LEMBAGA KAJIAN DAN PENGAJARAN BAHASA
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SECTION 1
LISTENING COMPREHENTION
Part A
Directions : in part A you will hear short
conversation between two people. After each
conversation, you will hear a question about the
conversation. The conversation and questions
will not be repeated. After you hear a question,
read the four possible answers in your test book
and choose the best answer. Then, on your
answer sheet, find the number of the question
and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter
of the answer you have chosen.
Listen to an example.
On the recording, you will hear :
(man) : That exam was just awful.
(woman) : Oh, it could have been worse.
(narrator) : What does the woman mean?
In your test book, you will read :
(A) The exam was really awful.
(B) It was the worst exam she had ever seen.
(C) It couldn’t have been more difficult.
(D) It wasn’t that hard.
You learn from the conversation that the man
thought the exam was very difficult and that the
woman disagreed with the man. The best answer
to the question, “What does the woman mean?”
is (D), “it wasn’t that hard.” Therefore, the
correct choice is (D).
1. (A) She has rules about how to play
(B) Her goal is to pay with school
(C) She is praying not to have a low
schore
(D) She’ll be acting in a school project
2. (A) She’d like something to drink
(B) She’d like to have thirty
(C) She’d like a bite to eat
(D) She’d like a bit thirfty
3. (A) She's moving in the opposite
direction.
(B) She's wide awake.
(C) The rest of the people are tired.
(D) She needs to take a nap.
4. (A) He'll continue to stand in line for texts.
(B) He has enough to pay for the texts.
(C) He agrees with the woman about the texts.
(D) He thinks the woman's in the wrong line to
get the texts.
5. (A) He was given the wrong key.
(B) The key was on top of the clock.
(C) It was lucky that he got the key.
(D) The key was at his feet.
6. (A) He went to the conference.
(B) He saw his friends at the conference.
(C) He was in his place at the conference.
(D) He sent a representative.
7. (A) She will see the lawyer tomorrow.
(B) She needs to phone the lawyer.
(C) The lawyer will call her tomorrow.
(D) The lawyer has called off their meeting.
8. (A) There's a lot of difficult homework in it.
(B) There are not very many exams in it.
(C) There is little homework.
(D) There is no homework.
9. (A) Returning to it later.
(B) Coming back home.
(C) Finishing the math book.
(D) Leaving for class
10. (A) He'll make a charitable contribution.
(B) He couldn't get into the classroom.
(C) He didn't have very much to say.
(D) He was not given the chance to speak.
11. (A) He thought it was extremely fruitful.
(B) He's happy he didn't attend it.
(C) A lot of people missed it.
(D) It was perturbing.
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12. (A) He'd like the woman to repeat herself.
(B) The woman should talk to a physician.
(C) He shares the woman's position.
(D) What the woman said was unimportant.
13. (A) To see a dentist.
(B) To see a cardiologist.
(C) To see a podiatrist.
(D) To see an ophthalmologist.
14. (A) She is too scared to try it.
(B) She would like another opportunity.
(C) Her time is very scarce.
(D) She has gone skiing for the last time.
15. (A) He really enjoyed the conference.
(B) He'll be able to go to the conference.
(C) He couldn't attend the conference.
(D) He heard everything at the conference.
16. (A) She doesn't need a jacket for the game.
(B) She was very uncomfortable last time.
(C) She will take a jacket with her this time.
(D) Her jacket does not feel very comfortable.
17. (A) He parked the car to buy the tickets.
(B) He left the car where he shouldn't have.
(C) He got a speeding ticket.
(D) He didn't park the car.
18. (A) She prepared' him for what he was going
to do.
(B) She was unprepared for what she had to do.
(C) She probably didn't spend much time on her
presentation.
(D) She was really ready for her presentation.
19. (A) He has never gone sailing.
(B) He doesn't like sailing.
(C) He hasn't had much time for sailing.
(D) He doesn't have any time to go sailing.
20. (A) That the man had been in class.
(B) That the man didn't have the notes.
(C) That she didn't need the notes.
(D) That the lecture had been canceled.
21. (A) She listened allentively during class.
(B) She must make the list five pages long.
(C) She did not allend all of the class.
(D) She was inallentive during some of the class.
22. (A) He's not quite sure when the projects
should be finished.
(B) He's doing his project for music class now.
(C) Music class meets for the first time in
December.
(D) He believes the music will be available on
December I.
23. (A) The tuition increase was unexpected.
(B) She was prepared for the tuition increase.
(C) She doesn't believe that fees were increased.
(D) She believes that tuition will not go up.
24. (A) She answered his question a minute ago.
(B) She just bit her tongue.
(C) It's hard for her to put the answer into words.
(D) The tip of he: tongue is quite sore.
25. (A) Some of them are lying down.
(B) Some of them will lose their positions.
(C) Some of them are choosing part-time jobs.
(D) Some of them laid down their newspapers.
26. (A) She's unhappy about the score.
(B) She hasn't seen her score yet.
(C) She's really pleased with her score.
(D) She hasn't taken the exam yet.
27. (A) He didn't believe the course was hard.
(B) He heard that the course was closed.
(C) It was hard for him to get to the class.
