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READING COMPREHENSION

 50 questions 55 minutes
 The reading section consists of ± 5 passages from academic texts, 250-350
words each, with 10 questions per passage.

In this part of the test you will be given reading passages, and you will be asked
two types of questions about the reading passages:
1. Reading Comprehension questions
(ask you to answer questions about the information given in the reading passages)
2. Vocabulary questions
(ask you to identify the meanings of vocabulary words in the reading passages)

 GENERAL STRATEGIES
 Be familiar with the directions.
 Do not spend too much time reading the passages!
 Do not worry if a reading passage is on a topic that you are unfamiliar with.
 Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet.
 Time is definitely a factor in the Reading Comprehension section.

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Skill 1 : OVERVIEW ITEMS

(MAIN IDEA/TOPIC, MAIN PURPOSE, ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS, TONE,

PREVIOUS/FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS)

No Type Sample How to answer Tips

1. Main idea/topic 1. What is the topic of The answer to  Don’t answer
(ask you what the a the passage? this type of the initial
paragraph/passage is 2. What is the subject of questions can overview
generally about) the passage? generally be question about
3. What is the main idea determined by a passage until
of the passage? looking at the you have
4. What is the author's first sentence of answered the
main point in the each paragraph. other
passage? questions.
2. Organization of idea 1. How is the  The process of
(ask you to determine information in the answering the
how the ideas in one passage organized? detail questions
paragraph relate to 2. How is the may give you a
the ideas in another information in the clearer idea of
paragraph) second paragraph the main
related to the idea/topic,
information in the purpose,
first paragraph? organization of
3. Main purpose 1. The author’s purpose idea and the
(ask why an author in writing is to tone of the
wrote a passage) 2. What is the author’s passage.
main purpose in the
passage?
3. The main point of this
passage is to
4. Why did the author
write the passage?
4. Tone 1. What tone does the
(ask you to determine author take in writing
the author’s feelings this passage?
about the topic by the 2. The tone of this
language that uses) passage could best be
described as
5. Previous or 1. What topic would the Previous/
following paragraphs following/preceding preceding:
(asks you to paragraph most likely looking at the
demonstrate that you deal with? first sentence of
understand that good 2. The paragraph the passages
writing contains before/after the Following/after:
transitions from one passage most looking at the last
paragraph to the next) probably discusses sentence of the
passages

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Exercise:

Common types of calendars can be based on the Sun or the Moon. The solar calendar
is based on the solar year. Since the solar year is 365.2422 days long, solar calendars
consist of regular years of 365 days and have an extra day every fourth year, or leap year,
to make up for the additional fractional amount. In a solar calendar, the waxing and waning
of the Moon can take place at various stages each month.
The lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year.
Since the lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long, most lunar calendars have
alternating months of twenty-nine and thirty days. A twelve-month lunar year thus has 354
days, 11 days shorter than a solar year.

1. What is the main idea of the passage?

Common types of calendars can be based on the Sun or the Moon.
The lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year.

(A) All calendars are the same

(B) The solar calendar is based on the Sun
(C) Different calendars have similar bases
(D) The lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long

2. How is the information in the passage organized?

Common types of calendars can be based on the Sun or the Moon.
The lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year.

(A) Characteristics of the solar calendar are outlined.

(B) Two types of calendars are described
(C) The strengths and weakness of the lunar calendar are described
(D) The length of each existing calendar is contrasted.

Truman Capote's In Cold Blood (1966) is a well-known example of the "nonfiction

novel," a popular type of writing based upon factual events in which the author attempts to
describe the underlying forces, thoughts, and emotions that lead to actual events. In
Capote's book, the author describes the sadistic murder of a family on a Kansas farm, often
showing the point of view of the killers. To research the book, Capote interviewed the
murderers, and he maintains that his book presents a faithful reconstruction of the
incident.

3. The purpose of this passage is to

Truman Capote's In Cold Blood (1966) is a well-known example of the "nonfiction
novel," a popular type of writing based upon factual events in which the author
attempts to describe the underlying forces, thoughts, and emotions that lead to actual
events.

(A) discuss an example of a particular literary genre

(B) tell the story of In Cold Blood
(C) explain Truman Capote's reasons for writing In Cold Blood
(D) describe how Truman Capote researched his nonfiction novel

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4. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?

Truman Capote's In Cold Blood (1966) is a well-known example of the "nonfiction
novel," a popular type of writing based upon factual events in which the author
attempts to describe the underlying forces, thoughts, and emotions that lead to actual
events.

