Generatorprotectioncalculationssettings20080710 160323224851 PDF

Generator Protection
Relay Setting Calculations

Generator Protection – Setting Calculations
Generator Protection
Sample Relay Setting Calculations
The sample calculations shown here illustrate

steps involved in calculating the relay settings for
generator protection.
Other methodologies and techniques may be

applied to calculate relay settings based on
specific applications.
Example Generator
One Line Diagram

XT = 10%
V84.2 GENERATOR TYPE TLRI 93/33-36 COSΘ=0.85

DESCRIPTIONS RATED CURVE A CURVE B
@ 40.0° C @ 15.0° C @ 10.0° C
APPARENT POWER (MVA) 125.0 150.0 155.0
ACTIVE POWER (MW) 106.2 127.5 131.7
POWER FACTOR / FREQUENCY (HZ) 0.85 / 60 0.85 / 60 0.85 / 60
STATOR CURRENT (kA) 5.230 6.276 6.485
RATED VOLTAGE (kV) 13.8 13.8 13.8
COLD AIR TEMPERATURE (° C) 40.0 15.0 10.0
VOLTAGE RANGE (%) -5.0 / +5.0

TYPE OF EXCITATION STATIONARY
STANDARD ANSI / IEC
INSULATION CLASS B
STATOR WINDING
TYPE OF COOLING INDIRECT
COOLING MEDIUM AIR
HEAT LOSSES DISSAPATED AT RATED LOAD 222.4 KW
STATOR CORE
TYPE OF COOLING RADIAL
COOLING MEDIUM AIR
HEAT LOSSES DISSAPATED AT RATED LOAD 237.0 KW
ROTOR WINDING
TYPE OF COOLING DIRECT RADIAL
COOLING MEDIUM AIR
HEAT LOSSESS DISSAPATED AT RATED LOAD 287.7 KW
STATOR WINDING – SLOT TEMPERATURE RISE 62.8° K
ROTOR WINDING – AVERAGE TEMPERATURE RISE 71.1° Κ

EFFICIENCIES
RELATIVE TO: RATED AT CURVE A CURVE B
OUTPUT (MVA) 125.0 150.0 155.0
POWER FACTOR 0.85 0.85 0.85
COLD GAS TEMPERATURE (°C) 40.0 15.0 10.0
STATIONARY 98.46 % 98.47 % 98.46%
- 100% LOAD
- 75% LOAD 98.32% 98.42% 98.43%
- 50% LOAD 97.88% 98.11% 98.15%
- 25% LOAD 96.32% 96.85% 96.94%
OUTPUT AND ALLOWABLE LOAD UNBALANCE
CONTINUOUS LOAD UNBALANCE – PERMISSIBLE I2 10%

SHORT TIME ( K= I22 t) 30
OUTPUT AT DEVIATING COLD AIR TEMPERATURE ΔT=0.8% / °K
OUTPUT LIMIT WITH 1 COOLER SECTION OUT OF SERVICE 67%
OUTPUT AT COS Θ=0 58.5
- UNDER – EXCITED (MVAR)
- OVER – EXCITED (MVAR) 91.3
- CURVE A (15° C) (MVAR) 109.6
- CURVE B (10° C) (MVAR) 113.6


GENERATOR – EXCITER CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES
GENERATOR EXCITER CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES
LOAD
RATED CURVE A CURVE B
@ 40.0° C @15.0° C @10.0° C
CURRENT FIELD CURRENT FIELD CURRENT FIELD
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
(A) (V) (A) (V) (A) (V)
NO LOAD 298 142 - - - -
125% LOAD 1011 480 - - - -
100% LOAD 822 391 970 459 1003 476
75% LOAD 662 314 - - - -
50% LOAD 519 247 - - - -
25% LOAD 395 188 - - - -
REACTANCES BASE MVA = 125 MVA

D-AXIS SUB-TRANSIENT XD ″ UNSAT 19.3% XD″ SAT 15.6%
D-AXIS TRANSIENT XD′ UNSAT 27.2% XD′ SAT 24.5%
D-AXIS SYNCHRONOUS XD UNSAT 206.8% - -
Q-AXIS SUB-TRANSIENT XQ ″ UNSAT 21.2% XQ″ SAT 17.2%
Q-AXIS TRANSIENT XQ′ UNSAT 51.3% XQ′ SAT 46.1%
Q-AXIS SYNCHRONOUS XQ UNSAT 196.4% - -
NEG PHASE SEQUENCE X2 UNSAT 20.3% X2 SAT 16.4%

ZERO PHASE SEQUENCE X0 10.9% - -
POTIER XP 26.8% - -
STATOR LEAKAGE XSLG 15.1% - -
NO LOAD SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO SAT. 0.57

TIME CONSTANTS
D-AXIS SUB-TRANSIENT XD΄΄ SHORT 0.031 S TDO΄΄ NO-LOAD 0.045 S

CIRCUIT
D-AXIS TRANSIENT TD΄ SHORT 0.873 S TDO΄ NO-LOAD 7.150 S
CIRCUIT
Q-AXIS SUB-TRANSIENT XQ΄΄ SHORT 0.068 S TQO΄΄ NO-LOAD 0.150 S
CIRCUIT
Q-AXIS TRANSIENT TQ΄ SHORT 0.534 S TQO΄ NO-LOAD 2.500 S

