University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

Senior High School

Calamba Campus

THE SUPERVISORY PRACTICES OF INSTRUCTIONAL

LEADERS IN BASIC EDUCATION: BASIS FOR A
TRAINING PROGRAM PLAN

A Thesis
Presented to
The Senior High School Department
University of Perpetual Help System-Dalta
Calamba Campus

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Senior High School Department

RYAN MARK O. ALCANSARE

MARVIN D. CERENO
LUZEIL S. EBETE
ABIGAIL B. NEBRIDA

January 2019
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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Profitability brought different changes in the way of

business owner strategize their business. One of the changes that it

brought with is the is the strategy using consignment. It is described as

a situation whereby goods are shipped to a dealer who pays you, the

consignor, referred to as the consignee, has the right to return the

merchandise which does not sell without obligation. It can provide an

incentive for the wholesaler and retailer to stock goods in inventory

because their capital is not tied up in inventory. In this arrangement, the

consignor bears all the expenses of consignment because consignor

has transferred only the possession of goods but not the ownership.

The consignee is only an agent who acts as per the instructions of

consignor. But in this arrangement, there is a possibility of

embezzlement. The consignee can sell the goods and yet not pay the

sale proceeds to consignor.

As the technology developed, the consignment

arrangements have developed from physical to online consignment.

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Many companies like Amazon and E-bay are into this online sale of 3
consigned goods where the consignor displays all the goods from

different brands on websites; buyer selects the goods; places orders to

buy goods by online transfer of money, or cash on delivery options;

consignor ships goods to the buyer through consignee; consignee pays

sale amount to consignor; any dissatisfied product would be sent back

by buyer to consignor through consignee. (chegg.com)

Background of the Study

According to invetopedia.com in the 21st century, so-

called consignment shops have become trendy, especially to those

who offers high-end fashion items. The millennials generation is

known for its economical shopping habits, which include abstain

from high-end stores and designer boutiques and found in favor at

consignment shops.

Consignments arrangements typically are in effect for a

set period of time. Economists list rising student debt, stagnant

wages and the psychological effects of the Great Recession of

2007-2009 as factors pushing younger shoppers toward

consignment shops. After this time, the sale that is not made, the
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goods are returned to their owner. Alternatively, the period of 4

consignment may be extended upon mutual agreement.

Theoretical Framework

Management theories are the set of general rules that

guide the managers to manage an organization. Theories are an

explanation to assist employees to effectively relate to the business

goals and implement effective means to achieve the same. This

leading strategy text presents the complexities of strategic

management through up-to-date scholarship and hands-on

applications. Highly respected authors Charles Hill, Gareth Jones, and

Melissa Schilling integrate cutting-edge research on topics including

corporate performance, governance, strategic leadership, technology,

and business ethics. Based on real-world practices and current thinking

in the field, the eleventh edition of STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

features an increased emphasis on the changing global economy and

its role in strategic management.

This theory is all about the strategic management that

helps to identify the procedures and distribution of resources needed to

achieve those goals. It also helps the business to improve their

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competencies and sustain them. It deals with the decision-making and 5

fulfillment of an organization's future direction.

The theory explores future paths as the study of

strategic management progresses, it is a guide to know the aim of a

business. This theory is connected to our study because our study

wants to know if consignment has an effect in a business and this

theory will help our research to know how a business will work with a

consignment as a business strategy.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS

1. WhatOUTPUT
is the business
profit of the stores which
used 100% consignment?

2. what is the business

profit of the stores which
used 50% consignment?

3. What is the business

profit of the stores which
did not use consignment?

4. Are there any

significant differences
among the business
profit of the stores
across consignment
measures?

FEEDBACK
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Statement of the Problem

Most individuals start upon a small business venture in the hopes of

realizing ownership, independent profits and personal success. However,

some of the business close or fail within the first few years of operation.

One of the reasons why they are closing their business is the excess stack

of product that aren't able to buy by the consumers and also the profit that

they are earning is declining to the expenses that they have. By this study

the researcher will able to know the effectiveness of consignment to the

profit of the business. It will also answer how the consignment affects their

sales and products when its didn’t sold to the market. In this research, the

researchers will gain also a knowledge how consignment works to the

marketplace.

Research Questions

1. What is the business profit of the stores which used

100% consignment?

2. What is the business profit of the stores which used

50% consignment?

3. What is the business profit of the stores which did

not use consignment?

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4. Are there any significant differences among the 7

business profit of the stores across consignment measures?