(A) Cold
(B) Sadistic
(C) Emotional
(D) Descriptive

When a strong earthquake occurs on the ocean floor rather than on land, a
tremendous force is exerted on the seawater and one or more large, destructive waves
called tsunamis can be formed. Tsunamis are commonly called tidal waves in the United
States, but this is really an inappropriate name in that the cause of the tsunami is an
underground earthquake rather than the ocean's tides.
Far from land, a tsunami can move through the wide open vastness of the ocean at a
speed of 600 miles (900 kilometers) per hour and often can travel tremendous distances
without losing height and strength. When a tsunami reaches shallow coastal water, it can
reach a height of 100 feet (30 meters) or more and can cause tremendous flooding and
damage to coastal areas.

5. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discusses

When a strong earthquake occurs on the ocean floor rather than on land

(A) tsunamis in various parts of the world

(B) the negative effects of tsunamis
(C) land-based earthquakes
(D) the effect of tides on tsunamis

6. Which of the following is most likely the topic of the paragraph following the passage?
When a tsunami reaches shallow coastal water, it can reach a height of 100 feet (30
meters) or more and can cause tremendous flooding and damage to coastal areas.

(A) The causes of tsunamis

(B) The destructive effects of tsunamis on the coast
(C) The differences between tsunamis and tidal waves
(D) The distances covered by tsunamis

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Skill 2 : INFERENCE, PURPOSE, DETAILS, NEGATIVE AND LINE ITEMS

No Type Sample How to answer Tips

1. Inference 1. Which of the following 1. Choose a key  The answers
(ask you to find the can be inferred from word in the to these
implicit, inferred, or the passage? question. questions are
implied meaning of a 2. It can be inferred from 2. Scan the not directly
passage to understand the passage that passage for the provided in
ideas that have not be 3. The author implies key word (or a the passage
directly stated by the that related idea). (you must
author) 4. Which of the following 3. Carefully read “read between
does the passage the sentence the lines”)
imply? that contains  You must
2. Purpose Items 1. Why does the author the key word. make
(ask why the author of mention _____? 4. Look for an conclusions
a passage mentions 2. The author refers to answer that based
some piece of _____ to indicate that could be true, indirectly on
information, or 3. The author quotes ____ according to information in
includes a quote in order to show that sentence. the passage.
from a person or a 4. The phrase _____ in
study, or uses some line ____ is mentioned
particular word or to illustrate the effect
phrase) of
3. Details 1. According to the
(ask about explicit passage
facts and details given 2. It is stated in the
in the passage) passage
3. The passage indicates
that
4. The author mentions
that
4. Negative 1. According to the  Negative
(ask you to determine passage, all of the questions
which of the four following are true often take
choices is not given in EXCEPT more time
the passage. These 2. Which of the following than other
questions contain the is NOT mentioned in questions.
words NOT, EXCEPT, the passage?  You may want
or LEAST) 3. Which of the following to guess and
is the LEAST likely come back to
5. Line 1. Where in the Choose the these
(ask you to determine passage... ? answer that questions if
where in the passage a contains the line you have time.
piece of information is numbers of a
found) restatement of
the question.

Exercise:

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Eskimos need efficient and adequate means to travel across water in that the areas
where they live are surrounded by oceans, bays, and inlets and dotted with lakes and seas.
Two different types of boats have been developed by the Eskimos, each constructed to
meet specific needs.
The kayak is something like a canoe that has been covered by a deck. A kayak is
generally constructed with one opening in the deck for one rider; however, some kayaks
are made for two. Because the deck of a kayak is covered over except for the hole (or holes)
for its rider (or riders), a kayak can tip over in the water and roll back up without filling
with water and sinking. One of the primary uses of the kayak is for hunting.

1. It is implied in the passage that if a kayak has two holes, then

 Keyword = hole
Because the deck of a kayak is covered over except for the hole (or holes) for its rider
(or riders)
 A hole for a rider

(A) it accommodates two riders

(B) it is less stable than a kayak with one hole
(C) it is as large as an umiak
(D) it cannot be used on the ocean

No one yet has seriously suggested that "planktonburgers" may soon become
popular around the world. As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however,
plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists.
One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny
shrimplike creature called krill. Growing to two or three inches long, krill provide the
major food for the giant blue whale, the largest animal ever to inhabit the Earth, flealizing
that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising
that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.

2. Why does the author mention "planktonburgers"?

 Keyword = planktonburgers
No one yet has seriously suggested that "planktonburgers" may soon become popular
around the world. As a possible farmed supplementary food source,…..

(A) To describe the appearance of one type of plankton

(B) To illustrate how much plankton a whale consumes
(C) To suggest plankton as a possible food source
(D) To compare the food values of beef and plankton

Ice ages, those periods when ice covered extensive area of the Earth, are known to
have occurred at least six times. Past ice ages can be recognized from rock strata that show
evidence of foreign materials deposited by moving walls of ice or melting glaciers. Ice ages
can also be recognized from land formations that have been produced from moving walls of
ice, such a U-shaped valleys, sculptures landscapes, and polished rock faces.

3. According to the passage, what happens during an ice age?

 Keyword = Ice age
Ice ages, those periods when ice covered extensive area of the Earth, are known to have
occurred at least six times.