CIRCUIT
DC TIME CONSTRAINT TA 0.030 S - -
RESISTANCES
OF STATOR WINDINGS @20° C RA20 0.001674 Ω

OF ROTOR WINDINGS @20° C RF20 0.3501 Ω
POSITIVE SEQUENCE R1 0.367%
INVERSE SEQUENCE R2 3.201%
NULL SEQUENCE R0 0.267%
Nominal Voltages and Currents
Voltages and currents that are present

at the input terminals when the
generator is operating at rated voltage
and current.
Voltage Inputs and their connections
3V0
Voltage Inputs
Open Delta-Open Delta VT, secondary wired L-L Example
13.8kVLL VT Ratio = 14,440 / 120 = 120
A B C
13,800 / 120 = 115 V
VT Type: Line-to-Line
VNOM = 115 V
Voltage Inputs, 3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-L Example

Example:
Generator rating VL-L = 13,800V
VT Ratio = 14,400/120V = 120/1
13,800V
= 120
13,800/120 = 115
M-3425A
VT Type: Line-to-Line
VNOM = 115 V
Voltage Inputs
3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-G Example
Example:
Generator rating VL-L = 13,800V VT Type: Line-to-Ground
VT Ratio = 14,400/120V = 120 VNOM = 115/√3 = 66.4 V
A
13,800 V
B
C 14,440
VT Ratio = 14,410
120V120
13,800
√3
a
b V = 115
c NOMINAL √3 =66.5 Line-to-Ground
Voltage Inputs
3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-G (L-G to L-L selection)
Use of L-L Quantities for Phase Voltage-based elements
The “Line-Ground to Line-Line” selection should be used

when it is desired to provide the phase voltage-based
elements (27, 59, 24 functions) with phase-to-phase voltages
They will not operate for neutral shifts that can occur during
stator ground faults on high impedance grounded generators
The oscillograph in the relays will record line-ground voltage

to provide stator ground fault phase identification
Neutral Shift on Ground Fault:

High Impedance Grounded Generator
C
B
System
A
a
SLG
Van=Vag Fault
n=g ground a
vag=0
Van= -Vng
c b
Vbn=Vbg Vbn=Vbg Vcg Vbg
n
High
Impedance c b
Ground
Vcn Vbn
A ground fault will cause LG connected phase elements

through a 3Y-3Y VT to have undervoltage or overvoltage
(depending on faulted phase)
Voltage Inputs
3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-G (L-G to L-L selection on
the relay). This selection is recommended for the
example generator.
Generator rating VL-L = 13,800V

VT Ratio = 14,400/120V
A
13,800 V
B
C 14,440
VT Ratio = 14,410
120
120V
13,800
√3
a
b V = 115
c NOMINAL √3 =66.5 Line-to-Ground
VT Type: LG to LL Software converts

(66.4V) voltages to
LG (66.5V)
VNOM = 115 V LL (115V) quantities
Current Inputs
Determine primary current at rated power
¾ Ipri nom = MVA*106 / √3*VLL
¾ Ipri nom = 125*106/(1.732*13800)
¾ Ipri nom = 5,230 A
Convert to secondary value

¾ Ct ratio is denoted as RC
¾ RC = 8000/5 = 1600
¾ Isec nom = I pri nom/RC
¾ Isec nom = 5230/1600
¾ Isec nom = 3.27 A
INOM = 3.27A
Delta-Y transform setting (used with 21, 51V)
This setting Determines calculation used for 21

and 51V functions (calculates the GSU high side
voltages and currents)
• Disable: Used for YY and Delta/Delta
connected transformers
• Delta-AB: Used for Delta-AB/Y connected
transformers
• Delta-AC: Used for Delta-AC/Y
connected transformers
59/27 Magnitude Select:

This setting adjusts the calculation used for the overvoltage and
undervoltage functions. RMS selections keeps the magnitude
calculation accurate over a wide frequency range. RMS setting is
preferred for generator protection applications where the frequency
can vary from nominal value especially during startup and
shutdown.
Phase Rotation (32, 46, 81):
This setting adjusts nominal rotation. We do not recommend
reversing the CT and PT connections to change the rotation. Using
the software switch will result in proper phase targeting.
50DT Split phase Differential:

Used for split phase hydro machine applications. This setting
changes IA, IB, and IC metering labels and does not affect the
operation of any protective element.
Relay Seal In Time:

Normal output mode: Sets the minimum amount of time a
relay output contact will be closed.
Pulse output mode: Sets the output relay pulse length.
Latched: No affect
Pulse Relay:
When selected, the output contacts close for the seal in
time setting then de-energize, regardless of function
status.
Latched Outputs:
This function simulates lock out relay (LOR) operation.
When selected, the output contacts remain closed until
the function(s) have dropped out and the target reset
button is pressed.
59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Gen)
IS
VLL Rating = 13,800 V
PRIS
IS = 3.5 x 13,800 = 201.3A

240
V59N = 0.7 x 201.3 = 140.9V
Therefore, for a terminal L-G fault, there will be 140.9 V applied to

the generator relay neutral voltage input connection.

