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UNIT
BOUNDARY LAYER
Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2
~-~IL
CHAPTER
• 13.1 INTRODUCTION
When a real fluid flows past a solid body or a solid wall, the fluid particles adhere to the boundary
and condition of no slip occurs. This means that the velocity of fluid close to the boundary will be same
as that of the boundary. If the boundary is stationary, the velocity of fluid at the boundary will be zero.
Farther away from the boundary, the velocity will be higher and as a result of this variation of velocity,
the velocity gradient du will exist. The velocity of fluid increases from zero velocity on the stationary
dy
boundary to free-stream velocity ( U) of the fluid in the direction normal to the boundary. This variation
of velocity from zero to free-stream velocity in the direction normal to the boundary takes place in a
narrow region in the vicinity of solid boundary. This narrow region of the fluid is called boundary
layer. The theory dealing with boundary layer flows is called boundary layer theory.
According to boundary layer theory, the flow of fluid in the neighbourhood of the solid boundary
may be divided into two regions as shown in Fig. 13.1.
,u
--
_u __ /
BOUNDARY
LAYER
---
---
- Fig. 13.1 Flow over solid body.
SOLID BODY
1. A very thin layer of the fluid, called the boundary layer, in the immediate neighbourhood of the
solid boundary, where the variation of velocity from zero at the solid boundary to free-stream velocity
in the direction normal to the boundary takes place. In this region, the velocity gradient du exists and
dy
hence the fluid exerts a shear stress on the wall in the direction of motion. The value of shear stress is
given by
611
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 3
~I IL
du
µ-.
't=
dy
2. The remaining fluid, which is outside the boundary layer. The velocity outside the boundary layer
is constant and equal to free-stream velocity. As there is no variation of velocity in this region, the
du
velocity gradient - becomes zero. As a result of this the shear stress is zero.
dy
• 13.2 DEFINITIONS
13.2.1 Laminar Boundary Layer. For defining the boundary layer (i.e., laminar boundary
layer or turbulent boundary layer) consider the flow of a fluid, having free-stream velocity (U), over
a smooth thin plate which is flat and placed parallel to the direction for free stream of fluid as shown
in Fig. 13.2. Let us consider the flow with zero pressure gradient on one side of the plate, which is
stationary.
TURBULENT BOUNDARY
-- LAMINAR BOUNDARY
LAYER
LAYER
--
-u
-- LEAD ING
EDGE LAMINAR TURBULE NT
ZONE ZONE
TRANSITION
ZONE
Fig. 13.2 Flow over a plate.
The velocity of fluid on the surface of the plate should be equal to the velocity of the plate. But plate
is stationary and hence velocity of fluid on the surface of the plate is zero. But at a distance away from
the plate, the fluid is having certain velocity. Thus a velocity gradient is set up in the fluid near the
surface of the plate. This velocity gradient develops shear resistance, which retards the fluid. Thus the
fluid with a uniform free stream velocity (U) is retarded in the vicinity of the solid surface of the plate
and the boundary layer region begins at the sharp leading edge. At subsequent points downstream the
leading edge, the boundary layer region increases because the retarded fluid is further retarded. This is
also referred as the growth of boundary layer. Near the leading edge of the surface of the plate, where
the thickness is small, the flow in the boundary layer is laminar though the main flow is turbulent. This
layer of the fluid is said to be laminar boundary layer. This is shown by AE in Fig. 13.2. The length of
the plate from the leading edge, upto which laminar boundary layer exists, is called laminar zone. This
is shown by distance AB. The distance of B from leading edge is obtained from Reynold number equal
to 5 x 105 for a plate. Because upto this Reynold number the boundary layer is laminar. The Reynold
number is given by (Re)x = U Xx
V
where x = Distance from leading edge,
U = Free-stream velocity of fluid,
v = Kinematic viscosity of fluid,
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 4
~I IL
'to=µ ( -du) u
= µ-
.
{·: For lmear . .
vanat1on, -du = -u }
dy y ;O y dy y
I 3.2.4 Boundary Layer Thickness (o). It is defined as the distance from the boundary of the
solid body measured in the y-direction to the point, where the velocity of the fluid is approximately
o.
equal to 0.99 times the free stream velocity (U) of the fluid. It is denoted by the symbol For laminar
and turbulent zone it is denoted as :
1. Oiam = Thickness of laminar boundary layer,
2. Orur = Thickness of turbulent boundary layer, and
3. o' = Thickness of laminar sub-layer.
13.2.5 Displacement Thickness (o*). It is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the
boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in
flow rate on account of boundary layer formation. It is denoted by o*. It is also defined as :
"The distance perpendicular to the boundary, by which the free-stream is displaced due to the
formation of boundary layer".
Expression for o*.
BOUNDARY
LAYER
___ u
VELOCITY
DISTRIBUTI ON
PLATE
CD
Fig. 13.3 Displacement thickness.
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 5
~I IL
pb I: (U - u)dy = p X u X o*b
Cancelling pb from both sides, we have
J:(U-u)dy=Uxo*
... (13.2)
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 6
~I IL
Jor
2 6
or 0U = u(U - u)dy {cancelling pb from both sides}
or 0=2
U
1
16
O
u(U - u)dy = 1
6 u(U - u)dy
O U
2
13.2. 7 Energy Thickness (o**). It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the
boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction
in kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation. It is denoted by o**.
Consider the flow over the plate as shown in Fig. 13.3 having section 1-1 at a distance x from
leading edge. The mass of fluid flowing per second through the elemental strip of thickness 'dy' at a
distance y from the plate as given by equation (i) = pubdy
= .!_ (pubdy)U 2
2
Loss of K.E. through elemental strip
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 7
~I IL
= _!_ pbo**U3
2
Equating the two losses of K.E., we get
-1 pbo**U3 = -pb
1 16 u (U 2 - u 2 ) dy
2 2 0
or o** = - 13 16 u (U 2- u 2 ) dy
U 0
2
] dy. . .. (13.6)
Problem 13.1 Find the displacement thickness, the momentum thickness and energy thickness for
the velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by.!!:...= 2'.., where u is the velocity at a distance y
U o
from the plate and u = U at y = o, where o = boundary layer thickness. Also calculate the value of o*/0.