Significance of the Study

The following are the one who will benefit the study:

Young Entrepreneurs. This study will be beneficial to

young entrepreneurs because this can help them to know if

consignment has an effect to a business.

Readers. Readers will be able to benefit in this study

because this can help them in gathering information and they can

learn from this study.

Student Researchers. This study will be beneficial for

student researchers because this can help them to answer their

curiosity.

Other Researchers. They will benefit this study

because this can serve as a guide to their research. They can use

this to know more about their study.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This present study was delimited to the studying of the

effectiveness of consignment into the 30 chosen business owners

around Calamba, Laguna towards in their revenue, sales, and revenue

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growth. This study only focuses on the business' profits, and its growth 8
to determine the effectivity of consignment. Other factors that can

cause or affect the problem such as business personal information

even the suppliers’ information, customers’ satisfaction towards the

product, and competition to other businesses is not included in this

research. This study will be effective for the year 2019-2020.

Definition of Terms

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Introduction

This chapter includes the ideas and findings of a study and literature.

The purpose of this is to gather sources that are related in our study in

able to reach the desired result. Business Strategy, Business Profitability

and Consignment Effectiveness are the chosen topic that are related in

our study that we conclude in this chapter. It plays the vital role in our

study because it can state how is it important.

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Independent Variable 9
Regarding to Liu (2005), the effectiveness of consignment stock

cooperation on channel profits is simplified in situation of a single-supplier,

single-buyer supply chain with numerical methods. The information is

symmetrical and the demand is deterministic but price-sensitive.

According to Lhi, Zhu, Huang (2009), consignment contracts have

been widely implemented in many industries. Under such contracts, items

are sold at a retailer’s but the supplier retains the full ownership of the

inventory until purchased by consumers; the supplier collects payment

from the retailer based on product have been sold.

Dependent Variable

The supplier and the buyer act independently and rationally, each

maximizing their own particular profit. Price sensitivity affects the

consumers’ purchasing behavior by its degree or price of a product.

Summed up, it's how demand changes with the change in the cost of

products. (Liu, 2005)

Competition among retailers influences the supply chain decisions and

profits under different consignment arrangements, namely a consignment

price contract and a consignment contract with revenue share. (Lhi et al.

2009)
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Intervening Variable

The result of the study demonstrate that consignment stock can

improve the supply chain cooperation and channel profits especially when

the sensitivity of demand to price changes is low which implies that only

arms- length relationship can gain in higher sensitivity of demand to price

changes case. (Liu, 20015)

We find that less retailer differentiation improves the supplier’s profit for

both types of consignment contract. Moreover, less retailer differentiation

improves profits of the retailers in a consignment price contract, but not

necessarily in a consignment contract with revenue share. (Lhi et al. 2009)

According to Adida and Ratisoontorn (2011), consignment deals is

being used in a lot of industries. There are retailers and suppliers, the

retailer purchases the items but the supplier still owns the inventories.

When the retailers sold items, the supplier collects the payment based on

the actual units sold. They found out that the consignment contract

revenue share is more applicable for suppliers because they can get

shares of the income. While the consignment price contract is more

applicable for retailers because it is not necessarily in a consignment

contract with revenue share.

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As cited by Lim, Wang and Wu (2015), retailers only have a limited 11

stockroom in selling goods. Every product sets a manufacturer which the

manufacturer has a consignment contract with revenue sharing by the

retailer. There are other ways in sharing revenue for all products. If

products are complementary, as it increases, retailer will decrease

revenue share to persuade the manufacturer to lower the prices of the

goods.

Based on Battini, Gunasekaran, Faccio, Persona and Sgarbossa

(2010), the consignment stock is a new approach to manage goods which

the seller removes his goods and retain stock of materials for buyers. In

this paper, they deal with inventory system where the vendor supplies

goods to multiple buyers. Single-vendor and multi-buyer consignment

stock inventory model where clients found a consignment policy with the

same vendor. The aim of the paper is to determine the benefits from the

standpoint of both the partners and the supply chain

According to Maclin (2009), many customers prefer to shop at

consignment stores because they can take advantage of bargain. Also,

many charitable shops are offering consigners much percentage. Maclin

also said that consignment stores favor an economic slowdown as it

subsidized the sales.