(D) He registered for the course.
28. (A) He didn't go because he was sleeping.
(B) He didn't miss the commillee meeting.
(C) He never returned from class.
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(D) He was unable to fall asleep.
29. (A) That he would be working all weekend.
(B) That no one ever worked on weekends.
(C) That he would not be in the office this
weekend.
(D) That the office would be open this weekend.
30. (A) They should not let what happened
bother them.
(B) They should keep on trying to talk to Mary.
(C) They should try to flatter Mary.
(D) Their project is already as good as it's going
to get.
Part B
Directions : in this part of the test, you will hear
longer conversation. After each conversation,
you will hear several questions. The
conversation and questions will not be repeated.
After you hear a question, read the four possible
answers in your test book and choose the best
answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the
number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have
chosen.
Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or
write in your test book.
31. (A) To a doctor's appointment.
(B) To an exercise club. class.
(C) To a swimming pool.
(D) To a school.
32. (A) They're both regular members.
(B) He likes to go there occasionally. political
science exam.
(C) She wants him to try it out.
(D) She hates to exercise alone.
33. (A) A limited number.
(B) Racquetball courts and a swimming pool.
(C) Exercise machines. but not classes.
(D) Just about anything.
34. (A) Visit the club once.
(B) Take out a membership.
(C) Try the club unless he hurts himself.
(D) See if he has time to go.
35. (A) A presentation for political science
(B) How quickly time passes.
(C) The differences between the various types
of courts.
(D) A schedule for preparing for a
36. (A) Three levels of courts.
(B) Only the municipal courts.
(C) The state but not the federal courts.
(D) Only the state and federal courts.
37. (A) On Thursday.
(B) On Monday.
(C) In a week.
(D) Before Monday.
38. (A) Plenty of time.
(B) Until Monday.
(C) About one week.
(D) Until a week from Monday.
Part C
Directions : in this part of the test, you will hear
several talks. After each talk, you will hear some
questions. The talks and questions will not be
repeated. After you hear a question, read the four
possible answers in your test book and choose
the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet,
find the number of the question and fill in the
space that corresponds to the letter of the answer
you have chosen.
Here is an example.
On the recording, you will hear :
(narrator) : Listen to an instructor talk to his
class about painting.
(man) : Artist Grand Wood was a
guilding force in the school of painting known as
American regionalist, a style reflecting the
distinctive characteristics of art from natural art
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from rules area of the United States. Wood
began drawing animals on the family farm at the
age of three, and when he was thirty-eight one of
his paintings received a remarkable amount of
public notice and acclaim. This painting, called
“American Gothic,” is a starkly simple depiction
of a serious couple starting directly out at the
viewer.
Now, listen to a sample question.
(narrator) : What style of painting is known as
American regionalist?
In your test book, you will read :
(A) American Regionalist.
(B) The Family Farm in lowa
(C) American Gothic
(D) A Serious Couple
The best answer to the question, “What style of
painting is known as American regionalist?” is
(C). “American Gothic.” Therefore, the correct
choice is (C).
39. (A) A university administrator.
(B) A student.
(C) A librarian.
(D) A registrar.
40. (A) How to use the library.
(B) The university registration procedure.
(C) Services offered by the Student Center.
(D) Important locations on campus.
41. (A) To provide students with assistance and
amusement.
(B) To assist students in the registration process.
(C) To allow students to watch movies.
(D) To provide textbooks for university courses.
42. (A) In administrators' offices.
(B) In the Student Center.
(C) In an auditorium.
(D) In the Student Records Office.
43. (A) Natural soaps.
(B) Synthetic detergents.
(C) Biodegradable detergents.
(D) Phosphates.
44. (A) Synthetic detergents.
(B) A major cause of water pollution.
(C) Substances that break down into simpler
fomls.
(D) The reason for the foaming water supply.
45. (A) They broke down into simpler forms.
(B) They caused the water to become foamy.
(C) They released phosphates into the water.
(D) They damaged only the underground water
supply.
46. (A) Water pollution in the 1950s.
(B) Nonbiodegradable synthetic detergents.
(C) The foamy water supply.
(D) Problems caused by the phosphates.
47. (A) The static atmosphere.
(B) The cause of changes in the atmosphere.
(C) The evolution of plant life.
(D) The process of photosynthesis.
48. (A) Two hundred million years ago.
(B) Twenty million years ago.
(C) Two hundred thousand years ago.
(D) Twenty thousand years ago.
49. (A) The evolution of plants and
photosynthesis.
(B) The variety of gases in the atmosphere.
(C) The high percentage of nitrogen.
(D) The ammonia and methane in the original
atmosphere.
50. (A) Read about the composition of the
atmosphere.
(B) Study the notes of today's lecture.
(C) Prepare for a quiz.
(D) Read the following chapter.
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SECTION 2 6. Mary Garden, … the early 1900’s was

