Design of Structural Connections

Division of Structural Engineering
http://www.set.eesc.usp.br/1enpppcpm/downloads/Engstrom.pdf
Design of
Structural
Connections
Björn Engström
Chalmers University of Technology
Göteborg, Sweden
Björn Engström
Content
• Design philosophy
– Structural purpose
– Force paths at different levels
– Mechanical behaviour – design aspects
• Basic force transfer mechanisms
– Compression
– Shear
– Tension
– Bending - torsion
• fib Bulletin on –Structural connections
Björn Engström
Design of structural connections
Design aspects:
Björn Engström
Structural behaviour for ordinary

and excessive loads
Björn Engström
Appearance and function in the

service state
Björn Engström
Structural fire protection
• Load bearing function

• Separating function
Björn Engström
Manufacture
• Production of precast elements
• Handling, storage and transportation of
precast elements
Björn Engström
Mounting of precast systems

Mounting should be possible
Tolerances
Accessibility
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Modular co-ordination
Traditional detail Alternative detail
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Demountability
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Force paths – structural level
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Force paths – structural level
Diaphragm action
Fixed end
columns
Shear panels
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Force paths –structural level

Shear walls
Shear walls
Floor diaphragms
Compression
Compression Floor diaphragms
Shear
Shear
Tension
Tension
Shear
Shear
Core
Core
Tension
Tension
Compression
Compression
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Force paths –
structural subsystems
In-plane action of precast floor
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Force paths –
structural subsystems
In-plane action of precast wall
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The force paths – local level
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Alternative designs – force paths
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Alternative
designs –
force paths
Björn Engström
Design of the whole connection
The connection as part of the structural

system
Björn Engström
Design and detailing

for safe force paths
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Flow of forces
through the
connection and
further away
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Mechanical behaviour
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Mechanical response
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Need for movement
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Balanced design for ductility
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Anchorage for ductility
Avoid anchorage failures
Provide anchorage for rupture of the steel
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Unintended restraint
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Avoid unfavourable crack locations

Unfavourable
Preferred
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Alternative solutions
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Unintended composite action
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Force transfer in connections
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Basic force transfer mechanisms

Shear
Compression
w
N N
Tension
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Transfer of compression
local compression,
compressive strength
in confined concrete
tension
stress dispersion
splitting effects
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Compression through several layers
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Design of bearings
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Design of soft bearings
Consider vertical resistance

Limit shear deformation for horizontal loads
Compression over the entire face of the bearing pad
Avoid direct contact in case of rotation
Avoid that the bearing protrudes outside the edges
Björn Engström
Design examples
Wall connection
with mortar joint Beam support
with soft bearing
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Design examples
Beam column connection Hollow core floor wall connection

with steel plates
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Bolted connections
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Failure modes of bolted

connection
Shear failure of bolt
Splitting of concrete
Combined bending
in bolt and crushing of
concrete
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Avoid splitting failure
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Design of splitting reinforcement
Compare with local

compression
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Dowel action – one-sided

Failure
mechanism
Q Q
x0
High High
bending compression
stress
VR = φ 2 f cc ⋅ f sy
Bending failure in bolt VR
x0 =
crushing of concrete 3 f cc ⋅ φ
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Effect of eccentricity
eccentricity factor ke
Q 11 1
e fck/fyk
0.8
0,8
x0
k e1( e ) 0.6
0.6 20/500
k e2( e )
0.4
0,4
0.2
50/320
0,2
0.18322 0
VR = ke φ 2
f cc ⋅ f sy 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
0 0,5 1,0 ζ 1,5 2,0 2,5
2.5
VR e/φ
x0 =
3 f cc ⋅ φ
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Dowel action – two-sided

VR = φ 2 f cc ⋅ f sy
Slip VR
x0 =
3 f cc ⋅ φ
fcc
x0
2e
x0
fcc
Slip
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Different conditions
V1 = φ 2 f cc ,min ⋅ f sy V1 = φ 2 f cc ,min ⋅ f sy
VR VR
x 0 ,1 = x 0 ,1 =
3 f cc.min ⋅ φ 3 f cc.min ⋅ φ
fcc,min fcc,min
x0,1 x0,1
2e 2e
x0,2
fcc,max fcc,max
VR = φ 2 f cc ,max ⋅ f sy
VR
x0, 2 =
3 f cc ,max ⋅ φ
Failure
mechanism
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Response in shear
Shear force
V1 = φ 2 f cc ,min ⋅ f sy
VR
x 0 ,1 =
3 f cc.min ⋅ φ
fcc,min
Second plastic hinge ⇒ plastic mechanism
First plastic hinge x0,1

