Cooling Load

Contents
• Principle of cooling load
• Why cooling load & heat gains are different
• Design conditions
• Understand CLTD/CLF method
• An example
 Cooling Load
• It is the thermal energy that must be removed
from the space in order to maintain the
desired comfort conditions
• HVAC systems are used to maintain thermal
conditions in comfort range
 Purpose of Load Estimate
• Load profile over a day
• Peak load (basis for equipment sizing)
• Operation Energy analysis
• HVAC Construction cost
Principles of cooling Load Estimate
• Enclosure heat transfer characteristics
– Conduction
– Convection
– radiation
• Design conditions
– Outdoor & indoor
• Heat Gains
– Internal
– External or Solar
• Thermal capacity
 Space Characteristics
• orientation
• Size and shape
• Construction material
• Windows, doors, openings
• Surrounding conditions
• Ceiling
 Space Characteristics
• Occupants (activity, number, duration)
• Appliances (power, usage)
• Air leakage (infiltration or exfiltration)
• Lighting (W/m2)
Indoor Design Conditions
Basic design parameters
• Air temperature
– Typically 22-26 C
• Air velocity
– 0.25 m/s
• Relative humidity
– 30-70 %
• See ASHRAE 55 – 2004 Comfort Zone
Indoor Design Conditions
• Indoor air quality
– Air contaminants
– Air cleaning
• Acoustic requirements
• Pressurization requirements
 Outdoor Design Conditions
• Weather data required for load calculation
– Temperature & humidity
– Wind speed, sky clearness , ground reflectance etc
• Design outdoor conditions data can be found
in ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook
 Outdoor Design Conditions
• ASHRAE Fundamentals 2001
– Design severity based on 0.4%, 1%, & 2% level
annually (8760h)
– For example at 1% level, the value is exceeded in
0.01x8760h = 87.6 h in a year
 Outdoor Design For Cooling
Criteria: 0.4% DB and MWB

Station Cooling DB/MWB

Miri 0.4% 1% 2%
Malaysia

DB (˚C ) MWB ( DB MWB DB MWB

˚C )
32.2 26.3 31.8 26.3 31.4 26.2

Source: ASHRAE Fundamentals 2001

 Terminology
• Space- a volume without partition or a group
of rooms
• Room- an enclosed space
• Zone- a space having similar operating
characteristics
Heat Gain
• Space Heat gain
– The instantaneous rate at which heat enters into ,
out of, or generated within a space. The
components are: Heat gains Convective Radiant (%)
• Sensible gain (%)
Solar 42 58
• Latent gain
radiation
with internal
shading
Fluorescent 50 50
lights
People 67 33
External wall 40 60
Heat Gain
 Cooling Load
• Space Cooling load
– The rate at which heat must be removed from a
space to maintain air temperature and humidity at
the design values
• Cooling load differs from the heat gain due to
– delay effect of conversion of radiation energy to
heat
– Thermal storage lag
Heat Gain = Cooling Load
 Heat Gain = Cooling Load
Thermal storage and Construction Type
Time of the Day: Solar Radiation
Time-delay Effect: Lighting
 Extraction Rate
• Space Heat extraction rate
– The actual heat removal rate by the cooling
equipment from the space
– The heat extraction rate is equal to cooling load
when the space conditions are constant which is
rarely true.
 Heat Balance
The principal terms of heat Gains/Losses are indicated below .

(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005)

 Coil Load
• Cooling coil load
– The rate at which energy is removed at the cooling
coil
– Sum of:
• Space cooling load (sensible + latent)
• Supply system heat gain (fan + supply air duct)
• Return system heat gain (return air duct)
• Load due to outdoor ventilation rates (or ventilation
load)
 External Loads
1. Heat gains from Walls and roofs
– sensible
2. Solar gains through fenestrations
– Sensible
3. Outdoor air
– Sensible & latent
 Internal Loads
1. People
– Sensible & latent
2. Lights
– sensible
3. Appliances
– Sensible & latent
Total Cooling Load
 Cooling Load Components
• Space cooling load
– Sizing of supply air flow rate, ducts, terminals and
diffusers
– It is a component of coil load
– Bypassed infiltration is a space cooling load
• Cooling coil load
– Sizing of cooling coil and refrigeration system
– Ventilation load is a coil load
 Refrigeration Load
• The capacity of the refrigeration system to
produce the required coil load.
Profiles of Offshore Systems Cooling
Loads
Components % Load %Load %Load %Load
LQ (L) LQ (U) CCR SG/MCC

Solar Transmission 3 4 7 4
Occupants 3 3 3 0
Lights 5 5 8 4
Equipment 10 1 29 21
Outdoor air bypassed 7 8 5 6
Outdoor air not 72 79 48 64
bypassed

