ITEM 515 – MECHANICALLY-STABILIZED EARTH (MSE) RETAINING WALLS

515.1 Description

This item shall consist of furnishing materials and placement of Mechanically-

Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining walls constructed in accordance with these
specifications and in reasonably close conformity to the lines, grades, design and
dimensions shown on the Plans.

The Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining walls shall consist of a non-

structural leveling pad, facing panels, and soil reinforcement elements mechanically
connected to each facing panel. Soil reinforcement shall have sufficient length, strength,
and frictional resistance as required by the design.

515.2 Material Requirements

515.2.1 Concrete Leveling Pad

Concrete leveling pad shall be Class A as specified in Item 405, Structural

Concrete, unless otherwise specified or required by the Engineer.

515.2.2 Geotextile

Geotextile shall be specified in Item 715, Geotextiles, unless otherwise specified

or required by the Engineer.

515.2.3 Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) Retaining Wall Material

Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining wall material shall conform to the

following, unless otherwise specified in the Contract.

515.2.3.1 Concrete Face Panels

Concrete shall conform to Item 405, Structural Concrete, unless otherwise

specified or required by the Engineer.

Reinforcing steel bars shall be as specified in Item 404, Reinforcing Steel, unless
otherwise specified or required by the Engineer.

Concrete shall have a minimum compressive strength of 30 MPa at 28 days.

Concrete panels shall be fully supported until the concrete has reached a
minimum compressive strength of 7 MPa. The concrete panels shall be shipped and
installed after the concrete has reached a minimum compressive strength of 24 MPa.

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 Concrete facing panels shall have a minimum thickness of 140 mm and a
minimum concrete cover on reinforcing steel of 37.5 mm.

The panels shall be cast face down in level forms supported on a flat working
surface. Guides shall be used to locate and support attachment devices set in the back
face of the panel. The concrete in each panel unit shall be placed without interruption
and shall be consolidated by the use of an approved vibrator, supplemented by such
hand tamping as may be necessary to force the concrete into the corners of the forms
and to prevent the formation of stone pockets or cleavage planes. Clear form oil or
release agent shall be used throughout the casting operation.

The rear face of the panel shall be screeded to eliminate open pockets of
aggregate and surface distortions in excess of 6 millimeters. The panels shall be casted
on a flat area. Galvanized connecting devices or fasteners shall not be attached to the
face panel steel reinforcement.

The production lot number, date of manufacture and the piece mark shall be
clearly inscribed on an unexposed face of each panel.

All units shall be handled, stored, and shipped in such a manner as to eliminate
the dangers of chipping, discoloration, cracks, fractures, and excessive bending
stresses. Panels in storage shall be supported on firm wooden blocking to protect the
panel connection devices and the exposed exterior finish.

Concrete panels shall be manufactured within the following tolerances:

(a) Panel dimensions. Position of panel connection devices shall be within 25

millimeters. All other dimensions within 5 millimeters.

(b) Panel squareness. Squareness, as determined by the difference between the 2

diagonals, shall not exceed 13 millimeters.

(c) Panel surface finish. Surface defects on smooth formed surfaces 1.5 meters or
more in length shall not exceed 3 millimeters. Surface defects on textured-
finished surfaces 1.5 meters or more in length shall not exceed 8 millimeters.

Concrete face panels having any or all of the following defects shall be rejected.
(a) Defects that indicate imperfect molding

(b) Defects indicating honeycombed or open texture concrete.

(c) Cracked or severely chipped panels.

(d) Color variation on front face of panel due to excess form oil or other reasons.

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515.2.3.2 Wire Facing

Wire facing shall be fabricated welded wire fabric conforming to AASHTO M

55M, except that Section 7.4 applies for all longitudinal and transverse wire sizes. After
fabrication wire fabric shall be galvanized according to AASHTO M 111M.

515.2.3.3 Gabions

Gabions shall conform to Item 511, Gabions and Mattresses, unless otherwise
specified or required by the Engineer.

