Internship report 2019-20

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 About organisation

Internship program is the most efficient and effective way to increase the knowledge. The
Bachelor of Engineering study requires that each student conducts an Internship program in
their area of engineering and submit a report on it in consultation with the faculty member
supervising the same. As a part of this, internship was carried out under SAI
CONSTRUCTIONS.
This internship program gives the practical knowledge about the Construction of a Building.
It gives the exposure to learn various methods of construction that are in practice, various
machineries or equipments used, time management, skill development, site management. The
reason to choose to follow an internship is because to get benefit from the experience. This
helped to learn, improve and develop new sets of skills. This outdoor experience provided
with a more in-depth and hands on experience on Civil Engineering Construction. It provided
an opportunity to question, understand and absorb the logic behind the construction
techniques, and methodology that are followed in site.

I had successfully undergone the training for duration of one month. The internship report in
broad-spectrum contains various aspects in which I try to explain my One month experience
in Construction Company. The content of all chapters is broadly explained and it is
constructed from the practical basis of the site work.

1.1.1 VISION

To be the most preferred and trusted service provider in construction and infrastructure
sector, catering to the needs of all the segments of society.

1.1.2 MISSION

To deliver high-quality eco-friendly construction works with its own skilled workforce,
within specified time, at fair value

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1.2 ABOUT THE COMPANY

BUILDER AND DEVOLUPER : SOMASHEKHAR A M

OFFICE ADDRESS : SAI CONSTRUCTION

#05,12th Main,kuvempu road , Hemanna

layout,Kogilu,Yelahanka,BENGALURU-560064.

EMAIL ID :saiconstructions2014@gmail.com

SAI CONSTRUCTIONS has delivered a large number of projects in the past and received
review and applications from numerous prestigious authorities and other organizations
associated with the construction of school, college, hostel, hospitals, conventional halls etc

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1.3 Organizational Structure

Fig1.3 Structural Flow Chart of Company

1.3.1 Main products and services

1) Designing – sub team

a) Design preparation service
b) Job list preparation and approval service
c) Checking and approval of design
d) Adaptation of design
e) Consultation service
2) Contract and construction administrations sub- team
a) Preparation of bid document
b) Contract agreement
c) selling of bid document

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3) Payment service
a) Preparation of bid document
b) Interim payment
c) Final payment
d) Payment certificate
4) Construction material’s price escalation service
5) Temporary & final construction acceptance service
6) Construction material’s market price assessment
7) Laboratory service
a) Site surveying service
b) Soil test service Construction material test service

1.4 The aim and objectives are:

1) To promote awareness in regard to habitat related environmental issues including water,

air, noise and waste pollution, energy and its conservation, water and human waste
management and other such matters.
2) To promote better urban and rural settlements relevant of the Indian social, cultural
and economic context and related to the lifestyle of its people.
3) To inculcate better awareness and sensitivity in regard to all aspects of creative
human activity including the significance of art in habitat.
4) To document all relevant information pertaining to habitat, human settlements
environmental issues.
5) To acquire, hold, improve and develop lands and construct buildings and related
facilities on behalf of members of the Centre.
6) To organise and maintain residential hostels, restaurants and other amenities for is
members, their guests and non-members invited by the Centre.
7) To maintain and keep in good repair all buildings and common services.

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CHAPTER 2
ABOUT DEPARTMENT

2.1 Introduction
A tender is allotted for the various companies and they put the bid on the site construction
with certain procedure. With the tender being given to any of the company the constructional
procedure starts. Then construction begins starting from site clearance, mobilization of
materials, construction equipment and labors. The consulting work includes so many tasks
such as inspecting of the site, quality control and safety of workers. In the site works
executed based on the agreement between the client and the contractor. This document is
called contract document so the consultant checks every trade of work is executed based on
the contract document and the working methodology. Drawings and design also from the
consultant side.
2.2Work flow of Organization
The working flow of the organisation is that consultant and the contractor has many
advantages in order to work every task closely and to solve problems arise between them. In
every work there is a work flow whatever small is the section, in my working site the work
flow was look like the chart below. As shown in the chart every work was executed based on
this flow.

Project
Engineer

Office
Resident
Engineer
Design and Manager
Supervision Team mmmm
mmmm
mmmm Surveyor
mmmm

rrrrrrrrrrr
fggghhh
Fig 2.1 Workh Flow of Organization

nager

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1. Design and supervision team

The team includes structural engineer, architectural engineers, sanitary engineers, electrical
engineers and other experienced engineers in other professions. The design and supervision
team is a team from the consultant side which guide every work executed in that site and
gives supervision for the contractor based on the drawing and the specification (bill of
quantity).This team mostly comes to the site when there is amiss understanding on drawings,
working techniques, drawing detailing error, and for meeting between the three parties. The
team provides continuous service to the project from start to finish, establishing and
maintaining the quality and integrity of each design.

2. Resident Manager

Position is responsible for multiple construction projects or a single project of a large scale
requiring multiple disciplines. This includes reviewing design; supervising construction
progress and scheduling; starting up process systems/equipment or facilities for turning over
to the owner's personnel. Supervise field staff and contractors on the site with responsibility
for quality construction in accordance with plans and specifications. He/she also responsible
for approval of change orders, invoices, and payment applications which may include final
payment. So, the resident engineer mostly control every work as much as possible in terms of
their quality, cost and time. Testing of materials delivered at site and safety of workers starting
from managers to daily labors also the duty of the resident engineer.

3. Project Engineer

The project manager has so many responsibilities at the site and in our site these positions is
accountable for the contractor or the owner and are appointed by the owner of the
construction company. The main duty of the manager is Manages the whole site work
execution, Makes payment to sub contract workers, Approves material request, Analyses the
work processes, Executes sub-contracting agreements, Reviews and checks the reports made
by the office engineer.