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN considered one of the best singing actresses of
EXPRESSION her time.
(A) a soprano was popular
1. Refugee migration is at …. worldwide. (B) in a popular soprano
(C) was a popular soprano
(A) an all-time high (D) a popular soprano in
(B) the all time high
(C) all times high 7. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret
(D) the high all-time F. Washburn was a dualist … that motor
phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
2. United States spends more money on (A) who she believed
advertising …. country in the world. (B) who believed
(C) believed
(A) Other (D) who did she believe
(B) other than
(C) than any other
(D) while other 8. This year will be more difficult for our
organization because....
3. The Dallas Theater Center presents plays in (A) we have less money and volunteers than
two buildings,…. was designed by the last year.
internationally renowned architect, Frank Lloyd (B) there is a little money and volunteers than
Wright. last year.
(C) it has less money and fewer volunteers
(A) Which than it had last year.
(B) which one (D) it has fewer money and less volunteers
(C) that which than it had last year.
(D) one of which
9. Professor Baker told his students that...
4. … the demands of aerospace, medicine, and (A) they can turn over their reports on
agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic new Mondays.
metallic substances. (B) the reports can turn over on Monday.
(A) Meet (C) they could hand in their reports on
(B) Being met are Monday.
(C) To meet (D) the reports they can hand in on Monday.
(D) They are meeting
10. The adder is a venomous snake ... bite may
5. … James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old prove fatal to humans.
Virginny” was adopted is the state song of (A) its
Virginia in 1940. (B) whom its
(A) Was written b (C) that
(B) His writing was (D) whose
(C) He wrote the
(D) Written by
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11. .... a bee colony gets, the more the queen's

