Roll no-- 03 (140320721003) Branch --Thermal Engineering (L.J.I.E.T) CONTENTS 1) Title 8) Laws of 2) Contents Thermodynamics 3) Introduction 9) Laws of perfect gas 4) History 10) Processes of Perfect gas 5) Etymology 6) Definations 11) General law 12) Some cycles 7) Terminology 13) References INTRODUCTION • Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the laws governing the energy and work of a system, which may be described as the exchange of heat energy to and from other forms of energy within a given system. • Careful study of these concept is essential for good understanding of topics in thermodynamics. • specifically, it defines macroscopic variables, such as internal energy, entropy, and pressure. HISTORY •The history of thermodynamics as a scientific discipline generally begins with Otto von Guericke who, in 1650, built and designed the
world's first vacuum
pump and demonstrated a vacuum using his Magdeburg hemispheres. Magdeburg hemispheres CONTINUE…… • Shortly after, the physicist and chemist Robert Boyle had learned of Guericke's designs and, in coordination with the scientist Robert Hooke, built an air pump in 1656. • Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed a correlation between pressure, tempe rature, and volume. In time, they formulated Boyle's Law. CONTINUE…… • Based on these concepts, an associate of Boyle's named Denis Papin built a steam digester, which was a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confined steam until a high pressure was generated. • The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine. • The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the 1850s, primarily out of the works of William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). Etymology • The components of the word thermo- dynamic are derived from the Greek words therme meaning "heat," and dynamics meaning “power”. • The term thermo-dynamic was first used in January 1849 by William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, in the phrase a perfect thermo-dynamic engine to describe Sadi Carnot's heat engine. In April 1849, Thomson added an appendix to his paper and used the term thermodynamic in the phrase the object of a thermodynamic engine. DEFINATIONS • It can be define as the study of energy, energy transformations and its relation to matter. The analysis of thermal systems is achieved through the application of the governing conservation equations, namely Conservation of Mass, Conservation of Energy. • In other words,it’s science which deals with the energies possesed by gases and vapours, that includes the conservation of these energies in terms of heat and mechanical work and their relation with properties of system. TERMINOLOGY Thermodynamic system – It’s defined as a definite area or a space where some thermodynamic process takes place. Surroundings – Boundries and anything outside the boundries is called surroundings. Boundary- The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings. The boundaries of a system can be fixed or movable. Mathematically, the boundary has zero thickness, no mass, and no volume. • Closed system- Fixed amount of mass. only heat or work, can cross the boundary. Open system- Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume. Isolated system- fixed mass and no heat or work cross its boundry. Rigid system: A closed system that communicates with the surroundings by heat only. CONTINUE…… • Properties of system- all the quantities such as volume, pressure, temperature, density and internal energy etc identify state of a system are called properties. 1)Extensive- The properties whose value for the entire system is equal to the sum of their values for individual part of the system. i. e. Total volume, total mass, total energy 2)Intensive- The properties whose value for the entire system is NOT equal to the sum of their values for individual part of the system. i.e. temperature, pressure, density etc CONTINUE…… • Thermal equilibrium- when the temperature is the same throughout the entire system. • Mechanical equilibrium- when there is no change in pressure at any point of the system. However, the pressure may vary within the system due to gravitational effects. • Phase equilibrium- in a two phase system, when the mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level. • Chemical equilibrium- when the chemical composition of a system does not change with time, i.e., no chemical reactions occur. CONTINUE…… • Perfect Gas- Its define as a state of substance whose evaporation from its liquid state is complete, If evaporation is partial the substance is called Vapour. • Absolute zero Temperature- At which the volume of a gas becomes zero. Its -273°c OR 0 k. • Specific Heat- The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of its unit mass through 1°. • Joules Law- “The change of internal energy of a perfect gas is directly proportional to the change of the temperature.” Mathematically, dE = m.c dT Laws of Thermodynamics 1) Zeroth law of thermodynamics- When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. 