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(A) Rock strata are recognized by geologists

(B) Evidence of foreign materials is found.
(C) Ice covers a large portion of the Earth’s surface
(D) Ice melts six times

Blood plasma is a clear, almost colorless liquid. It consists of blood from which the red
and white blood cells have been removed. It is often used in transfusions because a patient
generally needs plasma portion of the blood more than the other components. Plasma
differs in several important ways from whole blood. First of all, plasma can be mixed for all
donors and does not have to be from the right blood group, as whole blood does. In
addition, plasma can be dried and stored, while whole blood cannot.

4. All of the following are true about blood plasma EXCEPT that
 Keyword = blood plasma
Blood plasma is a clear, almost colorless liquid

(A) It is a deeply colored liquid

(B) Blood cells have been taken out of it
(C) Patients are often transfused with it
(D) It is generally more important to the patients than other parts of whole blood

5. Which of the following is NOT stated about blood?

 Keyword = blood
In addition, plasma can be dried and stored, while whole blood cannot

(A) It is different from plasma

(B) It cannot be dried
(C) It is impossible to keep it in storage for a long time.
(D) It is a clear, colorless liquid

Beavers generally live in family clusters consisting of six to ten members. One cluster
would probably consist of two adults, one male and one female, and four to eight young
beavers, or kits. A female beaver gives birth each spring to two to four babies at a time.
These baby beavers live with their parents until they are two years old. In the springtime of
their second year they are forced out of the family group to make room for the new babies.
These two-year-old beavers then proceed to start new family clusters of their own.

6. Where in the passage does the author give the name of a baby beaver?
 Keyword = baby beaver
One cluster would probably consist of two adults, one male and one female, and four to
eight young beavers, or kits.

(A) Line 1
(B) Line 2
(C) Line 3
(D) Lines 4-5

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Skill 3 : VOCABULARY ITEMS

No Type Sample How to answer Tips

1. Word parts 1. What is the 1. Find the word in  Read the sentence in
(asked to determine meaning of the passage. which the word
the meaning of a 2. Which of the 2. Read the appears. If you were
long word by following is sentence that familiar with the word
studying the word closest in contains the and guessed at the
parts) meaning to word carefully. answer, make sure that
2. Word meaning 3. The phrase ___ in 3. Look for context the word that you
(asked to determine the first sentence clues to help you chose fits with the word
the meaning of a is closest in understand the as it is used in the
word, a word that meaning to meaning. sentence.
you are not expected 4. The word ___ in 4. Choose the  If you were unfamiliar
to know or a word paragraph 1 is answer that the with the word, see if
that you see often in closest in context context clues in the
everyday English) meaning to indicates. sentence or in the
sentences before or
after help you guess the
meaning.

The following chart contains a few word parts that you will need to know to complete the
exercises in this part of the text. A more complete list of word parts and exercises to practice
them can be found in Appendix I at the back of the book.

A SHORT LIST OF WORD PARTS

PART MEANING EXAMPLE PART MEANING EXAMPLE

CONTRA (against) contrast DIC (say) dictate
MAL (bad) malcontent DOMIN (master) dominant
MIS (error) mistake JUD (judge) judgment
SUB (under) subway MOR (death) mortal
DEC (ten) decade SPEC (see) spectator
MULTI (many) multiple TERR (earth) territory
SOL (one) solo VER (turn) divert
TRI (three) triple VIV (live) revive

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Exercise:

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo was a Portuguese-born explorer who is credited with the
exploration of the coast of what is today the state of California. Sketchy military records
from the period show that early in his career he served with the Spanish army from 1520
to 1524 in Spain's quest for subjugation of the people in what are today Cuba, Mexico, and
Guatemala. Little is known of his activities over the next decades, but apparently he
succeeded in rising up through the ranks of the military; in 1541, he was ordered by
Antonio de Mendoza, the Spanish ruler of Mexico, to explore the western coast of North
America. Cabrillo set out in June of 1542 in command of two ships, the San Salvador and
the Victoria; he reached San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, and claimed the terrain for
Spain. The peninsula where he landed is today named Cabrillo Point in his honor; the area
has been established as a national monument and park, and local residents each year hold
a celebration and reenactment of Cabrillo's landing.

1. The word "subjugation" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

 Sub = under

(A) religion
(B) flag
(C) control
(D) agreement

2. In line 5, the word "decades" is closest in meaning to

 Dec = ten

(A) months
(B) centuries
(C) long epoch
(D) ten-year periods

3. In line 9, the word "terrain" is closest in meaning to

 Terr = earth

(A) land
(B) population
(C) minerals
(D) prosperity

The black widow is the most dangerous spider living in the United States. It is most
common in the southern parts of the country, but it can be found throughout the country.
The black widow got its name because the female has been known to kill the male after
mating and, as a result, becomes a widow.
The black widow is rather distinctive in appearance; it has a shiny globular body, the
size and shape of a pea, and is marked on its underbelly with a red or yellow spot. The
female is considerably more ample than the male, roughly four times large on the average.
If a human is bitten by a black widow, the spider’s poison can cause severe illness
and pain. Black widow bites have occasionally proved deadly, but it is certainly not the

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norm for black widow bites to be mortal.