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4. Site engineer
Site engineer is accountable for the following tasks and responsibilities:

1) Studying the work plan submitted by the contactor and suggests any modifications.
2) To watch and inspect the construction work and assure that it is done in full
accordance with the drawings, technical specifications and bills of quantities.
3) Supervising the works on site in accordance with the contract documents and using
the template and procedure established by the consultant.
4) Inspecting and testing materials prior to their use at site as per sample approved by the
consultant and ensuring removal of rejected material out from site.
5) Ensuring the correct implementation of the works according to technical
specifications, to designs and quality of materials
6) Checking of layout and setting out of buildings with respect to existing structures and
site levels.
7) Checking and testing of completed works before they are covered by the contractor,
taking photos on a regular basis and also on account of defective work.
8) Ensuring that health and safety measures are adopted and followed to the full extent.
9) Prepare weekly report and suggest and instruct additional safety measures if needed.

2.3 Scope of Work

Scope of work includes the following attributes:

1) Obtaining permits
2) Labors and furnishing
3) Materials
4) Equipment
5) Other services to finish the house

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2.4 Safety measure should be taken during construction are :

1. Safety helmet
2. No smoking and alcohol prohibited
3. Shouldn’t take shelter under parked vehicle
4. Avoid shortcut
5. Don’t use mobile
6. Don’t pass or stand near suspended load
7. Don’t sleep in the workplace
8. Don’t throw anything in the workplace

Fig 2.2 Safety measures taken during construction

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2.4.1 Electrical safety

1. Switches and shortcut should be taken care.
2. Short attachments of wire and operating wrongly in the circuit are prohibited.
3. Accident reporting safety.
4. Environment protection.
5. Working in night hour –electrical supply is important and good amount of light is
Important.

2.4.2 Basic Environmental Health and Safety rules:

1. Personal protecting equipment Head equipment
2. Safety shoes- gum boot
3. Respiratory protection –disposable mask
4. Hand protection- leather gloves, rubber, PVC gloves
5. Fall protection- 2 ropes with hangs
6. Clothing –weather resistance

2.4.3 Carpentry works

1. No smoking.
2. Always ensure good housekeeping.
3. Authorized operator.
4. Photo and information about the operator should be given to the superior.
5. Charge the machines before the start of the work.
6. Ear plug and dust mask.
7. Shouldn’t be stored about 15 feet level.
8. Shouldn’t cross any excavation.

2.5 BUILDING MATERIALS

A building structure is composed of different types of the material these materials are either
called as building material .The material use in the building on basis of the availability and
cost for construct a building the essential.

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Building material are as follow:

2.5.1 Cement
The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material consisting of
compound of lime ,silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a paste
which hardened and bind the aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock, etc.) Together to
form a durable mass called the Concrete. Cement is the binder that holds concrete and
mortars together. Which is why it play the most critical role in giving strength and
durability to your building. Cement uses for domestic building such as home are basically of
three types.

Portland Slag Cement: Portland slag cement (PSC) conforming to IS:455 A

combination of good quality blast furnace slag (from the iron steel industry) with clinker
(which makes the OPC) and gypsum.

Portland Pozzolana Cement: Portland Pozzolana cement (PCC) conforming to IS: 1489
A combination of fly ash (from thermal power plant) with clinker and gypsum.
Pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding Portland cement clinker with pozzolana. This type
of cement is largely used in marine structure.

Ordinary Portland Cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 33 grade conforming to

IS: 269, 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112 and 53 grade conforming to IS: 12269 A
combination of clinker and gypsum of good quality. Ordinary Portland cement is
manufactured by first burning at a very high temperature the mixture of calcareous
(mainly calcium carbonate) and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then grinding the calcined
product (i.e. clinker) with small amount of gypsum in to a fine power known as

ordinary Portland cement .

Good quality cement has the following features:

a) Reduced water requirement

b) Improve Workability
c) Less permissible to moisture
d) Improved resistance to acid and chlorides
e) Reduced heat of hydration

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f) Easier to finish
g) Reduced shrinkage
h) Reduced leaching problems because it is low as free lime
2.5.2 Sand
These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, sub angular or
flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of particles
of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 2 mm.
Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion less particles of silica derived from
the disintegration of rock.
These are of three types:

Coarse sand: It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6 mm and less
than 2 mm.
Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90& of particles of particles size greater than 0.2
mm and less than 0.6 mm.
Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less
than 0.2 mm.

Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and performance of concrete

mixture. It should be:
1) Clear, angular and hard
2) Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky material
3) Graded, which means it should be a mix of fine, medium and coarse sand
4) Fee from contaminates like sea salt
5) Consistent in moisture (water) content which should not exceed 7%. When mixing
concrete the moisture

Content must be taken in to consideration.

The price of sand includes three or four components- base cost, transportation,
handling and number of Intermediaries. Procuring sand in bulk directly from the source will
be cheaper. Your neighborhood dealer in this case is likely to be costlier, except when you
need smaller quantities.

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2.5.3 Building Stone

Building stones are obtained from the rocks occurring in nature. The stones are used into
construct the foundation, super structure and many of the building components. The various
stones derived from these types of rocks are as follows:
Principal stones from igneous rocks: Granite, Basalt and Trap
Principal stones from sedimentary rocks: Sand stone, Shale, Lime stone
Principal stones from metamorphic rocks: Quartzite, slate and marble

Properties or requirement of good building stone:

A good building stone should posses several characteristics such as high strength
(crushing strength>1000kg/cm ),high durability, sufficient hardness (coefficient of
hardness>14), high resistance to wear, good fire resistance, specific gravity more than
2.7, crystalline structure, high impact value (toughness index> 13) low water
absorption (percentage absorption after 24 hour less than 0.6), weather resistance and
better appearance.
2.5.4Aggregate
Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive) material, which
when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this country are
naturally occurring aggregates such as Sand, crushed rock and gravel.

