsrael
sources of national law, 387-90
ltalicization (see also Typeface)
o
treaties, 200, 202-06
treatyseries,200,202-06,494-95
u.N.,215-21
in court documents, 6-7
emphasis,90
equations, 90
o
yearbooks,international,229-30
yearbooks, U.N., 220
Internationalorganizationmaterials
foreignwords,90
hypothetical parties, 90
mathematicalexpressions,90
o
(seelntergovernmentalorganization stylisticpurposes,90
materials)
International Trade Commission.
Italy, Republic of
245-46
sources of nationat law, 390-93
I
lnternet sources
archival,181,184
authentic or officiat, 178, 180
Japan
sources of nation allaw,]93-402
loining citations
o
authors, Internet citations,
basic citation principtes,
blogs, 179, 182-86
182
178-86
order of citations, 61-63
punctuation, 57-58
Joint resotutions, 136-37
o
cases,111-12, 716-77,778,779,786 Journal
code, 121, 126-27, 134, 186
constitutions, 1 18-19, 186
European Communities, Ofhcial, 227-22
federal legislative, 139
o
date, 184-85
document format, 185
e-mail, 772, 77]-7 4
HOUSe 0r Lomm0n5,4/ /-/6
House of Lords, 4/7-l8
"lournat," abbreviation of, 515
o
explanatory parentheticals,
generally,178-86
online postings, 182-86
181ludge
indication of, in citation, 94,1O1,509
used as title, 94, 509
o
order of authorities, 181
pagination, 181
parenthetical information, 181
"ludge," capitalization of, 93
"ludge(s)," abbreviation of, 94, 509
ludges and lustices
o
PDF files, 178, 180, 186
periodicals, 769,786
order of listing, 94
titles, use ol 94
pinpoint citation, 777-72,778-79,786 "ludgment ol" use in citation,96
o
preservation ofinformation, 181,
official or authenticated, 178,
short forms, 188-89
184
ludgments ofthe U.N. Administrotive
180 Tribunal,279
ludicial history of cases (see History of
o
statutes,727,726-27,734,786
title, Internet citations,
uRL, 178, 180-81, 185
183-84
cases)
Judicial Panel on Muttidistrict Litigation,
62,105,235
I
lnterviews, citation ol, 77 4
Introductions, citation of,
Introductory signals (see
154
Signals)
lump cites (see Pinpoint citations)
lurisdiction, indication of
American cases, 104-06
o
Invalidated statutes, 128
" lnvalidated bf'

in statute citation, 128

American statutes, 72)-24, 725-26
foreign materials, 193
international materials, 202 o
Invalidation, citation of, 128 municipal ordinances, 130
session laws, 125-26
o
a Index

o ,lustice
indication ol in citation, 94, 509
"Justice," capitalization of, 93
typeface in court documents and legal
memoranda, 3,6-7
typeface in law review citations,6T-69

o "lustice(s)," abbreviation of, 94, 509

Justinian, Institutes, Digest, and Code
of,444
typeface in law review text,69-70
Low Times Reports,483
Lowyer's Reports Annotate d (L.R.A.),

o Kansas
citations rules and style guides, 49
sources of law, 89, 116, 264-65
annotations in, 158
Leaflets,155
League of Nations materials (see

o Kentucky
citations rules and style guides, 49
sources of law, 265-55
Intergovernmental organization
materials)
Leogue of Notions Treaty Series

o Kenya
sources of national law, 402-04
"1" italicized as letter in subdivision, 90
(L.N.T.SJ, 497,495
Lebanon, Repubtic of
sources of national law, 404-05

o Labor unions, in case names, 100

Linder, Austrian, 323
Lender, German, 357-58
Legal dictionaries, 23, 755
LegaI encyclopedias, 2], 155
LegaI newspapers (see Newspapers)

I Large and small capitals (see Typeface)

Latin words
case names, italicization in, 68-69,
Legal services, looseleaf (see Services
and topical reporters)
Legislation (see Codes, Session laws,

a 97-98
citation forms, italicization in, 90
italicization of, 90
Statutes)
Legislative histories, 1 36-40
Legislative materials

o procedural phrases in case names, 68,

90
short citation forms, italicization in,
basic citation forms, 135-35
bills and resolutions, 27-22, 736-37
citation order, 62

o /8-81
Low Journol Reports, 483
Law journals and reviews
abbreviations, English-language,
committee prints, 138-39
components of citation, 135-35
Congressional Research Service reports,
139

O 570-77
abbreviations, spacing of, 87
debates,140
documents,138-39

o authors' names, 23-24, 161

basic citation forms, 159-50
book reviews, 155-57
electronic databases, 140-42
Engtish, 477-78
Government Accountability 0ffi ce

o citation analyzed,159
citation order, 53
colloquia, l6Z
reports,139
hearings, 21, 62, 91, 1,35, 137 -38
Internet sources, 140-42

o commentaries and special article

designations, 167
commentary cited with case, 65
legislative histories, 136-40
onLine sources, 14G-42
order within signal, 62

o comments, 165-66
components of citation, 23-24, 159-61
consecutively paginated, 23-24, 762
parallel citations, 736-f8, 740
presidential messages, 243-44
reports,21,138-39

o electronic databases, 159, 186, 189

foreign, 19l-98
generally, 159-8, 165-7
new serles (n.s), 515, 517
7
secondary authorities, 140
short citation forms, 141-42
stale, 27-22, 13 5, 737 -39
typeface used in court documents and

O nonconsecutively paginated, 24, 162-63

notes,24, 765-66
legal memoranda,6-l
United Kingdom,477-78

o order within signal, 53

proiects,155-66
short citation forms, 24, 77 0-7
7
unnumbered documents, 139
Letters and memoranda, 753-54, 758,
763-64, 77 2-7 3, 77 6-7 7, 787, 242,

o short commentarY, 165-66 246-47

student materia[, 24, 165-66 Letters of the alphabet, altered in
special issues, 162 quotations, 83

o surveys,167 LEXf5, 14, 95, 703, 177-72,776,727 ,

symposia,167 147,747,178,186,189
Index o
Local court rules, 3, 30-56, 102,233
Location, phrases of
Mexico
sources of nation al law, 406-424
Michigan
o
o
letters, speeches, and interviews,
173-75 citation rules and style guides, 50
omitted from case names,99 sources of law, 13, 106, 1]3, 145,
277-72

o
unpublished works, 772-7 5
Loislaw,112, 777,727 Microfi che (see Microform)
Long case names, 87-88 Microform, 186-87, 189
"hereinafter" form, when used, 80-81 Military courts, 235
Looseleaf services (see Services and
topical reporters)
Military Service Courts of Criminal
Appeats, 236 o
t
Looseleaf statutory codifications, 125 Mititary lustice Reporter, 235
"Lord .lustice," abbreviation of, 509 Minnesota
Louisiana citation rules and style guides, 50
citation rules and style guides, 49 sources of law, 14, 97, 103, 727, 726,
sources of law, 79,704,775, 778, 726,
266-67
"Ltd.," in case names, 12,98, 100, 150
272
Mississippi
citation rules and style guides, 50
o
Magazines
abbreviations,5l0-1/
citation analyzed, 159
sources of [aw. 704.273
Missouri
citation rules and style guides, 50
o
citation order, 63
consecutively paginated, 162
generalty,159-63
sources of law, 58, 274
Mistakes in quotations, indicated by
"[sic]," 83
o
Internet sources, 169
nonconsecutively paginated, 162-63
"Magistrate," abbreviation ol 509
Model Code of Professionol
R e s p o n s i b i I ity, 7) 7-33