4. In line 4, the word "widow" means

The black widow got its name because the female has been known to kill the male after
mating and, as a result, becomes a widow.

(A) a type of poison

(B) the dead male spider
(C) the human victim of the spider
(D) a female whose mate has died

5. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "globular" in line 5?

The black widow is rather distinctive in appearance; it has a shiny globular body, the
size and shape of a pea.

(A) Earthen
(B) Luminescent
(C) Green in color
(D) Round

6. The word "ample" in line 7 indicates that the spider is

The female is considerably more ample than the male, roughly four times large on the
average.

(A) feminine
(B) large in size
(C) dotted with colors
(D) normal

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Skill 4 : REFERENCE ITEMS

No Type Sample How to answer

1. Reference Items (ask The pronoun ....... in line 1. Find the pronoun in the
you to find the noun X refers to which o f the passage.
(called the referent) following? 2. Look for nouns that come
that a pronoun or other before the pronoun.
word refers to) 3. Read the part of the passage
before the pronoun
carefully.

Exercise:

The full moon that occurs nearest the equinox of the Sun has become known as the
harvest moon. It is a bright moon which allows farmers to work late into the night for
several nights; they can work when the moon is at its brightest to bring in the fall harvest.
The harvest moon of course occurs at different times of the year in the northern and
southern hemispheres. In the northern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in September
at the time of the autumnal equinox. In the southern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs
in March at the time of the vernal equinox.

1. The pronoun "It" in line 2 refers to

(A) the equinox
(B) the Sun
(C) the harvest moon
(D) the night

2. The pronoun "they" in line 3 refers to

(A) farmers
(B) nights
(C) times of the year
(D) northern and southern hemispheres

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Reading Exercise 1

Line Having no language, infants cannot be told what they need to learn. Yet by the age of three
they will have mastered the basic structure of their native language and will be well on their way
to communicative competence. Acquiring their language is a most impressive intellectual feat.
Students of how children learn language generally agree that the most remarkable aspect of this
5 feat is the rapid acquisition of grammar. Nevertheless, the ability of children to conform to
grammatical rules is only slightly more wonderful than their ability to learn words. It has been
reckoned that the average high school graduate in the United States has a reading vocabulary of
80. 000 words, which includes idiomatic expressions and proper names of people and places.
This vocabulary must have been learned over a period of 16 years. From the figures, it can be
10 calculated that the average child learns at a rate of about 13 new words per day. Clearly a
learning process of great complexity goes on at a rapid rate in children.

1. What is the main subject of the passage.

(A) Language acquisition in children 4. In line 8, the word "which" refers to
(B) Teaching languages to children (A) their ability
(C) How to memorize words (B) reading vocabulary
(D) Communicating with infants (C) idiomatic expression
(D) learning process
2. The word "feat" in line 5 is closest in
meaning to which of the following? 5. According to the passage, what is
(A) Experiment impressive about the way children learn
(B) Idea vocabulary.
(C) Activity (A) They learn words before they learn
(D) Accomplishment grammar
(B) They learn even very long words.
3. The word "reckoned' in line 7 is closest in (C) They learn words very quickly.
meaning to which of the following? (D) They learn the most words in high
(A) Suspected school.
(B) Estimated
(C) Proved
(D) Said

Line By the late nineteenth century, the focus for the engineers and builders of tunnels was
beginning to shift from Europe to the United States and especially New York, where the rivers
encircling Manhattan captured the imagination of tunnelers and challenged their ingenuity. The
first to accept the challenge was a somewhat mysterious Californian named DeWitt Clinton
5 Haskin, who turned up in New York in the 1870's with a proposal to tunnel through the silt under
the Hudson River between Manhattan and Jersey City.
Haskin eventually abandoned the risky project. But a company organized by William
McAdoo resumed the attack in I 902, working from both directions. McAdoo’s men were forced to
blast when they ran into an unexpected ledge of rock, but with this obstacle surmounted. The two
10 headings met in 1904 and McAdoo donned oilskins to become the Hudson’s first underwater bank
- to - bank pedestrian. World's Work magazine proudly reported in 1906 that New York could now
be described as a body of land surrounded by tunnels Three one - way shafts beneath the Hudson
and two under the Harlem River were already holed through; three more Hudson tubes were
being built. Eight separate tunnels were under construction beneath the East River.