Fig. 2.3 Aggregates

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Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:

Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 150
micron.
Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 63 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 4.75
micron.
All in Aggregate: Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or riverbed. It is sometimes used
for unimportant work without separating into different sizes.

Properties of Natural Aggregates:

The properties should comply with the norms laid down in IS: 38-1970 Specification for
C.A. and F.A. from natural sources for concrete. Aggregates should be chemically
inert, strong, hard, durable, of limited porosity (water absorption when immersed in
water for 24 hours should not be more than 10%.), free from adherent coating, clay
lumps, coal and coal residues and should contain no organic or other admixture that may
cause corrosion of the reinforcement or impair the strength or durability of the concrete.
The shape (rounded, irregular, angular and flaky) and sizes of the aggregates should conform
to the strength and workability requirements.

Uses of the Aggregates:

1. Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be used for producing any type of
good concrete or R.C.C. for construction purpose.
2. Broken brick aggregates is used to produce plain concrete but not suitable for
R.C.C. which is lighter than broken stone aggregate.
3. Air- cooled blast furnace slag, which is a by- product in the process of pig iron, forms a
stronger and durable concrete when mixed with sand, and has a high fire resistance.
.

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CHAPTER 3
PROJECT DETAILS

3.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

Name of the work Residential building (G+2), Site no 198

Reliable Developers (RD LAYOUT),
Raysandra Main Road, Gattahalli,
Bangalore.

Name of Agency SAI CONSTRUCTIONS

Ground floor+2
No of floors

Plot Size 49’10’’ x 30’ feet

Floor to Floor height 10’( feet)

Depth of Foundation 5’( feet)

Type of Soil Red Soil

S.B.C of Soil 18KN/m3

Thickness of External wall 6’’ (inch)

Thickness of Internal wall 4’’(inch)

Grade of Concrete M25

Grade of Steel Fe500

Unit weight of concrete 24KN/m3

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3.2 PLANS OF BUILDING

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3.3 TASKS PERFORMED

The industrial training underwent under the constant guidance of Er. Mudasir Sir and
Er. Sharan Sir, consulting Site Engineers,Bangalore. The duration of training was from 6th
January-8th February.Initially the training was started with the information about the standard
design procedure and practical consideration to be followed for the designs of individual
terms like beams, columns, slab and concreting were taken up.
Followed by, reading and understanding of typical drawings of various structural sections.
Quantity estimation of reinforced steel and concrete (i.e. slabs, beams, columns)for Ground
floor of the Residential building of Mr. MANOAH PURMI Bangalore.

TASKS PERFORMED DURING INTERNSHIP

SL NO TASKS STARTING COMPLETING NO OF DAYS

DATE DATE

1 Plinth beam 6/01/2020 09/01/2020 4

2 Soil filling and watering 10/01/2020 11/01/2020 2

3 column 13/01/2020 18/01/2020 6

4 Masonry work up to 20/01/2020 23/01/2020 4

lintel

5 Shuttering 24/01/2020 28/01/2020 4

Reinforcement for Lintel
and Stair case first flight

6 Masonry work above 29/01/2020 31/01/2020 3

lintel

7 Shuttering for Stair 01/02/2020 05/02/2020 4

case, roof slab, beam

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8 Reinforcement and 3/02/2020 06/02/2020 1

Electrical work

9 Concreting 08/02/2020 08/02/2020 1

10 Removing of side 09/02/2020 09/02/2020 1

shuttering

3.3.1 BEAM:

A Beam is a structural element that primarily resists the loads coming on it and transfer the
same to the columns safely. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. Beams are
traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, but any
structures such as automobile frames machine frames and other structural systems contain
beam structures that are designed to carry the loads. Beam may be of concrete or steel or
wooden, it mainly depends on load coming over the beam and type of building.

Types of beams:

Simply supported beam

Cantilever beam
Continuous beam
Overhanging beam

3.3.1.1 Plinth beam Specifications:

1) PB 1Width: 8’’ inch

Depth: 18’’ inch

Top Bars used: 12dia 2#

Spacing of stirrups for 2L 8 mm dia – 8’’ inches

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2) PB 4

Width: 8’’ inch

Depth: 18’’ inch

Top Bars used: 2# 12mm dia and 2# 16mm dia

Bottom Bars used: 2# 16mm dia

Spacing of stirrups for 2L 8 mm dia – 6’’ inches

Fig 3.1 Plinth beam construction

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Fig 3.2 Plinth beam Plan

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3.3.2 COLUMN CONSTRUCTION

RCC column is a vertical structural member which transfers loads from beam and slab
directly to the underneath soil. That means an entire building stands on columns. Most of the
building failure occurs not only for design fault but also for poor construction practices.
Therefore it is essential to know the construction procedure of RCC column appropriately.

COLUMN REINFORCEMENT:

Marking of column location is done and the reinforcement of columns is placed according to
the structural drawing.

POURING CONCRETE:

Shutters are provided above the PCC and the joints of shutters should be connected properly
so that concrete should not leak in at the joints. Hand mix is done for the mixing of materials.
Concreting is done manually.

STARTER
1. Starter is a small piece of column which is cast before the main column is cast.
2.The advantage of having the starter are it is easier to fix the column shuttering if the starter
is already in place.
3.The chances of tilting in the column formwork can be avoided by using starter.
4.Foam sheet is used in base of a starter, sand is filled in gap between the foam sheet.
5.Coarse aggregate of 20mm dia is placed above the starter to avoid the cracks.