515.2.3.4 Backing Mat

Backing mat shall be fabricated welded wire fabric conforming to AASHTO M

55M, except that Section 7.4 applies for all longitudinal and transverse wire sizes. After
fabrication wire fabric shall be galvanized according to AASHTO M 111M.

515.2.3.5 Clevis Connector

Clevis connector shall be fabricated from cold-drawn steel wire conforming to

AASHTO M 32M, and welded according to AASHTO M 55M. After fabrication clevis
connector shall be galvanized according to AASHTO M 111M.

515.2.3.6 Connector Bars

Connector bars shall be fabricated from cold-drawn steel wire conforming to

AASHTO M 32M and shall be galvanized according to AASHTO M 111M.

515.2.3.7 Fasteners

Fasteners shall be made of 13-millimeter diameter, heavy hexhead bolts, nuts,

and washers conforming to AASHTO M 164M and shall be galvanized according to
AASHTO M 232.

515.2.3.8 Hardware Cloth

Hardware cloth shall be fabricated with maximum 7-millimeter square mesh

openings from woven or welded galvanized steel wire fabric conforming to ASTM A 740.

515.2.3.9 Reinforcing mesh

Reinforcing mesh shall be fabricated from cold-drawn steel wire conforming to

AASHTO M 32M. Wire shall be welded into the finished mesh fabric according to
AASHTO M 55M. Wire shall be galvanized according to AASHTO M 111M after
fabrication. Damaged galvanized coating shall be repaired before installation.

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515.2.3.10 Reinforcing strips

Reinforcing strips shall be fabricated from high-strength, low alloy structural steel
conforming to ASTM A 572M, grade 450, type-3. Reinforcing strips shall be galvanized
according to AASHTO M 111M after fabrication.
515.2.3.11 Tie strip

Tie strip shall be fabricated from hot-rolled steel conforming to ASTM A 570M,
grade 50. Tie strip shall be galvanized according to AASHTO M 111M.

515.2.4 Select Granular Backfill

Select Granular Backfill shall consist of sound, durable, granular material free
from organic matter or other deleterious material (such as shale or other soft particles
with poor durability).

The select granular backfill materials shall conform to Table 515.1, Grading
Requirements.

Table 515.1 – Grading Requirements

Sieve Designation Percent by Mass Passing

Designated Sieve
Standard (mm)
(AASHTO T 27 and T 11)

100 100
0.0425 0–60
0.075 0–15

0
The shear angle of internal friction shall not be less than 34 .

Compact samples for AASHTO T 236 to 95 percent of the maximum density

determined according to AASHTO T 99 Method C or D and corrected for oversized
material according to ASSHTO T 99, Note 9.

If the select granular backfill materials are subjected to five (5) cycles of the
sodium sulfate soundness test by AASHTO T 104, the weighted loss shall not exceed
15 mass percent.

The material shall have a Plasticity Index of not more than 6 as determined by
AASHTO T 90.

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 Electrochemical requirements for Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining
walls with metallic reinforcements shall comply with the following requirements:

Test Requirements

Resistivity, AASHTO T 288 3000 ‘Ω-cm min.

pH, AASHTO T 289 5.0 to 10.0
Sulfate Content, AASHTO T 290 200 ppm max.
Chloride Content, AASHTO T 291 100 ppm max.

Note: Tests for sulfate and chloride content are not required when resistivity is greater than 5,000
Ohm centimeters.

Electrochemical requirements for Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining

walls with Geosynthetic reinforcements, specify that the pH shall be between 5.0 to 10.0
as determined by AASHTO T 289.

515.2.5 Structural Backfill

Structural backfill shall consist of free draining granular materials free from
excess moisture, muck, frozen lumps, roots, sod, or other deleterious material.

The structural backfill materials shall conform to Table 515.2, Grading

Requirements.