Model codes, 131-33

o
Maine
citation rules and style guides, 49
sources of law, 97, 117, 268
Model Penal Code. 132
Model Rules of Professional Conduct,
731-f3
o
Mandamus actions, 101
Monuol for Complex Litigotion,756
Manuscripts,
"Modified" and "nodifying," in
case history, 101, 501 (see also
Explanatory phrases)
o
published as part of a coltection,
15)-54
unpublished,172-73
Monarchs, English,476
Montana
citation rules and style guides, 50
o
Maryland
citation rules and style guides, 49-50
sources of law, 1 4, 22, 137 -38, 268-7 0
sources of law, 58,76,274-75
Month used to indicate volume.762-63
Months, abbreviation of, 510
a
Massachusetts
citation rules and style guides, 50
sources of law, 13,87,95,103, 106,
Moore's Federal Procti ce, 7 5, 757
Motions, 24-25
Multinational materials (see International
o
724,270-77
"Master ofthe Rolls," abbreviation of,
509
materials)
Multipart articles, 167-68
Multiple authors, 22-23, 7 49-50
o
Materially different language in code and
statute,122
MathematicaI expressions, 90
Multiple decisions within a single year,
707
Multipte dispositions of a case, 109-1 1
I
Matthew Bender sewices (MB), 518 (see
also Services and topical reporters)
"Mediator," abbreviation of, 509
Multipte editions and printings of book,
152-53
Multiple pages, footnotes, and endnotes,
o
Medium neutral citation (see Public
domain citation)
Memorand[um, al, 24-26, 29, 173
72-7 4
Multiple parties, words indicating,
omitted in case names, 11,96-97
o
Memorandum decision
indication of, 108
prior history must be given, 109
Municipal ordinances, T2T ,730
Music (see Audio recordings)
"N.A.," in case names, 100
o
Merit Systems Protection Boa'd,246 Name of state, when omitted in case
name. 99
o
o Index

o Names
authors, articles, 159, 161
authors, books and pamphlets, 149-50
sources of law, 68, 7 5, 104, 278-7 9
New series (n.s.) of periodical, 511, 515
New York

o book reviews, 160-61, 166-67

bound services, abbreviated, 518-22
commonly abbreviated, 8Z-88, 98, 102,
citation rules and style guides, 51
sources of law, 72,74-76,19,77 ,105,
124,277-83

o 502-09
editions of books and pamphlets,
752-58
New Zealand
sources of nation al law, 429-]4
treaty source, 433

o editors,151
looseleaf services, abbreviated, 518-22
newspaper sections, 763-64
Newfoundland
sources of law, 337 ,340, 504
Newsletters, 169

o newspapers, abbreviated, 510-1 7

parties, when different on appeal, 111
Newspapers
abbreviated names, 510-17
arlicles,24, 763-64

t
periodicals, abbreviated, English
language,510-17
periodicals, abbreviation and typeface,
authors,163
bylines of articles, 163
cases cited to, 95, 102-03

t
159-60
prepositions in periodical names, 510 citation analyzed, 159
rules and regulations, 143-45 citation of, 759, 763-64
citation order, 63

t
services,190-91
services, abbreviated, 518-22 columns, not indicated, 163
session laws, 125-26 consecutively paginated, 164
state, when omitted, 99, 106 dales,763-64

o statutes,120-25
translators, l5l
treaties, 202-04
editions, 163-54
editorials, 163
electronic databa ses,764, 769

o Names of cases (see Case names)

National Conference of Commissioners on
Uniform State Law, 132
National Labor Relations Act, 140
foreign, 197-98
generally, 163-64
letters to the editor, 163
online,164

O National Labor Retations Board, 246

National Mediation Boad, 246
op-ed. articles, 153
pages,159,163

o NationaI Oceanic and Atmosphereic

Administration,238
National Reporter System (see Unofficial
pinpoint citations, 163
sections,163
statutes cited Io, 720-27, 727 -28

o reporters)
National Transportation Safety Board,
246
titles of articles, 163
titles of, printed in italic type, 6/-70
typeface, 3, 6-7, 67 -7 0, 159, 16)-64

o Navajo Nation
sources of law, 304
Nebraska
typeface in court documents and legal
memoranda,6-7
typeface in law reviews,6Z-70

o citation rules and style guides, 51

sources of law, 97, 124, 275
Netherlands, Kingdom of the
when cited, 70243,727
Nicaragua
sources of national law, 434-36

o sources of nation al law, 424-29 Nigeria

Nevada sources of nationat law, 436-38
citation rules and style guides, 51 "N0.," in case names,98

a sources of law, 58, 123, 127, 27 6 "[No signat]" as signal, 4, 58

New Brunswick No-action letters, SEC, 246-47
sources of law, 337 ,340, 50* Nonconsecutive pages, citation ol, 7 2-7 3

o New Hampshire Nonconsecutive sections, citation of,

citation rules and style guides, 51 75-76
sources of law,276-77 Nonperiodic materials (see Books and

o
New lersey pamphlets)
citation rules and styte guides, 51 North Carolina
sources of law, 141,276-77 citation rules and style guides, 52
sources of law, 723,283-84

o
New Mexico
citation rules and style guides, 51
Index o
North Dakota
citation rules and style guides, 52
inclusive pages, /3
inclusive paragraphs, 76 o
sources of law, 285
Northern lreland
sources of national law, 485-82
inclusive sections of codes, 75-76
legislature, l36-37
ordinal, 89
ordinance,130
t
I
ilorthern Mariana lslands
citation rules and style guides, 55 patent number, 239
sources of law, 304-05 percentages, numerals used, 88
Northwest Territories round numbers spelled out,88
sources of law, 137 ,340,504
"Note," designating student work, 1 59-
60,165-66
Roman numerals, 72
serial, of books and pamphlets, 145
serial, of publications, 155
o
"Noted in," use of, 65
Notes (see also Footnotes)
appended material, 7 6-7 7
series, consistency in, 88
spacing of, in abbreviations, 87
volumes designated by Arabic
o
statutory notes, 124
student-written, 165-66
Nouns, capitalization ol 91-93
numerals, 71
"Numbe(s)," abbreviation of, 497
Occupational Safety and Health Act, 140,
O
Nova Scotia
sources of law, 337,3)9,504
Novels (Roman Law),444
246
"0f America," omitted in case names,99
Office of Legal Counsel, opinions, 240
o
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 246
Number and series
European Community materials, 221-31
OfficiaI reporters
generally, 103-04
U.S. Supreme Court, 233
a
League of Nations materials, 221
Permanent Court of International
Justice,206-09
0fficiaI codes
American, 123
foreign, 197 (see also name of
o
U.N. materials, 207, 275-27
Number of case
ad ministrative cases, 7 45-47
jurisdiction)
online,727,726-27
Official lournal of the European
o
appeal or petition for certiorari, 95-96,
113-15
court documents, 773-75
Connunities, 227-22, 492
Official Journal of the Europeon Unions,
227-22,492
I
federal cases, 234-36
medium neutral citation, 104
pending cases, 14-15,95-96, 106-07
777-73
,
0fficiaI names of statutes, 123
Official or authenticated online
documents,178,180
Officiat public domain citation, 104
o
public domain citation, 104
renumbered, ll2
0fficiaI records (see Records)
Official records, U.N., 2 1 5-21
O
service citations, 190-91
un reported cases, 7 4-75,
177-73
9 5-96,
OfficiaI releases of administrative
agencies, 146-47, 2)6-48
Official reporters (see also name of
o
Numbers
Arabic numerals designating monarchs,
475
individual jurisdiction)
abbreviations used, 233-306
ad m i nistrative cases, 746, 2]6-48
o
Arabic numerals designating volumes,
77-72
beginning sentence, 88
foreign cases, 195 (see also name of
j urisd iction)

state cases, 73-14,702, 70546,

o
Circuit number, capitalization, 92
commas in,89
Congress and session, 136
248-302
U.S. Supreme Court cases, 233
when to cite, 12-13,10344
o
designating subdivision, numerals
used, 88
docket (see Number of case)
Official sources
international agreements, 491, 494-95
international arbitrations, 495-96
I
dollar amounts, numerals used, 88
English monarchs, 475
ethical opinion, 133
public domain citation, 104
statutes, foreign (see name of
I urisd iction)
t
five or more digits,89
generally, 88
treaties, 497, 494-95
Offprints (see Photoduplicated reprints)
o
a Index

o 0hio
citation rules and style guides, 52
sources of law, 285-8/
Fe d e

248
rol Reg i ster, 1 43-44, 242-43, 247,

first page ofauthority, citation t0,72

I 0klahoma
citation rules and style guides, 52-53
sources of law, 287-88
generally, T2-7 4
graphical materials, 74
inclusive, 73

o 0klahoma Native Americans

sources of law, 305
0missions
institutes, publications by, 168-69
International court of Justice cases,
206-09

o book and pamphlet titles, 15'-

case names, 96-101
quotations, 85-86
law journals and reviews, 159-60,
762-63
legislative reports and documents,

o "0n the relation of," abbreviated to "ex

rel.," 97-98
Online recordings, 179, 188
B6-40
looseleaf services, 720, 725, 790-97,
209-270

o 0nline sources, officiaI or authenticated,

180
"Opened for signoture," use ot,204
multipart articles, 167-68
multiple, citation of, 12, 73
newspapers, 163-64

o 0pinions
administrative, 145-46
concurring and dissenting, 15, 73, 107
online sources, 178-79, 186
particular, reference to, 72-73, 7 6
"possim," useof,72,73

o ethics,133
formal advisory, 145, 240
seriatim, 108
period icals, 159-60, 162-63
Permanent Court of International iustice
cases, 206-09

