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UNIT 11
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS (RCS)
OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
reinforcements.
INPUT 1
11.1 Introduction
A slabs is a structural element in which its overall depth (h) is relatively less than
its width (b). An almost simple type of slab is shown in Figure 11.1
A concrete slabs behaves like a flexural member like a beam. The design of a
beams.
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The design of RCS is generally much easier because of the following reasons:
b) The shear stress in the slab is normally negligible and is not that critical
There are various types of slab in the construction industry. They are as follows:
a) Solid slabs
b) Flat slabs
c) Ribbed slabs
d) Waffle slabs
Solid slabs are widely used because they are easier to construct, easier to form
into various shapes and cheaper compared to the other types of slabs. In the
following lesson, we will focus our attention on the design of solid slabs only.
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In determining the shear force and bending moment for slabs, we are going to use
BS 8110’s bending moment and shear force coefficients. The use of this method
is limited to rectangular slabs, which are supported on four of its sides. For other
types of slabs, the method taught in the Theory of Structural Design could be
used.
11.1.3 Design
direction only. This can only happen when the slab is supported only on its two
For slabs supported on four sides as shown in Figure 11.3 below, it is considered
Ly
Lx
For these types of slabs, the main reinforcement is in the direction of span
perpendicular to the direction of span, is also known as distribution bars. They act
as ties to the main reinforcement and help to distribute any stress caused by any
The analysis and design of simply supported one-way spanning slab is similar to
the analysis and design of simply supported beams. You have successfully passed
Example.
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4.5 m
provided.
Solution.
d= span
20 x modification factor
The modification factor can be taken as 1.3 for reinforced slab that is not
Therefore, d = 4500mm
20 x 1.3
= 173mm
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Let’s say d = 70 mm (round off value). Assume that we use a decimeter of the
h = 170 + 25 +5
= 200 mm
= 4.8 kN/m2
Consider a width of 1 m: -
= 58.1 kN
Therefore,
M = 58.1 x 4.5
8
= 32.7 kN/m
Main Reinforcement:
= 0.95 x 70
= 161 mm
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As 32 .7 ×10 6
=M =
0.87 f y Z 0.87 × 460 ×161
= 508 mm2/m
M 32.7 x 10 6
=
bd 2 1000 x 170 2
= 1.13
fs = 288 N/mm2 and the modification factor for tension reinforcement, is 1.34.
Therefore,
= 26.8
= 26.5
As = 0.13bh
100
= 260 mm2/m
T10 - 300
T10 - 150
Plan Figure 11.5: The reinforced details of bar
ACTIVITY 11a
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11.2 Why are the designed of slabs similar to the design of beams?
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11.3 State the four (4) reasons why slabs are easier to design.
a) _________________________________________________________
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b) _________________________________________________________
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c) _________________________________________________________
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d) _________________________________________________________
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a)__________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________
c) _________________________________________________________
d) _________________________________________________________
e) _________________________________________________________
two-way spanning slab and whether it is supported at all four of its sides.
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11.9 If the thickness of a slab is 100 mm. What is its self-weight in kN/m2?
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11.10 Given that M = 50 kN/m, fy = 250 N/mm2 and Z = 85mm, calculate the
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FEEDBACK 11a
11.1 A slab is a structural element where the dimension of its thickness is far
b) Flat solid
c) Ribbed slab
d) Waffle slab
spanning slab.
11.7 Distribution bars are placed perpendicular to the direction of the main
reinforcement.
11.8 They are meant to distribute the loads from the main reinforcement to the
= 0.10m x 24 kN/m2
= 2.4 kN/m3
As = M = 50 x 106 mm2
0.87fyZ 0.87 x 250 x 85
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= 2705 mm2
You should get all the answers correct. If not, please go through this unit again
until you are satisfied with your answers. Good students always produce
maximum effort.
INPUT 2
For one-way continuous slab, reinforcements are required at the bottom section at
mid-span while support reinforcements are required at the top section. The
effective span is the distance between the centerline of the supports. The ratio of
span-effective depth is equal to 26. For this type of slab, the bending moments
and shear forces are obtained from Table 3.13, BS 8110 provided that the
11.2.1 Example:
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A one-way continuous slab carries a live load of 3.0 kN/m2 and loads due to floor
finishes and ceiling load of 1.0 kN/m2. The characteristic strength of concrete and
reinforcement required.