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6. According to the passage, DeWitt Clinton 8. According to the passage, when did William
Haskin came from McAdoo begin to work on the Hudson River
(A) Jersey City tunnel?
(B) Europe (A) 1870
(C) California (B) 1902
(D) New York (C) 1904
(D) 1906
7. What does the author imply about DeWitt
Clinton Haskin's background?
(A) It did not qualify him to handle 9. According to the passage, the workers
explosives. tunneling for William McAdoo were
(B) It was not something people knew much surprised to find which of the following
about. where they were working?
(C) It included diverse work experiences. (A) Oil
(D) It included many inferior projects. (B) Silt
(C) Rock
(D) Shafts

Reading Exercise 2

Line The term ‘virus’ is derived from the Latin word for poison or slime. It was originally applied
to the noxious stench emanating from swamps that was thought to cause a variety of diseases in
the centuries before microbes were discovered and specifically linked to illness. But it was not
until almost the end of the nineteenth century that a true virus was proven to be the cause of a
5 disease.
The nature of viruses made them impossible to detect for many years even after bacteria
had been discovered and studied. Not only are viruses too small to be seen with a light
microscope, they also cannot be detected through their biological activity, except as it occurs in
conjunction with other organisms. In fact, viruses show no traces of biological activity by
10 themselves. Unlike bacteria, they are not living agents in the strictest sense Viruses are very
simple pieces of organic material composed only of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a
coat of protein made up of simple structural units (some viruses also contain carbohydrates and
lipids). They are parasites, requiring human, animal or plant cells to live. The virus replicates by
attaching to a cell and injecting its nucleic acid.' once inside the cell, the DNA or RNA that
15 contains the virus' genetic information takes over the cell's biological machinery, and the cell
begins to manufacture viral proteins rather than its own.

1. Which of the following is the best title for (A) Shown

the passage? (B) Feared
(A) New Developments in Viral Research (C) Imagined
(B) Exploring the Causes of Disease (D) Considered
(C) DNA: Nature’s Building Block
(D) Understanding Viruses 4. The word “nature" in line 6 is closest in
meaning to which of the following
2. Before microbes were discovered It was (A) Self-sufficiency
believed that some diseases were caused by (B) Shapes
(A) germ-carrying insects (C) Characteristics
(B) certain strains of bacteria (D) Speed
(C) foul odors released from swamps
(D) slimy creatures living near swamps

5. All of the following may be components of a

3. The word "proven" in line 4 is closest virus EXCEPT
meaning to which of the following. (A) RNA

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(B) plant cells

(C) carbohydrates
(D) a coat of protein

Line Born in 1830 in rural Amherst, Massachusetts, Emily Dickinson spent her entire life in the
household of her parents. Between 1858 and 1862, it was later discovered, she wrote like a
person possessed, often producing a poem a day. It was also during this period that her life was
transformed into the myth of Amherst.
5 Withdrawing more and more, keeping to her room sometimes even refusing to see visitors
who called, she began to dress only in white-a habit that added to her reputation as an eccentric.
In their determination to read Dickinson's life in terms of a traditional romantic plot
biographers have missed the unique pattern of her life-her struggle to create a female life not yet
imagined by the culture in which she lived. Dickinson was not the innocent, lovelorn and
10 emotionally fragile girl sentimentalized by the Dickinson myth and popularized by William
Luce’s 1976 play, The BeIle of Amherst. Her decision to shut the door on Amherst society in the
1950's transformed her house into a kind of magical realm in which she was free to engage her
poetic genius. Her seclusion was not the result of a failed love affairs but rather a part of a more
general pattern of renunciation through which she, in her quest for self – sovereignty, carried on
15 an argument with the Puritan fathers, attacking with wit and irony their cheerless Calvinist
doctrine, their stern patriarchal God, and their rigid notions of "true womanhood."

6. What is the author's main purpose in the (D) To illustrate the theatrical quality of
passage? Emily Dickinson's poems
(A) To interpret Emily Dickinson’s eccentric 9. The author implies that many people
behavior attribute Emily Dickinson's seclusion to
(B) To promote the popular myth of (A) physical illness
Emily Dickinson (B) a failed love affair
(C) To discuss Emily Dickinson's failed love (C) religious fervor
affair (D) her dislike of people
(D) To describe the religious climate in
Emily Dickinson's time 10. It can be inferred from the passage that
Emily Dickinson lived in a society that was
7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as characterized by
being one of Emily Dickinson's (A) strong Puritan beliefs
eccentricities? (B) equality of men and women
(A) Refusing to eat (C) the encouragement of nonconformity
(B) Wearing only white (D) the appreciation of poetic creativity
(C) Avoiding visitors
(D) Staying in her room

8. Why does the author mention William

Luce's play The Belle of Amherst?
(A) To give an example of the
sentimentalized Emily Dickinson myth
(B) To show how popular Emily Dickinson's
poems have become
(C) To show that Emily Dickinson was also
an actress
Reading Exercise 3