Table 515.2 – Grading Requirements

Sieve Designation Percent by Mass Passing

Standard (mm) Designated Sieve

(AASHTO T 27 and T 11)

75 100
0.075 15 max

The material shall have a liquid limit of not more than 30 as determined by
AASHTO T 89.

515.3 Construction Requirements

515.3.1 General

Survey and verify the limits of the wall installation. Detailed working drawings
such as but not limited to wall elevations, soil reinforcement length for each section of
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wall, applied bearing pressure, facing panel layout, and representative typical details
and supporting calculations of the Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining walls
shall be furnished by the Contractor to the Engineer at least three (3) weeks prior to
construction. Construction shall not start until the Engineer has reviewed and approved
the design/Plans.

Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining walls design shall be in

accordance with DPWH – Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards (Latest Edition).

A minimum horizontal bench 1.20 meters wide shall be provided in front of walls
founded on slopes.

515.3.2 Excavation

The ground shall be excavated in accordance with the dimensions, lines and
grades shown on the Plans. Excavation shall be in accordance whenever applicable,
with Section 103.2, Excavation.

Level and layout the foundation for a width equal to the length of reinforcing
elements plus 0.5 meter. When a rocky foundation is situated anywhere along the wall,
place 150 millimeters of select granular backfill materials under the reinforcing mesh or
strips.

515.3.3 Foundation Preparation

Prior to wall construction, the foundation, if not on rock surface shall be

compacted as directed by the Engineer. Any unsuitable foundation material, as
determined by the Engineer, shall be excavated and replaced with granular material,
and shall be compacted in accordance with Section 515.3.5, Backfilling.

The construction requirements for concrete leveling pad shall be in accordance,

whenever applicable, with Section 405.3, Structural Concrete. Allowable elevation
tolerances are + 3.0 mm and - 6.0 mm from the design elevation.

515.3.4 Wall Erection

Walls shall be erected in accordance with the approved shop drawings and the
manufacturer’s recommendations. When required by the Engineer, an experienced field
representative from the wall system manufacturer shall be present on site during
erection.

The starting point for the wall erection shall be as shown on the Plans or if the
new wall matches an existing wall. Otherwise the wall shall begin on the leveling pad at
the lowest elevation.

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 The concrete leveling pad shall be allowed to cure for at least 12 hours before
the wall erection.

515.3.4.1 Concrete-Faced-Walls
0
Where walls or wall sections intersect at an angle of 130 or less, a special
vertical corner element panel shall be used. The corner element panel shall cover the
joint of the panels that abut the corner, to allow for the independent movement of the
abutting panels.

Standard facing panels shall have at least two levels of earth reinforcements to
stabilize the panels against rotation. Top and bottom half panels shall have at least one
(1) level of earth reinforcements. The wall facing shall be designed to accommodate
differential settlement of one (1) meter in one hundred (100) meters. The spacing
between adjacent panels shall be designed to be 19 millimeters. Joints between panels
shall have a ship lap configuration to protect the joint materials from vandalism. There
shall be no openings through the wall facing except for utilities to pass through the wall.
Slip joints to accommodate excessive differential settlement shall be included if
indicated in the Plans.

515.3.4.1.1 Installation

Precast facing panels shall be erected by means of lifting devices connected to

the upper edge of the panel. Precast facing panels shall be aligned within 19 millimeters
vertically and horizontally when measured with a 3-meter straightedge.

Joint openings shall be 19±6 millimeters wide. Joint material shall be installed
according to the drawings. All joints at the backside of the panels shall be covered with
a 300-millimeter wide strip of geotextile. Geotextile splices shall be overlapped with a
minimum of 100 millimeters.

The panels in position shall be supported with temporary wedges or bracing

during backfilling operations. The final position of the wall shall have maximum overall
vertical tolerance (top to bottom) of 13 millimeters per 3 meters of wall height.