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Formwork for Columns

1) Initially a starter of 2” thickness is cast before the main column. The chances of
2) Column formwork becoming skew is eliminated.
3) The surface of the formwork is oiled or greased to prevent concrete from sticking on
it.
4) Clamps are fixed in sufficient quantity to prevent bulging of column .
5) In some cases Tie bars are also used to prevent bulging. Pipe is inserted in columns
6) and beams before concreting to avoid the bulging due to vibrations. After removal of
7) pipe chemical is used to cover the hole.
8) side and end planks also have been used for shuttering work.
9) The Yokes are provided on both side of the column using nut and bolts for tight
supports.

Qualities of Shuttering
1) It should be water tight.
2) It should be strong.
3) It should be reusable.
4) Its contact surface should be uniform.
5) It should be according to the size of the member.

Level Checking
1) Level checking is done by using Water level and 1inch clamp passing method.
2) In Water level checking method water level at the measurement pipe must be 2 inch
down for normal floor level whereas water level for sunken and balcony must be at
the top level.
3) In 1 inch clamp method thread is tied above the top of wooden piece that is kept on
both the ends. Levelling is carried out until another wooden piece passes between the
Thread level.

VIBRATOR
One of the most important steps when pouring concrete is the consolidation or vibration of
concrete. Concrete vibrators, if used properly, will help consolidate concrete and will reduce
the number of air pockets inside the concrete mass. Needle vibrators are used for compacting

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of concreting. Lack of consolidation can cause voids, rock pockets, honeycombing, and poor
bonding with the rebar. In extreme cases, improper consolidation can affect the structural
integrity of the walls. On the other hand, excessive vibration can create bulged walls and
blowouts.

CURING:
Shutters are removed within 24 hours and curing is done for 7days.

COLUMN DETAILS:

a) Column 1 - 8”X18”

b) Reinforcement -10 # -16mm dia

c) Striups-8mm dia 8’’inch@ c/c

d) Column 4 and 10 - 8”X15”

e) Reinforcement – 8# -20mm dia

f) Reinforcement-2#-16mm dia

g) Striups-8mm dia 8’’inch@ c/c

h) Clear cover for column – 1.5”

i) Grade of concrete – M25

j) Grade of steel – Fe 500

k) SBC of soil – 350KN/M2

l) Proportions - 1:1:2 ( cement : fine aggregate : coarse aggregate)

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Fig 3.3 Column location

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3.3.2 Column location

Fig 3.4 Column reinforcement details

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3.3.3 HALLOW BLOCK MASONRY

Introduction

Brick masonry is made of brick units bonded together with mortar. The hollow load-
bearing concrete block of standard 400 mm x 200 mm x 200 mm size will weigh between 17
kg and 26 kg when made with normal weight aggregates. Normal weight units are made with
such aggregates as sand crushed stones and air-cooled slag. Therefore main two components
of brick masonry are bricks and mortar.

In our site 1:5 cement sand mortar was used and 400x200x200 mm size hollow block were
used in brick masonry.
The strength of brick masonry mainly depends upon quality of bricks, quality of mortar and
method of bonding used. Un bonded wall, even constructed with good quality bricks and good
quality mortar has little strength and stability.

Concrete block come in several different sizes and shapes to fit different applications.
Common sizes and shapes of concrete block include:

Nominal sizes

a) 4x8x8
b) 4 x 8 x 16

c) 6x8x8
d) 6 x 8 x 16

e) 8x8x9
f) 8 x 8 x 16
g) 10 x 8 x 8

h) 10 x 8 x 16

i) 12 x 8 x 8
j) 12 x 8 x 16

Actual sizes of concrete blocks are slightly less than the nominal sizes, by roughly 3/8 inch in
each dimension. This is to accommodate the thickness of mortar joints between blocks.

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Shapes

Concrete block also comes in many shape configurations. The most common are:

1. Stretcher unit—has flange extension on both ends. Used in the middle of walls
where both ends are covered by adjoining blocks.
2. Single corner unit—has one squared-off end. Used at the ends of walls where the
end of the block is exposed.
3. Double corner unit—has two squared-off ends. Often used when blocks stacks to
create vertical pillars are.
4. Sash units—have slots cut in flat ends; these are used around window and door
openings to provide expansion space.
5. Cap units—thin, solid concrete block used to cover the open cavities at the top of
a concrete block wall.
6. Foundation. All concrete block walls must rest on a sturdy foundation of poured
concrete. The depth and size of the foundation will vary depending on the size of
the concrete block wall and the weight it must support, but a typical freestanding
wall requires a foundation that is about twice as wide as the wall itself and which
extends about 1 foot down below the frost line.
7. Concrete block. Block shapes and sizes are chosen to match the function of the
wall and the configuration of the wall. Most cement block walls will use several
different types of blocks, especially stretchers and corner units.
8. Mortar joints. Each row of blocks is joined to the adjoining blocks with either
type N (above grade) or type S (below grade) mortar. For greatest strength, most
concrete block walls are assembled so the vertical joints are offset (staggered) from
one course to the next.
9. Reinforcement. Freestanding block walls can be subject to stresses that can crack
joints and destroy walls, so both vertical and horizontal reinforcement is common.
Vertical reinforcement is provided by lengths of steel rebar embedded in wet
concrete that is poured into block cavities at prescribed intervals. Horizontal
reinforcement is provided by metal reinforcement strips laid into the wet mortar
after every third or fourth course of block.