egglaying capability diminishers.
(A) It is more overcrowded.
(B) The more overcrowded.
(C) More overcrowded than.
(D) More than overcrowded.

12. The chairwoman requested that ....

(A) the participants studied more careful the
problem.
(B) the participants study the problem more
carefully.
(C) the participants studied the problem with
more careful.
(D) the problem be studied more carefully.

13. Unlike the earth, which rotates once every

twenty-four hours ... once every ten hours.
(A) the rotation of Jupiter
(B) Jupiter rotates
(C) Jupiter rotation
(D) Jupiter rotate

14. Jackson,... capital of Mississippi, is the

largest city in the state.
(A) the
(B) it is the
(C) is the
(D) where the

15. The various types of bacteria are classified

according to...shapes.
(A) Whose
(B) how they are
(C) have
(D) their
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16. The American (A) Declaration of
Independence has been (B) signed on (C) July 4,
1776 (D) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
17. Russia’s (A) surprise withdrawal from the
region was (B) both (C) welcomed or (D)
18. Cambodia’s (A) top court is to hear the case
as early (B) the start (C) of next winter (D).
19. Energy research, medicinal (A), tourism, and
copper and molybdenum mining (B) are
important to (C) the economy (D) of Butte,
Montana.
20. Liberty of speech (A) is one of the (B) pillars
of (C) Western democracy (D).
21. The United States capital in Washington,
D.C., developed slow (A), assuming (B) its
present (C) gracious aspect, with wide (D)
avenues and many parks, only in twentieth
century.
22. Phoenix, Arizona, stands (A) where the
Honokam Indians built a canal system (B) and
carried on (C) irrigated farming before long (D)
the time of Columbus.
23. Founded by (A) the Spanish as (B) Yerba
Buena in 1835, what is now San Francisco was
taken (C) over by the United States in 1846 and
later renamed it (D).
24. Was opened (A) in 1918, the Philips
Collection in (B) Washington, D.C., was the first
museum in the United States devoted (C) to
modern art (D).
25. The Hopi, the westernmost tribe of (A)
Pueblo Indians, have traditionally (B) lived large
(C) multilevel structures clustered in towns (D).
26. Should we (A) really speak of(D) the
“breakdown” of families when we are (B)
perhaps witnessing new family forms and a new
social structure arising(C) late capitalism?
27. Public opinion polls(A) have consistently(B)
demonstrated the public’s willingness for(C)
'tradeoff' economic growth forenvironmental (D)
protection.
28. The economy is heavy(A) dependent on
industry(B), and economic growth has always
been(C) of greater concernthan(D)
environmental preservation.
29. Advocacy for child war victims, children
in(A) hazardous work, abused children and
those(B) variously exploited or handicapped has
attracted(C) the attention and commitment of
legislators and policy-makers through(D) the
world.
30. The increase(A) population, and rapid
economic growth in recent years(B), have put a
large and increasing stress on the water
resources(C) and environment in(D) Ho Chi
Minh City, Vietnam.
31. Most of(A) the large industries in the
(B)country are(C) well organised and structured
and are sometimes backed(D) upinternationally
reputable mother companies.
32. Full-time jobs for men are declining,
while(A) more women are finding part- and
full-time work. The result is(B) declining social
status for men so(C) they lose their role as(D)
the sole financial provider
33. The camp on the inhospitable, mosquito-
infested(A) banks of the River Sekonyer, was
set up(B) to track the primates and learn from(C)
their habitat, diet and behaviour(D).
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34. Italian citizens lead their counterparts(A) in

the UK, France and Germany in supporting
moves(B) to bring the service standards and
practices of government's(C) departments
closer to those achieved(D) by the best private
sector companies.

35. 'Everybody holds hands(A). This is the

energy that will get you(B) through the evening.
We're going to be a winning team. Let's(C)
make it the best shift we've ever had. Go for
it(D), guys!'.

36. Aspen, where(A) the limousines have four-

wheel drive(B) and an empty plot can cost ten
million dollars, has been(C) declared the more
expensive(D) town in America.

37. Evidently, the increasing popularity of (A)

Internet shares has led to(B) further investment
out of(C) this sector and there are persistent
rumors of(D) takeovers.

38. Over 5000 years of(A) Chinese Culture will

soon have(B) a world-wide audience,
following(C) to a collaboration between (D)
IBM Taiwan and the National Palace Museum in
Taipei

39. Woody Guthrie finally died, after a(A)

lengthy illness, in October 1967, but this project
will help his name live on(B), and perhaps
provoke a re-evaluation about his(C) influence
on popular music in the(D) 20th century.