515.3.4.2 Wire-faced Walls

Place backing mats and 6-millimeter hardware cloth in successive horizontal lifts
as backfill placement proceeds. Connect, tighten, and anchor soil reinforcement
elements to the wall facing units before placing backfill. An individual lift shall have a
maximum vertical tolerance and an overall wall (top to bottom) vertical tolerance of 25
millimeters per 3 meters of wall height. Reinforcement elements shall be placed within
25 millimeters vertically above the corresponding connection elevation at the wall face.
Reinforcing elements shall not be placed below the corresponding connection
elevations. Designed batter of the wall shall not deviate by more than 25 millimeters per
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3 meters of wall height. Deviation of more than 50 millimeters shall not be allowed at
any point in the wall from 3-meter straightedge placed horizontally on the theoretical
plane of the design face.

The minimum wall embedment shall be 300 mm unless otherwise shown on the
Plans or as established by the Engineer.

515.3.4.3 Gabion-Faced Walls

The construction requirements of gabions shall be in accordance whenever

applicable, with Section 511.3, Gabions and Mattresses.

The first lift of backfill shall be placed before filling the gabion baskets.
Reinforcement mesh shall be laid horizontally on compacted fill and normal to the face
of the wall. The gabion facing unit shall be connected to the reinforcement mesh with
spiral binders or tie wire at 100-millimeter nominal spacing with alternating single and
double locked loops. Reinforcement mesh taut shall be pulled and anchored before
placing additional backfill.

515.3.5 Backfilling

The stabilized volume shall be backfilled with select granular backfill. The
maximum compacted thickness of any layer shall not exceed 150 mm. All subsequent
layers shall be spread and compacted in a similar manner.

The backfill materials shall be compacted until a uniform density of not less than
95 mass percent of the maximum dry density determined by AASHTO T 99 Method C is
attained, at a moisture content determined by Engineer to be suitable for such density.
Acceptance of compaction may be based on adherence to an approved roller pattern
developed as set forth in Item 106, Compaction Equipment and Density Control Strips.

During the progress of the Work, the Engineer shall make density tests of
compacted material in accordance with AASHTO T 310 or other approved field density
tests. If, by such tests, the Engineer determines that the specified density and moisture
conditions have not been attained, the Contractor shall perform additional work as may
be necessary to attain the specified conditions.

At least one group of three (3) in-situ density tests shall be carried out for each
500 m of each layer of compacted fill.

Backfilling shall be even on all sides of the structure, and each layer shall be
extended to the limits of the excavation or to natural ground.

Backfill shall be placed in such a manner as to avoid any damage or disturbance

to the wall materials or misalignment of the facing panels. Any wall materials which

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become damaged or disturbed during backfill placement shall either be removed and
replaced at the Contractor’s expense or corrected, as directed by the Engineer.

Backfill shall not be placed against concrete less than 7-days old or until 80
percent of the design strength is achieved.

Ensure that no voids exist below the reinforcing mesh or strips. An acceptable
lightweight mechanical or vibratory compactor shall be used within one (1) meter of the
wall face. The specified lift thickness shall be adjusted as warranted by the type of
equipment actually used and as approved by the Engineer, but no soil density tests
need be taken within this area. Where the stabilized volume supports spread footings
for bridges or other structural loads, the top 1.5 meters shall be compacted to at least
100 percent of the maximum density.

Facing or reinforcing elements shall not be damaged or disturbed during

backfilling. Equipment shall not be operated directly on top of the reinforcing mesh or
strips. The Contractor shall correct damaged, misaligned, or distorted wall elements.

Backfill and compact behind the stabilized volume with structural backfill in the
same methodology done on select granular backfill. At the end of the day’s operation,
the last lift of backfill shall be sloped away from the wall face to direct surface runoff
away from the wall. Temporary drainage shall be constructed to divert any surface
runoff from adjacent areas to enter the wall construction area.