o 0pinions of Attorney General, 240

Opposing citations, introductory signals
to, 59-60
reporters, 102-04
reprinted reporters with different
pagination,103-04

o 0rder of citation, 5, 60-6J

0rder of parentheticals, 65, 108
parallel Internet citations, 181
services, 190-91
session laws, 726-727
shorter works in collection, 153-54

o Orders, regulations, and rutings of

administrative agencies, 143-48,
236-48
slip opinions,112-13
star, in books and pamphlets,73,155
statutes,123-24

o 0rdinal numbers,89
Ordinances, municipal and county, 130
0regon
statutes, secondary sources, 127-28
U.N. materials,215-21
unpublished opinion, 111*13

o citation rules and style guides, 53

sources of law, 288-89
0riginat edition of books, citation to stal
World Court cases, 206-09
"Page(s)," abbreviation of,72,77, 523
Pakistan, lslamic Republic of

o pages,23,155
Original source
identified after a quotation, 66
sources of national law, 439-41
Pamphlets (see books and pamphlets)
Panama (see Canal Zone)

o "Ovenuled by," in case history, 110,

500-01
PACER,25,26,114
Paragraph number, 7 5-7 6, 79 1
Paragraphed reporters (see Services and
topical reporters)

o Pages
administrative compilations, 143-45
annotations, l68
Paragraphs
ABA section reports, 168-69
A.L.l. proceedings, 168

o "at," used in citations to particular

pages, 15-17, 23, 24, 25, 72, 75,
1 62-63, 19 1-92, 270, 279
books and pamphlets, 75-76,149
citations to, 75-76,89
consecutive and nonconsecutive, 76

o books and pamphlets, 72-7 4, 749

bound services, 103-0 4, 190-9 1
Code of Federol Regulations,22, 743-
44,248
indented but unmarked, 75
institutes, publications by, 158
international agreements, 202-06
multiple, 76

O collected works, 1 52-53

Common Market cases, 209-10
omission of, in quotations, 82-83
proceedings, l68

o consecutive and nonconsecutive, 12, public domain citatlons, 104

72-73 services,190-92
Index o
o
Paragraphs, continued
treaties, 202-06 ethical opinions, 133
U.N. materials,215-21 explanatory phrases, 15, 109-1 10
films, 18/

o
unnumbered, citation of, 75
"Paragraph(s)," abbreviation ol, 7 5, 89, forthcoming publications, 1 75
523 id. identifying different opinions, 117

ParalleI citations
articles and collected essays, 65-56
briefs and court filings, 114-15
o
identifier of cases, 101
implied holding, 102
International Court of lustice, 206-O9
judge writing opinion, 15, 10/

cases, ad ministrativ e, 747
cases, American, 102-O4
cases, federal, 102-04
cases, in id. fom,76-77, 777
cases, international, 21 5
cases, reprinted reporters, 103-04
cases, state, 102
European Union materials, 209-10
international agreements, 205
o
jurisdiction, American cases, 104-06
jurisdiction, international materiats,
193,202
]ustice writing opinion, 15, 107
letters,123
location of email correspondence and
o
o
listserv postings, 173-74
location of letters, speeches, and

medium neutral citation, 102, 104
order of citations, parallel and official,
10244
t
interviews, 173-25
location of unpublished works, 122-75
mandamus, judge target of, 10;
memorandum decisions, 108

I
public domain citation, 102, 104
repeating citations, 102-04 microform, 18G87
services, l9G-91 model codes, 131-33
statutes, American, 136-32 multipart articles, 167-68
statutes, foreign (see name of individual
country)
Treasury regulati ons, 247-43
new series (n.s.), 511, 515,517
number and series of books and
pamphlets,155
o
treaties, 205
treaty collections, 205
order,61-55, 108
order ol in internet citations, 181 I
t
Parenthetical explanations of authorities per curiam decision, 108
(see Explanatory Parentheticals) Permanent Court of International
Parenthetical indications lustice,206-09
administrative adludications, 146 primary authority commentary, 65
alterations and omissions in quotations,
83-86
alternative holding, 107
plurality opinions, 107
popular name of statute, 723,125
prior history of statute, 129
proposed or amended drafts of statutes,
o
amended statutes, 128-29
arbitration, international, 214
arbitrator, 146
132-3J
"quoting," 69, 108
O
author of opinion ,15,707
broadcasts, 187
Bible version, 156
quoting an authority, 64
repealed statutes, 727-22, 728, 731
restatements,131-33
o
"by implication," 107
"citing," 69, 108
codification of session laws, 126
sentencing guidelines, 131-33
separate opinions, 107, 207
serial number, books and pamphlets,
o
commentary, 64-65
common names of cases, 101
concuning opinions, 107-08
155
seriatim, 108
series and number in series
o
court of decision, 104-06
dates of cases, 106-07
depublished status, 113
publications, l55
services, later bound form, 190
session laws, 122, 125-26, 129
a
dictum, 107
dissenting opinions, 107
divided court, 107
split decisions, 107
standards,131-33
statutes,120
o
docket numbers, renumbered, 112
editors of books, 151
editors of reporters, 103
statutes, amended, 128-29
statutes, history of, 129
statutes, prior history, 129
t
date of statute, 124-26
en banc decisions, 107
statutes, repealed, 128
tentative draft of statute, 132
o
a Index

o translators of books, 151,152-53

"translating," 69
unclear holdings, 107
forcign,797-98
forthcoming materlats, 175
"Developments in the Law," 166

I weight of authority, 102-08

when nested, 108
year, English cases, 47 4-7 5
generally,159-71
institutes, regular publications by,
168-69

o Porlenent Europaen Documents de

S'ance,221,492
Parliamentary materials, British, 47 7 -78
internet journals, 764, 77 8-86
multipart articles, 167 -68
names, abbreviation of , 79 4, 797 -98,

o Parties
appeal, under different names, 111
citation in case names, 9G102
510-17
names, typeface used, 160
new series (n.s), 511, 575,577

o hypothetical, 90
international agreements, 203-04
international arbitrations, 214
newsletters, 169
newspapers, 163-64
noncommercial, 159

o International Court of Justice, 207

omitted in case names,96-100
Permanent Court of International
nonconsecutively paginated, 24,
I Ol-OJ
notes, law review, 155-66

o justice,207
treaties, 203-204
Partnership names in cases, 97
"Part(s)," abbreviation of, 523
online,164,178-85
order within signal, 63
page citation, 72-73
pages, 162-63

O "Passim," use ol,72,7l

Patent and Trademark Office ,238-40
pinpoint citations, 2]-24, 162-61
proceedings,158-69

o Patents,239
PDF fites, 27, 178, 180-81, 185-86
Pending cases, 95,706-07 ,777-73
punctuation in titles, when omitted,
5 10-1 1

recent cases, 155*56

o Pennsylvania
citation rules and style guides, 53
early federal and state cases, 104
recent developments, 155-66
recent statutes, 155-66
short citation foffis, 770-7 7

o sources of law, 289-90

"People of," omitted in case names, 99
"Per curiam"
special prolects, law review, 155-56
statutes cited to, 727 -28
student-written material, 165-66

o in case history, 107

parenthetical indication of , 75, 65,
107-08
Supreme Court note, 165-66
surveys of law, 167
symposia, 167

o Percentages, numerals used, 88

Periodicals
ABA section reports, 158-69
titles,161
typeface, in court documents, 6-7,
23-24

o abbreviations, English-language,
570-17
abstracts in, 165
typeface, in law reviews,6T-70
undated,163
volume, 71

a A.L.l. proceedings, 158

annotations, l5S
articles, 1 59-50
year,752
Periods, to indicate omissions in
quotations, 85-86

o authors, 161
basic citation forms, 159-60
book notes, 156
Permanent Court of Arbitration, 201,
214,495
Permanent Court of InternationaI Justice,