Total 100 100 100 100

Heat Load Components

Outdoor air &

Electrical Equipment loads
(77-85% )
People: 3%

Lighting: 4-8%

Solar Transmission: 3-7%

Infiltration : 5-8%
Calculation Methods
1. Rule of thumb method
– Least accurate
– eg 100 btu/ft2 for a space
2. Static analysis (Room temperature is
constant)
– CLTD/CLF method
3. Dynamic analysis
– Computer modeling
 CLTD/CLF Method
• Cooling load is made up of
– Radiation and conduction heat gain
– Convection heat gain
• Convective gain is instantaneous
– No delay
– Heat gain equals cooling load
• Conductive and radiation heat gains are not
instantaneous
– Thermal delay
– Heat gain is not equal to cooling load
– Use CLTD & CLF factors
 CLTD/CLF Method (ASHRAE 1989)
Cooling load due to solar & internal heat gains
• Glazing (sensible only)
– Radiation & conduction
– Convection (instantaneous)
• Opaque surface ( wall, floor, roof) load (sensible only)
– Conduction
– Convection (instantaneous)
• Internal loads (sensible & latent)
– Radiation & conduction
– Convection (instantaneous)
 Cooling Load Temperature Difference
CLTD
Compare
Q transmission = UA (T o – T i )
Q transmission = UA (CLTD)
• CLTD is theoretical temperature difference
defined for each wall/roof to give the same heat
load for exposed surfaces to account for the
combined effects of radiation, conductive
storage, etc
– It is affected by orientation, time , latitude, etc
– Data published by ASHRAE
 Cooling Load Factor (CLF)
• This factor applies to radiation heat gain
• If radiation is constant, cooling load = radiative
gain
• If radiation heat is periodical, than
Q t = Q daily max (CLF)
CLF accounts for the delay before radiative gains
becomes a cooling load
 Glazing
glass
• Q = A (SC) (SHGF) (CLF)
A= glass area
SC= shading coefficient Solar ray
SHGF= solar heat gain factor,
tabulated by ASHRAE
CLF= cooling load factor,
tabulated by ASHRAE
transmitted
• Q = U x A x CLTD reflected

U= surface U-factor absorbed

A= surface area
CLTD= cooling load temperature
difference
 Opaque Surfaces
• Q 2 = UA (CLTD)
U= surface U-factor
A= surface area
CLTD= cooling load temperature difference
• Tabulated or chart values for CLTD can be
referred
• Offshore enclosure
– Light weight
– Metal frame with insulation
– Group G wall with U-value about 0.5-1.0 W/m2 K
 CLTD for Sunlit Wall Group G

Source: ASHRAE Fundamental

 Opaque Surface Calculations
• Use Table for wall CLTD
• Use Table for roof CLTD
– Select wall/roof type
– Look up uncorrected CLTD
– Correct CLTD
CLTD c=(CLTD+LM)+ (25.5-t r) + (t m-29.4)
• LM= latitude /month correction (Table )
• T r = indoor temperature (22C)
• T m= average temperature on the design day = (35+22)/2 =
28.5 C
Eg. If CLTD=40 C, LM=-1.7 (west face)
CLTD c= (40-1.7) + (25.5-22)+ (28.5-29.4) = 40.9 C
 Types of Internal Load
• Internal loads are
– People
– Lights
– Equipment or appliances
• Consist of convective and radiant components
– Light (mostly radiant)
– Electrical heat (radiant and convective)
– People (most convective)
• Time-delay effect due to thermal storage
 Internal Load- Lighting
Area Light Power
•Heat gain (lighting) Density W/m2
= 1.2 x total wattage x CLF Office 25
Corridor 10
Or based on light power Sleeping 10
density ranging from 10-25 CCR
MCC/SG
25
25
W/m2 Kitchen 25
(average density, say=20 Recreation 20

W/m2)
•Where light is continuously
on, CLF=1
 Internal Loads- People
• Q people-s = No x sensible heat gain/p x CLF
• Q people-L = No x latent heat gain/p
 Internal Load – Equipment Heat
• Cooling of electrical equipment in MCC/SG is an important
function of HVAC system offshore. The components
include:
• Transformers
• Motors
• Medium/high voltage switchgears
• Cables & trays
• Motor starters
• Inverters
• Battery chargers
• Circuit breakers
• Unit panel board etc
• Heat dissipation from these equipments are mainly based
data published by the manufacturers
 Typical Outdoor & Indoor Design
Conditions Used Here
Conditions Dry-bulb % RH Moisture content,
temperature (C) kg/kg