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Tools and Supplies You Will Need

a) Excavation tools (shovels, etc.)

b) Foundation forms, if required

c) Mason's string
d) Stakes

e) Line level
f) Plumb bob
g) Concrete blocks or cinder blocks

h) Carpenter's level

i) Work gloves
j) Concrete mix
k) Wheelbarrow or power cement mixer

l) Masonry hoe
m) Mortar

n) Mason's trowel

o) Jointing tool

p) Masonry saw

q) Masonry chisel

r) Masonry hammer

Create Layout

The first step in building a concrete block wall is to lay out the foundation using stakes and
masonry string. For a freestanding landscape wall, this involves creating a simple rectangular
outline of the planned foundation. For building foundations, the layout requires a rectangular
outline of the entire building, carefully adjusted to be perfectly square.

After levelling the layout strings with a line level, transfer the location of the foundation onto
the ground before beginning excavation.

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Lay the First Course of Block

1) After the poured foundation has fully cured and hardened, mark an outline for the
cement block wall onto the surface of the foundation, using a chalk line.
2) Mix the appropriate mortar in a mortar box, then lay a 1-inch thick layer of mortar
onto the foundation inside the outline.
3) Position the first course of cement block into the mortar and tap the blocks downward
slightly to embed them in the foundation mortar. Begin the wall with a corner unit,
then "butter" the flanges at the end of each subsequent block with mortar before
joining it to the previous block.
4) Strive for 3/8-inch-wide joints between blocks, both horizontally and vertically. This
provides an optimal amount of strength.
5) As you work down the first course, use a level to adjust the blocks so they are
perfectly vertical, and use stakes and strings to ensure that the row of blocks remains
perfectly straight. At the opposite end of the wall, end the course with another corner
unit.

Cut Blocks

If you plan carefully, you may not need to cut concrete blocks, but if it is necessary, this best
done with a power saw fitted with a masonry blade, along with a masonry chisel and hammer.
Score across the face of the block with a power saw, cutting a line about 1/4 inch deep. Then,
use a masonry chisel and hammer to pound along the scored line until the block cleaves along
the line. Turn the block over, and repeat the process on the opposite side.

Lay Subsequent Courses of Block

Begin the next course of blocks with a half block to ensure that vertical joints will be offset as
you work down the course. Install the second course in the same fashion as the first—applying
a bed of mortar along the top of the previous course, and buttering the ends of each block as
you lay it into the mortar. Use the mason's string and level to frequently check each course of
blocks for level and straight. Excess mortar can be lightly scraped off the face of the blocks
with a trowel as you work. For very tall walls, it's best to lay no more than six courses each

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day. This will allow the mortar to set up and harden completely and will reduce the chances
that the wall will fail. Avoid placing too much weight on the joints before the mortar is fully
hard.

Finish the Joints

Depending on the size of your project and the speed with which you work, you will
periodically need to smooth and finish the joints between blocks. This needs to be done after
the mortar has set up but before it is fully hardened. Use a finishing tool to lightly press into
the mortar as you draw the tool along the joint. The tool should form a slight indentation in the
mortar joint.

Cap Blocks

The tops of cement block walls are typically capped by applying a layer of mortar, embedding
metal reinforcement strips, then covering the wall with solid concrete cap blocks. Make sure
joints between cap blocks are filled with mortar and smoothed with the finishing tool.

Where a cement block wall will be below grade, such as when serving as a basement wall, it is
important that the surface is waterproofed before backfilling with soil. This can be done with a
variety of waterproofing membrane products, or with a rubberized brush-on waterproofing
material.

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3.3.4 SILL

The bottom of a system ,window, door, framing member. The sill is a common reference for
the last member prior to the ground, or the supporting structure below. The reference to sill is
usually meant to be in the ground. For example, a mud sill, is a piece of wood or other
material, that is located beneath a structural column or support. The mud sill distributes the
forces caused by the weight of the structure above on the column or support. By distributing
the weight evenly , the effect of the load on the ground is minimized and reduces the
settlement down into the ground. A sill plate is another example of the term, however most of
the time the sill plate will sit on another supportive structure. The initial framing piece on the
top of the foundation wall in a wood framed structure, is referenced as the sill plate. The
application of the sill plate on the top of a foundation wall, is usually over a sill sealer, which
is a foam or synthetic material, to allow the plate to sit fully on the top of the concrete wall.
The foam or sill sealer, provides a compressive material, that fills in the gaps under the sill
plate and the foundation wall.

3.3.5 LINTELS

A lintel or lintel is a structural horizontal block that spans the space or opening between two
vertical supports. It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented
structural item. It is often found over portals, doors, windows and fireplaces. In the case of
windows, the bottom span is instead referred to as a sill, but, unlike a lintel, does not serve to
bear a load to ensure the integrity of the wall. Modern day lintels are made using prestressed
concrete and are also referred to as beams in beam and block slabs or ribs in rib and block
slabs. These prestressed concrete lintels and blocks are components that are packed together
and propped to form a suspended floor concrete slab.

LINTEL DIMENSIONS

LINTEL 1 up to 3 feet

a) Size – 6’’x6’’
b) Top and bottom 2# 8mm dia
c) Tie bars 2L 8mm dia @ 8’’ C/C

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LINTEL 2 up to 3’0’’feet TO 4’6’’ feet

a) Size – 6’’x6’’
b) Top and bottom 2# 8mm dia
c) Tie bars 2L 8mm dia @6’’ C/C

LINTEL 3 up to 4’6’’feet TO 6’0’’ feet

a) Size – 6’’x9’’
b) Top 2# 8mm dia
c) Bottom 2# 10mm dia
d) Tie bars 2L 8mm dia @6’’ C/C

3.3.6 CHEJJA

A chejja is the projecting or overhanging eaves or cover of a roof, usually supported on large
carved brackets found in Indian architecture.