I book reviews, 166-67

case comments, 165-66
case notes, 165-66
200,206-09,491
Philippines
sources of nation al law, 441-43

o cases, when cited to, 102-03

citation order, 53
colloquia,167
Photoduplicated reprints, 753, 577
Phrases of location
letters, speeches, and interviews,

o comments, law review, 165-66

components of citation, 23, 1 59-60
c0nsecutively paginated, 23-24, 162
173-75
omitted from case names,99
unpublished wotks, 772-75

o date,759-60, 762-63
electronic databases, 164
Index I
Pinpoint citations
books, other nonperiodic materials,
22-23,72-74,149
Prepositions
capitalization,91
In case names, 98-100
o
court and litigation documents, 25,
11J-15
European Union materials, 221-24
in court document titles, 29
in legislative document titles, 501
in periodical names, 510
I
Federal Register, 144, 148
forthcoming publications, 175
generally, 72-7j, 2-7 4
Presidential papers and executive orders,
62,243-44
Press releases
o
o
7

id.,16-17,78-79 European Union,224

intergovernmental organization generally,1/3
materials, other, 228-29 short form for, 176
International Court of justice cases,
206-09
Internet sources, 186
United Nations,219
World Trade 0rganization, 222
Previously cited authorities (see also
a
manuscripts,172-73
medium-neutral citation, 104
multipart articles, 167 -68
entry under Authorities previously
cited; Short citation forms)
cross-reference to, 78-81
o
newspapers, 163-54
paraltel citations in state court
documents, 14
Prince Edward lsland
sources of law, )37, 340, 504
Printing, when indicated, 152
o
pending, unreported cases, 14-15,
777-73
periodicals, 23-2 4, 162-63
Prior history (see History of cases; History
of statutes)
Private laws,122
o
public domain citation, 104
session laws, 18-19, 125
short form citations, in 76-77 ,25,
Private letter ruli ngs, 20, 242
Privy Council
Australian cases,311
o
775-77
speeches, 174-75
statutes,123-26
Canadian cases, 332
Hnno Knnq racp< ?71
Indian cases,376
o
treaties, 202, 204-06
U.N. materials,215-21
Pleadings
Kenyan cases, 403
New Zealand cases, 429-37
Nigerian cases, 432
o
genera lly, 24-26, 77)-75
International Court of lustice cases,
207-08,497
South African cases, 451
United Kingdom cases, 473-7 4, 47 9
"Proboble jurisdiction noted," in case
I
League of Nations, 491
Pleod ings, Orol Arg uments, Documents,
208
history, 501
ProceduraI phrases
in administrative adludications, 146
I
Plenary materials, U.N., 21 5-21
Plurality opinion, indication of,65, 107
Pluralization
in case names, 11, 68, 69, 90, 97-98
in international cases, 200
in short form citations,115
I
of abbreviations, /4, 496
symbols representing, 18, 29, 74,75-76
Pocket parts (see also entries under
in subsequent history of cases, 111
Procedure, rules of, 19-20, 61,130-131
Proceedings
o
Supplements)
books and pamphlets, 153
codes,77-72, 724, 725
audio recordings of court, 114
institutional, l68
United Nations, 219
o
Podcasts, 779,788
Popular names
cases, 98, 101
ProfessionaI Responsibility, Code of, 133
Projects, in law reviews, 155-66
Proposed administrative rules and o
international agreements, 203
session laws, 125
statutes, 18-19,121
regulations, 63,'!44-45
Proposed drafts, restatements and model
codes,132 o
treaties, 203
Positive [aw, codes enacted into,722
Pre-1900 works, 153
Provinces, Canadian, 336-37, 339-41,
504
Public domain citation, 104 o
Preamble, constitutional, 1 18
Prefaces, 1 54
Public lnternational Law Coses, Annual
Digest and Repofts of,273
o
a Index

o Public law number, when given for federal

Pu
statutes, 19,125-26
bli c Popers of the Presidents, 244
Quotation marks,82-85
Quotations
alteration ol 83-85

o Publication number
administrative opinions, 146
European Union materials, 221-24
generally, 82-86
identification of original source, 83-85
long and short, 82-83

o intergovernmental organizations'
materials, 228-29
International Court of iustice rules and
mistakes in, indicated by "[sic]," 83
omissions in, 85-85
"Quoted in," use oi 66

o acts, 206-09
League of Nations publications, 221,
"Quoting," use of, 65
in case parentheticals, 84-85, 108

t
497 Radio broadcasts. 779. 187
series publications, 155 Recent cases. citation of, 95-96,102-0],
U.N. publications, 275-27, 497 777-73
WTo materiats, 225-27 Recent cases, in law reviews, 165-56

o Publication, place of
books, pre-1900,153
newspapers, 164
Recent decisions, in law reviews, 165-65
Recent developments, in law reviews,
765-66

o Publications
ABA section reports, 168
A.L.l. proceedings, 168
Recent statutes, 727-22, 124-25
Recent statutes, in law reviews, 165-56
Recordings, audio, 1 14-1 5, 188-89

o considered periodicals or reporters,

103-04
forthcoming, 772,775
Records
cases.24-26. 773-75
u.N..215-16

o institutes, regular publications, 168-59

proceedings, 158
typeface in court documents and legal
"Referee." abbreviation of, 509, 516
References to previously cited
authorities. 78-81

o memoranda,6-Z
typeface in law review citations, 68
typeface in law review text, 69-70
RegionaI Rail Reorganization Court, 235,
500
RegionaI reporters, 13-14, 102-04

t typeface used for case names, 58-69

Publisher
books, 1 52-53
Regnal years, in Engtish statules,475-76
Regulations of administrative agencies
generally, 22,143-46

o cD-R0M,186
codes,124
foreign codes, 197
InternaI Revenue, 20, 129-30, 242
short citation f oms,
Treasury, 20,247-42
747 -48

o microform collections, 187

services,191
session laws, 125-25
Rehearing
denial, when indicated, 109, 111
"sub nom." not used,111

o statutes,124
Puerto Rico
citation rules and style guides, 55
"Reheoring gronted [denied]," in case
history, 501
Related authority, 65-55

o sources of law, 305-06

Punctuation
between case and commentary,66
"Retation of," abbreviated lo " ex rel.,"
11.97-98
Relator. first Iisted, not omitted,96-97

o between statute and case construing it,

66
citations, separated by semicolons, 5,
Releases, SEC, 24l
Remand, history of case on, 109
Renumbered and reprinted reporters, 103

I 50
initials, 88
italicization of, 69
Reorganization ptans, 243
Repagination
books and pamphtets, 152

a periodical titles, 510

quotations, 82-86
subdivisions, 75-76
case reporters, 103
"Repealed bf'
in constitution citation, 118

o subsequent history of cases, 109 in statute citation, 128

with introductory signals, 58-60 Repealed constitutions, 1 18
Quasi-statutory material, 135-45 Repealed statutes, 128
Queen's Bench,480-83 Repeating citations, 78-81

O "Questioned in," use of, 66

Index o
Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions
ond Orders,207, 491
Reporter editor, when given, 103
European Union,222-23
intergovernmental organizations, O
I
228-29
Reporters of cases (see also Services and srate,27-22, 135, 137
topical reporters) statutory, 136-37
abbreviations, l03 275-16
U.N. organs, 201,
admin istrative, 1 46-47, 236-48
American, 233-305
annotations of cases, 168,196
Restatements, 19 -20, 1)2-3]
comments, 19-20,132
Revenue Acts, 20,12Y30
o
Common Market cases, 209-10, 491-92
computer services, 776-77, 17 9, 186
court administrative orders, 115
Revenue Rulings, 20, 242
Revenue Procedures, 240, 242
Reversals, in subsequent case history,
a
duaI citations, 14, 102-03, 704, 774,
777
early American, 103-04
109
"Reversed," in case history, 15-16, 109,
501
I
editor named, 103
electronic databases, 106,
726-27
1 11-12,
Reversed names of parties, citation of on
appeat,111
Reversi ng," in case history, 501
I
o
"

federal, 233-36 Review, cited with book reviewed, 65,

foreign, 196 (see also name of 166-67
ju risd iction) "Reviewed by," use of, 66
generally, 1.2-13, 9 4-96, 103-04
international arbitrations, 201, 214,
495-96
Reviewer of book, 166-67
"Reviewing," use of in book review
citation, 166-67
o
jurisdiction named, 104-06
medium-neutral citation, 102, 104
official and West, when cited, 13-14,
Revised Reports,480
Revi sion (Canadian statutes), 338-39
Rhode lsland
o
102-03
page citation, 103
sources of law, 290-91
Roman Catholic Church (see Catholic
t
t
parallel citation, 74, 702-03, 704, 774, Church)
777 Roman law references, 444
public domain citation, 104 Roman numerals, when not used,7,77,
publications considered as, 103 475
renumbered and reprinted, 103
requiring dual citation, 14, 702,704
services, permanently bound, 190-91
state, 13-14, 102, 105-06
Roman type (see Typeface)
"R.R.," in case names, 100, 102
Rules
administrative, 143-45
o
unofficial, when cited, 103
volume citation, 103-04
court,130-31
ethics,133
O
International Court of Justice, 200,
206-09
Reports (see also Reporters of cases)
evidence, 19-20, 130-31
proced ure, 19-20, 1 43-45
Rutes and regulations, proposed, 144-45
t
administrative and executive, 145,
236-48
Congressional Research Service, 139
Russian Federation
sources of nation al law, 444-57
treaty sources, 450
o
Government Accountability Offi ce, 139
le gislative, 735, 738-39
"Representative," abbreviation of, 509
Sales number, U.N., 219-20
Saskatchewan
sources of law, 332-41
o
Reprinted case reporters, 103
"Reprinted in," use ol 66, 77 ,724,738,
740
Scattered sections of code, /5, 122
"Schedute(s)," abbreviation of, 523
Scotland
t
" Repri nted i n," with multiple sources,
136,243
Reprints, photoduplicated, 1 53
sources of law, 487-89
SEC materials
releases, 247
o
Research Institute of America (RlA)
services, 518 (see also Services and
topicat reporters)
no-action lette's, 246-47
Secondary authorities
administrative reporters, 22, 146-47
o
Resolutions
con gressional, 135, 135-37
books and pamphlets, 22-23,749-58
citation order, 5, 63
o
o Index