59N setpoint # 1 = 5.4 V, 2 ~ 10 sec.
This is a standard setting which will provide protection for

about 96% of the stator winding
- The neutral-end 4% of the stator winding will be protected by the
27TN or 59D elements
59N setpoint #1 time delay should be set longer than the

clearing time for a 69 KV fault
- GSU transformer-winding capacitance will cause a voltage
displacement at the neutral. 10 seconds should be long enough
to avoid this situation, or the voltage generated at the neutral
resistor can be calculated and a high enough setting with small
delay may be applied.
59N Setpoint #2 = 35 V,
5 sec. (300 cycles)
Note: Setpoints should be
coordinated with low
voltage secondary VT
fuses
59N #3 can be used for

alarm and trigger an
oscillograph (set to 5 V
at 1 sec)
27TN – Third Harmonic Undervoltage
27TN is set by measurement of

third harmonic voltage during
3rd H arm o n ic V o ltag e

commissioning
1.50
Observe 3rd harmonic voltage 1.25
under various loading conditions 1.00
Set the 27TN pickup to 50% of the 0.75

observed minimum 0.50
0.25 Desired Minimum Setting

Set power and other supervisions
as determined from the data 10% 30% 50% 70% 90%
collected above 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Power / VAr
27TN – Third Harmonic Undervoltage
0.3
27TN Third Harmonic Neutral Undervoltage
The 27TN function overlaps with the 59N function to

provide 100% stator ground fault protection. See the
graph below.
Overlap of Third Harmonic (27TN) with 59N Relay

59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Bus)
59N is connected to a
broken-delta VT input
on the line side of the
14,400
generator breaker for
120 V VT ungrounded system
bus protection
The system is
ungrounded when
backfed from the GSU
and the generator
disconnect switch is
open
3EO = 3 x 66.5 = 200 V
59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Bus)

The maximum voltage for a solidly-grounded fault
is 3 x 66.5 = 200 V.
Because of the inaccuracies between the VTs, there

can be some normal unbalanced voltages.
59N Setpoint #1 Pick-up = 12 V, 12 sec (720 cycles)
59N Setpoint # 2 Pick-up = 35 V, 5.5 sec (330

cycles)
46 – Negative Sequence
Nameplate
10% continuous capability of stator rating (125 MVA),

the same as that stipulated in ANSI/IEEE C37.102.
The K factor is 30.

Set Inverse Time Element for Trip
Pick-up for tripping the unit (Inverse Time) = 9%
K=29
Definite Maximum time = 65,500 cycles.
Set Definite Time Element for Alarm
Pickup =5%
Time delay = 30 sec (1800 cycles). Note that 30 sec
should be longer than a 69 KV system fault clearing
time.
Check the response of the 46 function for high-side (69 kV)
phase-to-phase faults.
Relay operating time is 7

seconds for 69 kV faults.
This should provide
adequate coordination
with 69 kV system.
Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)

46IT Pickup=9%
Definite maximum time (65,500 cycles)
Pickup 5%
46DT Alarm
Time Delay = 30 s
46IT, K=29
29
87G – Generator Differential
CT’s are of C800 Standard quality


Generator CT Short Circuit Calculation:
Check for the maximum three-phase fault on the terminals

of the generator to determine the secondary current for
the worst-case internal fault.
X "d ( saturated ) = 15.6%

V 100
X”d I pu = = ≈ 6.4 pu
I 15.6
I pri (13.8 KV ) = 5230(6.4) = 33,472 A
I pri33,472
I sec = = = 20.92 A
Rc 1600

69KV Fault Current Calculation:
Check for the maximum three-phase fault on the terminals

of the generator to determine the secondary current for
the worst-case external fault.
X "d ( saturated ) = 15.6%

X”d X sys = 10%(125MVA)
V 100
I pu = = ≈ 3.9 pu
X "d + X t 15.6 + 10
I pri (13.8 KV ) = 5230 • 3.9 = 20,397 A
I pri20,397
I sec = = = 12.75 A
Rc 1600

CT Requirement Check
45°
Rctr RW RR VK
VS
VS
Rctr = CT Resistance
Rw = Wiring Resistance
RR = Relay Burden = 0.5 VA @ 5A IS
= 0.02Ω
VK > VS
CTs should perform well since the maximum current is only

21 A (CT secondary) for worst-case short circuit.

IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
IEEE Std C37.110-1996
Setting Summary
Pick-up = 0.3 A (480 A primary sensitivity)
Slope = 10%
Time Delay = 1 cycle (no intentional time delay)

(if ct saturation is possible time delay should be
increased to 5 cycles)

24 – Volts/Hertz (Overfluxing)
1.40
p.u.
•
1.35
•
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
•
1.10
1.05
1.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
time
Overfluxing Capability, Diagram

10000
Inverse Time Element Generator V/Hz Capability
Pickup = 110% V/Hz Protection Curve (Inverse)
Curve #2 V/Hz Protection Curve (Definite time)
1000 K= 4.9
t = 60 e (115 +2.5 K −VHz ) / 4.8858

Time in sec
100
Alarm Settings:
Definite Element #2
Pickup = 106% Definite time element #1
Time Delay = 3 sec Pickup = 135%
10
Time Delay = 4 sec
0.1
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145
V/Hz in percent of nominal
Protection can be provided with an inverse time element (24IT) in combination

with a definite time element (24DT#1)
Another definite time element (24DT#2) can be used for alarm with a typical
pickup of 106% and a time delay of 3 sec
50/27 – Inadvertent Energizing