Solution. Given :
u y
Velocity distribution =
U o
(i) Displacement thickness o* is given by equation (13.2),
= [ y - ~; J: {o
is constant across a section}
0 0 0 2
= o- -=O--=-.
20 2 2
Ans.
8=16;(1-;}y
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 8
~I IL
e= fo
6
f( f)
l- dy = fa° (f- ~: }y
l y3 ] 6 62 6 6 36 - 26 o
3
= [26 - 36 2 0
=26 - 366 =2-3=2 6 = 6° Ans.
0
0
= 26 -
2 04
463
3 3 23 -3 6
= ---=--=-.Ans.
2 4 4 4
(iv)
8
6*
= (f 2x6
(~) 6 6
= 3. Ans.
Problem 13.2 Find the displacement thickness, the momentum thickness and energy thickness for
Velocity distribution
6* = fo6 ( 1 - ; ) dy
6* = fo {1-[2(f)-(tr]}
6
dy
= 1: { (t)+(tr}dy=[y- ~{+ ::
1- 2 2 I
62 63 6 6
=6 - - +- =6 - 6+ - = -. Ans.
6 36 2 3 3
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 9
~I IL
= [o 2 _ 5o 3 + .r_ _~]= 0 _ So + 0 _ ~
0 3o 2 o3 504 3 5
150 - 250 + 150 - 30 300 - 280 20
=- ------=--- = Ans.
15 15 15
(iii) Energy thickness o** is given by equation (13.6),
** ou
[ u 2y y2) ( [2y y2J2)
2Jdy= Iao (6-B2
o = fa U 1-[!2 1- 6-B2 dy
= r0 (2y _
Jo o
L)
o
(1-[4lo +L-
2 o
4/ J)dy
o 2 4 3
02 03 20 4 1205 06 07 0 12 0
=-----+----+-=0---20+-o-o+-
o 30 2 03 50 4 0 70
5 6 3 5 7
=- 20 _ ~+ g 0 +~= -2100-350+ 2s20+ 1so
3 5 7 105
-2450 + 2670 220
=- ---- = Ans.
105 105
-11
Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 10
~I IL
Consider the flow of a fluid having free-stream velocity equal to U, over a thin plate as shown in
Fig. 13.4. The drag force on the plate can be determined if the velocity profile near the plate is
known. Consider a small length Ax of the plate at a distance of x from the leading edge as shown in
Fig. 13.4 (a). The enlarged view of the small length of the plate is shown in Fig. 13.4 (b).
OUTER EDGE OF
BOUNDARY LAYER
BOUNDARY LAYER
--
-u D
-- 1-- X --l
A B
f--t,x
dy
y
i
I~IJiolo!o--..-llJlllli
f-- t,x - - j
B
(a) (b)
plate at y = 0.
Then drag force or shear force on a small distance Ax is given by
!1FD = shear stress x area
= t 0 x Ax x b ... (13.7) {Taking width of plate= b}
where !1FD = drag force on distance Ax
The drag force MD must also be equal to the rate of change of momentum over the distance Ax.
Consider the flow over the small distance Ax. Let ABCD is the control volume of the fluid over the
distance Ax as shown in Fig. 13.4 (b). The edge DC represents the outer edge of the boundary layer.
Let u = velocity at any point within the boundary layer
b = width of plate
Then mass rate of flow entering through the side AD
pubdy
Mass rate of flow leaving the side BC
a
= mass through AD+- (mass through AD) x Ax
ax
= J: pubdy :x [fo (pubdy)] x Ax
0
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 11
~I IL
= ! [Ia° pubdy] x Ax
The fluid is entering through side DC with a uniform velocity U.
Now let us calculate momentum flux through control volume.
Momentum flux entering through AD
= ! Ioli
[pb (u 2 -uU)dy] xAx
{For incompressible fluid pis constant}
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 12
~I IL
... (13.8)
Now the rate of change of momentum on the control volume ABCD must be equal to the total force
on the control volume in the same direction according to the momentum principle. But for a flat plate
!~ = 0, which means there is no external pressure force on the control volume. Also the force on the
side DC is negligible as the velocity is constant and velocity gradient is zero approximately. The only
external force acting on the control volume is the shear force acting on the side AB in the direction
from B to A as shown in Fig. 13.4 (b). The value of this force is given by equation (13.7) as
!iFD = t 0 x Ax x b
Total external force in the direction of rate of change of momentum
= - t 0 X Ax X b ... (13.9)
According to momentum principle, the two values given by equations (13.9) and (13.8) should be
the same.
- 'to X Ax X b = pb ! [f 0° ( U 2 - U U )dy] X Ax
- t0 = p ! [J° 0 (u 2 - uU)dy]
= p - a [1° U 2 ( -u
ax O U U2
l
- -u 2 ) dy =pU 2 - a
ax
[!O
0
U
u] ]
-u [ 1- - dy
U
or ~
pU
=
ax2
~[rJo 0
.!!:...[1-.!!:...]dy]
U U
... (13.10)
In equation ( 13.10), the expression fa° ; [1- ; ] dy is equal to momentum thickness 0. Hence
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 13
~I IL
13.3.1 Local Co-efficient of Drag [C0 *]. It is defined as the ratio of the shear stress t 0 to the
Hence CD * -- ___:Q_
1 . ... (13.13)
-pU2
2
13.3.2 Average Co-efficient of Drag [C 0 ]. It is defined as the ratio of the total drag force to
the quantity .!_ pAU2 • It is also called co-efficient of drag and is denoted by Cv.