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Line There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most
widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument
for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the
world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they sought through various means, to
5 control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired
results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories
arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were
abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and
drama.
10 Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained
the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used.
Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and when the entire
community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and
the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and since considerable importance was
15 attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that
task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or
supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the
revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated
from religious activities.
20 Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.
According to this view, tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated at first
through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the
assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to
those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal
movements and sounds.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? 5. Where in the passage does the author
(A) The origins of theater discuss the separation of the stage and the
(B) The role of ritual in modern dance audience?
(C) The importance of storytelling (A) Lines 8-9
(D) The variety of early religious activities (B) Lines 11-12
(C) Lines 13-14
2. The word "they" in line 4 refers to (D) Lines 18-20
(A) seasonal changes
(B) natural forces 6. The word "considerable" in line 14 is closest
(C) theories in meaning to
(D) human beings (A) thoughtful
(B) substantial
3. What aspect of drama does the author (C) relational
discuss in the first paragraph? (D) ceremonial
(A) The reason drama is often
unpredictable 7. The word "enactment" in line 15 is closest
(B) The seasons in which dramas were in meaning to
performed (A) establishment
(C) The connection between myths and (B) performance
dramatic plots (C) authorization
(D) The importance of costumes in early (D) season
drama

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as

a common element of theater and ritual?
(A) Dance
(B) Costumes
(C) Music
(D) Magic

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8. The passage supports which of the following 10. According to the passage, what is the main
statements? difference between ritual and drama?
(A) No one really knows how the theater (A) Ritual uses music whereas drama does
began. not.
(B) Myths are no longer represented (B) Ritual is shorter than drama.
dramatically. (C) Ritual requires fewer performers than
(C) Storytelling is an important part of drama.
dance. (D) Ritual has a religious purpose and
(D) Dramatic activities require the use of drama does not.
costumes.

9. The word "they" in line 16 refers to

(A) mistakes
(B) costumes
(C) animals
(D) performers

Reading Exercise 4

Line Panel painting, common in thirteenth -and fourteenth -century Europe, involved a
painstaking, laborious process. Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to prepare the
surface for painting, and then polished smooth with special tools. On this perfect surface, the
artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate
5 process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended)
with small brushes. The successive layering of these meticulously applied paints produced the
final, translucent colors.
Backgrounds of gold were made by carefully applying sheets of gold leaf, and then
embellishing of decorating the gold leaf by punching it with a metal rod on which a pattern had
10 been embossed. Every step in the process was slow and deliberate. The quick-drying tempera
demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the
panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. It was, therefore, an ideal technique for
emphasizing the hard linear edges and pure, fine areas of color that were so much a part of the
overall aesthetic of the time. The notion that an artist could or would dash off an idea in a fit of
15 spontaneous inspiration was completely alien to these deliberately produced works.
Furthermore, making these paintings was so time-consuming that it demanded assistance.
All such work was done by collective enterprise in the workshops. The painter or master who is
credited with having created painting may have designed the work and overseen its production,
but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely,
20 numerous assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint. The
carpenter's shop probably provided the frame and perhaps supplied the panel, and yet another
shop supplied the gold. Thus, not only many hands, but also many shops were involved in the
final product.
In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel
25 paintings have survived, and today many of them are housed in museum collections.

1. What aspect of panel paintings does the 2. According to the passage, what does the
passage mainly discuss? first step in making a panel painting?
(A) Famous examples (A) Mixing the paint
(B) Different styles (B) Preparing the panel
(C) Restoration (C) Buying the gold leaf
(D) Production (D) Making ink drawings

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3. The word "it" in line 4 refers to 7. The word "demanded" in line 16 is closest
(A) chalk in meaning to
(B) composition (A) ordered
(C) artist (B) reported
(D) surface (C) required
(D) questioned
4. The word "deliberate" in line 4 is closest in
meaning to 8. The "collective enterprise" mentioned in
(A) decisive line 17 includes all of the following EXCEPT
(B) careful (A) supplying the gold leaf
(C) natural (B) building the panels
(D) unusual (C) applying the paint
(D) selling the painting
5. Which of the following processes produced
the translucent colors found on panel 9. The word "imitate" in line 20 is closest in
paintings? meaning to
(A) Joining wooden planks to form large (A) copy
sheets (B) illustrate
(B) Polishing the gesso (C) promote
(C) Applying many layers of paint (D) believe in
(D) Covering the background with gold leaf
10. The author mentions all of the following as
6. What characteristic of tempera paint is problems with the survival of panel painting
mentioned in the passage? EXCEPT
(A) It dries quickly (A) condition
(B) It is difficult to make (B) theft
(C) It dissolves easily (C) preservation
(D) It has to be applied directly to wood (D) restoration