The 50/27 inadvertent energizing element senses the value of the current for
an inadvertent energizing event using the equivalent circuit below.
X2 = 16.4 %
Values shown above are from
generator test sheet
X1SYS = 6.25%
X2
All reactances on generator base (125 MVA)
Where X2 is the negative sequence reactance of the generator

The current can be calculated as follows:
I = ES/(X2 + XT1 + X1SYS)
= 100/(16.4 + 10 + 6.25)
= 3.06 pu
= 3.06 x 5230 = 16,004 A

The current can be calculated as follows:
I = ES/(X2 + XT1 + X1SYS)
= 100/(16.4 + 10 + 6.25) = 3.06 pu
= 3.06 x 5230 = 16,004 A
The relay secondary current :
= 16004/RC = 16004/1600 = 10 A
Set the overcurrent pickup at 50% of this value = 5 A

For situations when lines out of the plant are removed from service,
X1SYS can be larger. Considering this case set 50 element pickup at 125%
of full load or 4.0 A. Many users set the 50 Relay below full load current
for more sensitivity, which is ok.
The undervoltage element pickup should be set

to 40 to 50% of the nominal value:
The undervoltage pickup = 0.4 x 115 V = 46.1 V
The pickup time delay for the 27 element should

be set longer than system fault clearing time.
Typical value is 5 sec (300 cycles)
The dropout time delay is set to 7 sec (420

cycles).
46
Voltage Control/Restraint Overcurrent (51V)
System Configuration with Multiple In-Feeds
Provide backup for system phase faults

Difficult to set: must coordinate with system backup protection
Coordinate general setting criteria
- backup relaying time
- breaker failure
- Consideration should be given to system emergency conditions.

Voltage control/restraint needed because of generator fault current decay
Voltage Control Types:

Voltage Control (VC): set 51V pickup at a percent of full load (40-50%)
Voltage Restraint (VR): set 51V pickup at about 150% of full load
51V Voltage Restraint Overcurrent

• This function provides backup protection for phase faults out in the
power system.
• Set this relay for Voltage Restraint mode.
• It will have the following characteristic.
Pickup = 1.5 x Generator Full Load

% Pickup
Rating
IFL = 3.27A
∴ Pickup current = 3.27 x 1.5 = 4.9 A
Input Voltage (% of rated voltage)
Where % pickup is the adjusted pickup current based on the

voltage as a percent of pickup setting.

Calculate the fault current for a 3 phase 69 KV fault:
X”d XT
Egen
X"d (saturated) = 15.6%

X sys = 10% (125MVA)
E gen 100
I pu = = ≈ 3.9pu
X"d + X t 15.6 + 10
I pri (13.8KV) = 5230(3.9) = 20,397A
I pri 20,397
I sec = = = 12.75A
Rc 1600

Determine generator phase voltage for 3 phase 69KV fault:
Xt 10
Vgen = 100% = 100% = 39%
X "d + X t 15.6 + 10
Multiples of pickup (MPU) for a 3 phase fault on 69KV bus:
I fault 12.75
MPU = = = 6.67
I pickupVgen (%) 4.9(0.39)
Definite Time Overcurrent Curve

Select the Curve and Time
Dial to get 1.0 sec clearing
time for 69KV fault:
Definite Time curve

Time Dial = 4.5
MPU = 6.67
51V Setting Summary:
• Pickup = 4.9 A
• Definite Time Curve
• Time Dial = 4.5
• Voltage Restraint
Now calculate the lowest fault current for a 3-phase fault:
Assumptions:
Generator was not loaded prior to fault

Automatic Voltage Regulator was off-line
Transient and Subtransient times have elapsed and the machine
reactance has changed to its steady state value (Xd).
The fault current is given by the same equivalent circuit except

replace the subtransient reactance of the generator with
synchronous reactance (Xd) of 206.8%.
E gen 100
I MinFault = = = 0.46 pu
Xd + Xt 206.8 + 10
I sec = I MinFault I no min al = 0.46(3.27) = 1.5 A


It can be seen that for a bolted 3-phase fault (at the transformer
terminals), the current is less than 50% of the full load current. This is
the reason why we need to apply Voltage restraint/Voltage control
setting for overcurrent function.
The voltage at the generator terminals during this condition is

given by:
Vgen = (Egen x XT)/(Xd + XT)
= 100 x 10/(206.8+10) = 0.04612 pu

= 0.04612 x 115 = 5.3 V
Since the voltage is below 25% of the rated voltage, the

overcurrent pickup will be 25% of the setting:
• Over Current pickup = 4.9 x 25% = 1.225 A.

• Since the fault current is 1.5 A, the multiple of
pickup is 1.5/1.225 = 1.23 multiple.
• With time dial setting of 4.5 and definite time curve,
the relay operating time is around 5.3 seconds.
• Since the actual fault current during transient and
subtransient periods are much higher than 1.5 A
the operating time will be between 1 and 5.3
seconds.
=>Enable Voltage Restraint

=>Do not select blocking on VT fuse loss (only for Beckwith Relays,
other relays may require blocking). VT fuse-loss blocking is not required
for Voltage restraint and it is only required for Voltage Control. For
voltage restraint the relay will internally keep the 51V pickup at 100%
during VT fuse-loss condition.
System Phase Fault Backup (21)
Provides protection for failure of system primary relaying
Provides protection for breaker failure
Must balance sensitivity vs. security

- loadability
- load swings
For a fault at F the approximate apparent impedance effect is:
The fault appears farther than the actual location due to infeed.
Transformer Transformer Delta- Transformer Delta-