2
Hence -
Cv- FD ... (13.14)
.!..pAU2
2
where A= Area of the surface (or plate)
U = Free-stream velocity
p = Mass density of fluid.
13.3.3 Boundary Conditions for the Velocity Profiles. The followings are the boundary
conditions which must be satisfied by any velocity profile, whether it is in laminar boundary layer
zone, or in turbulent boundary layer zone :
; = 2(y/6) - (y/6)2
find an expression for boundary layer thickness (6), shear stress (t 0 ) and co-efficient of drag (Cv) in
terms of Reynold number.
Solution. Given :
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 14
~I IL
___!Q__
pU 2
= ~ [ r0 .!!:... ( 1- .!!:...) dy] =~ [ r0 [ 2 Y _
dx Jo U U dx Jo o
L] [
o2
1-( 2 Y _
o
L)] dy]
o2
= ~[~-~~+~-~i=~[o-~o+o-~]
dX O 3 o2 o3 5o 4 dX 3 5
du = U [~-
dy o o2
2y] { ·: U is constant}
( du) =U[~-2x(0)]=2U
dy y=O O o2 0
Substituting this value in (ii), we get
2U 2µU
to= µx-y=-o- ... (iii)
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 15
~I IL
6d[6] = 15µ dx
pU
62 15µx
=
2 pU
X
=5.48 ~ ... (13.17)
-..JRex
In equation (13.16), µ, p and U are constant and hence it is clear from this equation that thickness
of laminar boundary layer is proportional to the square root of the distance from the leading edge.
Equation ( 13.17) gives the thickness of laminar boundary layer in terms of Reynolds number.
(ii) Shear stress (t0) in terms of Reynolds number
From equat10n
. (""")
m , we have t 0 = -2µU
0-
Substituting the value of 6 from equation ( 13.17), in the above equation, we get
Fe:
( iii) Co-efficient of Drag ( C 0 )
= 0.365 r µU ~X lx Xb x dx
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 16
~I IL
= 0.365 µU /µ xb
{£f {£f x bx [Xl/2
Io x- n dx = 0.365 µU /µ
L 1 ½]L
0
= 0.365 x 2µU H x bx Ji
Problem 13.4 For the velocity profile given in problem 13.3, find the thickness of boundary layer
at the end of the plate and the drag force on one side of a plate 1 m long and 0.8 m wide when placed
in water flowing with a velocity of 150 mm per second. Calculate the value of co-efficient of drag also.
Take µfor water= 0.01 poise.
Solution. Given :
Length of plate, L=lm
Width of plate, b = 0.8 m
Velocity of fluid (water), U = 150 mm/s = 0.15 mis
. 0.01 Ns Ns
µ for water = 0.01 potse = - - - - 2 = 0.001 - 2
10 m m
Reynold number at the end of the plate i.e., at a distance of 1 m from leading edge is given by
R = pUL = lOOO x 0.15x 1.0 (·: p = 1000)
eL µ .001
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 17
~I IL
Fv=0.73bµU ~
= 0.73 X 0.8 X 0.001 X 0.15 X ✓150000
= 0.0338 N. Ans.
(iii) Co-efficient of drag, Cv is given by equation (13.19) as
CD =...;Rel
1.46
{p=-v150000
1.46
= I .00376. Ans .
Problem 13.5 For the velocity profile for laminar boundary layer !!:_ = l_
U 2 o 2 o
• (I)-!_ (l'..) 3
Determine the boundary layer thickness, shear stress, drag force and co-efficient of drag in terms of
Reynold number.
Solution. Given :
Velocity distribution, u =
U 23 (I)- 21 (2'..)3
0 0
= ax
a [loo (3y 9y
2o - 45
2
2
3y 4
+ 45 4 -
y3
25 3 + 45 4
3y 4
-
y6 )
45 6 dy
l
a[ 3y2 9y3 3/ y4 3y5 y7 ] 0
= ax 2 X 20 - 3 X 40 + 5 X 40 2 4 - 4 X 20 3 + 5 X 40 4 - 7 X 40 6 0
a [ 30 2 3o 3 3 o5 1 o4 3 o5 1 01 ]
= ax 40 - 40 2 + 20 0 4 - 8 03 + 20 0 4 - 28 0 6
= ~
ax 4
[I o - I o + _i_ o - .!.. o + _i_ o - -1 a]
4 20 8 20 28
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 18
~I IL
Also the shear stress t 0 is given by t 0 = µ (du) ,where u= U[i 2'.. - y33 ]
dy y=o 2 o 20
du _U [ 3 3y 2 ]
dy - 2o - 2o 3
Hence (du) - U[l._
dy y=o -
__3 xo]- 320u
20 20 3 -
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 19
~I IL
=0.323 r 0
µU
X
✓pUx
µ
x bx dx =0.323 µU {£f x b
Vµ
r0 -vX
~dx
= 0.323 µU N x b ( x- 112 dx
0.646 µU ✓pUL x b
µ
- px b x L x U 2
_0
= ___,1- - ~ - - - - .646 X 2 X
__l:_
pUL
X
µ
f¥
✓ pUL -_ 1.292
pUL
2 µ
Problem 13.6 For the velocity profile for laminar boundary layer
~
pU
=
2 ax ~[rJo .!!:....(1-.!!:...)dy]
0
U U
Substituting the given velocity profile in the above equation
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 20
~I IL
= ~[ro
ax
(2y - 4y2 + 4y4 - 2y5 - 2y3 + 4y4 - 4y6 + 2y1
Jo O 0 2 04 o5 o3 o4 06 o7
+L- 2y5 + 2y1 _L)dy]
o4 o5 o7 08
= ~[ro
ax
(2y _ 4y 2 _ 2y3 + 9y4 _ 4y 5 _ 4y6 + 4y 1
Jo O 0 2 03 o4 o5 06 o7
_L) 08
dy]
= ~[o-±o-!o+2-o-~o-±o+!o _ _!_o]
ax 3 2 5 3 7 2 9
=~[315-420+63x9-210-45x4-35] 0
ax 315
= ~[315-420+567-210-180-35] 0
ax 315
= ~ [882 - 845] 0 = ~ [ 37 ] 0 = 37 ao
ax 815 315 ax 315 ax
-r _ 37 u2 ao ... (13.25)
o - 315 p ax
Also shear stress is given by Newton's law of viscosity as
'to=µ(!u)
y y=O
where
( :; ) = u[ ½- :r -i4 3
]
( :; \ = 0 =U [ ½- ; (0) - ; (0)] = 2~
au) 2U 2Uµ
'to=µ ( ay y=O =µX-y=-0- ... (13.26)
. .