It forms part of the architecture of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. In
Rajasthan, they are particularly large. They are mainly used for protection against elemental
forces like the sun and rain.

Typical Chejja Details

1) Length –up to 2’0’’(MAX)

2) Thickness of chejja face 3’’

3) Thickness of chejja end 2’’

4) Main bars – 8mm dia @ 4’’ C/C (top)

5) Distribution bars - 4# 8mm dia.

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Fig.3.5 Chejja and Lintel Reinforcement details

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3.3.7 STAIR CASE

A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs, is a construction designed to
bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called
steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected
at angles.

Stair Case Details:-

a) Size of Stair Case – 11’10’’x12’ feet

b) Numbers of flights - 3Nos
c) Numbers of rises - 18
d) Numbers of Threads - 19
e) Waist Slab Thickness - 5’’
f) Landing slab Thickness - 5’’

Reinforcement Details:-

Section 1-1

Main bars – 12mm dia 5’’C/C

Distribution bars – 8 mm dia 10’’ C/C

Section 2-2

Main bars – 12mm dia 5’’C/C

Distribution bars – 12 mm dia 5’’ C/C

Section 3-3

Main bars – 12mm dia 5’’C/C

Distribution bars – 8 mm dia 10’’ C/C

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Fig 3.5 Stair case plan

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3.3.8 Concrete Floor Slab and Beam

Concrete floor slab construction process includes erection of formwork, placement of

reinforcement, pouring, compacting and finishing concrete and lastly removal of formwork
and curing of concrete slab.

Concrete Floor Slab Construction Process

1. Assemble and Erect Formwork

2. Prepare and Place Reinforcement

3. Pour, Compact and Finish Concrete

4. Curing Concrete and Remove Formwork

1. Assemble and Erect Formwork for Slab

The formwork shall be designed to withstand construction loads such as fresh concrete
pressure and weight of workers and operators and their machines. Guide to Formwork for
Concrete ACI 347-04 shall be followed for the design of formworks.Moreover, there are
various construction aspects that need to be considered during the erection of formworks. For
example, it should be positioned correctly, lined and levelled, joints sealed adequately, and
prevent protruding of nails into the concrete etc…Furthermore, different materials such
as wood, steel, and aluminium can be used for the formworks of concrete floor slab.

Fig. 3.6 Concrete Floor Slab Formwork

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Finally, there are several common formwork construction deficiencies that site engineer
needs to be aware of and prevent their occurrence otherwise formwork failure may occur.
These construction deficiencies are provided below:

a) Poor or lack of formwork examination during and after concrete placement to identify
uncommon deflections or other indications of possible failure that could be corrected

b) Inadequate nailing, bolting, welding, or fastening

c) Improper lateral bracing

d) Construct formwork that does not comply with form drawings

e) Lack of proper field inspection to ensure that form design has been properly
interpreted by form builders

f) Use of damaged or inferior lumber having lower strength than needed.

2. Prepare and Place Reinforcement for Slab

Prior to the placement of reinforcement for concrete floor slab construction, inspect and
check forms to confirm that the dimensions and the location of the concrete members
conform to the structural plans.

Added to that, the forms shall be properly cleaned and oiled but not in such amount as to run
onto bars or concrete construction joints.

Design drawings provides necessary reinforcement details, so it only needs understanding to

use designated bar size, cutting required length, and make necessary hooks and bents.
After preparation is completed, steel bars are placed into their positions with the provision of
specified spacing and concrete cover.

The concrete cover and spacing for floor slabs can be maintained by introducing spacers and
bars supporters. Wires are used to tie main reinforcement and shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement (distribution reinforcement). It should be known that incorrect reinforcing steel
placement can lead to serious concrete structural failures. Improper concrete cover exposes
reinforcement bars to danger and jeopardize concrete-steel bond.

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Finally, after all requirements of reinforcement placements (positions, concrete cover,

spacing, and correct bars size; length; hooks; and bending) are finalized, then site engineer
can order concreting.

Fig. 3.7 Provision of concrete cover for reinforcement bars in slab

3. Pour, Compact and Finishing Concrete Floor Slab

Mixing, transporting, and handling of concrete shall be properly coordinated with placing and
finishing works. In floor slab, begin concrete placing along the perimeter at one end of the
work with each batch placed against previously dispatched concrete.

Fig. 3.8 Concrete placement started from one end of the slab

Concrete should be deposited at, or as close as possible to, its final position in order to
prevent segregation. So, Concrete placement in large and separate piles, then moving them
horizontally into final position shall be prevented.

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Moreover, site engineer shall monitor concreting properly, and look for signs of problems.
For example, loss of grout is the indication of improper sealing and movement of joints.
Added to that, cracking, excessive deflection, level and plumb, and any movement shall be
checked and tackled to prevent further problems.

Furthermore, fresh concrete should be compacted adequately in order to mould it within the
forms and around embedded items and reinforcement and to eliminate stone pockets,
honeycomb, and entrapped air. Vibration, either internal or external, is the most widely used
method for consolidating concrete.

Lastly, slabs could be finished in many ways based on floor application. Helpful information
about forms before, during, and after concreting can be found in ACI 311.1R.

Fig. 3.9 Placing and vibrating fresh concrete

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5. Curing Concrete and Remove Formwork

After finishing ended, suitable technique shall be used to cure the concrete adequately. Slab
curing methods such as water cure; concrete is flooded; ponded; or mist sprayed.

In addition to water retaining method in which coverings such as sand; canvas; burlap; or
straw used to kept slab surface wet continuously, chemical Membranes and waterproof paper
or plastic film seal.

Regarding curing, it is recommended to remove formworks after 14 days.