Direct Connected AC Connected AB Connected
VT Connection VT Connection VT Connection

L-L or L-G L-L or L-G L-L or L-G
L-G to L-L L-G to L-L L-G to L-L
VAB VA-VB VBC-VAB VB-VO VAB-VCA Va-Vo
AB Fault Ia-Ib Ia-Ib (3)Ib Ib (3)Ia Ia
VBC VB-VC VCA-VBC VC-VO VBC-VAB Vb-Vo
BC Fault Ib-Ic Ib-Ic (3)Ic Ic (3)Ib Ib
VCA VC-VA VAB-VCA VA-VO VCA-VBC Vc-Vo
CA Fault Ic-Ia Ic-Ia (3)Ia Ia (3)Ic Ic
0.85 power factor corresponds to 31.8º

21 Phase Distance
The 21 function should be set to provide system backup protection.
To 5559 line 96
line 86 To PP4
3976 3975
line 87
To sub 47
125 MVA base 3977 3974
10%
line 97
GEN
69 KV
4,000 foot cable 3978 3973 To sub PP4
3972
21
line 94
To line 83 To PP4
• All breakers have breaker failure protection.

• All lines out of the substation have high-speed pilot
wire protection.
• The 4,000 foot cable of 69 KV is protected by a HC8-1
pilot wire scheme. We need to provide backup if this
high-speed scheme fails. Set 21-2 unit to look into the
substation.
21 Phase Distance
Typical 69 kV cable impedance: (0.2 + j0.37)% per mile
= (0.2 + j0.37) x 4000 = (0.152 + j0.28)% @100 MVA
5280
Change base to 125 MVA:

= (0.152 + j0.28)x (125/100) = (0.19 + j0.35)%
The transformer impedance is 0.1 pu on generator base

The secondary (relay) impedance = 0.1 x 20.3 = 2.03 ohms.
21 Zone-1 Settings:
Zone-1 will be set to look into the low side of the

step-up transformer, but not into the 69kV system.
125 MVA base

10% or 0.10 p.u.
GEN
(0.19 + j0.35)%
69 KV
4,000 foot cable
21
21 Zone-1 Settings:
Set zone 21-1 into generator step-up transformer but short

of 69 kV bus. A margin of .8 is used to compensate for LTC
(if used).
(0.1 for margin, and 0.1 for the LTC variation)
2.03 x .8 = 1.60Ω
Setting Summary for 21-1

Diameter =1.6 Ω
Time delay = 0.5 sec. (30 cycles)
Angle of maximum torque: 85°
60FL supervised
21 Zone-2 Settings:
Zone-2 will be set to look up to the substation bus.
Calculate zone 21-2 setting as follows:

(0.19 + j0.35) + j10.0 = 0.19 + j10.35 ≈ 10.35%
Set zone 21-2 with 1.3 margin:

∴10.35% x 1.3 ≈ 13.45%
From our earlier calculations 1.0 pu secondary (relay) impedance
= 20.3 Ω
Then the Zone-2 reach setting is:
= 0.1345 x 20.3 = 2.73 Ω.
21 Zone-2 Settings:
Setting Summary for 21-2
• Diameter = 2.73 Ω
• Time delay = 1.0 sec (60 cycles). This should cover
backup clearing for fault on transmission (69 KV)
system. Most lines have a dual primary.
• Angle of maximum torque: 85°
• 60FL supervised
Phase Distance (21)

jX RPFA: Rated Power
Factor Angle
Z2 Generator loadability
considerations:
Z1 Z2 at RPFA should
2.7 Ω not exceed 150 to 200
1.6 Ω 85o
Z2 reach at % of generator rating
RPFA 1.64 (31.8o)
0 R
In our example Zone-2 reach at RPFA should not exceed 50% to 66.66% of
1.0 pu impedance (200% to 150% load).
50% impedance = 10.15 Ohms at 0.85 pf (31.8o)

With Zone-2 set at 2.7 Ohms and MTA of 85o the reach at RPFA of 31.8o
= 2.73 x (Cos (MTA-RPFA) = 1.64 Ohms.
Normal load will not encroach into the Zone-2 characteristic.
(21) – Phase Distance

Breaker Failure-50BF
When the relay (or another device) send a trip signal to open the
breaker and current continues to flow OR the breaker contact
continues to indicate closed, the upstream breaker is tripped.
50BF – Generator Breaker Failure

¾ Steady state bolted fault current for a 3-phase fault at the
transformer terminals is 1.5 A (relay secondary).
¾ Set the 50BF phase function current pickup at 1 A, which is below

the fault current.
¾ Set the breaker failure time longer than the maximum clearing time
of the breaker plus the margin.
¾ Initiate 50BF with all relays that can trip the generator breaker.
¾ Set the 50BF Timer: 4(margin) + 1(accuracy) + 5(breaker time)

= 10 cycles.
¾ Use programmable inputs to initiate the breaker failure for all other
relays that trip the generator breaker.
Setting Summary
¾ 50BF Pickup = 1 A
¾ Time Delay = 10 cycles
¾ Initiate the breaker failure with programmable inputs

from external trip commands.
¾ Initiate the breaker failure with the outputs (from

internal trip commands) connected to trip.
1.00
Breaker Failure Trip Output

BFI
BFI
Output Initiate – Output contacts within M-3425A that trip
generator breaker.
Input Initiate – Input into breaker failure logic tripping of
generator breaker of other trip device – i.e., turbine
trip, other relays.
Loss of Field Protection (40)