515.3.6 Placement of Reinforcements

Prior to placing the first layer of reinforcements (strips, mats or grids), backfill
shall be placed and compacted in accordance with Section 515.3.5, Backfilling.

Bending of reinforcements in the horizontal plane that results in a kink in their

alignment shall not be allowed. Gradual bending in the vertical direction that does not
kink the reinforcements is allowable.

Connection of reinforcements to piles or bending of reinforcements around piles

shall not be allowed. Cutting of reinforcement longitudinal bars shall not be allowed to
avoid conflicts with piles or utility obstructions. A structural connection (yoke) from the
wall panel to the reinforcement shall be used whenever it is necessary to avoid cutting
or excessive skewing of reinforcements due to pile or utility conflicts.

Soil reinforcements shall be placed normal to the face of the wall, unless
otherwise shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer. If skewing of the soil
reinforcements is required due to obstructions in the reinforced fill, rotatable
connections shall be used and the maximum skew angle shall not exceed 15 degrees
from the normal position unless specifically addressed in design calculations that justify
that the skewed reinforcements are adequate.

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515.4 Method of Measurement

The area to be paid for under this item shall be the number of square meters
2
(m ) of Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining walls furnished, placed and
accepted. The area shall be measured on the facial area of the walls installed. The wall
surface area shall include the surface area of nominal panel joint openings and wall
penetrations such as pipes and other utilities. The payment will include mechanically-
stabilized earth walls, backing mat, clevis connector, connector bars, fasteners,
hardware cloth, reinforcing mesh, tie strips and other such materials contained with in or
attached to the mechanically-stabilized earth walls.

515.4.1 Other Items

The quantities of other Contract items which enter into the completed and
accepted structure will be measured for payment in the manner prescribed for the
several items involved.

515.4.2 Select Granular Backfill/ Structural Backfill

Select Granular Backfill/Structural Backfill material, when specified in the

Contract as a Pay Item shall be measured in place by the cubic meter, completed and
accepted. Cross-sectional measurements shall not exceed the net dimensions shown
on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

515.4.3 Excavation

Excavation for Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining walls shall be

measured and paid for as provided in Item 103, Structure Excavation.

515.4.4 Concrete

Concrete leveling pad/ concrete panels for mechanically-stabilized earth (MSE)

retaining walls shall be measured and paid for as provided in Item 405, Structural
Concrete.

515.4.5 Gabions

Gabions for Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining walls shall be

measured and paid for as provided in Item 511, Gabions and Mattresses.

515.5 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 515.4 shall be paid

for at the contract unit price for each particular item listed below that is included in the
bill of quantities which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and
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placing all materials, including the use of equipment and tools, labor and incidentals
necessary to complete the work.

Payment will be made under:

Pay item Number Description Unit of Measurement

515 (1) Mechanically-Stabilized Earth

(MSE) Retaining Walls Sq.m.
515 (2) Select Granular Backfill Cu.m.
515 (3) Structural Backfill Cu.m.

ITEM 516 – WET STONE MASONRY (COBBLE STONE)

516.1 Description

This item shall consist of the construction of wet stone masonry using cobble
stone for revetment of banks, dikes, drainage, slope protection of bridge and at any
other places, constructed in the prepared foundation bed, in accordance with this
Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades, sections and dimensions as
shown on the Plans or as ordered in writing by the Engineer.

516.2 Material Requirements

516.2.1 Concrete and Mortar Grout

The materials for concrete and mortar grout of the wet cobble masonry shall
conform to Item 405, Structural Concrete of the following type:
2
Cap, base and partition wall concrete : 210 kg/cm Compressive strength
at 28 days

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 Filling concrete : 100 2 Compressive
kg/cm
strength at 28 days
Filling mortar : One part water, two parts
Portland cement and six parts
sand by weight
516.2.2 Reinforcing Steel

Reinforcing Steel shall conform to Item 710, Reinforcing Steel and Wire Rope.