2e
fcc,max
Shear slip
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Effect of restraint
VR = k r ⋅ φ 2 f cc ⋅ f sy
fcc
VR
x0 =
3 f cc ⋅ φ
1 ≤ kr ≤ 2
x0
My,red
fcc
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Restraint and eccentricity

VR = ke ,r ⋅ φ 2 f cc ⋅ f sy
VR
x0 =
3 f cc ⋅ φ
fcc
2
ke ,r = k r + ε 2 − ε
x0
e
fcc
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Effect of anchorage
VR = µ ⋅ (σ s As ) + φ 2 f cc ⋅ f s ,red
fcc f r ,red = f s − σ s
x0
x0
fcc
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What happened here?
I II III
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Shear in joints
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Shear friction
Crack width
Crack
width
Shear slip Shear slip
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Self-generated friction
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Influence of bond and anchorage

w Fv
deformed bars
strain localisation
high steel stress
yields for
small slip,
friction dominates
Fv
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Influence of bond and anchorage

w Fv
joint separation
s shear slip
plain bars
induced
uniform strain
tension
low steel stress
yields for
large slip,
friction + dowel
Fv
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Compare with bolted connection

w Fv
s VR = µ ⋅ (σ s As ) + φ 2 f cc ⋅ f s ,red
fcc f r ,red = f s − σ s
x0
x0
fcc
Fv
Shear friction in joint Bolted connection

Plain bars with end anchors Plain bolt with end anchors
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Different responses
External bars Internal reinforcement

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When will the transverse bars yield?

w Fv
s Depends on:
joint roughness
bond resistance of
transverse bar
Fv
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Maximum crack width vs.

end slip response of transverse bar
Force in bar Force in bar
Force in bar
Crack width Crack width

Maximum crack width Maximum crack width
Bar yields in shear Bar yields not in shear friction
friction
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Increased joint separation
6
52
Joint profile with wave-

shaped undulations
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Joints with shear keys
shear stress
with shear keys
plain joints
slip
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Shear transfer – clamping is needed
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Distributed ties provides clamping
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Concentrated ties provide clamping
Adequate between elements with high in-plane

stiffness that are arranged in the same plane
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Distributed ties are needed here
Inclined forces separate

the elements arranged
at a corner Example of distributed ties
between floor and wall
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Shear resistance of joints depends

on overall design of the subsystem
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Design examples
Fv
High
High
compression
bending
stress
Response of plain dowel
Frictional resistance of concrete

interface
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Connections between wall

elements
monolithic
with shear keys
plain
monolithic plain with
shear-keys
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Connections between floor

elements
Uncracked joint
Cracked joints
Vertical shear
capacity
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beff
7
Applications
6
3
4
1
reinforcement
in concrete 5
filled sleeves
transversal ties 2
cast in-situ
concrete
beff
joint fill
2 3 4
1
transversal ties
longitudinal tie
Shear transfer in hollow Shear transfer in composite

core floor beams
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Transfer of tension
2φ
τpl
Fsu
τy
l ty l t,pl
Anchorage with bond

Anchor head
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Headed bar
Concrete capacity
design approach
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Design of connection zone

The force must go further
Local compression Anchorage of headed bar
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Hollow core floor connection
Tensile capacity is
needed for:
diaphragm action
in floor
shear friction
resistance of joints
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Bond stress development
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Bond stress development
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Inclined bond forces

N
α τb . tanα
τb
α
α
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Splitting cracks
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Anchorage failures
N Nmax
Splitting
N Nmax
Pull-out
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Tensile force development