Fig. 3.10 Curing concrete slab by ponding

SPECIFICATIONS:
Total Area- 3611 sq.ft

Thickness of concrete-0’5” (12.5cm)

Grade of concrete used- M25 (1:1:2)

Total quantity of concrete-74m3

a) Two machines are used for mixing of concrete.

b) Mechanical vibrators are used for compaction.
c) Slump cone test was conducted on site and the slump value is 155mm.

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3.4 Testes for concrete

3.4.1 Test for Fresh concrete

1) Slump test
2) Compaction factor test
3) Vebe time test

1) Slump test

The slump test is the most well-known and widely used test method to characterize the
workability of fresh concrete. The inexpensive test, which measures consistency, is used on
job sites to determine rapidly whether a concrete batch should be accepted or rejected. The
test method is widely standardized throughout the world, including in ASTM C143 in the
United States and EN 12350-2 in Europe. The apparatus consists of a mould in the shape of a
frustum of a cone with a base diameter of 8 inches, a top diameter of 4 inches, and a height of
12 inches. The mould is filled with concrete in three layers of equal volume. Each layer is
compacted with 25 strokes of a tamping rod. The slump cone mould is lifted vertically
upward and the change in height of the concrete is measured. Four types of slumps are
commonly encountered, as shown in Figure 3. The only type of slump permissible under
ASTM C143 is frequently referred to as the “true” slump, where the concrete remains intact
and retains a symmetric shape. A zero slump and a collapsed slump are both outside the
range of workability that can be measured with the slump test. Specifically, ASTM C143
advises caution in interpreting test results less than ½ inch and greater than 9 inches. If part of
the concrete shears from the mass, the test must be repeated with a different sample of
concrete. A concrete that exhibits a shear slump in a second test is not sufficiently cohesive
and should be rejected. The slump test is not considered applicable for concretes with a
maximum coarse aggregate size greater than 1.5 inches. For concrete with aggregate greater
than 1.5 inches in size, such larger particles can be removed by wet sieving. Additional
qualitative information on the mobility of fresh concrete can be obtained after reading the
slump measurement. Concretes with the same slump can exhibit different behaviour when
tapped with a tamping rod. A harsh concrete with few fines will tend to fall apart when
tapped and be appropriate only for applications such as pavements or mass concrete.

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Fig 3.11 Four Types Of Slumps

Alternatively, the concrete may be very cohesive when tapped, and thus be suitable for
difficult placement conditions. Slump is influenced by both yield stress and plastic viscosity;
however, for most cases the effect of plastic viscosity on slump is negligible. Equations have
been developed for calculating yield stress in terms of slump, based on either analytical or
experimental analyses. Since different he meters measure different absolute values for the
yield stress of identical samples of concrete, the experimental equations are largely depended
on the specific device used to measure yield stress.

3.4.1 SLUMP TEST PROCEDURE (FIELD TESTING)

1 To obtain a representative sample, take samples from two or more regular intervals
throughout the discharge of the mixer or truck. DO NOT take samples at the beginning or the
end of the discharge.
2 Dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist, non-absorbent, level surface large
enough to accommodate both the slumped concrete and the slump cone. Stand or, foot pieces
throughout the test procedure to hold the cone firmly in place.
3 Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with 5/8-inchdiameter x 24-inch-long
hemispherical tip steel tamping rod. (This is a specification requirement which will produce
nonstandard results unless followed exactly.) Distribute Roding evenly over the entire cross
section of the sample.

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4 Fill cones 2/3 full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into, but not
through first layer. Distribute Roding evenly over the entire cross section of the layer.
5 Fill to overflowing. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into but not through,
second layer. Distribute Roding evenly over the entire cross section of this layer.
6 Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using tamping rod as a screed. Clean
overflow from base of cone.
7 Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do not jar the concrete or tilt the
cone during this process. Invert the withdrawn cone, and place next to, but not touching the
slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-10 seconds with no lateral or torsion motion.)
8 Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure the amount of slump in
inches from the bottom of the straight edge to the top of the slumped concrete at a point over
the original centre of the base. The slump operation shall be completed in a maximum
elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes. Discard concrete. DO NOT use in any other tests.

Fig 3.12 Slumped concrete

Advantages:

1.The slump test is the most widely used device worldwide. In fact, the test is so well known
that often the terms workability and slump are used interchangeably, even though they have
different meanings.
2.The slump test is simple, rugged, and inexpensive to perform. Results are obtained
immediately.

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3.The results of the slump test can be converted to yield stress in fundamental units based on
various analytical treatments and experimental studies of the slump test.
4.Compared to other commonly used concrete tests, such as for air content and
compressive strength, the slump test provides acceptable precision.
Disadvantages:
1.The slump test does not give an indication of plastic viscosity.
2. The slump test is a static, not dynamic, test; therefore, results are influenced by concrete
approximately. The test does not provide an indication of the ease with which concrete can be
moved under dynamic placing conditions, such as vibration.
3. The slump test is less relevant for newer advanced concrete mixes than for more
conventional mixes.

3.4.2 Test for Harden concrete

1. Compression test
2. Tensile strength test
3. Split cylinder test
4. Flexure tensile test
1) Compression test
Compression tests are used to determine how a product or material reacts when it is
compressed, squashed, crushed or flattened by measuring fundamental parameters that
determine the specimen behaviour under a compressive load.