0 n mtegration, we get -32 =-630 -µx + C, where C = Constant o f mtegration
. .
2 37 pU
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 21
~I IL
O= 630x2 ~ x= 5.84 ~
37 pU 'Jpu
=5.84 = 5.84 ~
- - XX=
5.84x
~ ... (13.27)
-..JRe,
pUx
(ii) Shear Stress (t0). Substituting the value of ofrom (13.27) into (13.26)
0.68xbxµUx ✓pUL
= -~1----'--
- pxbx L xU 2
µ - = 0.68 X 2 -µ- X ✓-
pUL
pUL
µ
- = 1.36 X !¥ 1
pUL
2 µ
... (13.29)
Problem 13.7 For the velocity profile for laminar boundary flow .!:!... = sin
U
(1t2 z).
o
Obtain an expression for boundary layer thickness, shear stress, drag force on one side of the plate
and co-efficient of drag in terms of Reynold number.
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 22
~I IL
=a
ax [(o + -
1]_(
1t -
¾)] = axa [2o _n x 20]
1t 1t 4 1t
20 20
= j___[20 _ ~] =j___[4-
ax 1t 2 ax
n] 0 = (4- n) aoax
21t 21t
But
( :; ) = U cos(~ f) x;0
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 23
~I IL
to =µ (auay ) y=O
= µUn
26
... (13.31)
(
4-n)pu
2n
2 a 6 = µUn
ax 26
or 6a6= µUn x ~ x -
2
1-ax
4 - n pU 2
6= 2 x ll.4975__E:_x = 4.795 ~ x
pU 'JpU
= 4.795 ✓ pUx
µ = 4.795 ✓ µ
pUx
XX
4.795 X
... (13.32)
=Fe:
(ii) Shear Stress (t0)
FD= ILt 0
0X b X dx = IL 0.327 -Fe:
0
µU
X x
X b X dx = 0.327 µU X b IL -1 ✓pUx
ox
- - dx
µ
= 0.327 µU x b x ,ii,
1£![ f, L
x-la dx = 0.327 µU x b
1£![ [Xl/2
x '{I' ½]L
0
= 0.327 X 2 X µU X b n X ./L
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 24
~I IL
0.655 X µU X b X ✓pUL
CD = l µ =0.655 X 2 X -µ- X ✓-
pUL
-
- pU 2 X b XL pUL µ
2
Table 13.1 shows the values of boundary layer thickness and co-efficients of drag in terms of
Reynold number for various velocity distributions
Table 13.1
Velocity Distribution 8 CD
I.
~ =2 (i) -(tY 5.48xl.JR; 1.461 .jR:;_
2.
~ =¾(t) -½(tr 4.64xl.jR; 1.2921.jR:;_
3.
~ =2 (i) - 2 (tr +(tr 5.84xl.)R; 1.361.jR:;_
u . (ny) K
4. U =sm 28 4.79 xi 1.311.jR:;_
Problem 13.8 For the velocity profile in laminar boundary layer as,
find the thickness of the boundary layer and the shear stress 1.5 mfrom the leading edge of a plate. The
plate is 2 m long and 1.4 m wide and is placed in water which is moving with a velocity of
200 mm per second. Find the total drag force on the plate if µfor water= .OJ poise.
Solution. Given :
Velocity profile is
; = ½(i)-½(iJ
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Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 25
~I IL
s: 4.64x 1.5
u = ,J = 0.0127 m = 12.7 mm. Ans.
300000
Fv=0.646 µU ~ x b
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If Rex= 2 x 105 , then x denotes the distance from leading edge upto which laminar boundary layer
exists
2 X 105 = 10 XX
0.15 X 10--4
5
2 X 10 X 0.15 X 10--4
x =- - - - - - - - =0.30 m = 300 mm. Ans.
10
Maximum thickness of the laminar boundary for the velocity profile, ; =2 ( f)-(f) 2
is given by
equation (13.17) as
5.48 X 0.30
O= 5.48 XX ----.===- =0 .003 67 m = 3.67 mm. Ans.
JR:: ✓2 X 10 5
Problem 13.10 Air is flowing over a flat plate 500 mm long and 600 mm wide with a velocity of
4 mis. The kinematic viscosity of air is given as 0.15 x 10-4 m2/s. Find (i) the boundary layer thickness
at the end of the plate, (ii) Shear stress at 200 mm from the leading edge and (iii) drag force on one side
of the plate. Take the velocity profile over the plate as ; = sin (; . f) and density of air 1.24 kg/m 3•
Solution. Given :
Length of plate, L =500 mm =0.5 m
Width of plate, b =600 mm =0.6 m
Velocity of air, U = 4 mis
Kinematic viscosity, v = 0.15 x 10--4 m 2/s
Mass density, p = 1.24 kg/m 3
(ii) Shear stress at any distance from leading edge is given by 'to = 0.327 µU ~
X "'1/"ex
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Uxx 4x0.2
At x = 200 mm = 0.2 m, Re = - - = = 53333
x v 0.15 x 10--4
0.327 X µ X 4 X ✓53333
'to=
0.2
u
But µ=vxp {-: V=-,
p
= 0.15 X 10--4 X 1.24 = 0.186 X 10--4
_ 0.327 X 0.186 X 10--4 X 4 X ✓53333 _ O 02805 NI 2 A
'to - - • m . ns.