o congressional materials, 135-42

law lournals and reviews, 23-24,
"See generolly," as signa[, 5, 50
Senate materials (see Congressional

t
159-77 materials)
legislative histories, 140 "5enator," abbreviation of , 502, 509
letters, speeches, interviews, 173-25 Sentencing guidelines, 131-33

t
newsletters,169 Separate decisions of other issues, in
newspapers, 24,163-64 case history, 109
magazines, 2 4, 162-6i, 5M8 Separate opinions
order within signal, 5, 53 indication of , 7i, 96, 70748

o periodicals, 1 59-71
periodicals, English-language, 570-77
periodicals, foreign-tanguage, 197 -98
slip opinions,112-13
Serial numbers
books and pamphlets, 155

o services, 190-92, 518-22

statutes cited to, 18, 121-22, 128-29
Treasury regulations, 20, 744, 247-43
European Union materials, 221-24
executive orders, 243
intergovernmental organizations'

o unpublished w orks, 77 2-7 5

Section number
generally, 7 5-7 6, 89, 523
services,191-92
materials,228-29
International Court of .lustice cases,
206-09
leaflets,155
O Sections
ABA section reports, 168-69
League of Nations documents, 221
monographs,155

I administrative compilations, 143-45

A.L.l. proceedings, 168-69
amending act, /5
pamphlets and books, 155
proclamations, 243
publications in series, 155

o books and pamphlets, 22-23, 7 5, 749

citation to, 18, 126
Cod e of Fed eral Re g u lati o n s, 743-45,
148
O codes, consecutiv e, 78-79, 7 5-7 6
reorganization ptans, 243
U.N. documents,215-21
"Series" and "Serial(s)," abbreviation
of,52)
Series, books and pamPhlets in, 155
Series, renumbered, 103-04, 511

t
codes, statutory, 18-19, 123
generally, T5-76,89
institutes, publications by, 158-69
international agreements, 204
Services and topicaI reporters
abbreviations,5l8-22
abbreviations of publishers, 518

o model codes, 131-33

newspapers, 163
ordinances, municipat, 130
administrative rutes and
announcementS, 143
basic citation form, 190-91

o proceedings, l6S-59
restatements, 19-20, 131-33
scattercd,76,722
cases, 94
citation of cases, 103-04
Common Market materials, 209-70,

o sentencing guidelines, 20, 131-33

services,191
session [aws,
standards,131-33
M9,126
491-92
components of citation, 190-91
dates,191
dates of materials in, 191

O statutes,123
treaties, 204
European Community materials, 209-
10,491-92

o "Section(s)," abbreviation ol, 7 5-7 6, generatty,190-92

89,523 looseleaf, citations of, 190-91
scattered, 76 name, 190

t sentencing guidelines, 131

services, 191-92
session [aws, 125
pages,191
paragraphs, l9l
parallel citations, for administrative

o standards,131-33 cases, 147

statutes,123 parentheticaI indications of later bound
treaties, 204 form, 190

I Securities Exchange Act of 1934,140 publishers, 191, 518

Security Council official records, U.N.,215 sections, 191
"See also," as signat, 5, 59 short citation forms, 797-92
statutes, 721,727-28

o
"See," as signa[, 5, 58
"See, e.9.," as signal, 4-5, 58 subdivisions, l9l
Index I
I
Seryices and topical reporters, continued
title of service, 191, 518-22 cD-R0M,189
transfer binders, 19G-91 constitutions, ll9

I
typeface, 190 court documents and legal memoranda,
U.S. Law Week,95-96,233, 522 lo
volumes and editions, 7 1-72, 190-91 electronic media, 189
years, 191 films, 189
Session laws (see also Codes, Statutes)
abbreviations, l25
"Act of _,"
foreign materials, 198-99
forthcom i

125
amend ments cited to, 722, 726
chapter numbers, 1,25, 236
generally,78-81
n g sources, 77 6-7 7 o
I
international materials, 230-31
Internet sources, 1BB-89
legislative materials, 141-42

o
citation, basic forms, 121
cited by page, 126 nonprint resources, 188-89
codifi cation, future, 126 periodicals,170-l1
dates,126 regulations, l4T-48
effective date of statutes, 126
enactment, year or date, 126
federal,125-26
repeating citations, 78-81
services,191-92
statutes,133-34
O
foreign countries, 197
former version of statute, 121-22
historical fact, statutes cited as, 122
treaties,23G-31
unpublished sowces, 776-77
works in collection, 757 -58
I
jurisdiction, abbreviated name ol
125-26
municipal ordinances, 130
Shorter works in collection
citation form, 153-54
editor, 1 53
o
name, 125
official and privately published, 121-22
omission of words in title, 125
"in," 753
parallel citation, 65-66
"supra" short form, 80
a
ordinances, uncodified, 130
pages, when cited to, 125
parallel citation of , 125, 726, 137
"[Sic]," use
Signals
ol

analogous support, 59
83

I
pinpoint citations, 126
printed in roman type, 125
public law number, 125
authority from different lurisdiction, 58
authority stating proposition, 58
background materiat, 60
I
recent statutes, 128
scattered sections of code, 122
sections and subsections, 7 5-7 6, 126
short title of statute, 125
comparison,59
contradiction,59-60
direct contradiction, 59-60
dirort <rrnnnrl (R
I
signature by executive, year of, 128
statute cited as historical fact,722
generally, 4-5, 58-50
identification, 58
O
statute, name ol 125
statute not in current code but in force,
727
order of authorities within signal,
61-6J
order of citation, 50-61
o
statute not in force,727-22
Stotutes ot Lorge, 79,725,137 ,236,
243,258
sampling of authorities, 58
source of quotation, 58
string citations, 57 -58, 60-67
o
statutes, when cited to, 121
subsections and sections, 7 5-7 6, 726
typeface,725-26
support,58-59
table of signals, 4-5,58-60
typeface used in court documents and
I
U.S. Code Congressional and
Administrative News, cited to, 127
volume,125-25
legal memoranda, 6-7
typeface used in law review citations,
68
I
year as volume number, 125-26
Shakespeare, 1 55
Short citation forms
Slip opinions, 95,706, 772-73,777 ,
746-47
SmalI Business Administration, 248
o
administrative materials, 142-48
audio recordings , 775,789
books and pamphlets, 157-58
Social Security Adminishation, 248
Social media, 77 9, 782, 784
Songs, 188
o
broadcasts,
cases,115-18
l89 Sound recordings, 114-15, 779, 788-89
South Africa
o
a Index

o sources of national law, 451-54

South Carotina
citation rules and style guides, 53-54
appendices to codes, appearing in, 124
basic forms of citation, 120-121
bills and resolutions, 736-37

I sources of law, 53-54,291-92

South Dakota
citation rules and style guides, 54
case construing statute, cited with, 66
citation analyzed, 120
citation order, 61

I sources of law, 54,292-93

South Korea
sources of nation allaw, 454-57
cited by page, 126
city ordinances, 130
code appendices, appearing in, 124

o Spacing of abbreviations and initials,

87-88
Spain
commentary on, cited with, 66
compilations, 124
components of citation, 120-29

o sources of national law, 452-60

Special issues in law journals and
reviews, 162
concurrent resolutions, 136-37
county ordinances, 130
current code, 123

o SpeciaI proiects in periodicals, 155-58

Special reports of government agencies,
l4)
date, lnternal Revenue Code, 729-30
dates,124-25
dates of amendment, 728-29

o Speeches,174-75
Split decision
indication of,112
effective date, 725, 129
electronic databa ses, 721, 726-27
ethics, rules of, 133

o ssRN, 175-76, 181

standards,131-33
Star pages in books and pamphlets, /3,
explanatory parenthetical phrases, 129
federal and state, 120-22
foreign jurisdictions, 197