TYPICAL GENERATOR CAPABILITY CURVE
TRANSFORMATION FROM MW-MVAR TO R-X PLOT
MVA = kV2 ( Rc )
Z Rv
MW – MVAR R-X PLOT

LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION

SETTING CHARACTERISTICS
+X
HeavyLoad LightLoad Heavy Load Light Load

- Xd’
XTG +Xmin SG1
2 -R +R
-R +R - Xd’ Directional
Zone 2
2 Element
ImpedanceLocus
1.0pu During Loss of Field Zone 1
Impedance Locus
Zone1
1.1Xd During Loss of Field
Xd
Zone2
-X
Scheme 1 Scheme 2
40 – Loss of Field
Generator Ratings (Primary):
Rated (base) MVA = 125
Rated (base) Phase-PhaseVoltage (VB): 13.8 kV
Rated (base) Current (IB) = MVA x 103/(√3 VB) = 5,230 A
Secondary (Relay) quantities:

CT Ratio (RC) = 8000/5 = 1600; VT Ratio (RV) = 14400/120 = 120
Nominal VT Secondary (VNOM): = VB/ RV
= 13.8 x 103/120 = 115 V
Nominal CT Secondary (INOM): = IB/ RC = 5230/1600 = 3.27 A
Nominal (1.0 pu) impedance = VNOM/INOM
= 115/ (√3 x 3.27) = 20.3 Ω
40 – Loss of Field (Scheme 1)

Generator Parameters (125 MVA base)
Xd = 2.068 pu
X' = 0.245 pu
d
Zone-1 Settings
Diameter: 1.0 pu = 1.0 x 20.3 = 20.3 ohms
Offset = -X ' /2 = (0.245/2)x20.3 = -2.5 ohms

d
Time Delay = 5 cycles
Zone-2 Settings
Diameter: X = 2.068 x 20.3 = 42.0 ohms
d
Offset = -X' /2 = (0.245/2)x20.3 = -2.5 ohms

d

40 – Loss of Field
0 R
X’d = 2.5 Ω
2
Zone 1
1.0 p.u. = 20.3 Ω
Xd = 42.0 Ω
Zone 2
-X
Generator Characteristics
20
Overexcited
Reactive Power into the Generator
Real Power into the System P (MW)

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Underexcited
-20
MEL GCC
-40
SSSL
MEL
GCC
-60
Q(Mvar)_)
SSSL
-80
If it is possible, it is desirable to fit the relay characteristic

between the steady state stability limit and generator capability
curve. In this example the Zone-2 diameter can be reduced to
meet this criteria.
Loss of Filed Settings on the R-X Plane

10
jX MEL
GCC
(Scheme –1) SSSL

R
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
-10
Zone 2 Zone 1
-20
-30
-40
-50
Loss Field Settings on P-Q Plane

(Scheme – 1)
20
Overexcited
Real Power into the System P (MW)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-20 Underexcited
GCC
MEL
SSSL
-40
MEL
GCC
-60 SSSL
Zone 2
-80
-100
Q (Mvar)_
-120 Zone 1
-140


Zone-1 Settings
Diameter = 1.1 Xd – X’d/2 = 1.1 x 42 – 5/2 = 43.7 ohms
Off-set = -X’d/2 = -5/2 = -2.5 ohms
Zone-2 Settings
Diameter = 1.1 Xd + XT + Xsys
= 1.1 x 42+2.03+1.27 = 49.5 Ohms
Off-set = XT+Xsys = 2.03 + 1.27 = 3.3 ohms
Angle of Directional Element: -13o
Time Delay = 3,600 cycles (60 cycles if (accelerated

tripping with undervoltage supervision is not applied)
Undervoltage Supervision:
Undervoltage Pickup = 80% of nominal voltage
= 0.8 x 115 = 92 V
Time Delay with undervoltage = 60 cycles.
Loss of Filed Settings on the R-X Plane

(Scheme – 2)
10
Directional Element jX
R
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Zone 2
Zone 1
MEL -10
GCC
SSSL
-20
Dir Element
X -30
0 10
-10
-40
-50
Loss Field Settings on P-Q Plane

(Scheme – 2)
20
Overexcited
Real Power into the System

P (MW)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Underexcited
-20
MEL GCC
Zone 2
-40
SSSL
MEL
GCC
-60
Q(Mvar)_)
SSSL
Zone1
-80

Reverse Power (32)

Prevents generator from motoring on loss of prime mover
Typical motoring power in percent of unit rating
Prime Mover % Motoring Power

Gas Turbine:
Single Shaft 100
Double Shaft 10 to 15
Four cycle diesel 15
Two cycle diesel 25
Hydraulic Turbine 2 to 100
Steam Turbine (conventional) 1 to 4
Steam Turbine (cond. cooled) 0.5 to 1.0
Reverse Power (32)
• Generator is not affected by motoring (runs like a

synchronous motor)
• Turbine can get damaged
• Since the example generator is driven by a gas
turbine (10 to 15%) the reverse power relay pickup is
set at 8%
• Time delay is set at 30 sec.
Reverse Power (32)

In some applications it
is desirable to set a
low forward power
setting instead of
reverse power.
This can be achieved
by selecting Under
Power selection along
with a positive pickup
setting.
78 – Out-of-Step
Generator and transformer test sheet data, and system
information:
X′d =24.5%
XT = 10% on generator base
XSYS = 6.25% on generator base
Use graphical method to determine settings.