0.2
(iii) Drag force on one side of the plate is given by equation (13.33)
FD = 0.655 X µU X b X ✓ p~L
{UL
= 0.655 X 0.186 X 10--4 X 4.0 X 0.6 X v----;-
4x0.5
= 0.29234 X 10--4 X ,_.l_5_x_l0_--4~ = 0.01086 N. Ans.
Problem 13.11 A thin plate is moving in still atmospheric air at a velocity of 5 mis. The length of
the plate is 0.6 m and width 0.5 m. Calculate (i) the thickness of the boundary layer at the end of the
plate, and (ii) drag force on one side of the plate. Take density of air as 1.24 kg/m 3 and kinematic
viscosity 0. 15 stokes.
Solution. Given :
Velocity of plate, U= 5 mis
Length of plate, L= 0.6m
Width of plate, b = 0.5 m
Density of air, p = 1.24 kg/m 3
Kinematic viscosity, v = 0.15 stokes= 0.15 x 10--4m2/s
(ii) Drag force on one side of the plate is given by equation (13.14) as
-
Cv- FD
_!__pAU2
2
1 2
Fv=-pAU XCv
2
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1 2
FD = - X 1.24 X 0.6 X 0.5 X 5 X .002970 {·:A= L X b = 0.6 X 0.5}
2
= 0.01373 N. Ans.
Note. If no velocity profile is given in the numerical problem but boundary layer is laminar, then Blasius' s
solution is used.
Problem 13.12 A plate of 600 mm length and 400 mm wide is immersed in a fluid of sp. gr. 0.9 and
kinematic viscosity (v =) 10-4 m 2/s. The fluid is moving with a velocity of 6 mis. Determine
(i) boundary layer thickness, (ii) shear stress at the end of the plate, and (iii) drag force on one side of
the plate.
Solution. As no velocity profile is given in the above problem, hence Blasius' s solution will be
used.
Given : length of plate, L =600 mm = 0.60 m
Width of plate, b =400 mm = 0.40 m
Sp. gr. of fluid, S= 0.9
Density, p = 0.9 X 1000 = 900 kg/m 3
Velocity of fluid, U= 6 mis
Kinematic viscosity, v = 10--4 m 2/s
4.91 X 0.6
= I = 0.0155 m = 15.5 mm. Ans.
\13.6 X 10 4
(ii) Shear stress at the end of the plate is
1.328 1.328
where Cv from Blasius's solution is Cv = - - = I = 0.00699
K
"3.6Xl0 4
1 2
Fv=-pAU XCv
2
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The thickness of the boundary layer, drag force on one side of the plate and co-efficient of drag
due to turbulent boundary layer on a smooth plate at zero pressure gradient are determined as in case
of laminar boundary layer provided the velocity profile is known. Blasius on the basis of experiments
give the following velocity profile for turbulent boundary layer
... (13.35)
1 7 5
where n = - for Re < 10 but more than 5 x 10
7
... (13.36)
Equation (13.36) is not applicable very near the boundary, where the thin laminar sub-layer of
thickness o' exists. Here velocity distribution is influenced only by viscous effects.
1/4
The value of t 0 for flat plate is taken as t 0 = 0.0225 p U2 ( ___l:__ ) ... (13.37)
poU
Problem 13.13 For the velocity profile for turbulent boundary layer ; =( f} 11
, obtain an
expression for boundary layer thickness, shear stress, drag force on one side of the plate and co-efficient
of drag in terms of Reynold number. Given the shear stress ( i-0 ) for turbulent boundary layer as
14
Z'o = 0.0225 p U 2 (p~o }
(z) Substituting this value in Von Karman momentum integral equation (13.10),
~
pU
= 0
ax Jo U
2
~[r
.!!:...(1-.!!:...)dy]
U
= ~[ r0
ax Jo
(I)O [i-(I)O
111 111
] d ]
y
=~[ r0
ax Jo
(L-
0117 Y 217
0
211
) d ]
y
= ax
a[ y111+1
(~+ 1 )111
(%+~)"' 1
a ~1 y8 11
1 y 911 ] a ~1 0 811
1 0917 ]
= ax l8 0111 90 211 = ax l8 0 111 9 0211
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8
= ~[2
9
_2
ax 0 0
]=~[63- 56] o=~[}_] o=}_ ao
72 72 ax 72 ax ax
In the above expression, the integration limits should be from o' too. But as the laminar sub-layer is
very thin that is o' is very small. Hence the limits of integration are taken from 0 to o.
1 2 ao
Now pU -
t0 = - ... (13.38)
72 ax
But the value of t 0 for turbulent boundary layer is given,
Equating the two values of t 0 given by equations (13.38) and (13.39), we have
}_ pu 2 ao = .0225 pu2
72 ax
(l)
pUo
114
1/4
or l_ ao = .0225 ( ~) x - 1- {cancelling pU2 }
n ax pU o114
114 114
or O 114ao = .0225 X 72
7
X (~)
pU
ax= 0.2314 (~)
pU
ax.
01/4+1 ( µ ) 114
Integrating, we get
(¼+l) =0.2314 pU x+ C
114
or _i X 0 514 = 0.2314 (~) x+C
5 pU
where C is constant of integration.
To determine the value of C, assume turbulent boundary layer starts from the leading edge, though
in actual practice the turbulent boundary layer starts after the transition from laminar boundary layer.
The laminar layer exists for a very short distance and hence this assumption will not affect the
subsequent analysis.