Fig.3.12 compression test Equipment

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Procedure for Concrete Cube Test

1) Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.
2) Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m.
3) Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine
4) Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to
the opposite sides of the cube cast.
5) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
6) Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.
7) Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140
kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails
8) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

3.5 Removal of the formwork

The period for which forms should be left in place depends upon the temperature of air, the
shape and position of structural member (i.e. horizontal vertical or inclined), the nature of the
loads likely to come and the character of the cement and cement paste. Generally, the use of
rapid hardening cement, higher temperatures, low water cement ratio and lighter loads, will
permit early removal of formwork. Under normal conditions where temperature is above
20ºC and ordinary cement is use, forms may be removed after the expiry of the period given
below:

Particulars of the structural period of member removing of formwork

(a) Vertical slides of slabs, beams 24 to 48 hours columns and wall
(b) Slabs (props or vertical supporting 3 days member left under)
(c) Beams soffits (props left under) 7 days
(d) Bottom of slabs up to a span 7 days of 4.5 m.
(e) Bottom of slabs above 4.5 m 14 days span, bottom of the beams up to 6 m span, and
bottom of arch ribs up to 6 m span
(f) Bottom of beams over 6 m span 21 days and bottom of arch ribs over 6 m span

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Chapter 4
OUTCOMES
To provide an environment for the students in communication with different workers or
employees and clients, to improve skills of working in a site, upgrading the theoretical
knowledge, improve their leadership skill, team playing skill and etc.

4.1 Improving practical skill

The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, acquirement
of practical knowledge at the site is helpful to get that practical or real work in the site and
totally different from the actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus some knowledge in
the site which helped to work with the site environment or site peoples.
Some of the practical knowledge gained from the internship was:
1) Construction of formwork and false work for some reinforced concrete structure were
understood and use of such formwork was noticed.
2) Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according the specified drawing was also
carried out at site which helped in understanding the application of such tasks.
3) Casting and pouring of reinforced concrete structure and equipment used for casting
were also observed.
4) . The practical knowledge in terms of those listed aspects of concrete.
Different construction equipment (machines) and their use in construction site gave a clear
picture to know how equipment‘s are used in the site including their specific purpose..
4.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge
It also helped to upgrade or increase knowledge that are already known.Trying to integrate
the practical knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in different place in order
to get more knowledge than the theory learned on the class. The internship class also played
an interesting role in terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge and learning from the site.
Some of this was known better:
1) Quantity surveying
2) Structural design of shear wall and its advantage
3) Construction equipment
4) Report writing

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4.3 Upgrading communication skill

In the site communication with other workers like engineers, skilled and non-skilled workers,
Forman etc. helped in upgrading interpersonal skills among the clients,employees etc.
Understood the basic way of dealing with workers, clients etc. and also understood the way to
do it.
4.4 Improving team playing skill
Team works, team playing skill for effective completion of tasks and increasing productivity
was really enhanced. This also gave the really good environment to improve and consult the
personals related to skill development and team work.
4.5 Improving leadership skill
Internship also gave a opportunity to understand the personal values like confidence,
effective communication and devotion. Various tasks performed like guiding the labours,
giving the total estimate of the single unit home, managing the manpower at site etc really
improved the leadership skill. Monitoring the specifics tasks and materials quantity gave the
confidence to deal with practical scenario.
4.6 Work ethics and related issues
It also played an important role in enhancing and upgrading the work ethics like the
commitment towards the job, the responsibilities to be handled, appreciation of the work
flow, honesty, accountabilities. During internship program, managed to do handling of the
job description with a high spirit and enthusiasm. Punctuality was also heavily improved as
the tasks to be performed were on time and the responsibility was to be there.
4.7 Entrepreneurship skill
Entrepreneurship skill was highly improved due to the observance to senior engineers,
supervisors, directors etc dealing with each and every aspect of the site and management. It
also gave a boost regarding the entrepreneurship skill motivation to persue the the job and a
career in a better and smoother way. It was also very helpful in knowing th values of time,
money, responsibility etc. So, it was a really a wonderful time being in this internship in
every way.

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4.8 Conclusions
The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the reality
work at the field of construction or civil engineering work. All who take the internship class
go to companies that already working either as a consultant or a contractor. The
responsibilities of the hosting company are to teach student and shape them in the four week
as a real site workers. The hosting company is a consultant team and they help students who
took the internship session in this company in acquiring different knowledge in different
positions. They collaborate with the contractors to teach that section and they believe that the
civil engineering work is more important for us than the consulting office. This program
played an important role to break the conventional thought that field works can be only
implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an experience in building
construction. Ability to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with problems that arise in
a building construction.
Internship session in SAI CONSTRUCTION gave an opportunity to work in the different
party of the construction work which helps me to gain more knowledge by seeing what they
work in their own office and what are their main responsibilities to the client and also each
other. Working with a consultant team gets me more knowledge than that of the contractor in
case that the consultation work includes the duty of the site engineers and in the consultant
office there are different office that are more important for me to upgrade my knowledge in
different aspects of work. The consultant team by its nature includes designer team including
structural engineers, architects, sanitary, electrical and mechanical engineers, the contract
administration and supervision team includes site coordinators, supervisors and quantity
workers and the financial office. This helps to get more knowledge than the contractors.

From the design team especially from the structural designers got some clues about how to
design and the phases and different procedure in the designing of any structure starting from
the roof to the footing. The architects also helped to know every symbols used in any drawing
and room orientations, how each room of the specified space can be together without being
disturbed by one another. in the sanitary and electrical engineers also help by teaching about
the riser diagram and installation of each junction in place for a building. They helped to
understand what is going to be done while working in the consultant office. The contractors
also avail practical knowledge to improve the practical knowledge.

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REFERENCES
1. “Plain and reinforced concrete code of practice”, IS 456 (2000).
2. “Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement”, IS 4031-1 (1996).
3. “Concrete masonry units”, IS 2185-1 (2005).
4. “Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for
concrete”, IS 383 (1970).
5. “Sand for plaster”, IS 1542 (1992).
6. “High strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete
reinforcement”, IS 1786 (2008).

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