40. Movie directors are accused(A) of assuming

the audience is stupid. But contemporary
thrillers seem more often to(B) make the
opposite mistake: assuming that(C) the audience
is astonishingly sophisticated, able to see into(D)
a plot in seconds.
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SECTION 3
READING COMPREHENTION
Question Number 1-5
We believe the Earth is about 4.6 billion years
old. At percent, we are forced to look to other
bodies in the solar system for hints as to what the
early history of the Earth was like. Studies of our
moon, Mercury, Mars, and the large satellites of
Jupiter and Saturn have provided ample evidence
that all these large celestial bodies had formed.
This same bombardment must have affected
Earth as well. The lunar record indicates that the
rate of impacts decreased to its present low level
about 4 billion years ago. On Earth, subsequent
erosion and crustal motions have obliterated the
craters that must have formed during this epoch.
Scientists estimate the Earth’s age by measuring
the ratios of various radioactive elements in
rocks. The oldest Earth’s rocks tested thus far
are about 3 1/3 billion years old. But no one
knows whether these are oldest rocks on Earth.
Tests on rocks from the moon and on meteorites
show that these are about 4.6 billion years old.
Scientists believe that this is the true age of the
solar system and probably the true age of the
Earth.
1. Inline 8, the word “obliterated” means.
A. created
B. destroyed
C. changed
D. erosion
2. According to this passage, how do scientists
estimate the age of the Earth?
A. By measuring the ratios of radioactive
elements in rocks.
B. By examining fossils
C. By studying sunspots
D. By examining volcanic activity
3. Scientists estimate the age of the Earth as …
A. 4 billion years old.
B. 3 1/3 billion years old.
C. 4.6 billion years old.
D. 6 billion years old.
4. Which of the following processes led to the
obliteration of the craters formed by the
bombardment of the Earth by the celestial
bodies?
A. Volcanic activity
B. Solar radiation
C. Gravity activity
D. Crustal motions
5. According to the passage, why are scientists
forced to look at other bodies in the solar system
to determine the early history of the Earth?
A. Human alteration of the Earth.
B. Erosion and crustal motions.
C. Solar flares.
D. Deforestation and global warming.
Question Number 6-10
Solar is popping up just about everywhere, even
landfills and parka pockets. So why not roads?
The Netherlands built the first solar road, a bike
path, in 2014. France announced a bolder move
in January—over the next five years, it plans to
install 1,000 kilometers of solar roads, designed
to supply power to five million people.
That’s not all. Idaho-based Solar Roadways has
received three rounds of U.S. government
funding with an additional $2 million in venture
capital to test its technology. The tempered-glass
panels offer asphalt-like traction, support the
weight of semi-trucks, include LEDs for signage,
and contain heating elements to melt snow and
ice. Could solar panels really pave the roads of
the future? Proponents see endless possibilities,
but others raise questions about cost, efficiency,
and durability.
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The sheer amount of surfaces each country
devotes to roadways is enormous. Allowing this
space to double as a solar farm could have very
positive implications in the battle to put a halt to
climate change. They estimate that their panels,
if used in lieu of existing U.S. roads and
walkways, could produce more than three times
the electricity used in the United States. Besides,
they say their panels could charge electric
vehicles, first on solar parking lots. With enough
solar highways and cars with the right equipment
(to pick up energy from induction plates in the
road) they might even be able to charge vehicles
while moving.
“Aside from road dust, particularly black tire
dust and diesel exhaust, which will quickly cover
a portion of each panel, the continuous traffic
covering panels will reduce their solar output,”
says Jacobson, adding they’ll likely suffer more
wear and tear and need more repairs than other
solar panels. Despite high costs, company
chairman Peter Harrop says solar roads might
work in places that are putting down roads for
the first time. “They need early technology
adopters like China that want to leapfrog in
development.”
6. What is the main subject of the passage?
(A) bike paths
(B) solar panels
(C) solar roads
(D) chinese interstate systems
7. In line 2, the author uses the expression
“That’s not all” to indicate that?
(A) The Netherlands was the only country
involved
(B) France and the Netherlands worked
together
(C) He has no futher examples
(D) France and the Netherlands aren’t the
only ones who have integrated solar
roads
8. Which of the following is closest in
meaning to the word “rounds” in line 3?
(A) Ammunition
(B) Times
(C) Circles
(D) praise
9. The word “proponents” in line 5 refers
to:
(A) Foe
(B) Detractor
(C) Enemies
(D) advocates
10. According to the passage, what would
happen if all US roadways and sidewalks
became solar?
(A) The US would triple its electricity
production
(B) Americans would use three times
as much electricity as they do
today
(C) American electricity companies
would lose 33% of their profits
(D) The US would charge customers
triple to use the road systems
Question Number 11-21
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that
flow outward in all directions with little regard
for any underlying terrain and those that are
confined by terrain to a particular path.
The first category of glaciers includes those
massive blankets that cover whole continents,
appropriately called ice sheets. There must be
over 50,000 square kilometers of land covered
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with ice for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. 12. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in
When portions of an ice sheet spread out over meaning to
the ocean, they form ice shelves. (A) huge
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice (B) strange