516.2.3 Cobble Stone

Material for cobble stone shall be classified into the following group as to size
and process of manufacture:

516.2.3.1 Cobble Stone, 150~300 mm

Stone materials shall be those deposited in riverbed, or broken or crushed rock

at the quarry site, rounded or cubiform in shape having a specific gravity of not less than
2.5, and possessing sufficient strength and durability as required for its use. The stone
shall be of the weight ranging from 20 kg to 40 kg and approximately uniform in size
with 150 mm to 300 mm in diameter per piece.

516.2.3.2 Cobble Stone, 100~150 mm

Stone materials shall be of the same gravity as specified per above Sub-Clause
516.2.3.1 except for the weight and size which shall be 15 kg to 20 kg per piece, and
approximately 100 mm to 150 mm in diameter, respectively.

516.2.4 Gravel Bedding and Filling

Materials for gravel bedding and filling shall be well-graded gravel as follows:

Sieve Size (mm) Percentage by Weight Passing (%)

60 100

50 70-100
25 60-90
5 35-75
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 2 20-50
0.425 5-25
0.075 1-7

516.3 Construction Requirements

516.3.1 Cap, Base and Partition Wall Concrete

Concrete works such as cap, base and partition wall as called for on the Plans
and/or as directed by the Engineer shall be constructed ahead of placing masonry
materials and filling concrete. They shall be constructed to the line, elevation, location
and dimension as shown on the Plans.

516.3.2 Cobble Stone Bedding and Filling

The cobble stone bedding shall be prepared on the compacted surface of the
river bank slope or other embankment and shall be sufficiently compacted by plate
compactor, flat-faced tamper or other approve equipment with the bedding materials
having appropriate amount of moisture to lessen the voids. The compacted gravel
bedding shall have a thickness of 200 mm unless otherwise shown on the approved
Plans.

Cobble stone filling shall be carefully placed between the wet masonry wall and
backfilling as shown on the approved Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

The cobble stone bedding and filling shall be placed by manual together with the
graded gravel to conform with the line, location and thickness as shown on the
approved Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

516.3.3 Placement of Cobble Stone

Before placing cobble stone, the stone shall be cleaned and be properly
moistened enough. The stone shall be so placed such that it is completely surrounded
by concrete filling. Concrete filling shall be used for jointing in such a manner that it is in
complete contact with the cobble stone in all joints. The stones shall be struck and
thoroughly consolidated and those broken thereafter shall be removed.

Placing of the stone shall not be done during prolonged or heavy rains to avoid
the washing-joint of concrete from the masonry.

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516.3.4 Mortar Finishing

Joints on the face of the wet cobble masonry exposed to view shall be neatly
finished. The concrete in the joints of the wet cobble masonry shall first be removed to a
depth of 30 mm. The joints shall be cleaned thoroughly of all loose materials with a wire
brush and filled with cement mortar. The surface of the stone shall be cleaned of all
excess mortar upon the completion of the activity.

516.3.5 Joint Filler and Weepholes

The joint filler shall be provided at the expansion joint of the wet cobble masonry
as shown on the approved Plans or as directed by the Engineer. When one piece is
necessary for a joint, abutting ends shall be fastened and held securely to shape by
stapling or other positive fastening.

Unless otherwise specified the weepholes shall be placed at the lowest points
where the outlets of water can be obtained and shall be spaced not more than three (3)
meters center to center as shown on the approved Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

516.4 Method of Measurement

The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of linear meters of wall in place,
completed and accepted by the Engineer in accordance with the Specification and as
shown on the Plans. Payment and measurement of quantity will be based within the
dimensions limit shown on the Plans or as determined by the Engineer.