78 – Out-of-Step
The per unit secondary (relay) impedance = 20.3 Ω

Convert all impedances to secondary (relay):
Direct axis transient reactance (X′d) =
(24.5/100)x 20.3 = 5.0 Ω
Transformer impedance (XT) =
(10/100)x 20.3 = 2.03 Ω
System impedance (XSYS) =
(6.25/100)x 20.3 = 1.27 Ω.
Out-of-Step (78)
jX
XSYS
1.5 XT = 3 ohms
XT 1.5 XT
0 R
T N S
GEN 120o swing locus
(Xd' )
'
2 Xd = 10 ohms
d
2.4 ohms
Settings of 78 Function From Graph:
Circle diameter = (2 X’d+ 1.5 XT) = 10 Ω + 3 = 13 Ω

Offset = -2 X’d = -10 Ω
Impedance angle = 90°
Blinder distance (d) = ((X’d+ XT+XSYS)/2) tan (90-(120/2))
d = 2.4 Ω
Time delay = 2 to 6 cycles (3 cycles)
Trip on mho exit = Enable
Pole slip counter = 1.0
Pole slip reset = 120 cycles
78 – Out-of-Step
Fuse Loss Detection (60FL)

(block 51V, 21, 40, 78, 32)
Phase Undervoltage (27)

Under voltage condition generally Ensure fuse loss and
does not cause generator breaker position (52b)
damage. are set to block.
The limitation will be with the

dropping of the plant auxiliaries
Undervoltage function is typically 104

600
set to Alarm rather than Trip.
Definite time element #1 92

120
Pickup = 90% (104 V)
Time delay = 10 sec (600 cycles)
Definite time element #2
Pickup = 80% (92 V)
Time delay = 5 cycles
Phase Overvoltage (59)

Generators are designed to
operate continuously at 105%
of the rated voltage
127
Overvoltage condition can cause
600
over fluxing and also can
cause excessive electrical
stress.
173
Set the overvoltage function as

follows:

Pickup = 110% (127 V)
Time delay = 10 sec (600 cycles)

Pickup = 150% (173 V)
Time delay = 5 cycles
81 Frequency Protection
• The generator 81U relay should be set below the pick-up of

underfrequency load shedding relay set-point and above the off
frequency operating limits of the turbine generator.
• If there are any regional coordinating council requirements they
must be met also.
• The multiple setpoint underfrequency protection is common on
Steam turbine generators and for gas turbines a single setpoint
underfrequency protection may be employed.
• In this example the Florida Coordinating Council requirements
are used as a guideline for under frequency/over frequency
settings. Due to the lack of information from the
generator/turbine manufacturer and load shedding relay
settings.
Florida Regional Coordinating Council

guidelines:
Generator limits: IEC 60034-3: 2005
This IEC standard specifies that the generator is required to
deliver rated power at the power factor over the ranges of +/- 5%
in voltage and +/-2% in frequency.
Operation beyond these limits must be restricted both in time
and extent of abnormal frequency.
Generator/Turbine Mechanical Limits:

Depending upon the type of machine, additional mechanical limits
may be in place that should be considered when setting this
element.
Setting Summary:
81-1 : Pickup: 60.6 Hz
Time Delay: 10 sec
(may be set to alarm)
81-2: Pickup: 59.4 Hz
Time Delay: 60 sec
81-3: Pickup: 58.4 Hz
Time Delay: 10 sec
81-4: Pickup: 57.4 Hz
Time Delay: 1 sec
Field Ground Protection (64F) Safety Considerations

Field Tests of the 64F
The signal applied by the
M-3425 64F is less than
20Vp-p.
Generator and Field must
be de-energized for
this test.
All test equipment must
be removed prior to
energization.
Field Ground Protection (64F)

Initial Conditions:
Injection Frequency adjustment Field breaker closed
Relay energized
Generator and excitation system
must be ground free (resistance
field-ground >100Kohms)
Test Setup:
Connect a decade box (0-100K
range) between the field winding
and ground
Injection Frequency Adjustment:
• Set the decade box to 50K ohms
Decade • Monitor the measured field
Box
insulation resistance and adjust
the injection frequency setting
until a 50K ohm reading is
obtained.
• Reset the decade box to 5K and
check the measured resistance.
Reset the decade box to 90K and
check the measured resistance.
• Fine tune the injection frequency
for best overall performance
• Disconnect the decade box
Field Ground Protection - Metering

Real-Time Insulation Measurements
Field Insulation
Real-Time Monitoring

Setting the 64F:
General Guidelines
- Setting should not exceed
60% of ungrounded resistance
reading to prevent nuisance
tripping
Typical settings
- #1 Alarm 20 K ohms, 600 cyc
delay
- #2 Trip 5 K ohms, 300 cyc
delay
- Time delay setting must

be greater than 2/finjection

Factors affecting 64F performance
Brushes
- Excitation systems have
capacitors installed between the
+/- field and ground for shaft
voltage and surge suppression. To
minimize this effect, injection
frequency may be adjusted
downwards at the expense of
response time.
Initial Conditions:
Brush Lift Detection (64B) > Field breaker closed
> Relay energized
> Generator and excitation
system
must be ground free (resistance
field-ground >100Kohms)
Brush lift-off simulation:

> Using the M-3425 secondary
metering screen or the status
display, record the brush lift
detection voltage.
> Remove the machine ground
connection and record the
brush voltage (denoted as
faulted condition).
> Restore the ground connection
Field Ground Fault Protection

Real-Time Measurement
Brush Voltage
Brush Lift Detection (64B)

Setting the 64B:
General Guidelines:
- 64B pickup = unfaulted voltage + 0.5 (faulted brush voltage-
unfaulted brush voltage)
- 64B delay = 600 cycles
Factors affecting 64B performance:
- The brush voltage rise (faulted brush voltage-unfaulted
brush voltage) varies directly with the capacitance between
the rotor and ground. Therefore machines with lower
capacitance will exhibit a smaller change in brush voltage
when faulted. These machines may require experimentation
to yield a pickup setting that provides the necessary security
and sensitivity.
64F/B - Field Ground Protection
300
600
0.5
©2008 Beckwith Electric Co., Inc.

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Generator Protection

Relay Setting Calculations

 The sample calculations shown here illustrate

 Other methodologies and techniques may be

One Line Diagram

V84.2 GENERATOR TYPE TLRI 93/33-36 COSΘ=0.85

VOLTAGE RANGE (%) -5.0 / +5.0

V84.2 GENERATOR TYPE TLRI 93/33-36 COSΘ=0.85

OUTPUT AND ALLOWABLE LOAD UNBALANCE

CONTINUOUS LOAD UNBALANCE – PERMISSIBLE I2 10%

- CURVE B (10° C) (MVAR) 113.6

V84.2 GENERATOR TYPE TLRI 93/33-36 COSΘ=0.85

REACTANCES BASE MVA = 125 MVA

NEG PHASE SEQUENCE X2 UNSAT 20.3% X2 SAT 16.4%

NO LOAD SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO SAT. 0.57

V84.2 GENERATOR TYPE TLRI 93/33-36 COSΘ=0.85

D-AXIS SUB-TRANSIENT XD΄΄ SHORT 0.031 S TDO΄΄ NO-LOAD 0.045 S

Q-AXIS TRANSIENT TQ΄ SHORT 0.534 S TQO΄ NO-LOAD 2.500 S

DC TIME CONSTRAINT TA 0.030 S - -

OF STATOR WINDINGS @20° C RA20 0.001674 Ω

Nominal Voltages and Currents

Voltages and currents that are present

Voltage Inputs and their connections

13,800 / 120 = 115 V

Voltage Inputs, 3Y-3Y VT, secondary wired L-L Example

 The “Line-Ground to Line-Line” selection should be used

 The oscillograph in the relays will record line-ground voltage

Neutral Shift on Ground Fault:

 A ground fault will cause LG connected phase elements

Generator rating VL-L = 13,800V

VT Type: LG to LL Software converts

 Convert to secondary value

Delta-Y transform setting (used with 21, 51V)

This setting Determines calculation used for 21

59/27 Magnitude Select:

50DT Split phase Differential:

Relay Seal In Time:

59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Gen)

VLL Rating = 13,800 V

IS = 3.5 x 13,800 = 201.3A

Therefore, for a terminal L-G fault, there will be 140.9 V applied to

59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Gen)

 This is a standard setting which will provide protection for

 59N setpoint #1 time delay should be set longer than the

59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Gen)

 59N #3 can be used for

27TN – Third Harmonic Undervoltage

 27TN is set by measurement of

3rd H arm o n ic V o ltag e

 Set the 27TN pickup to 50% of the 0.75

0.25 Desired Minimum Setting

27TN – Third Harmonic Undervoltage

27TN Third Harmonic Neutral Undervoltage

The 27TN function overlaps with the 59N function to

Overlap of Third Harmonic (27TN) with 59N Relay

59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Bus)

59N – Neutral Overvoltage (Bus)

 Because of the inaccuracies between the VTs, there

 59N Setpoint #1 Pick-up = 12 V, 12 sec (720 cycles)

 59N Setpoint # 2 Pick-up = 35 V, 5.5 sec (330

 10% continuous capability of stator rating (125 MVA),

 The K factor is 30.

Relay operating time is 7

The sample calculations shown here illustrate

Other methodologies and techniques may be

The “Line-Ground to Line-Line” selection should be used

The oscillograph in the relays will record line-ground voltage

A ground fault will cause LG connected phase elements

Convert to secondary value

This is a standard setting which will provide protection for

59N setpoint #1 time delay should be set longer than the

59N #3 can be used for

27TN is set by measurement of

Set the 27TN pickup to 50% of the 0.75

Because of the inaccuracies between the VTs, there

59N Setpoint #1 Pick-up = 12 V, 12 sec (720 cycles)

59N Setpoint # 2 Pick-up = 35 V, 5.5 sec (330

10% continuous capability of stator rating (125 MVA),

The K factor is 30.

CTs should perform well since the maximum current is only

Pick-up = 0.3 A (480 A primary sensitivity)

Time Delay = 1 cycle (no intentional time delay)

Protection can be provided with an inverse time element (24IT) in combination

Provide backup for system phase faults

Generator was not loaded prior to fault

Provides protection for failure of system primary relaying

Provides protection for breaker failure

Must balance sensitivity vs. security