Name Zeeshan Ali

Roll No BSELF 1949

Submitted to Shafiq-Ur-Rehman

BS Electrical Engineering And Technology

1st Semester
Q#1) Define Network and its types WAN, LAN, PAN, MAN.?

What is a Network?

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

Two very common types of networks include:

Local Area Network (LAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

You may also see references to a Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), a Wireless
LAN (WLAN), or a Wireless WAN (WWAN).

Local Area Network

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area.
It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or
building.
Computers connected to a network are broadly categorized as servers or
workstations. Servers are generally not used by humans directly, but rather run
continuously to provide "services" to the other computers (and their human
users) on the network. Services provided can include printing and faxing, software
hosting, file storage and sharing, messaging, data storage and retrieval, complete
access control (security) for the network's resources, and many others.

Workstations are called such because they typically do have a human user which
interacts with the network through them. Workstations were traditionally
considered a desktop, consisting of a computer, keyboard, display, and mouse, or
a laptop, with with integrated keyboard, display, and touchpad. With the advent
of the tablet computer, and the touch screen devices such as iPad and iPhone, our
definition of workstation is quickly evolving to include those devices, because of
their ability to interact with the network and utilize network services.

Servers tend to be more powerful than workstations, although configurations are

guided by needs. For example, a group of servers might be located in a secure
area, away from humans, and only accessed through the network. In such cases, it
would be common for the servers to operate without a dedicated display or
keyboard. However, the size and speed of the server's processor(s), hard drive,
and main memory might add dramatically to the cost of the system. On the other
hand, a workstation might not need as much storage or working memory, but
might require an expensive display to accommodate the needs of its user. Every
computer on a network should be appropriately configured for its use.

On a single LAN, computers and servers may be connected by cables or wirelessly.

Wireless access to a wired network is made possible by wireless access points
(WAPs). These WAP devices provide a bridge between computers and networks.
A typical WAP might have the theoretical capacity to connect hundreds or even
thousands of wireless users to a network, although practical capacity might be far
less.

Nearly always servers will be connected by cables to the network, because the
cable connections remain the fastest. Workstations which are stationary
(desktops) are also usually connected by a cable to the network, although the cost
of wireless adapters has dropped to the point that, when installing workstations
in an existing facility with inadequate wiring, it can be easier and less expensive to
use wireless for a desktop.
See the topology, cabling and Hardware sections of this tutorial for more
information on the configuration of a LAN.

Wide Area Network

Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger geographic areas, such as
Florida, the United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or
satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of global network.

Using a WAN, schools in Florida can communicate with places like Tokyo in a
matter of seconds, without paying enormous phone bills. Two users a half-world
apart with workstations equipped with microphones and a webcams might
teleconference in real time. A WAN is complicated. It uses multiplexers, bridges,
and routers to connect local and metropolitan networks to global
communications networks like the Internet. To users, however, a WAN will not
appear to be much different than a LAN.
Metropolitan Area Network

Short for metropolitan area network, MAN is a network that is utilized across

multiple buildings. A MAN is much larger than the standard LAN local area
network), but is not as large as a WAN(wide area network). A MAN is commonly
used in school campuses and large companies with multiple buildings.
Personal Area Network

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network for interconnecting devices

centered on an individual person's workspace. A PAN provides data
transmission among devices such
as computers, smartphones, tablets and personal digital assistants. PANs can be
used for communication among the personal devices themselves, or for
connecting to a higher level network and the Internet where one master device
takes up the role as gateway. A PAN may be wireless or carried over wired
interfaces such as USB.

A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a PAN carried over a low-powered,

short-distance wireless network technology such as IrDA, Wireless
USB, Bluetooth or ZigBee. The reach of a WPAN varies from a few centimeters to
a few meters.
Q#2) Define Network Topology and its types(Bus, Ring, Star etc.).?

What Is Network Topology

The physical and logical network topologies of a network do not necessarily have
to be identical. However, both physical and network topologies can be
categorized into five basic models:

Bus Topology

All the devices/nodes are connected sequentially to the same backbone or

transmission line. This is a simple, low-cost topology, but its single point of failure
presents a risk.
Star Topology

All the nodes in the network are connected to a central device like a hub or switch
via cables. Failure of individual nodes or cables does not necessarily create
downtime in the network but the failure of a central device can. This topology is
the most preferred and popular model.

Ring Topology

All network devices are connected sequentially to a backbone as in bus topology

except that the backbone ends at the starting node, forming a ring. Ring topology
shares many of bus topology's disadvantages so its use is limited to networks that
demand high throughput.
Tree Topology

A root node is connected to two or more sub-level nodes, which themselves are
connected hierarchically to sub-level nodes. Physically, the tree topology is similar
to bus and star topologies; the network backbone may have a bus topology, while
the low-level nodes connect using star topology.

Mesh Topology

The topology in each node is directly connected to some or all the other nodes
present in the network. This redundancy makes the network highly fault tolerant
but the escalated costs may limit this topology to highly critical networks.
Q#3) Explain Printer. Impect Printer and Non Impect Printer.?

What is Printer

A printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and
transfers the information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper.
Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication, and cost. In general, more expensive
printers are used for higher-resolution color printing.

Personal computer printers can be distinguished as impact or non-

impact printers. Early impact printers worked something like an automatic
typewriter, with a key striking an inked impression on paper for each printed
character. The dot-matrix printer was a popular low-cost personal computer
printer. It's an impact printer that strikes the paper a line at a time. The best-
known non-impact printers are the inkjet printer, of which several makes of low-
cost color printers are an example, and the laser printer. The inkjet sprays ink
from an ink cartridge at very close range to the paper as it rolls by. The laser
printer uses a laser beam reflected from a mirror to attract ink (called toner to
selected paper areas as a sheet rolls over a drum.
Impact and Non-Impact Printers are two categories of the printer. Impact printers
involve mechanical components for conducting printing. While in Non-Impact
printers, no mechanical moving component is used.

Impect Printer

It is a type of printer that works by direct contact of an ink ribbon with paper.
These printers are typically loud but remain in use today because of their unique
ability to function with multipart forms. An impact printer has mechanisms
resembling those of a typewriter.
Example of Impact Printers,Dot-matrix printers, Daisy-wheel printers, and line
printers.

Non-Impact Printers

It is a type of printer that does not hit or impact a ribbon to print. They used laser,
xerographic, electrostatic, and chemical and inkjet technologies. Non-impact
printers are generally much quieter. They are less likely to need maintenance or
repairs than earlier impact printers.
Example of Non-Impact Printers is Inkjet printers and Laser printers.