Hence at x = 0, o = 0 and so C = 0
= 0.37 (
:U )
X4l5 ... (13.40)
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From equation (13.40), it is clear that ovaries as x415 in turbulent boundary layer ~hile in case of
laminar boundary layer o varies as ✓ x •
(ii) Shear Stress (t0) at any point from leading edge is given by equation (13.40) as
114
t 0 = 0.0225 pU2 [ µ 115 ]
1/4
- .0225 X 2 u2 ( µ 415 ]
- 2 p 0.37 X (pU)4' 5 X x 415
u2
= .0225 x2 x-P-x 1 114 ( -µ-) 115
2 (0.37) pUx
= 0.0577 X pU
2
2
(_!:_) pUx
115
... (13.42)
2 115
FD= fL 'to X b X dx = fL 0.0577 X pU X (~) ~/5 X b X dx
Jo Jo 2 pU x
= 0.072 X pU 2 X
(
~)1/5 X b X L 415
2 pU
(iv) Drag co-efficient, C 0 is given by
F
Cv = 1 D , where A= L x b
-pAU 2
2
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.072 X pU
2
2
X (L)"
pU
5
X b X L415
= - - - -u2
--------
_p _ xbxL
2
=0.072 X (~)1/
pU
5
• -k-
L
=0.072 (~)1/
pUL
5
.072
=
R"5
.. .(13.43) {·: Re
L
= pUL}
µ
el
This is valid for ReL > 5 x 105 but less than 10 7 •
(a) If Reynold number is more than 5 x 105 and less than 10 7 the thickness of boundary layer and
drag co-efficient are given as:
s: = 0.37 X 0.072
u -(R_e_,)_l/_5 and CD= ( ReJl/5 .. .(13.44)
LAMINAR BOUNDARY
LAYER
___,.u
,....t=_A_-1
__ L----
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by equating 5 x 10 5 = Ux. The value of x gives the length of laminar boundary layer. Let this length is
V
equal to A.
(2) Find drag using Blasius solution for laminar boundary layer for length A.
(3) Find drag due to turbulent boundary layer for the whole length of the plate.
(4) Find the drag due to turbulent boundary layer for a length A only
Then total drag on the plate
= Drag given by (2) + Drag given by (3) - Drag given by (4)
= Drag due to laminar boundary layer for length A
+ Drag due to turbulent boundary layer for length L
- Drag due to turbulent boundary layer for length A. ... (13.45)
Problem 13.14 (S.I. Units). Determine the thickness of the boundary layer at the trailing edge of
smooth plate of length 4 m and of width 1.5 m, when the plate is moving with a velocity of 4 mis in
stationary air. Take kinematic viscosity of air as 1.5 x 10-5 m 2/s.
Solution. Given :
Length of plate, L=4m
Width of plate, b= 1.5 m
Velocity of plate, U= 4 mis
Kinematic viscosity, V = 1.5 X 10-5 m 2/s
0 = 0. 37 x =L and Re =Re
(Re, t5 I Here x
x L
0.37 x4.0
0.0921 m = 92.1 mm. Ans.
= (10.66 X 10 5 )1' 5
Problem 13.15 In Problem 13.14, determine the total drag on one side of the plate assuming that
(i) the boundary layer is laminar over the entire length of the plate and (ii) the boundary layer is
turbulent from the very beginning. Take pfor air= 1.226 kg/m 3•
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(i) When the boundary layer is laminar over the entire length, the value of Cv is given by
Blasius' s solution as
= -1 2
=0.0757 N. Ans.
x 1.226 x 6.0 x 4 x .001286
2
(ii) When the boundary layer is turbulent from the very beginning, the value of co-efficient of
drag, Cv is given by equation (13.43) as
0072 0.072
C - . =----.,..,,.. .00448
v- (Rej'
5 (10.66x10 5 5 )1'
1 2
Drag force, Fv= - pAU x Cv
2
1 2
= - X 1.226 X 6.0 X 4 X .00448 {·:A= b XL= 1.5 x 4 = 6 m 2 }
2
= 0.2637 N. Ans.
Problem 13.16 Water is flowing over a thin smooth plate of length 4 m and width 2 mat a velocity
of 1.0 mis. lfthe boundary layer flow changes from laminar to turbulent at a Reynold number 5 x 105,
find (i) the distance from leading edge upto which boundary layer is laminar, (ii) the thickness of the
boundary layer at the transition point, and (iii) the drag force on one side of the plate. Take viscosity
of waterµ= 9.81 x 10-4 Ns/m 2•
Solution. Given :
Length of plate, L=4m
Width of plate, b=2m
Velocity of flow, U = 1.0 mis
Reynold number for laminar boundary layer = 5 x 10 5
Ns -4
Viscosity of water, µ = 9.81 x 10 -
2
m
(i) Let the distance from leading edge upto which laminar boundary layer exists = x
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ex
1328
= ----;====- = 0.001878
.J5 X 10 5
--r'm~ 4.0m - - - - - - • I
Fig. 13.6 (a)
. . 0.072
where CD from equation (13.44) ts CD= "5
(Rel )
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5x10 x0.15x10-45
X =- - - - - - - - =0.75 m
10
Now the drag force on the plate on one side
= Drag due to laminar boundary layer+ Drag due to turbulent boundary layer ... (i)
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_ __ ___, G
LAMINAR BOUNDARY
u LAYER I
F PLATE I
I
I
E - - - - " " " ' ° ! - - - - - - - - - -I G
= 1.328 =0.001878
,J5x10 5
A = Area of plate upto laminar boundary layer
=0.75 X b =0.75 X 0.3 =0.225 m2
p = 1.24 kg/m 3
1 2
FEF = 2 X 1.24 X 0.225 X 10 X 0.001878 =0.0262 N
(b) Drag force due to turbulent boundary layer from F to G
= Drag force due to turbulent boundary layer from E to G
- Drag force due to turbulent B .L. from E to F
= (FEG)turb. - (FEF) turb.