Reading Exercise 5

Line No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common, one of the
most obvious of which is a coma. A coma looks like a misty, patch of light with one or more tails
often streaming from it in the direction away from the Sun. At the heart of a comet's coma lies a
nucleus of solid material, typically no more than 10 kilometers across. The visible coma is a huge
5 cloud of gas and dust that has escaped from the nucleus, which it then surrounds like an
extended atmosphere. The coma can extend as far as a million kilometers outward from the
nucleus. Around the coma there is often an even larger invisible envelope of hydrogen gas.
The most graphic proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively
small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by the
10 European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley's Comet. It turned out to be a bit like a very dark
asteroid, measuring 16 by 8 kilometers. Ices have evaporated from its outer layers to leave a
crust of nearly black dust all over the surface. Bright jets of gas from evaporating ice burst out on
the side facing the Sun, where the surface gets heated up, carrying dust with them. This is how
the coma and the tails are created.
15 Comets grow tails only when they get warm enough for ice and dust to boil off. As a
comet's orbit brings it closer to the Sun, first the coma grows and then two distinct tails usually
form. One, the less common kind, contains electrically charged (i.e., ionized) atoms of gas, which
are blown off directly in the direction away from the Sun by the magnetic field of the solar wind.
The other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back by the pressure of
20 the sunlight itself. Unlike the ion tail, which is straight, the dust tail becomes curved as the
particles follow their own orbits around the Sun.

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1. The passage focuses on comets primarily in 7. Which of the following occurred as the ices
terms of their from Halley's Comet evaporated?
(A) orbital patterns (A) Black dust was left on the comet's
(B) coma and tails surface.
(C) brightness (B) The nucleus of the comet expanded.
(D) size (C) The tail of the comet straightened out.
(D) Jets of gas caused the comet to increase
2. The word "identical" in line 1 is closest in its speed.
meaning to
(A) equally fast 8. All of the following statements about the
(B) exactly alike tails of comets are true EXCEPT:
(C) near each other (A) They can contain electrically charged or
(D) invisible neutral particles.
(B) They can be formed only when there is
3. The word "heart" in line 3 is closest in sufficient heat.
meaning to (C) They are formed before the coma
(A) center expands.
(B) edge (D) They always point in the direction
(C) tail away from the Sun.
(D) beginning
9. The word "distinct" in line 16 is closest in
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the meaning to
nucleus of a comet is made up of (A) visible
(A) dust and gas (B) gaseous
(B) ice and dust (C) separate
(C) hydrogen gas (D) new
(D) electrically charged atoms
10. Compared to the tail of electrically charged
5. The word "graphic" in line 8 is closest in atoms, the tail of neutral dust particles is
meaning to relatively
(A) mathematical (A) long
(B) popular (B) curved
(C) unusual (C) unpredictable
(D) vivid (D) bright

6. Why does the author mention the Giotto

probe in paragraph 3?
(A) It had a relatively small and
inconspicuous nucleus.
(B) It was very similar to an asteroid.
(C) It was covered with an unusual black
dust.
(D) It provided visual evidence of the
makeup of a comet's nucleus.

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WORD PARTS

Root Meaning Example Meaning

alter Other, different alternative Another choice
anthro human anthropology The study of humankind
aqua water aquarium Water container/tank
astro star astronomer A person who studies stars
auto self automobile Moving by itself
bio life biography A description of someone’s life
chron time synchronic Occurring at the same time
cycle circle bicycle Two circles (wheels)
demo people demographics A description of people
Dic, dict To speak, to say dictate To say words (out loud)
equi equal equilibrium Balance
extra Over, in addition extraordinary Out of the ordinary
geo earth geography A description of the earth
graph To write phonograph A device that records sounds
homo same homogeneous Of the same kind

Prefix Meaning Example Meaning

ab- Out of Absorb To take sth out of sth
ante- Before Antecedent Sbd/sth that existed in the past.
anti- Against Antigovernment Against the government
bi- Two Bidirectional In two or both directions
circum- Around Circumvent To avoid, to work around something
co- , col- Together, with Cooperate To work together
com- , con- Committee Congregate A group working together, to come
together
dis- Not, take away Dissatisfied Not satisfied
em- , en- In, into, inside Enclose To surround, to include
ex- Out, from external Outside, outer
for-, fore- Ahead, to the front forward ahead
il- , im- Not illogical Not logical
im- , in- In, into inhale To breathe in
in- , ir- Not Inconvenient, Not convenient,
irresponsible Not responsible
inter- Between, among interstate Among states

Suffixes Meaning Example

-able, -ible (adj) able lovable
-al, -ical, -ial (adj) belonging to, pertaining to, having to do with magical
-ance, -ence (n) State of being presence, absence
-ant, -ent (n) sbd/sth who does sth student
-er (n) Sbd who does sth worker
-fic (adj) making, doing specific
-ful (adj) full of Playful, joyful
-fy (V) To add, to make simplify
-hood (n) state, condition brotherhood
-ic (adj) belonging to public
-ion, -sion, tion (n) act, state Motion, decision