Sheet covered nearly all the mountains in (C) cold
southern Alaska, western Canada, and the (D) recent
western United States. It was about 3 kilometers
deep at its thickest point in northern Alberta. 13. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named
Now there are only two sheets left on Earth, for which of the following reasons?
those covering Greenland and Antarctica. (A) They are confined to mountain valleys.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in (B) They cover large areas of land.
all directions but covers less than 50,000 square (C) They are thicker in some areas than in
kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice others.
caps are rare nowadays, there are a number in (D) They have a characteristic circular shape.
northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on
the Queen Elizabeth Islands. 14. According to the passage, ice shelves can be
The second category of glaciers includes those found
of a variety of shapes and sizes generally called (A) covering an entire continent
mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers (B) buried within the mountains
are typically identified by the landform that (C) spreading into the ocean
controls their flow. One form of mountain (D) filling deep valleys
glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows
outward in several directions is called an ice 15. According to the passage, where was the
field. The difference between an ice field and an Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest?
ice cap is subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice (A) Alaska
field is somewhat controlled by surrounding (B) Greenland
terrain and thus does not have the domelike (C) Alberta
shape of a cap. There are several ice fields in the (D) Antarctica
Wrangell. St. Elias, and Chugach mountains of
Alaska and northern British Columbia. 16. The word “rare” in line 12 is closest in
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the meaning to
most common types of mountain glaciers: the (A) small
cirque and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are (B) unusual
found in depressions in the surface of the land (C) valuable
and have a characteristic circular shape. The ice (D) widespread
of valley glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down
valleys, curves around their corners, and falls 17. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice
over cliffs. fields resemble ice caps in which of the
following ways?
11. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Their shape
(A) Where major glaciers are located (B) Their flow
(B) How glaciers shape the land (C) Their texture
(C) How glaciers are formed (D) Their location
(D) The different kinds of glaciers
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18. The word “it” in line 16 refers to
(A) glacier
(B) cap
(C) difference
(D) terrain
19. The word “subtle” in line 17 is closest in
meaning to
(A) slight
(B) common
(C) important
(D) measurable
20. All of the following are alpine glaciers
EXCEPT
(A) cirque glaciers
(B) ice caps
(C) valley glaciers
(D) ice fields
21. Which of the following types of glaciers
does the author use to illustrate the two basic
types of glaciers mentioned in line 1?
(A) Ice fields and cirques
(B) Cirques and alpine glaciers
(C) Ice sheets and ice shelves
(D) Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
Question Number 22-23
Tools and hand bones excavated from the
Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa
suggest that a close relative of early humans
known as Australopithecus robustus may have
made and used primitive tools long before the
species became extinct I million Line years ago.
It may even have made and used primitive tools
long before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo
habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo
habilis and its successor, Homo erectus,
coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on the
plains of South Africa for more than a million
years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been
under excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest
fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in
the cave date from about 1.9 million years ago
and contain extensive remains of animals,
primitive tools, and two or more species of
apelike hominids. The key recent discovery
involved bones from the hand of
Australopithecus robustus, the first time such
bones have been found.
The most important feature of the
Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical
distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The
bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely
human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that
had previously been found only in more recent
ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus
robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that
would allow them to grip objects, including
tools. The researchers also found primitive bone
and stone implements, especially digging tools,
in the same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily
built- more “robust” in anthropological terms-
than their successors. They had broad faces,
heavy jaws, and massive crushing and grinding
teeth that were used for eating hard fruits, seeds,
and fibrous underground plant parts. They
walked upright, which would have allowed them
to carry and use tools. Most experts had
previously believed that Homo habilis were able
to supplant Australopithecus robustus because
the former’s ability to use tools gave them an
innate superiority. The discovery that
Australopithecus robustus also used tools means
that researchers will have to seek other
explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their
reliance on naturally occurring plants led to their
downfall as the climate became drier and cooler,
or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger
brains, were simply able tomake more
sophisticated tools.
22. It can be inferred from the first paragraph
that all of the following may have made and
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used tools EXCEPT. 28. The word “them” in line 23 refers to