7.0 m
Solution:
Span (ratio) = 26
d
Try d = 40 mm. For mild exposure, the cover is 25 mm, therefore the slab
Therefore we can use the bending moments given in Table 3.13, BS8110. This is
shown below: -
M = 0.086 F
= 20.8 kNm
From Table 3.11, BS 8110; Modification factor for tension reinforcement is 1.36.
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Therefore,
As = M = 20.8 x 106
0.87fyZ 0.87 x 460 x 0.95 x 40
Provide T10 bars with a distance of 200 mm centre to centre (As = 393 mm2/m)
As = 0.13 bh
100
= 221 mm2/m
T10-1-300 c/c
T10-2-300 c/c
T10-1-300 c/c
ACTIVITY 11b
11.11 State the table in BS 8110 that can be used to calculate the bending
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11.12 What are the three requirements you need before you use Table 3.13?
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11.13 Given that each span of a continuous slab is 5.0 m and the ultimate load is
60 kN per metre width. What is the bending moment at the middle of the
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11.15 Calculate the area of the distribution steel required for the slab in question
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FEEDBACK 11b
M = 0.063 F
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= 0.063 x 60 x 5.0
11.14 As = M
0.87 fyZ
= 18.9 x 106
0.87 x 250 x 0.95 x 50
11.15 As = 0.24 bh
100
Now proceed, if all your answers are correct or otherwise go back to the input
INPUT 3
moments in both directions. This occurs when a slab is supported at its four sides
Ly
and its ratio is less or equal than 2. Two-way spanning slabs can be designed
Lx
either as a simply supported slab or as a restrained slab. Restrained slab are slab
where the corners are prevented from lifting and provision for torsion are made.
This will depends on the condition of connections between the slab and the
supporting elements.
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In this type of slab, the slab has only one panel and the side of slab is not
restrained from the uplifting effect of the loads. This occurs when steel beams
support the slab or if there is a non-monolithic connection between the slab and
beam. The bending moments for this type of slab can be calculated by the method
next page.
11.3.2 Example
L x = 4.5
h = 220 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
qk = 10 kN/m3
Solution:
Ly = 6.3 = 1.4
Lx 4.5
Because this ratio is less than 2, therefore this slab is designed as two-way
spanning slab. The bending moment coefficient is obtained from Table 3.15,
= 5.3 kN/m2
η = 1.4 gk + 1.6 qk
= 23.4 kN/m2
Msx = α sx η x 2
= 46.9 kNm
Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 x 185
= 176 mm
= 666mm2/m
Provide T12 bar at a distance of 150mm centre to centre, i.e. T12 – 150 c/c
to 1.25.
Therefore,
Effective depth
Msy = α sy η x 2
= 24.2 kNm
The effective depth in this longer span is smaller than the shorter span,
Therefore;
Z = 176 – 12 mm = 164 mm
As = Msx
0.87fyZ
Provide T12 bar at a distance of 150mm centre to centre. (As = 393 mm2/m).
Check that the area provided is greater than the specified minimum. This is shown
below;
= 0.18 %
This value is greater than the minimum i.e. 0.13 % (From Table 3.27, BS 8110)
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T10 - 200
4.5 m
ACTIVITY 11c
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11.17 Given that Lx = 5.5 m and Ly = 6.5 m, can this slab be considered as a two-
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supported slab.
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11.20 State the table in BS 8110, which gives the values of bending moment
coefficients.
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11.21 If Ly/Lx = 1.5, what is the value for α sx and α sy if this is a two-way
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11.22 If gk = 7.5 kN/m2 and qk = 3.0 kN/m2, calculate the total ultimate load per
metre square.
sides. Calculate Msx by using the total ultimate load,η . Refer to question7.
11.25 Calculate Asx and Asy for the slab in question 9 if d = 0 m. Assume that the
FEEDBACK 11c
11.16 A slab is said to be two-way spanning slab when it is supported on all four
b) Restrained slab
11.19 A slab which is supported on all four of its sides by steel beams
11.21 α sx = 0.0104
α sy = 0.046
= 5.3 kN/m2
αSXηχ 2 Y
11.23 Msx = ; = 4.7 = 1.2 ; α sx = 0.084
X 3.8
Msx = 0.084 x 15.3 x 3.82
= 18.56 kNm
11.24 α sy = 0.059
Msy = α syη x 2
11.25 Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 x 110
= 104.5 mm
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= 444 mm2
For Asy,
Z = 104.5 – 8 – 6 = 97.5 mm
2 2
= 334 mm2
SUMMARY
8110: Part 1.