1 2
Now (FEG)turb. = 2 pAU X CD
But R =U X L = 10 X 3 = 20 X 10 s
e, V 0.15 X 10-4
0.072
CD= l/5 = 0.00395
(20 X 10 5 )
1 2 1 2
(FEG)turb. = 2 pAU X CD= 2 X 1.24 X (3 X 0.3) X 10 X 0.00395
= 0.2204 N
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When a solid body is immersed in a flowing fluid, a thin layer of fluid called the boundary layer is
formed adjacent to the solid body. In this thin layer of fluid, the velocity varies from zero to
free-stream velocity in the direction normal to the solid body. Along the length of the solid body, the
thickness of the boundary layer increases. The fluid layer adjacent to the solid surface has to do work
against surface friction at the expense of its kinetic energy. This loss of the kinetic energy is recovered
from the immediate fluid layer in contact with the layer adjacent to solid surface through momentum
exchange process. Thus the velocity of the layer goes on decreasing. Along the length of the solid
body, at a certain point a stage may come when the boundary layer may not be able to keep sticking
to the solid body if it cannot provide kinetic energy to overcome the resistance offered by the solid
body. In other words, the boundary layer will be separated from the surface. This phenomenon is
called the boundary layer separation. The point on the body at which the boundary layer is on the
verge of separation from the surface is called point of separation.
13. 7.1 Effect of Pressure Gradient on Boundary Layer Separation. The effect of pres-
sure gradient ( : ) on boundary layer separation can be explained by considering the flow over a
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pressure gradient dp is negative in this region. As long as dp < 0, the entire boundary layer moves
dx dx
forward as shown in Fig. 13.7.
Region CSD of the curved surface. The pressure is minimum at the point C. Along the region
CSD of the curved surface, the area of flow increases and hence velocity of flow along the direction
of fluid decreases. Due to decrease of velocity, the pressure increases in the direction of flow and
hence pressure gradient dp is positive or dp > 0. Thus in the region CSD, the pressure gradient is
dx dx
positive and velocity of fluid layer along the direction of flow decreases. As explained in the Art. 13. 7,
the velocity of the layer adjacent to the solid surface along the length of the solid surface goes on
decreasing as the kinetic energy of the layer is used to overcome the frictional resistance of the
surface. Thus the combined effect of positive pressure gradient and surface resistance reduce the
momentum of the fluid is unable to the surface. A stage comes, when the momentum of the fluid is
unable to overcome the surface resistance and the boundary layer starts separating from the surface
at the point S. Downstream the point S, the flow is taking place in reverse direction and the velocity
gradient becomes negative.
SEPARATING
STREAM LINE
PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
Pmin ~ >O
dx
B C s
Fig. 13.7 Effect of pressure gradient on boundary layer separation.
Thus the positive pressure gradient helps in separating the boundary layer.
13. 7.2 Location of Separation Point. The separation point Sis determined from the condition,
(au)
dy y ;O
=0 ...(13.46)
For a given velocity profile, it can be determined whether the boundary layer has separated, or on
the verge of separation or will not separate from the following conditions :
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1. If (!u)y y=O
is negative ... the flow has separated.
2. If ( !u)
y y=O
= 0 ... the flow is on the verge of separation.
3. If (!u)
y y=O
is positive ... the flow will not separate or flow will remain attached with the surface.
Problem 13.18 For the following velocity profiles, determine whether the flow has separated or on
the verge of separation or will attach with the surface :
(i) ; =%(i)-1(iJ,
(iii) ; =-2(f)+(fJ2
Solution. Given :
1st Velocity Profile
; =¾(f)-½(fJ or u= ~(f)-~(fJ3
Differentiating w .r.t. y, the above equation becomes,
As (!u)
y y=O
is positive. Hence flow will not separate or flow will remain attached with the surface.
(iJ-(iJ; =2
(iJ- (iJ u = 2U U
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As ( !u)
y y =O
= 0, the flow is on the verge of separation. Ans.
; =-2(f)+(fr
-2u(f)+u(fr u=
:: =-2u(½)+2u(f)x½
at y=o,(!;\= =- 2~+2u(%)x½=- 2~
0
!u)
As (
y y =O
is negative the flow has separated. Ans.
13. 7.3 Methods of Preventing the Separation of Boundary Layer. When the boundary
layer separates from the surface as shown in Fig. 13.7 at point S, a certain portion adjacent to the
surface has a back flow and eddies are continuously formed in this region and hence continuous loss of
energy takes place. Thus separation of boundary layer is undesirable and attempts should be made to
avoid separation by various methods. The following are the methods for preventing the separation of
boundary layer :
l. Suction of the slow moving fluid by a suction slot.
2. Supplying additional energy from a blower.
3. Providing a bypass in the slotted wing.
4. Rotating boundary in the direction of flow.
5. Providing small divergence in a diffuser.
6. Providing guide-blades in a bend.
7. Providing a trip-wire ring in the laminar region for the flow over a sphere.
HIGHLIGHTS
1. When a so lid body is immersed in a flowing fluid, there is a narrow region of the fluid in the
neighbourhood of the solid body, where the velocity of fluid varies from zero to free-stream velocity.
This narrow region of fluid is cal led boundary layer.
2. The boundary layer is ca lled laminar boundary layer if the Reynold number of the flow defined as
Ux x s
R, = - - is less than 5 x 10
V
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4. The distance from the surface of the solid body in the direction perpendicular to flow, where the
velocity of fluid is approximately equal to 0.99 times the free-stream velocity is called boundary layer
thickness and is denoted by o. For different zones, o is represented as
o1am. = Thickness of laminar boundary layer
otur. = Thickness of turbulent boundary layer
This equation is app licable to laminar, transition and turbulent boundary layer flows .
9. Thickness of laminar boundary layer and co-efficient of drag from Blasius ' s solution is given as
O = 4.9 1 X
K
1.328
where Rex = Reynold number, CD = ~
...;Rel
This equation is not valid very near the boundary, where laminar sub-layer ex ists.