(A) Australopithecus robustus (A) tools
(B) Homo erectus (B) Homo habilis
(C) Homo habilis (C) Australopithecus robustus
(D) Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors (D) experts

23. The word “extensive” in line 9 is closest in 29. What does the author suggest is unclear
meaning to about Australopithecus robustus?
(A) numerous (A) Whether they used tools
(B) exposed (B) What they most likely ate
(C) ancient (C) Whether they are closely related to humans
(D) valuable (D) Why they became extinct

24. Which of the following does the author 30. The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is closest
mention as the most important recent discovery in meaning to
made in the Swartkrans cave? (A) impact on
(A) Tools (B) dependence on
(B) Teeth (C) tolerance of
(C) Plant fossils (D) discovery of
(D) Hand bones
31. Where in the passage does the author
25. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly mention the materials from which tools were
discuss? made?
(A) Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand (A) Lines 7-9
(B) Purposes for which hominids used tools (B) Lines 12-13
(C) Methods used to determine the age of fossils (C) Lines 15-17
(D) Significant plant fossils found in layers of (D) Lines 21-23
sediment
Question Number 32-34
26. It can be inferred from the description in the
last paragraph that Australopithecus robustus The first two decades of this century were
was so named because of the species’ dominated by the microbe hunters. These
(A) ancestors hunters had tracked down one after another of
(B) thumb the microbes responsible for the most dreaded
(C) build scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis,
(D) diet cholera, diphtheria. But there, remained some
terrible diseases for which no microbe could be
27. The word “supplant” in line 22 is closest in incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi.
meaning to Then it was discovered that these diseases were
(A) exploit caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance
(B) displace in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or
(C) understand cured by consuming foods that contained the
(D) imitate vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920’s
and 1930’s, nutrition became a science and the
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vitamin hunters replaced the microbe hunters. (C) cholera

In the 1940’s and 1950’s, biochemists strived to (D) diphtheria
learn why each of the vitamins was essential for
health. They discovered that key enzymes in 34. The word “incriminated” in line 4 is closest
metabolism depend on one or another of the in meaning to
vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry (A) investigated
that provides cells with energy for growth and (B) blamed
function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied (C) eliminated
center stage. (D) produced
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have
been replaced by a new breed of hunters who are 35. Which of the following can be cured by a
tracking genes-the blueprints for each of the change in diet?
enzymes-and are discovering the defective genes (A) Tuberculosis
that cause inherited diseases-diabetes, cystic (B) Cholera
fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic (C) Cystic fibrosis
engineers, use recombinant DNA technology to (D) Pellagra
identify and clone genes and introduce them into
bacterial cells and plants to create factories for 36. The word “strived” in line 9 is closest in
the massive production of hormones and meaning to
vaccines for medicine and for better crops for (A) failed
agriculture. Biotechnology has become a (B) tried
multibillion-dollar industry. (C) experimented
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we (D) studied
can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced
in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which 37. How do vitamins influence health?
kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last (A) They are necessary for some enzymes to
decade of our waning century and in the early function.
decades of the next? I wonder whether the (B) They protect the body from microbes.
hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be (C) They keep food from spoiling.
neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the (D) They are broken down by cells to produce
enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the energy.
brain: What to call them? The head hunters. I
will return to them later. 38. In the third paragraph, the author compares
cells that have been genetically altered by
32. What is the main topic of the passage? biotechnicians to
(A) The microbe hunters (A) gardens
(B) The potential of genetic engineering (B) factories
(C) The progress of modem medical research (C) hunters
(D) The discovery of enzymes (D) spotlights