2) First law of thermodynamics- Heat and mechanical work are mutually convertible. or Energy can neither be created nor destroyed,it can transfer from one form to another. 3) Second law of thermodynamics- There is a definite limit to the amount of mechanical energy, which can be obtained from a given quantity of heat energy. CONTINUE…… • Claussius states that “it’s impossible for a self acting m/c working in a cyclic process, to transfer heat from a body at a low temperature to higher without the aid of external source”. • Kelvin-Plank that “it’s impossible to construct an engine working on a cyclic process, whose sole purpose is to convert heat energy in to work”. Laws Of Perfect Gas 1) Boyle’s law- “The absolute pressure of a given mass of perfect gas varies inversely as its volume, when the temperature remain constant”. Mathematically pv = constant (T= const.) 2) Charles law- “The volume of a given mass of a perfect gas varies directly as its absolute temperature, when the pressure remains constant”. Mathematically, V/T = constant (p= const.) 3) Gay-lussac law- “The absolute pressure of a given mass of a perfect gas varies directly as its absolute temperature when volume is constant.” Mathematically, P/T = constant (v= const.) Thermodynamics processes of Perfect Gas 1) Const. Volume/ isochoric process: -Temperature and Pressure will increase -No change in volume and No work done by gas -Governed by Gay-Lussac law 2) Const. Pressure/ isobaric process: - Temperature and volume will increase - Increase in internal energy - Governed by Charles law CONTINUE…… 3) Hyperbolic process: - pressure and volume remains constant - Governed by Boyles law (p.v = constant) 4) Constant temperature/ isothermal process: - No change in internal energy - No change in Temperature 5) Adiabatic/ isentropic process: - No heat leaves or enters the gas - Temperature of the gas changes - Change in internal energy is equal to the work done CONTINUE…… 6) Polytropic process: - It is general law of expansion and compression of the gases. p.v^n = Constant 7) Free expansion: - When a fluid Is allowed to expand suddenly into a vacuum chamber through on orifice of large dimensions. Q = 0, W = 0, and dU = 0. 8) Throttling process: When a gas expands through an aperture of minitue dimensions, such as a narroe throat or slightly opened valve. General laws for Expansion and Compression • Thermodynamic cycle: Area under each curve gives the work done to the scale. • Classification:- 1) Reversible cycle: The initial conditions are restored at the end of the cycle. - There should not be any loss of heat due to friction, radiation or conduction. - Heat pump operets reverced cycle and regarded as refrigerator, because it pumps heat from the cold body to the hot body. - constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic and polytropic are all reversible processes. 2) Irreversible cycle: In it initial conditions are not restored at the end of the cycle.
- There is loss of heat due to friction, radiation or
conduction.
- Causes are:- (a) mechanical and fluid friction (b) unrestricted expansion (c) heat transfer with temperature difference
-Throttling is irreversible process.
Some Cycles Carnot Cycle:- It consists 2 iso-thermal and 2 reversible adiabatic operations. Rankine cycle:- It consists 2 isobaric and 2 isothermal operations. Joule or brayton cycle:- It has 2 constant pressure and 2 isentropic or reversible adiabatic processes. Otto cycle:- 2 constant volume and 2 reversible adiabatic processes, also known as CONSTANT VOLUME process. Diesel cycle:- Reversible adiabatic, isobaric and constant volume processes in it also known as CONSTANT PRESSURE cycle. References • https://www.google.co.in/search? q=Magdeburg+hemispheres&espv • http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx? doctype=3&filename=9 • https://www.google.co.in/webhp? sourceid=chrome-instant&ion • https://www.googthermodynamic+closed+syste m&imgrc=O5ESwPaZnilA4M%3A • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics • Mechanical Eng (Conventional and objective type) by R S KHURMI and J K GUPTA • https://www.google.co.in/webhp? sourceid=chrome- instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8 • http://www.sfu.ca/~mbahrami/ENSC %20388/Notes/Intro%20and%20Basic %20Concepts.pdf • http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age11- 14/Matter/text THANK YOU
“Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence: Cipher 4”: “Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence, #4