I 155
State administrative agencies
generally, 248-302
futu re codifi catio n, 727 -28
generally, 720-734
historical fact, cited as, 122

I reports,145
State cases
court of decision, abbreviations, 105-
history ol as amended, 722,728-29
InternaI Revenue Code, 20, 129-30
lnternet sources, 727, 727, 77 8-7 9, 782

o 06,248-]02
court of decision, indication of, 105-06
department or division of court, 105-06
invalidated, l28
joint resolutions, 735, 136-37
legislative history, 135-42

o official and unofficial reporters, 12-14,

70244
paraltel citations, 14, 102, 248-302
legislative materials, 135-42
materially different from code, 122
miscellaneous citation forms, 129-133

o reporters (see name of individual state)

State courts
citation to cases of, 102-06
multiple sections and subsections,
75-76
municipal ordinances, 130

o generally, 248-302
rules of court, 130-31
State Department publications, 204-05,
name of, in session laws, 125
names,123
newspapers, cited to, 727, 763-64

o 247
"State of," omitted in case names, 99
States (see also name of individuat
no longer in force,727-22
not in current code,727,728
online, authenticated or official, 121,

o j urisd iction)

abbreviated in case names, 102

abbreviation of, 502-03
778-87
order within signal, 61
ordinances, municipaI and county, 130

o omitted in case names, 99

reporters, 248-302
session laws, 125-26, 248-302
original enactment, indication of, 129
pages, when cited to, 126
parenthetical indications, 129

o statutes, 120-3 4, 2 48-302

statutory codes, 248-302
Statutes (see also Codes, Session laws)
parenthetical indications of
amendment, 128-29
periodicals, cited to, 121

t administrative rules and regulations,

743-45,747-48
amended,128-29
prior history, 129
private editor or compiler, 124
private laws, 122

I amended, uniform acts, 131-33

amendments, 128-29
privately published, Internal Revenue
Code, 129-30
Index o
o
Statutes, continued
publication of, 121 constitutions, llS
publisher,124 cross-references, internal, 7Z
recent,128 endnotes, 73-74
related authority, 65-66
repealed, 727-22,728
reprinted in appendix of code, 124
English statutes, 475
footnotes, 7l-74
generally,7 l-77
a
resolutions,136-37
scattered sections of code, 76, 122
secondary sources, 727, 725-28
graphical materials, 74
"in," used to indicate location in an
entire work, 65-66, 151-54
o
sections, citation to, 75-76
services and topical reporters, 121,
726-28
institutes, publications by, 168-69
internationaI agreements, 204
model codes, 131
o
short citation forms, 133-34
source to cite,12V22
special citation f orms, 729-33
multipart articles, 167-68
multiple pages, /2-73
multiple paragraphs, 76
O
state, 248-302
state, uniform acts, 131-33
subsequent history, 128-29
multiple sections, 75-75
newspapers, 163
ordinances, municipal, 130
I
substance, parenthetical indication of,
729
superseded, l2l-22
pages, generalty, 72-73
pages or sections, in books, 72-7 6
pages or sections,in codes,75-76,
O
supplements, l24
Treasury re gu lations, 20, 241-42
uncodifi ed, 724, 126-27, 730
723-24
pages or sections, in session laws, 126
pangtaphs,T5-76
O
uniform acts,131-33
Un ited State s Code (U.s.c.), 123-2 4,

2J6
parts, 71
"possim," useof,72,7)
proceedings, 158
I
United Stotes Code Annototed
(u.s.c.A.), 123-2 4, 236
restatements, l3l
sections and subsections, 75-25 o
t
United States Code Service (U.S.c.S.), separately paginated, 71
123-24,236 services,192
withdrawn, uniform acts, 131 session laws, 75, 126
Statutes at Large, 19, 125-27 , 737 ,236 standards,131
(see also Session laws)
Statutes of Canada, 338-39
String citations, 57-58
statutes, 75-76,126
supptements, 71-72
treaties, 204
o
Structure of the Bluebook, 7, 3
Student work, in periodicals, 155-66
order within citations, 63
U.N. materials,215-18
votumes, 71-72
Subject-matter titles of codes, 123-24
o
Style
abbreviations, 9, 87 -88, 49 4-523
capitalization, 9-10, 91-93
Subsections
multipte, in statutes, Z5-75
session laws, 126
o
Chicago Manual of Style,91
quotations, 82-86
titles of officials, 94, 509
typeface, 6-7,67-70
Subsequent citations, short forms, 78-81
Subsequent history (see History of cases,
History of statutes)
Substitutions in quotations, 83
o
U.S. Government Printing )ffice Style
Manual,91
Subtitles ofbooks, 151
Successive citations, short forms, 78-79
O
"'ub nom.," in case history, 15, 111
Subdivisions in cited material
ABA section reports, 158-69
"Superseded by stotute," in case history,
110
Supplementing citations
I
abbreviations, 522-23
administrative compilations, 143-44
A.L.l. proceedings, 768-69
introductory signals to, 58-60
Supptements
books and pamphlets, Z1-72
o
appended material, 7 6-7 7
"at," used to indicate page citations, 72,
75,151
codes,124
Internal Revenue Code, 129-30
separately paginated, 7 7-7 2
o
Cod e of Fed erol Re g
codes, statutory, 123-24
u lati o n s, 74)-44 statutory,124
Supporting citation
o
t Index

I introductory signals to, 58-60

"Supro"
groups of authorities in work, 77, 80
souces of law, 303-06
Texas
citation rules and style guides, 54

o order of authorities, 63
previously cited authority, 80-81,
157-58
sources of law,294-97
Text
abbreviation of case names in,96-702

I textual material in work, 7Z

Supreme Court lustice sitting as Circuit
lustice, 105
court documents and legal memoranda,
typeface in, 6-Z
law reviews, typeface in, 67 -7 0

o Supreme Court note, 155-66

Supreme Court Foreword, 162
Supreme Court Repofte r, 7J, 105, 233
numbers in,88-89
Textual footnote materials
typeface used in, 59-70

I Suprene Court Review, 762

Supreme Court, U.S. (see United States
Supreme Court)
Textuat material in same work, cross
reference to, /7
Textual reference to statutes, 133

o Surface Transportation Board, 248

Surnames, composed of two words, 100
Surveys, in periodicals, 167
"The," in case name, 98
Theses, unpublished, 173
Times Law Repofts,484

o Sweden
sources of national law, 460-63
Switzerland
Tittes
abbreviations, l5l
articles in periodicals, 161

o Cantons (see Cantons, Swiss)

sources of national law, 464-69
Symbols,8S-89
book reviews, 160, 166-67
books and pamphlets, 151
capitalization of, 91, 151

I Symposia, in periodicals, 162

"Toble," 77
Taiwan, Republic of China
codes, statutory, 123-24
collected documents, 1 53-54
congressional documents and reports,

I sources of law,459-72
Tax Court, citation of cases, 62, 235,
242-43
138-39
direct lnternet citations, 183-84
ending with date, 151

a Tax materials
cases,52, 235,242-43
codes, 20, 129-30
foreign, 193-94
hearings, 137-38
international agreements, 203

o Cu m ulativ e Bu lleti n, 20, 242

general counsel memoranda, 20, 242
generally ,242-43
multivolume works, 151
newspaper article s, 763-64
pamphlets and books, 151

o I nte rn a 242-43
I Rev en ue Bulleti n,
lnternal Revenue Code, 20, 729-30
practitioners' citation forms, 20-21
personal titles, 94, 509
services,190
student-written materials, 165-66

I private letter rulings, 20, 242

revenue procedures, 242
revenue rulings, 242
subtitles of books, 151
Supreme Court lustices, 94, 509
surveys and symposia, 167

o technical advice memoranda, 242

Treasury decisions, 242
Treasury regulations, 20, 241-42
treaties, 203
typeface, 6-7, 67 -7 0, 757, 753-54, 772
U.N. materiats, 207, 275-27

t Telephone interviews, 174

Television broadcasts, 187
Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals,
unpublished works, 772-7
"Title(s)," abbreviation of, 523
5

"T0," used in place of hyphen,T],76

o 234,500
Tennessee
citation rules and style guides, 54
"To be codified at," 727, 726, 728, 743,
744,148
Topical reporters (see Services and

o sources of law, 293-94 topical reporters)

Tentative drafts, restatements, and model Trademarks, 238-39
codes, 1 32 Transcript of reco'd, 2 4-26, 113-115