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LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive Simple Past Meaning
Past Participle Infinitive Simple Past Meaning
awake awoke awoken Past Participle
be was been learn learnt/ learnt/
beat beat beat learned learned
become became become leave left left
begin began begun let let let
bend bent bent lie lay lain
bite bit bitten light lit lit
bleed bled bled lose lost lost
blow blew blown make made made
break broke broken mean meant meant
bring brought brought meet met met
build built built pay paid paid
burn burnt/ burnt/ prove proved proved/
burned burned proven
buy bought bought put put put
catch caught caught read read read
choose chose chosen ride rode ridden
come came come ring rang rung
cost cost cost rise rose risen
cut cut cut run ran run
deal dealt dealt say said said
dig dug dug see saw seen
do did done sell sold sold
draw drew drawn send sent sent
dream dreamt/ dreamt/ shake shook shaken
dreamed dreamed shine shone shone
drink drank drunk shoot shot shot
drive drove driven show showed showed/
eat ate eaten shown
fall fell fallen shut shut shut
feed fed fed sing sang sung
feel felt felt sit sat sat
fight fought fought sleep slept slept
find found found smell smelt/ smelt/
fly flew flown smelled smelled
forget forgot forgotten speak spoke spoken
freeze froze frozen spend spent spent
get got got stand stood stood
give gave given steal stole stolen
go went gone stick stuck stuck
grow grew grown stink stank/ stunk
hang hung hung stunk
hang hanged hanged swear swore sworn
have had had swim swam swum
hear heard heard take took taken
hide hid hid teach taught taught
hit hit hit tear tore torn
hold held held tell told told
hurt hurt hurt think thought thought
keep kept kept throw threw thrown
know knew known understan understood understood
lay laid laid d
lead led led wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written

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List of Irregular Nouns

Singular: Plural: Singular: Plural:

alumnus alumni mouse mice

aquarium aquaria neurosis neuroses
bacterium bacteria nucleus nuclei
baggage baggage news news
child children oasis oases
cod cod octopus octopi
crisis crises ox oxen
curriculum curricula person people
deer deer series series
fish fish sheep sheep
foot feet son-in-law sons-in-law
fungus fungi species species
hippopotamus hippopotami syllabus syllabi
man men thesis theses
memorandum memoranda tooth teeth
moose moose woman women

 Plural nouns with no singular form

binoculars jeans scissors

cattle pants shears
clogs pincers shorts
contents pliers spectacles
earnings police tongs
glasses pyjamas (US pajamas) trousers
media scales tweezers

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List of Uncountable Words

1. advice 19. homework 37. rice

2. air 20. ice 38. silk
3. aluminum 21. impatience 39. soap
4. baggage 22. information 40. sugar
5. butter 23. knowledge 41. steel
6. cloth clothing 24. leather 42. talent
7. coal 25. luggage 43. toothpaste
8. cotton 26. meat 44. traffic
9. currency 27. metal 45. travel
10. dust 28. milk 46. vinegar
11. energy 29. money 47. weather
12. equipment 30. oil 48. water
13. experience 31. patience 49. wood
14. flour 32. photography 50. wool
15. food 33. plastic 51. work
16. furniture 34. polish 52. etc
17. gas 35. progress
18. heat 36. research

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SCORING TEP (Test of English Proficiency)

CONVERTED SCORE CONVERTED SCORE CONVERTED SCORE

NUMBER CORRECT
SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3
50 68 - 67
49 67 - 66
48 66 - 65
47 65 - 63
46 63 - 61
45 62 - 60
44 61 - 59
43 60 - 58
42 59 - 57
41 58 - 56
40 57 68 55
39 57 67 54
38 56 65 54
37 55 63 53
36 54 61 52
35 54 60 52
34 53 58 51
33 52 57 50
32 52 56 49
31 51 55 48
30 51 54 48
29 50 53 47
28 49 52 46
27 49 51 46
26 48 50 45
25 48 49 44
24 47 48 43
23 47 47 43
22 46 46 42
21 45 45 41
20 45 44 40
19 44 43 39
18 43 42 38
17 42 41 37
16 41 40 36
15 41 40 35
14 39 38 34
13 38 37 32
12 37 36 31
11 35 35 30
10 33 33 29
9 32 31 28
8 32 29 28
7 31 27 27
6 30 26 26
5 29 25 25
4 28 23 24
3 27 22 23
2 26 21 23
1 25 20 22
0 24 20 21

For example:

SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3

NUMBER CORRECT 30 28 43
CONVERTED SCORE 51 52 58

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1. Add the three converted scores together : 51 + 52 + 58 = 161

2. Divide the sum by 3 : 161/3 = 53.7
3. Then multiply by 10 : 53.7 x 10 = 537

 The overall TOEFL Score in this example is 537

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