11. The shear stress at the boundary for turbu lent boundary layer over a flat pl ate is given as
1: 0 = 0.0225 pU 2 (___t_J
pUo
114
12. Total drag on a flat plate due to laminar and turbulent boundary layer flows= Drag due to laminar bound-
ary layer upto distance x + Drag due to turbul ent boundary layer for length L
- Drag due to turbulent boundary layer for length x.
[ where x is given by 5 x l 0 5 = ~ ]
13. If the pressure gradient is positive, the boundary layer separates from the surface and back flow and
eddies format ion take place due to which a great loss of energy occur.
14. The conditions for separation, attached flow and detached flow are :
(iii) (!u)
y y=O
=negative ..... cond ition for detached flow .
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EXERCISE
r0
0 = Jo Uu [ 1- U
u ] dy and o** = r 0 u2 ] dy.
Jo Uu [ 1-U
5. Obtain an expression for the boundary shear stress in terms of momentum thickness.
6. Obtain Von Karman momentum integral equation.
7. What are the boundary conditions that must be satisfied by a given velocity profile in laminar boundary
layer flows ?
8. How will you find the drag on a flat plate due to laminar and turbulent boundary layers ?
9. What do you mean by separation of boundary layer ? What is the effect of pressure gradient on boundary
layer separation ?
10. How will you determine whether a boundary layer flow is attached flow, detached flow or on the verge of
separation ?
11. What are the different methods of preventing the separation of boundary layers ?
12. What is meant by boundary layer ? Why does it increase with distance from the upstream edge ?
13. Define the terms : boundary layer, boundary layer thickness, drag, lift and momentum thickness.
14. What do you mean by boundary layer separation ? What is the effect of pressure gradient on boundary
layer separation ? (R.G.P. V., Bhopal S, 2001)
1. (a) Find the ratios of displacement thickness to momentum thickness and momentum thickness to energy
thickness for the velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by
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I 654 Fluid Mechanics
.!!:_ = (ylo) - (ylo)2. Take v for air= 0.15 stokes. [Ans. 0.9375 m, 7.26 mm]
u
4. If in Problem 3, the velocity profile over the plate is given as .!!:_ = sin (~ x
U 2 o
Z.)
and density of air as 1.24 kglm3, find : (i) maximum thickness of the laminar boundary layer, (ii) shear
stress at 20 cm from the leading edge and (iii) drag force on one side of the plate assuming the laminar
boundary layer over the entire length of the plate. [Ans. (i) 0.635 cm, (ii) 0.099 Nlm 2 , (iii) 0.0871 N]
5. A thin plate is moving in still atmospheric air at a velocity of 4 mis. The length of the plate is 0.5 m and
width 0.4 m. Calculate the (i) thickness of the boundary layer at the end of the plate and (ii) drag force on
one side of the plate. Take density of air as 1.25 kglm3 and kinematic viscosity 0.15 stokes.
[Ans. (i) 0.672 cm (ii) 0.00728 N]
6. Find the frictional drag on one side of the plate 200 mm wide and 500 mm long placed longitudinally in a
steam of crude oil (specific gravity= 0.925, kinematic viscosity= 0.9 stoke) flowing with undisturbed
velocity of 5 mis. Also find the thickness of boundary layer and the shear stress at the trailing edge of the
plate. [Ans. 9.34 N, 14.75 mm]
7. A smooth flat plate of length 5 m and width 2 mis moving with a velocity of 4 mis in stationary air of
density as 1.25 kglm3 and kinematic viscosity 1.5 x 10-5 m 2Is. Determine thickness of the boundary layer
at the trailing edge of the smooth plate. Find the total drag on one side of the plate assuming that the
boundary layer is turbulent from the very beginning. [Ans. 110 mm, 0.43 N]
8. Water is flowing over a thin smooth plate of length 4.5 m and width 2.5 mat a velocity of 0.9 mis. If the
boundary layer flow changes from laminar to turbulent at a Reynold number 5 x 10 5, find (i) the distance
from leading edge upto, which boundary layer is laminar, (ii) thickness of the boundary layer at the
transition point, and (iii) the drag force on-one side of the plate. Take viscosity of water as
0.01 poise. [Ans. (i) 555 mm (ii) 3.85 mm (iii) 13.75 N]
9. For the velocity profile given below, state whether the boundary layer has separated or on the verge of
separation or will remain attached with the surface :
u 1 3
(i) .!!:_ = 2 (ylo) - (ylo)2 (ii) - = - 2 (ylo) + - (ylo) and
u U 2
u 3 2 1 3
(iii) - = - (ylo) + -(ylo) .
U 2 2
[Ans. (i) Remain attached (ii) has separated (iii) on the verge of separation]
10. Oil with a free-stream velocity of 1.5 mis flow over a thin plate 1.4 m wide and 2.2 m long. Calculate the
boundary layer thickness and the shear stress at the trailing end point and determine the total surface
resistance of the plate. Take specific gravity of oil as 0.80 and kinematic viscosity as 0.1 stoke.
[Ans. 1.88 cm, 1.04 Nlcm 2 , 12.8 N]
-II Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
I~
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 46
~I IL
number.
(b) A thin smooth plate of 0.3 m width and 1.0 m length moves at 4 mis viscosity in still atmospheric air
of density 1.20 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity of 1.49 x 10-5 m 2/s. Calculate the drag force on the plate.
[Ans. 0.00716 N]
12. Find the displacement thickness, the momentum thickness and energy thickness for the velocity
distribution in the boundary layer given by,
-u = 2 - -
U <>
(y) (y)-
<>
2
where <> = boundary layer thickness. [ Ans. -<> ; -<>;
3 15
2 22 ]
-<>
105
-11
Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 47
_JI IL
-11
Er.S.Keerthibalan.,PGD(QSV).,ME.(CEM).,MISTE.,AMIE.,CEngg
Assistant Professor