Short answers

1.Define thermal diffusivity.

2 .What is the difference between homogeneous and isotropic material.

3. Discuss about semi infinite body.

4. What are Biot and Fourier numbers? Explain their physical significance.

5. State the scope and application of dimensional analysis in heat transfer process.

6. Draw boundary layer growth in a pipe for laminar and turbulent flows in a pipe and indicate salient
features.

7.Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit area through a copper plate 45 mm thick, whose one face is
maintained at 3500 C and the other face at 500 C. Take thermal conductivity of copper as 370 W/m0C.

8. Calculate the amount of energy required to solder together two very long pieces of bare copper wire
1.5 mm diameter with solder that melts at 190 0C. The wires are positioned vertically in air at 20 0 C.
Assume that the heat transfer coefficient on the wire surface is 20 W/m0 C and thermal conductivity of
wire alloy is 330 W/m 0 C

9. Discuss the physical significance of Stanton number and Grashoff number

10. Write the momentum equation for hydrodynamic boundary layer over a flat plate. Explain the
physical meaning of each term contained in it

11.Give an example of combined conduction and convection mode of heat transfer.

12 .What is thermal contact resistance

13.What is the concept of critical thickness?

14.What is infinite plate in analysis of transient heat conduction?

15.How Reynolds number is a criterion for dynamic similarity.

16.What is Buckingham’s Π theorem?

Essay questions

1.a) Derive general heat conduction equation in Cartesian Co-ordinates. b) What is meant by conduction
shape factor? Explain its significance along with periodic and aperiodic heat transfer.

2. What is the use of initial and boundary conditions? Discuss the conditions: a) Prescribed surface
temperature b) Prescribed heat flux c) Convective condition in detail.
3.a) Define the overall heat transfer coefficient? Obtain the expression for composite wall with three
layers with convective conditions over the wall. b) Distinguish between steady state conduction and
unsteady state conduction

4.a) Develop an expression for temperature distribution in a slab made of single material. b) Sheets of
brass and steel, each of thickness 1cm, are placed in contact. The outer surface of brass is kept at 100 0 C
and the outer surface of steel is kept at 0 0 C. What is the temperature of the common interface? The
thermal conductivities of brass and steel are in the ratio of 2:1

5.a) Differentiate between mechanisms of heat transfer by free and forced convection. Mention some of
the areas where these mechanisms are predominant. b) A nuclear reactor with its core constructed of
parallel vertical plates 2.25 m high and 1.5 wide has been designed on free convection heating of liquid
bismuth. Metallurgical considerations limit the maximum surface temperature of the plate to 975 0 C and
the lowest allowable temperature of bismuth is 325 0 C. Estimate the maximum possible heat dissipation
from both sides of each plate. The appropriate correlation for the convection coefficient is 1 3 Nu Gr =
0.13( Pr) where the different parameters are evaluated at the mean film temperature.

6.a) How are the local and average convection coefficients for flow past a flat plate are related? Derive
the relationship. b) Water at 750 C flows through a 0.005 m diameter tube with a velocity of 1m/s. If the
tube wall temperature is 250 C, make calculations for the heat transfer coefficient. Use the correlation,
St = 0.023 Re 0.2 Pr – 0.667. The thermo-physical properties of water are: Thermal conductivity is 0.647
W/(m.K); Viscosity is 1.977 kg/h.m; Density is 1000 kg/m3 ; Specific heat 4.187 kJ/(kg.K).

7.A standard cast iron pipe (inner diameter = 50 mm and outer diameter = 55 mm) is insulated with 85
percent magnesium insulation (k = 0.02 W/m0C). Temperature at the interface between the pipe and
insulation is 3000 C. The allowable heat loss through the pipe is 600 W/m length of pipe and for the
safety, the temperature of the outside surface of insulation must not exceed 100 0 C. Determine i)
Minimum thickness of insulation and ii) the temperature inside surface of the pipe assuming its thermal
conductivity as 20 W/m0 C.

8. Derive the expression for temperature distribution associated with radial conduction through a
sphere.

9. A turbine blade made of stainless steel (k = 29 W/m0 C) is 60 mm long, 500 mm2 cross-sectional area
and 120 mm perimeter. The temperature of the root of blade is 480 0 C and is exposed to products of
combustion passing through the turbine at 8200 C. If the film coefficient between the blade and the
combustion gases is 320 W/m2oC, determine i) the temperature at the middle of the blade; ii) the rate
of heat flow from the blade.

10. Explain the significance of Heisler charts in solving transient conduction problems.

11. Using Buckingham π dimensional analysis, derive an expression for heat transfer coefficient for a
free convection. The variables involved are h(heat transfer coefficient), ρ(fluid density), D(tube
diameter), µ(fluid viscosity), cp(specific heat), k (thermal conductivity), βg ∆t (β - coefficient of volume
expansion of the fluid, ∆t - difference of temperatures between the heated surface and the undisturbed
fluid

12. A vertical cylinder 1.5 m high and 180 mm in diameter is maintained at 100 0 C in an atmospheric
environment of 200 C. Calculate heat loss by free convection from the surface of the cylinder. Assume
properties of at mean temperature as ρ = 1.06 kg/m3 , υ = 18.97x10-6 m2 /s, cp = 1.004 kJ/kg0C and k =
0.1042 kJ/mh0C.

13.Describe the boundary conditions for steady, unsteady and periodic heat transfer. b) An aluminum
pan whose thermal conductivity is 237W/(m0C) has a flat bottom with diameter 100mm and thickness 6
mm. Heat transferred steadily to boiling water in the pan through its bottom at a rate of 500W. If the
inner surface of the bottom of the pan is at 1500C, determine the temperature of the outer surface of
the bottom of the pan

14. Derive the heat conduction equation in a cylindrical coordinate system.

15. Describe the temperature distribution along the length of a fin for four various boundary conditions
at tip.

16. A very long, 10 mm diameter cooper rod (k= 370W/ (m K)) is exposed to an environment at 200 C.
the base temperature of the rod is maintained at 1200C. The heat transfer coefficient between the rod
and the surrounding air is 10 W/m2 K. a) Determine the heat transfer rate for finite lengths, 0.02,
0.04,0.08,0.2,0.4,0.8,1 and 10 meters assuming heat loss at the end, and b) Compare the result with that
of an infinitely long fin whose tip temperature equals the environment temperature of 200C.

17. Estimate the heat loss from a vertical wall exposed to nitrogen at one atmospheric pressure and 40C.
The wall is 0.2m high and 2.5 m wide, and is maintained at 560C. The average Nusselt number NuH over
the height of the plate for natural convection is given by NuH = 0.13(Gr. Pr) 1/3 . The properties for
nitrogen at a mean film temperature of (56 + 4)/2 = 300C are given as ρ= 1.142 kg/m3 , k = 0.026 W/m K,
v = 15.63 × 10-6 m 2 /s, Pr = 0.713.

18. Derive the expression for boundary layer thickness for free convection heat transfer on a vertical flat
plate.

I request all the3rd mechanical students of KLR college to exercise all questions
and write as assignment and submit it after lack down .Don’t neglect