Outdoor air 35 70 0.025

Indoor air 22 55 0.009

Difference 13 0.016

ASHRAE fundamental Handbook published data, at 0.4%, 1% and 2% design

level. At 0.4% design level, Miri has only 35h (out of 8760 h a year) at 32.2 DB &
26.3 WB or higher
 Infiltration Air is Cooling Load
• Load due to Ventilation air into the space
Sensible load, (W)
= mass flow rate x specific heat x (∆T)
= 1.23 x l/s x (To – T i) or (1.08 x cfm x ∆T)
Where To = Outside temperature, C
Ti = indoor air temperature, C
 Ventilation Cooling Load
Ventilation latent load, (W)
= mass flow rate x latent heat of vaporization x
(humidity difference)
= 3010 x l/s x (∆ẁ) or (4840 x cfm x ∆ẁ)
Where
∆ẁ = Inside-outside humidity ratio difference
of air ( kg/kg)
 Total Cooling Load
• This is also call the Grand total load
• Sum of
– Space heat gain Room Total Load
– System heat gain

– load due to outdoor air supplied through the air

handling unit
• Air bypassed the coil
• Air not bypassed the coil
 System Heat Gain
• These are sometimes external to the air
conditioned space
• HVAC equipment also contributes to heat gain
– Fan heat gain
– Duct heat gain
 Bypass Factor
Bypass factor is an important coil characteristic
on moisture removal performance .
It’s value depends on:
• Number of rows/fins per inch
• Velocity of air
 Bypass Factor of the coil
• When air streams across the
cooling, portion of air may
not come into contact with
the coil surface
• BPF = un-contacted air flow
total flow
BPF is normally selected at
0.1 for offshore cooling and
dehumidification.
 Typical Coil Bypass Factor
Row Deep 14 fins/inch

Face velocity= 2.5 m/s 3 m/s

2 m/s
1 0.52 0.56 0.59

2 0.274 0.31 0.35

4 0.076 0.10 0.12

6 0.022 0.03 0.04

Source: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by CP Arora

 Effect of Bypass Factor
on Ventilation Load
• Coil load due to outdoor air
SH= (OASH)(1-BPF)
LH= (OALH)(1-BPF)
• Effective room load
ERSH=RSH+(OASH)(BPF)
ERLH=RLH + (OALH)(BPF)
 Cooling Load Classroom Exercise
• Estimate the cooling load N
of a portal cabin shown
here:
• Assuming that
– Outdoor condition is 35C,
70% RH
4x4 Platform
– Indoor condition is 22C , x 3 h Lower Deck
55 % RH
– U-factor=0.5 W/m2 K
– Occupied by 2 persons
– Electrical equipment heat
is 3 kW
– 100l/s leakage due to
pressurization
 Cooling Load Calculations
Items Procedures
Transmission- sensible Q = UA (CLTD)
Wall- West side
Wall- East side
Wall – North
Wall- South
Roof
Floor
Total (T1)

Internal load- sensible

People
Equipment
Light
Total (T2)
Safety Factor (5% of T1+ T2)
Fan heat & supply Duct Gain (7 % of T1+T2)
RSH (Total of the above)
 Coil Load Calculations
Items Procedures
Room Latent Heat (RLH)
People

Room Total Heat

RSH + RLH
 Cooling Load Calculations
Items Procedures

Design conditions Outdoor 35C, 70% RH

Indoor 22C, 55 RH

Ventilation- sensible
Bypass air (0.1 bypass factor) 10% x outdoor air
Sensible heat of bypass air

Ventilation - Latent
Latent heat of bypass air
 Cooling Load Calculations
Items Procedures
Design conditions Outdoor 35C, 70% RH
Indoor 22C, 55 RH
ERSH
RSH
Sensible heat of air bypass
Effective Room Sensible Heat

ERLH
People
Latent heat of air bypass
Effective Room Latent Heat

Effective Room Total Heat (ERTH)

ERSH+ESLH
 Coil Load Calculation
Items Procedures
Design conditions Outdoor 35C, 70% RH
Indoor 22C, 55 RH
Coil Load – Sensible
Effective Room Sensible Heat
SH of Outdoor air not bypassed
Total (Coil Sensible heat)

Coil Load – Latent

Effective Room Latent Heat
LH of Outdoor air not bypassed
Total (Coil latent heat)

Total coil load (GTH)

 Sensible Heat Factor (SHF)
SHF

RSHF

ESHF

GSHF
 Sensible Heat Factor (SHF)
• Ratio of sensible to total heat
– SHF = Sensible heat/ total heat
= SH/ (SH + LH)
A low value of SHF indicates a high latent heat load,
which is common in humid climate.
• In the above example,
– Calculate the SHF of the room (RSHF)
– Calculate the effective room sensible heat factor
(ESHF)
– Calculate the SHF of the coil (GSHF)
 Selection of Air Conditioning
Apparatus
• The necessary data required are:
– GTH ( Grand total heat load)
– Dehumidified air quantity
– Apparatus dew point
These determine the size of the apparatus and
refrigerant temperature.