Tensile force Influence of embedment length
[kN]
140 Tensile capacity
120 Yield capacity N220
100 N290a
N500
80
H90b
60 H170
40 H210
H250
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Position x [mm]
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Bond stress - slip relation
Bond stress
Force [MPa]
50
45
40
. . .
. . . . .
. 35
30
Bond, τb
HSC
. . 25
40 . .
.
. .
. 20
NSC
. . 15
mm . . . . 10
. 5
0
Slip 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Passive end-slip [mm]
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End slip
Reference point
Slip
F
Steel bar Steel bar in tension
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Elastic response
Crack width [mm]
2,0
1.58184
2
φ32
w6 σs
1,5 1.5 φ25

w8 σs
w 10 σ s
φ20
w 16 σ s φ16
1,0
w 20 σ s
1
φ12
w 25 σ s
φ10
0,5 φ8
w 32 σ s 0.5
φ6
0 0
0 0
0
0
100
1 10
8
200
2 10
8
σs
300
3 10
8
400
4 10
8
500
5 10
8
5 .10
8
Steel stress [MPa]
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Yield penetration
2φ
τpl
Fsu
τy
lty lt,pl
Plastic zone
Elastic zone
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Response of connections
N Rupture
Fsu
of bar
Fsy
N N
wy 0,5 wu wu w
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This information was needed

w Fv
s
When will the
transverse bars
yield?
Depends on:
joint roughness
bond resistance of
transverse bar
Fv
Björn Engström
Maximum crack width vs.

end slip response of transverse bar
Force in bar Force in bar
Force in bar
Crack width Crack width

Maximum crack width Maximum crack width
Bar yields in shear Bar yields not in shear friction
friction
Björn Engström
Examples
N [kN]
109
101
Prediction of end-slip send [mm]

response of anchor bar
send,y = 0,5send,u = send,u =
0,468 0,795 1,59
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Examples
Design of anchorage allowing
for full yield penetration
Effect of local weakening
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Examples
Estimation of tie bar stiffness
N N
Design of loop
connection
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Prevention of progressive
collapse
• Withstand accidental
loading
• Reducing the risk of
accidental loading
• Increase redundancy and
prevent propagation of
initial damage
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Analysis of collapse mechanisms

3,0
Q
3,0
4,5
3,0
6,0
5,0 5,0
[m]
N Tie force
Fsu
Fsy
d
A B
wy 0,5 wu wu w
Crack width l
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Transfer of bending moment
Beam column
connections
Björn Engström
Column splice Column base

connection connections
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Floor connections:
no restraint, unintended restraint, full restraint, partial
continuity in the service state
Björn Engström
Example
2 rebars d=12
L = 5300
Rebars d 10 50
c/c 300, 40
L = 200+300 100 ϕ
Thin plastic w
30
Plywood board 60 70 sheet
Fs
30x50x60 100 100 d
under webs, 200
2 pc./slab end
Moment – rotation response of connection at end support
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Transfer of torsional moment

q
Torsional restraint
at beam support
Simply supported Firmly connected
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fib Bulletin on
Structural Connections
• Encourage good practice in design of
structural connections
• Design philosophy
• Connections ⇔ Structural system
• Understanding of basic force transfer
mechanisms
Björn Engström

Design of Structural Connections

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Design of Structural Connections

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Division of Structural Engineering

Design of structural connections

Structural behaviour for ordinary

Appearance and function in the

Structural fire protection

• Load bearing function

Mounting of precast systems

Traditional detail Alternative detail

Force paths – structural level

Force paths – structural level

Force paths –structural level

In-plane action of precast floor

In-plane action of precast wall

The force paths – local level

Alternative designs – force paths

Design of the whole connection

The connection as part of the structural

Design and detailing

Need for movement

Balanced design for ductility

Anchorage for ductility

Avoid anchorage failures

Provide anchorage for rupture of the steel

Avoid unfavourable crack locations

Unintended composite action

Force transfer in connections

Basic force transfer mechanisms

Compression through several layers

Design of soft bearings

Consider vertical resistance

Beam column connection Hollow core floor wall connection

Failure modes of bolted

Avoid splitting failure

Design of splitting reinforcement

Compare with local

Dowel action – one-sided

Dowel action – two-sided

First plastic hinge x0,1

Restraint and eccentricity

What happened here?

Influence of bond and anchorage

Influence of bond and anchorage

Compare with bolted connection

Shear friction in joint Bolted connection

External bars Internal reinforcement

When will the transverse bars yield?

Maximum crack width vs.

Crack width Crack width

Increased joint separation

Joint profile with wave-

Joints with shear keys

with shear keys

Shear transfer – clamping is needed

Distributed ties provides clamping

Concentrated ties provide clamping

Adequate between elements with high in-plane

Distributed ties are needed here

Inclined forces separate

Shear resistance of joints depends

Response of plain dowel

Frictional resistance of concrete

Connections between wall

with shear keys

Connections between floor

Consider vertical resistance