ASSIGNMENT # 2

COURSE NAME: Animal Physiology and Behavior

COURSE CODE: Zoo502
STUDENT ID: MC180202383
Topic: Respiratory System or Breathing System
The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of
specific organs & structures used for gas exchange in animals & plants. The anatomy &
physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the
environment in which it lives and its evolutionary history. It is a process in which animals obtain
and use oxygen & eliminate carbon dioxide.

Structure & Function of the Respiratory System

1.Nostrils
External openings for the paired nasal cavities.

2.Nasal cavities
Nasal cavities separated from each other by nasal septum & from the mouth by the hard & soft
palates.

3.Pharynx
Caudal to the nasal cavities & is a common passageway for air & food.
4.Trachea
Primary passageway for into the lungs.

5.Pulmonary alveoli
Principal sites of gas diffusion between air & blood.

6.Pleura
Consists of a single layer of cells fused to the surface of a connective tissue layer, it envelopes
both lungs.

Types of breathing
There are two types of breathing.

a.Abdominal
It is that type of breathing which is characterized by visible movements of the abdomen.

b.Costal
It is that type of breathing which is characterized by pronounced rib movements.

States of breathing
i.Variations in breathing are related to the frequency of breathing cycles, depth of inspiration or
both.
ii.Dyspnea-difficult breathing
iii.Hyperpnea-breathing characterized by increased depth, frequency or both.
iv.Polypnea-rapid, shallow breathing
v.Apnea-absence of breathing.

Respiratory cycles
A respiratory cycle consists of an inspiratory phase, followed by an
expiratory phase. Inspiration involves an enlargement of the thorax & lungs the thorax enlarges
by contraction of the diaphragm & contraction of the appropriate intercostal muscles. Under
normal breathing conditions, the inspiration of air requires more effort than expiration.

Factors Affecting Respiration & Ventilation

Mechanics of respiration
Types of breathing
States of breathing
Pulmonary volumes & capacities
Respiration frequency
Respiration pressures
Pressures that accomplish ventilation