33. The word “which” in line 4 refers to 39. The word “them” in line 16 refers to
(A) diseases (A) cells and plants
(B) microbe (B) hormones
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(C) genes
(D) gene hunters or genetic engineers
40. The phrase “occupy the spotlight” in line 22
is closest in meaning to
(A) receive the most attention
(B) go the furthest
(C) conquer territory
(D) lighten the load
41. The author implies that the most important
medical research topic of the future will be
(A) the functions of the brain
(B) inherited diseases
(C) the operation of vitamins
(D) the structure of genes
42. Which of the following best describes the
author’stone in the last paragraph of the
passage?
(A) Critical
(B) Speculative
(C) Appreciative
(D) Emotional
43. With which of the following statements
would the author be most likely to agree?
(A) The focus of medical research will change
in the next two decades.
(B) Medical breakthroughs often depend on
luck.
(C) Medical research throughout the twentieth
century has been dominated by microbe hunters.
(D) Most diseases are caused by defective
genes.
Question Number 44-50
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States
had tremendous natural resources that could be
exploited in order to develop heavy industry.
Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the
manufacture of machinery, transportation
facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be
worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil-the basic
ingredients of industrial growth-were plentiful
and needed only the application of technical
expertise, organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement
toward industrialization was the growth of the
railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly
until the railroad map of the United States
looked like a spider’s web, with the steel
filaments connecting all important sources of
raw materials, their places of manufacture, and
their centers of distribution. The railroads
contributed to the industrial growth not only by
connecting these major centers, but also by
themselves consuming enormous amounts of
fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of
production. For example, machine tools, the
tools used to make goods, were steadily
improved in the latter part of the nineteenth
century-always with an eye to speedier
production and lower unit costs. The products of
the factories were rapidly absorbed by the
growing cities that sheltered the workers and the
distributors. The increased urban population was
nourished by the increased farm production that,
in turn, was made more productive by the use of
the new farm machinery. American agricultural
production kept up with the urban demand and
still had surpluses for sale to the industrial
centers of Europe.
The labor that ran the factories and built the
railways was recruited in part from American
farm areas where people were being displaced by
farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part
from Europe. Europe now began to send tides of
immigrants from eastern and southern Europe-
most of whom were originally poor farmers but
who settled in American industrial cities. The
money to finance this tremendous expansion of
the American economy still came from European
financiers for the most part, but the Americans
were approaching the day when their expansion
could be financed in their own “money market.”
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44. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Lower manufacturing costs
(A) The history of railroads in the United States (B) Better distribution of goods
(B) The major United States industrial centers (C) More efficient transportation of natural
(C) Factors that affected industrialization in the resources
United States (D) A reduction in industrial jobs
(D) The role of agriculture in the nineteenth
century 50. According to the passage, who were the
biggest consumers of manufactured products?
45. The word “ingredients” in line 4 is closest in (A) Railway workers
meaning to (B) Farmers
(A) minerals (C) City dwellers
(B) products (D) Europeans
(C) methods
(D) components

46.Why does the author mention “a spider’s

web” in line 8?
(A) To emphasize the railroad’s consumption of
oil and coal
(B) To describe the complex structure of the
railway system
(C) To explain the problems brought on by
railway expansion
(D) To describe the difficulties involved in the
distribution of raw materials

47. The word “themselves” in line 10 refers to

(A) sources
(B) centers
(C) railroads
(D) places

48. According to the passage, all of the

following were true of railroads in the United
States in the nineteenth century EXCEPT that
(A) they connected important industrial cities
(B) they were necessary to the industrialization
process
(C) they were expanded in a short time
(D) they used relatively small quantities of
natural resources

49. According to the passage, what was one

effect of the improvement of machine tools?