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It is studied the effectiveness of the consignment stock policy. It is also 12

investigated that the performance of consignment has a better quality

results than the usual. (BC Giri, A Chakraborty, T Maiti, 2017)

Business process management helps companies to support

competitive advantage. A successful implementation of business is

important. This focuses on the business process management’s affection

on organizational performances. Also focuses to help others to understand

more about the field of business. They confirmed that the process

alignment is a moderator that applies to people involvement and on

organizational performance. (Hung, 2006)

According to Yi-Chen Lin, Magnolia Yulan Hsing and Yi-Chuan Wang

(2008), the fast- changing environment and the opposition pressure of

globalization are turning away from the business style of individual

management to the collaboration of the cooperative model. Enterprises

using Collaborative design concerning information transparency can

obtain appeal immediately, and more quickly respond to customer needs.

It is highly interactive progression involving a group of designers,

engineers, consultants and the clients. The research aims to understand

the business model, B to B interaction and performance evaluation for

collaborative design. The research carefully chosen three leading

companies in golf, PC server and LCD industry to do case study. As of

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result of the study collaborative design can build up new business model, 13
make B and B more efficient and further improve business performance.

As stated in Tim Ford (2018), how strategy formation affects small

enterprise owner/managers and business support intermediaries. It

identifies the perceptions and needs of owner/managers to the hard and

soft outcomes leading to the targeted supply to improved workings to keep

the better business outcomes.

As said by Adedayo and Abinusawa (2017), Corporate Venture Capital

(CVC) is use on how business grow and by how a business manages to

have new strategy and to produce something better that includes new

product at services.

As stated by Chaleunsouk (2017), today’s competitive business

environment is unstable and continues to change, so business owners are

facing great challenges in deciding suitable business plans, mainly in

developing countries where there are insufficient studies and inadequate

knowledge on business analysis and organizational strategies.

Organizations need efficient business strategies so that they can strive

and succeed. His research study was aimed to investigate the level of

awareness and understanding of hotel entrepreneurs towards the uses of

business environment analysis tools in Vientiane. This study also

concentrated on the perceptions of hotel entrepreneurs towards the use of

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PESTLE, Porter’s Five Forces and SWOT analysis. Based on the 14

findings, it was found that though the majority of the hotel entrepreneurs

were familiar and use business analysis tools, some of them did not apply

PESTLE and Porter’s Five Forces in their hotel businesses. Besides, the

main difficulties of hotel SMEs to apply business analysis tools were a lack

of concern about organizational plans, inadequate human resources and

limited access to analytical information.

In this paper, they assess the effectiveness of CS (consignment stock)

cooperation on channel profits in simplified situation of a single-supplier,

single-buyer supply chain with numerical methods. We assume that the

information is symmetrical and the demand is deterministic but price-

sensitive. The supplier and the buyer act independently and rationally,

each maximizing their own respective profit. The equilibrium point that

specifies the supplier's and buyer's inventory and pricing policy is

determined by the solution to a Stackelberg game with the supplier acting

as the leader and the buyer acting as the follower. The result of the study

demonstrate that CS can improve the supply chain cooperation and

channel profits especially when the sensitivity of demand to price changes

is low which implies that only arms- length relationship can gain in higher

sensitivity of demand to price changes case.

According to Malhotra and Mackelprang (2017), Inventory

Consignment (IC) has largely been viewed as a method of shifting the

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ownership and cost burden of inventory from buyer to supplier to benefit 15

the buyer. This primarily accounting based viewpoint has largely ignored

process changes that can occur for both the buyer and supplier. These

process changes in turn provide operational benefits for both buyers and

suppliers via the mechanism of increased demand visibility to suppliers.

Through this approach, this study makes a contribution beyond what has

been examined in the prior literature which has mostly dealt with IC as an

accounting based inventory management issue.

According to Junic (2016), the market become two-sided because it is

where the numerous people such as the suppliers and the consumers

exchange their opinions in market.

As stated by Petkovska (2015), innovation is the idea where the

entrepreneurs create a new product and enhance the existing product. It

helps the entrepreneurs to extent growth of their business.

According to Abioye (2016), creating a different business models helps

financial market to not solely produce price for their own advantages, but it

also helps them to contribute to economic process where fulfil their roles

in the society.

Vargas, Gelashvini, Minano stated that companies realize the impact of

their activities on society through social responsibility. Companies think

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that social responsibility can help to get attention to their customers. 16

(Vargas et al., 2015)

The popularity of such an arrangement has come with some continued

debates on who should control the supply chain inventory, the supplier or

retailer. This paper aims at shedding light on these debated issues. We

consider a single period supply chain model where a supplier contracts

with a retailer. Market demand for the product is price-sensitive and

uncertain. The supplier decides his consignment price charged to the

retailer for each unit sold, and the retailer then chooses her retail price for

selling the product. As a result, it is beneficial both to the supplier and to

the retailer when delegating the inventory decision to the supplier rather

than to the retailer in the channel.