2. Slabs are easier to design because they behave like beams and their width
depending on the :
Ratio Ly.
Lx
4. Two-way spanning slabs can be divided into simply supported slab and
restrained slab.
As = M
0.87fyZ
0.87fyZ 0.87fyZ
SELF-ASSESSMENT
Part 1:
A simply supported reinforced concrete slab spans between two brick walls on
both sides. The span is 3.0 m from centre to centre. The slab is designed to carry a
dead load of 0.35 kN/m2 (including its self-weight) and a live load of 2.5 kN/m2.
mm. Assume that the size of bar is 10mm. Assume that the modification factor for
5000 mm
3000 mm
1. What is the total ultimate load on the slab per unit width, if h = 125 mm?
A. 0.87 kN/m2
B. 8.7 kN/m2
C. 86.7 kN/m2
D. 869.0 kN/m2
A. 9.78
B. 7.8
C. 978
D. 9,780
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A. 1.0
B. 2.0
C. 3.0
D. 4.0
A. 80 mm
B. 90 mm
C. 100 mm
D. 110 mm
A. 85
B. 95
C. 105
D. 115
A. 173
B. 273
C. 373
D. 473
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A. 100
B. 200
C. 300
D. 400
8. R10 is used as the main reinforcement, what is the maximum clear spacing
A. 300
B. 350
C. 400
D. 450
9. If R10 is used as the main reinforcement, and using all related values
is…
A. 1.00
B. 1.47
C. 1.66
D. 2.00
11.25.1 20
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11.25.2 26
11.25.3 40
11.25.4 36
Part 2:
9m
Floor Plan
The figure above is the first floor plan of an office building. It is estimated that
the live load on the floor slab is 4.0kN/m 2 and the load due to floor finishes and
ceiling below it is 0.5kN/m2. This building requires a fire resistance of one hour.
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questions 11 to 20.
12.11.1 118 mm
12.11.2 128 mm
12.11.3 138 mm
12.11.4 148 mm
13.11.1 20 mm
13.11.2 25 mm
13.11.3 30 mm
13.11.4 35 mm
17 The bending moment near the middle of end span is equal to…
spans and the first interior support is equal to… (use d = 135 mm)
19.11.1 39 mm2/m
21.11.1 0.16
21.11.2 1.58
21.11.3 1.68
21.11.4 1.78
Part 3:
Steel beams on its four sides as shown below support a slab’s panel of an office
building, which measures 5m x 7m. The thickness is 225 mm. The estimated dead
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load inclusive of self-weight, cement screed, floor finishes and building services
is 6.20kN/m2.
7500 mm
5000 mm
The live load is estimated to be 2.5kN/m2. Concrete of grade 30 and high yield
steel reinforcement are used. The exposure condition is mild and the slab needs a
Question:
22.11.1 20 mm
22.11.2 25 mm
22.11.3 30 mm
22.11.4 35 mm
24.11.3 Ly = 1.5
Lx
25 α sx is equal to…
25.11.1 0.074
25.11.2 0.093
25.11.3 0.104
25.11.4 0.113
27.11.1 185 mm
27.11.2 195 mm
27.11.3 175 mm
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27.11.4 165 mm
30.11.1 93 mm2
31 Is Asreq = 445 mm2 and Asprov = 449 mm2, the service stress, fs is equal
to….
FEEDBACK OF SELF-ASSESSMENT
Here are the answers to the self-assessment test. Award 1 mark for every correct
Part 2: Part 3:
answer. Calculate the total marks that you have scored. Use this formula :
11. B 21. B
Total correct answer x 100% = ______ %marks
30 12. B 22. A
1. B 14. C 24. C
2. A 15. D 25. B
3. C 16. A 26. A
4. C 17. C 27. B
18. D 28. A
19. C 29. C
20. B 30. D
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5. B
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. D
10. C
You should have scored 80% or better to pass this unit. If you have scored less
than 80%, you should work through this unit or parts of the unit again. Good
Luck!
END OF UNIT 11