I "Term," capitalization of, 93

Term of court, 93
Territories, U.S.
Transcripts,113-15
audio recordings of court proceedings,
7t4-75

o abbreviation of, 503 Transfer binders, services, 190-91

citation rules and style guides, 56 Translations of titles, 193-94
Index o
"Transtating," 69
Translators ofbooks, 151
decisions,247-43
italics,5-7
italics, in footnote citations, 6/-59 I
I
Treasury italics, in law review text, 59-70
Treosury Decisions l|nder lnternal ita{ics represented by underscoring,6-Z
Revenue Lows,242 italics showing style,90
Treasury regulations,20,247-42 large and small capitals, 67-69,121,
Treaties(seealsoInternationat 130,131,138,149,151,153-54,760,
agreements) 183,187
citation analvzed,200,202-03 large and small capitals, in footnote
o
generally, 28,202-06
Treaties ond Other lnternotionol Acts
Series (T.|.A.S.), 205,494
citations,57-69
law review citations,67-69
law review text, 69-70
o
Treatises, 22-23, 149-53 (see also Books letters, memoranda, and press releases,
and pamphlets)
Treaty coltections, 497, 494-95
773
looseleaf services, 790-97
I
TreatySeries (T.S.),495
Trusteeship Council Official Records,
U.N.,491
manuscripIs,TT2-7)
modeI codes, 131-3J
newspapers,163-64
o
Typed manuscripts,TT2-73
Typeface
articles, authors of, 161
ordinances, municipal, 130
ordinary roman type,6-7,67-70
periodicals, names ol 162-63
o
articles, titles of, 161
authors, articles, 161
authors, books, 149-50
publications, cited in court documents
and legal memoranda,6-Z
publications, cited in law review text, 69
o
authors, works in collection, 153-54
bills and resolutions,T)6-37
books, authors of,149-50
punctuation,69-70
related authority, indication of,65-66
reporters, 102-04
I
books, cited in court documents and
legal memoranda,6-7
reports, legislative, 138-39
restatements, l3l-33
books, cited in law reviews,149-53 roman type, in footnote citations,67-69
o
books, titles of, 151
bound services, 190-91
case history terms, 15-16, 109-10
roman type, in text,69-20
rules of court procedure, 130-31
services, 190-92
I
case names, in court documents and
tegal memoranda,5-7
case names, in explanatory
session laws, 125-26
shortened citation form,78-81
signals,5-7,58
o
parentheticals, 70
case names, in law review
case names, in law review text,69-70
speeches, citations to, 174-25
citations,53 standards, 131-33
student-written materiats, 155-66
o
citations in court documents and [egat
memoranda,6-Z
codes,723-26
collected works,153-54
subsequent and prior history of cases,
109-11, 500-01
textual footnote material,69-20
textual material in law reviews,69-70
o
commentary, indication of,56
constitutions, 118-19
theses, 173
titles,68,59
O
court documents and legal
6-7
memoranda, treaties and other international
agreements,2o2
documents,[egislative,138-39 underscoring,useoftorepresent I
explanatory parentheticals, 70 italics, 6
explanatory phrases in court documents uniform acts, 131-33
and legal memoranda,6-Z
review
Unclear holdings, indication of, 107
t
explanatory phrases in law
footnotes, 59
footnotes, citationsin,57*58,69
Uncodified laws, 124
Understandings, international, 200,203
Uniform acts, 131-33
o
footnotes, text in,69
generally, 6-7,67-70
hearings, 137-38
international agreements, 202-06
Uniform Adoption Act, 131
Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.),131
Uniforn Laws Annotated (U.L.A.),737
t
interviews, lT4
Unions, in case names, 100
United Kingdom
o
I Index

I sources of national law,

United Nations materials
Charter, 201
4/2-89 "United States," abbreviation of,88, 102
United States Code (U.S.C.)
appendix, 1 24

I citation analyzed, 201

generally, 215-21
offi cial records, 21 5-18
generally, 18-79, 720, 7 23-25
supplement, l24
United States Code Annotated (U.S.C.A.),

I periodicals, 220
sales documents, 279-20
yearbook, 220
78-79, 720, 123-24, 86
United Stotes Code Congressionol &
Administrotive Ners (U.S.C.C.A.N.),

a United Notions Reports of lnternationol

Arbitral Awards,496
ll nited Nations Tre oty Se ries (U.N.T.S.),
727 -28, 735-36, 738, 24 4
United States Code Seruice (U.5.C.S.),
123-24,236

I 28, 200, 202-05, 226, 228, 230, 491,

495
United States
United States Department of State
official treaty sources, 204-05
llnited States Law Week (U.S.L.W.), 105,

I administrative publications, 22, 741-45,

236-48
bankruptcy appellate panels, 105, 235
233,522
United Stotes Reports, 105,233
United States Supreme Court

I bankruptcy courts, 97, 105, 113, 235

Board of Tax App eals, 20, 235, 242-43
circuit courts, old federal, 705,2J4
abbreviation of , 705, 233
administrative orders, 1 15
capitalization of , 9, 92-9)

a Circuit Justices, 233

Claims Court, 234
Commerce Court,234
Circuit lustices, 105, n3
citation, 94, 233
citation in subsequent history, 95, 109

o Court ofAppeals for the Armed

Forces, 236
Court of Appeals for the Federal
cite only to official reporter, 233
date of decision, 106-07
docket numbers, 95, 111-13

o Circuit, 234
Court ofAppeals for Veterans
Claims, 235-36
Justice, sitting as Circuit Justice, 105,
233
Lawyer's Edition,233

a Court of Claims, 234

Court of Customs and Patent
Appeals,234
recent decisions, 9 4-95, 233
renumbered and reprinted reporters,
703-04,83

o Court of Customs Appeals, 234

Court of Federal Claims, 234
Court of International Trade, 234-35
rules,130-31
seriatim opinions of, 108
subsequent history, 109-11

o Court of Military Appeals, 236

Court of Military Review, 236
Court of Veterans Appeals, 235-36
S up re me Co urt Re po rte r, 705, 233

U.S. Law Week,705,233

U.S. Reports, 705,233

o courts of appeals , 13,105,2]4

Customs Court,2)4-35
district courts, 1), 105, 235
United States Treasury, decisions and
regulations, 241-43
United Stotes Treoties ond Other

o Emergency Court ofAppeals, 234

international agreements, 200, 20246
ludiciaI Panel on Multidistrict Litigation,
I ntemotional Agreements (U.5.T.),

202-06,230-37, 494-95
Unoffi ciat codes, differently numbered,

o 705,235 123-24
Military Service Courts of Criminal Unofficial reporters (see also name of
Appeals, 236 individual jurisdiction)

o Regional Rail Reorganization Act, 235 adm i nistrative cases, 7 45-47

session laws, 18-19, 727-22, 725-26, federal courts, 233-36
734,236 state courts, 14-75, 102-0 4

o statutory compilations, 18-19, 123-25, Unofficial sources

236 international arbitration awards,
Supreme Court (see U.S. Supreme 495-96

o
Court) statutes, America n, 721,-22
Tax Court, 20, 235, 242-43 statutes, foreign, generallY, 197
Temporary Emergency Court of Unpubtished materials, 1/2-75

o
Appeals,234 Unreported cases, 14-15, 95, 771-73
treaties, 28, 200, 202-06
 Index ^l
"Use of," changed to "ex rel." in case
names,97-98
Westlaw, 1, 4, 1,11,, 1,1,9, 1.21, 127,
740-47, 756, 77 8-7 9, 186
13 4,
rl I