516.5 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantity of wet stone masonry, determined as provided in Section

516.4, Method of Measurement, shall be paid for at the contract unit price per linear
meter for wet masonry, wherein price and payment shall be full compensation for
furnishing and placing all materials, and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals
necessary to complete the Item of work.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

516 Wet Stone Masonry Linear Meter

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ITEM 517 – DRAIN PIPE

517.1 Description

This item shall consist of installing drain pipes, fastened with steel straps that are
either bolted to pier copings or welded to steel girders in various locations of the bridge,
or as indicated in accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the lines,
and grades and dimensions shown in the Plans or as established by the Engineer.

517.2 Material Requirements

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe shall meet the requirements specified in one of the
following specifications: ASTM D 3034, D 2241, D 1785, D 2665, D 2680, F 789, F 679
or AASHTO M 304M (D 2729).

Galvanized iron pipe shall meet the requirements specified in one of the following
specifications: ASTM A 53, AASHTO M 36 or M 218.

Steel strap shall meet the requirements of Item 712, Structural Metal; Item 409,
Welded Structural Steel, and Item 411, Paint, DPWH Standard Specifications, Volume
II, Highways, Bridges and Airport.

Anchor bolts and bolts fastener shall meet the requirement of Item 712,
Structural Metal, DPWH Standard Specifications, Volume II, Highways, Bridges and
Airport.

Paint materials shall conform to the requirements of Item 709, Paints, DPWH
Standard Specifications, Volume II, Highways, Bridges and Airport.

517.3 Construction Requirements

Pipes installed shall conform with the lines and grades shown in the Plans or as
established by the Engineer. Drain pipe extension, if needed shall be attached to the
ends of existing drain pipes either using pipe sleeves or pipe with bell sockets. The
length of the extension shall depend on the existing drain pipe condition and the
location as shown in the Plans and shall not be lower than the required vertical
clearance or as directed by the Engineer.

Pipes and fittings shall be homogenous throughout and free from visible cracks,
holes, foreign inclusions or other injurious defects. Pipes installed shall be as uniform as
commercially practical in color, opacity, density and other physical properties.

Fabrication of steel straps shall conform to the dimensions shown in the Plans
and must be galvanized. Steel strap, unless otherwise specified, shall be coated with
two shop coats of red lead paint and two field coats of paint as specified under Item
411, Paint, DPWH Standard Specifications, Volume II, Highways, Bridges and Airport.
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 Anchor bolts shall be placed as provided under Item 403, Metal Structures,
DPWH Standard Specifications, Volume II, Highways, Bridges and Airport or as shown
on the Plans.

Welded connections shall conform to the requirements of Item 409, Welded

Structural Steel, DPWH Standard Specifications, Volume II, Highways, Bridges and
Airport.

517.4 Method of Measurement

Drain pipe shall be measured by the linear meter for pipe of the type and size
specified.

517.5 Basis of Payment

The accepted quantities, determined as provided in Section 517.4, Method of

Measurement of the Pay Items in the Bill of Quantities will be paid for at the contract
unit prices, which shall constitute full compensation for furnishing and placing all
materials and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the
Item.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

517 Drain Pipe Linear Meter

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ITEM 520 – HYDROSEEDING

520.1 Description

This Item shall consist of furnishing grass seeds mixed with an airtrol geobinder,
cellulose fiber mulch, cocopeat and fertilizer to form into a consistent and homogenous
slurry and then sprayed evenly on the ground in accordance with this specification and
in conformity with the lines, grades and dimensions shown on the plans or as
established by the Engineer.

520.2 Material Requirements

520.2.1 Grass Seeds

The seeds to be used for vegetative cover shall be the approved seed varieties
that is tested to withstand harsh weather conditions, characteristically aggressive,
perennial, tropical, produce both runners and thizomes, deep-rooted, will rapidly
colonize bare ground and form a dense mat of vegetation ground cover. When
established will form an umbrella surface cover to dissipate rain drops impact.
Environmental friendly and low maintenance.