Regarding to Zavanella and Zanoni (2009), vendor-managed inventory

(VMI) represents an interesting approach to stock monitoring and control,

and it has been progressively considered and introduced in several

companies. The research proposed investigates the way how a particular

VMI policy, known as Consignment Stock (CS), may represent a

successful strategy for both the buyer and the supplier.

During the distribution phase, packaged consignments are exposed to

a variety of environmental hazards, such as vibrations which may cause

damage to or even destroy the product. The ability of packaging systems

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to withstand these dynamic loads is an important factor, since their 17

function is not only to protect the product but also to ensure that damage

to the package itself is not evidently apparent as this is likely to affect

consumer confidence. Such concerns often result in the use of excessive

packaging material and this is no longer acceptable. The findings of this

study, engineered protective packaging systems need to be optimized.

Such optimization requires a suitable technique for continuously

monitoring the structural integrity of the systems during laboratory-based

vibration testing. (Lamb and Matthew, 2011).

This thesis explores the role of corporate venture capital investment in

business growth strategy. It is particularly concerned with identifying the

corporate venture capital investment options for business development

and growth. Business growth strategy involves choices of products and

services or markets for an organization. A framework linking corporate

venture capital investment with business growth strategy is developed and

is used for identifying the relevant contribution which the different

corporate venture capital investments make to business growth. (Gills,

2019).
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Synthesis

The last part of this chapter is a synthesis. This is a brief

account on how similar or different the current undertaking is to related

studies included in the chapter. An objective critical analysis/judgement

is needed to justify the inclusion of the studies mentioned. This part

puts the bits and pieces of the conceptual literature and studies.

CHAPTER 2
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 19
This chapter starts with the transition paragraph introducing the

contents/parts of the chapter. The different sections are; Research

design; Population and sampling; Respondents of the study;

Instrumentation; validation of instruments; data gathering procedures;

and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The researcher discusses here the methods used as defined by

an authority this part also includes the importance of using the

research method or research design deemed appropriate to the thrust

or objective of the study.

Population and Sampling

The population refers to the complete enumeration of the

individuals/subjects that possess the characteristics or information that

are of interest to the researcher for descriptive or inferential purposes.

The researcher describe the sampling procedures in detail. The

sampling technique used in the choice of subjects/respondents for the

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study explains how the group/s was/were selected, whether 20

representative of the population of interest.

Respondents of the Study

The researcher places here the well-defined population. The

systematic sampling procedure, and the total enumeration or delimited

population in terms of the percentage of samples or respondents used

in the study.

Research Instrument

The researchers discusses here the instrument used to gather

the necessary data to answer the specific problems posed/raised in the

study. This portion indicates if the instrument is a self-made

instrument, standardized, copyrighted, or an adapted one. He clarifies

in this section the mode of responses and the scale to be used as a

part of the assessment tool or measure.

Validation of the Instrument

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The researchers include here the procedure on how the 21

instrument was validated. He cites the names and designations of the

people who validated the instrument. The researcher is therefore

required to indicate the result of the test reliability and validity of the

instrument or the results of the item analysis as the case maybe.

Data Gathering Procedure

This section contains the procedure followed by the researcher

from the time of the distribution of the instrument/questionnaires up to

the time of retrieval.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researcher enumerates here the statistical tools used in

treating the data. He includes here the definition of the statistical

measures and the names of authors. He does not need to write the

formula except for the uncommon or newest formula.

CHAPTER 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA
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This chapter presents the answer to the specific problems 22

earlier raised in the study. The presentation of the findings must be in

the past tense.

CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

The researcher places here the summary of the answers to the

specific problems discussed in chapter 4. This section contains

significant numbers/percentages and also the statistical values used in

testing the hypotheses of the study. He also states/justifies if the

hypothesis/es are accepted or rejected.

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Conclusions 23
After careful analysis of the findings, the researcher enumerates

here the conclusion drawn. These are usually general statements

made based on the

The findings. This part does not contain number/percentages or

statistical values.

Recommendations

After drawing the conclusions, the researchers enumerates here

the recommendations or suggestions offered by the study, further

research, implications like policy, formulation, program develop among

others.