I
Utah "Witt of," in case name, 98 I

citation rules and style guides, 54 Wisconsin

sources of law, 297 citation rules and style guides, 55-56
"Vacoted," in case history, 109, 501 sources of law, 301-02
"V\coted as moot,"in case history, 110
"Vacoting os moot," in case history, 96,
501
Working papers, 77 2, 77 5
World Trade 0rganization, 201-02,
225-27, 494
o
Vermont
citation rules and style guides, 54-55
sources of law, 298
World Wide Web , 178-86,188-89 (see
also lnternet sources)
Writers (see Authors)
a
VersusLaw, 772,727
"Vice Chanceltor," abbreviation of, 509
Videotapes, noncommercial, 182
Wyoming
citation rules and style guides, 56
sources of law, 302
o
Virgin lslands
citations rules and style guides, 56
Years (see also Dates)
administrative agency reports, 143-45 o
t
sources of law, J06 books and pamphlets, 152-53
Virginia Code of Federal Reg ulation s, 743-44
citation rules and style guides, 55 codes,724-25
sources of law, 298-99 Common Market cases, 209-10
Volume number
administrative reports, 143-45
A.L.l. proceedings, 168
enactment, session laws, 125-26
ethical opinions, 133
ethical rules, 133
o
Arabic numerals, Tl
books and pamphlets, 77,749,757
case reports, 103-04
Federal Register, 743-44
forewords,154
Internal Revenue Code, 20, 129-30
I
codes, statutory, 7 7, 723-24
Common Market cases, 209-10
Federal Register,744
Internet,184-85
League of Nations materials, 221
legislative materials, 135-40
I
generally,77-72
International Court of lustice cases,
207-08
model codes, 131-33
ordinances, municipal, 130
periodicals, 159, 162-64, 166
I
law journals and reviews, 162-63
location in citation, 71
looseleaf se rvices, 790-9 7
pocket parts, 125,153
prefaces, 1 54
regnal, in English statutes, 425-76
o
newspaper, 163-64
period icals, 77, 760, 762-63, 767-69
services,190
restatements, 1 31-33
rules of court, 130-31
rules of procedure, 130
I
session laws, 125-26
year used to indicate, 162,190
"Volume(s)," abbreviation of, 518
services,191
session laws, 125-25
standards,131-33
I
Wales (see England)
Washinglon
citation rules and style guides, 55
statutes, uniform acts, 131-33
supplements, 7 1, 121, 124, 153
Treasury regulations, 241-42
o
sources of law, 300
Wee kly Con pilation of Presi d ential
Documents,244
treaties, 204-06
U.N. materials,215-21
uniform acts,131-33
t
Weight of authority (see Parenthetical
indications)
West reporters (see also Unofficial
Yearbooks
basic citation f oms, 229-30
generally, 229-30
o
rep0nersj
generally, 13-14, 121., 1.24
West Virginia
International Court of Justice, 207
sales number, cited to, 220
u.N.,220
I
citation rules and style guides, 55
sources of law. 300-01
Zambia, Republic of
sources of national law, 489-90
o
@ o
o
o
I
I
a
I
o
o
o
o
o
I
o
o
o
o
o
t
o
o
o
 O
Quick Reference: Court Documents and
Legal Memoranda O
This table gives examples of commonly used citation forms printed in the typefaces
used in briefs and legal memoranda (as explained in the Bluepages).The inside
front cover and first page present examples in the typefaces used in law review
I
footnotes (as explained in rule 2). Although underlining is used in these examples,
italicization would also be appropriate. o
CAsns rute to
(Bluepagel Bro)
repofter
lge!5qf.$e!S.ld r'Eg!&., 348 F. Su p p. 9
t97z),4ff'd, 483 F.2d tSt+ (ld Cit. t93),
Herrick v. Lindlsy, 391 N.E.2d 729,73t (Ohio rgZg).
5 4, 9 56-58
(M. D. Pa.
atf'd,419 U.S. 345 Gg7d. o
rule lO.3
.
sefvlce
rule 19
ln re Looney, [t987-t989Transfer Binder] Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) fl
72,447, at 93,S9o (Bankr. W.D. Va. Sept. 9, 1988).
a
pending and
unreported
4![9_c[t-v. Stanczek, No. 87-C9535, r99r U.S. Dist. LEX|S 5088, at
n.r (N.0. llt. Apr. r8, r99r).
*1
o
cases
rule 1O.8.1
fackson v. Virgin ia , No. 77-tz.o5, slip op. at
(per curiam), aff'd, 443U.5. lol Ggtil.
Ross v. Weissqran, No. 9o-345 (D. Mass. fited Sept.
I (+th Cir. Aug. 3, t97B)
o
I
r8, r99o).
Clearv v. Rizkalla ,925 F.zd 314 (1st Cir. ry91,
pqlitio_n for cert. filed, 6o U.S.L.W. 34zz (U.S..lan. r4, r99z) (No.

o
9z-ztz).
CoNsrrrunoNs N.M. Const. art. tV S Z.
rule ll
(Bluepages Bl

Stetufts
l)
rule 12 (Bluepages Bt2) o
code
rule 12,3
Administrative Procedure Act g 5, 5 U.S.C. S 555 (zorz).
zz U,S,C,5 2557
lsupp, t
1983). o
o
session laws Department ofTransportation Act, Pub. L. No.89-670, g 9,8o Stat.
rule 12.4 9tt, g4r+-+l Gg66).
rules of Fed. R. Civ. rz(b)(6).

I
P.
evidence and Restatement (Second) ofTorts g 90 cmt. a (Am. Law Inst. 1965).
procedure;
festatements; U.C.C. $ z-zoz (Am. Law lnst. & Unif. Law Comm'n 1977).
uniform acts
rule 12.9
U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual 5 zDt.t(c) (U.S. Sentencing
Comm'n zoo4).
o
I-nclstetllc Marunletsrule 13 (Bluepages Bt3)
unenacted bill
rule 13.2
5.516, ro5th Cong. g z (1997). t
report rule 13.4 S. Rep. No. 95-797, at +
9260,9263.
(tglg), e,{ep!4edln 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. o
Lnrr:nns
rule 17.2.3
Letter from Pierre Arsenault, Exec. Editor, Harvard Law Review, to
Bryan M. Kiltian, Supreme Court Chair, Harvard Law Review (Apr. z, o
Imtnvrrws
rule 17.2.5
zoo4) (on fite with the Harvard Law School Library).

Telephone Interview with Michael Leiter, president. Harvard Law

Review (Oct. 22, tggg).
I
Tnnltrns
rule 21.4
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Japan-U.S., art. X, Apr.
2, t953, 4 U.S.T. 2o63.
o
(Bluepages 821)
o
a
a Boors Deborah L. Rhode, Justice and Qgnder 16 (t989).

O rule l5
(Bluepages BI 5) Charles Dickens, Bleak Housq 49-55
Penguin Books r97r) (r853).
(Norman Page ed.,

a 21 Charles Atan Wright & Arthur R. Mitler, Ederat

Praqticq4n{ Procedule S roo6 (td ed. 1998).

o works in
collection
rule 15.5
Kay Deaux & Brenda Major, A Social-Psychqlqgical Modql of Gen{qq,
in Theqle'licat Pe1gpeqlve: o1 SqxqalQifferqlqe 89, 89 (Deborah L.
Rhode ed., r99o).

o Oliver Wendell Holmes, taW in-Science a1d Science in Law, in

!qllqcteg|Legat Papers 21o, zto (tgzo).

o PsnroorcAl, M.ll'rnrer-s rule

ly
consecutive
16 (BluepagesB16)

David Rudovsky, PqISe 4lusCiQf[Xq !io!g4qe Bq (gn\q'ngd? ' 27

paginate<l
C i"Yt1"lt,
rule l6'4
Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 465, 5oo (1992).

Thomas R. Mccoy & Barry Friedman, Condjllp1al Spendtng

o
Federalism's Trojan Horse, 1988 Sup. ct. Rev. 85, 1oo.

nonconsecutively Barbara Ward. ftqgress for a Snlqll Ptanet, Harv. Bus. Rev., Sept.-Oct.
paginated iournals 1929, at 89,90.

o rule 16.5

newspapers Andrew Rosenthal, Wh{e HpuSq Jutors Kremlin in How a-Presid91411

o rule 16.6 Wp(9, N.Y. Times, lune r5, r99o, at Ar.

egp JXS9I! T!I9,lqlls 5!ql9! {q1, 5.F. Chron., Oct.70, 1975, at 43.

a Tun
INtnnxnr
Eric Posner, Nlpre.gn Sectioryzplthe Torture Conventio!, Votokh
Conspiracy (an. 29, 2oo9, 1o:o4 AM), http://www.votokh.com/

o rule 18.2
(Bluepages Bl8)
Intcrnet sources
posts I rz33z 4t 458.shtm l.

John Roman, Michaet Kane, Emily Turner & Beverly Frazier, Instllulql

o with pagination
rule r8.2.2(g)
Lasting Reforrns [o-r Prl59ngr Reentrv in Philadelp[ia, Urban Institute,
8 0 u ne 27, zoo6), http: | | www.u rba n.o rgl U ptoaded PDF/4u345-
Iastingreforms. pdf.

o Courr DocUMENTS (Bluepages B17)

o affidavit
answef
Evenson Aff. fl ra.
Scavo Summ. l. Aff. 1l z.
Pts.'Am. Answer to Def.'s Countercl. 3-4.

o appendix
brief
App. to Pet. Cert.47-39.
Pl.'s Br. 5umm..l. Sl-S8.

o deposition
motion
Yee Dep. t5:zt-t6:4.
Def.'s Mot. Dismiss fl ro.

t order
record
P[.'s Mot. Summ. J. z.
Order Granting Mot. Summ. l.
R. at 9.

o transcnpt TRO Hr'g Tr. 6:t4-25.

TriaI Tr. vo[. 7,73-17.

o E(lF Documents Rubio Dep. 5:3o-rz:ro,ECF No. 16.

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