Permanent Ground Cover Grass Seed Centrosa 50% Calopogonium

50% - 80 to 100kg/ha.
Temporary Grass Nursing Seed White Millet – 30 kg/ha.
Seed Purity 85%
Germination 80 – 90% Average
Adaptability Tropical

520.2.2 Geobinder

Airtrol geobinder is a low cost cementitious binder, when mixed with water and
mulch, sets in a predictable way to form an erosion resistant crust. The application rate
for Geobinder Airtrol should be 1,500 kg/ha.

520.2.3 Cellulose Fiber Mulch

It is manufactured and processed from recycled paper.

Moisture Content 15-20%

Organic Matter 99.5%
Water Holding Capacity 100 grams DW will hold 1,000 grams of water
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pH Level 5.5 to 6.0% Dry Weight (DW) of water
Mulching Rate 1850 kg/hectare

520.2.4 Cocopeat

By-product of coco fiber consisting coco fiber and dust sieved in 5 mm mesh.

520.2.5 Fertilizer

Chemical/Grade/Organic Fertilizer locally produced and must be both

environmental friendly and non-toxic.

520.3 Construction Requirements

Hydroseeding shall be used on critical cut slopes and bare clay surfaces to
prevent soil erosion.

a) Site Preparation

1. Ground surface and cut slopes shall be graded and sloped to the
approved design and obstructions shall be removed so the mixed
materials are sprayed evenly forming a blanket cover to the soil surface.

2. Soil surface shall be wetted with water at least for one hour prior to
application of hydroseeding.

b) Seeding

1. Use the cellulose mulch material mix with a tackifier which will act as
binder.
2. Mix the cellulose fiber mulch, together with the grass seeds, fertilizer and
water in the tank of a hydroseeding machine to form into a consistent and
homogenous slurry and then hydraulically sprayed to the ground.
3. Spray the cellulose fiber mulch together with the fertilizer grass seeds
which will act as an absorbent mat, holding enough moisture to allow
proper germination of the grass seeds and at the same time forming a
tenacious blanket cover to the soil surface even before the grass seeds
germination to prevent soil erosion.
4. Let the cementitious geobinder form a permeable crust on the soil surface
which will control water, soil and wind erosion.
5. Use the geobinder which is a non-toxic cementitious binder that safely
hold the grass seeds uniformly in place, prevents surface erosion and
water evaporation in the soil. The cellulose fiber mulch, which is

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 biodegrable, will in time revert back to organic matter and assist in the
vigorous establishment of the grass ground cover.
6. Wait for the temporary grass seeds to germinate in forty eight (48) hours
after spraying and in which the planting bed of the embankment shall
already be 100% stabilized even before the establishment of the
permanent ground cover grass seeds.

520.4 Maintenance

The entire hydroseeded area shall be grown-in and maintained for sixty (60) to
ninety (90) calendar days from date of the hydroseeding completion. Client shall provide
continuous watering after the grown-in period. All areas applied with hydroseeding shall
be trimmed.

520.5 Equipment To Be Used (1-5 Hectare Area)

1 Unit – Hydroseeding Machine

1 Unit – Truck for Materials Support
1 Lot – Various Hydroseeding Hoses and Accessories
1 Unit – Water Tank for Watering Machine

520.6 Delivery, Storage and Handling

Store the seed in such a manner that it will be prevented from wetting and
deterioration of the seed.

520.7 Method of Measurement

Hydroseeding shall be measured by the square meter and the quantity to be

measured for payment shall be the actual area in square meters of area on which the
hydroseeding has been placed in accordance with this specification and within the limits
of construction as designated on the Plans or as ordered by the Engineer.

520.8 Basis of Payment

The quantity as determined in Section 520.7, Method of Measurement, shall be

paid for at Contract unit price per square meter for Hydroseeding which price and
payment shall be full compensation for preparing the ground area, for furnishing and
placing all the materials required, and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals
necessary to complete the Item.

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Payment will be made under:

Pay Item No. Description Unit of Measurement

520 Hydroseeding Square Meter

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