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Gerard
Archbishop of York
Orders
by Anselm
Personal details
Southwell
Bishop of Hereford
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Archdeacon of Rouen
In office
1085–1092
Monarch William I
William II
Preceded by Maurice
Contents
Bishop of Hereford[edit]
Gerard undertook missions to Pope Urban II, seen here preaching the First Crusade in an illustration from
the Grand Chronicle of France, a work from about 1455.
Gerard was appointed Lord Chancellor of England in 1085, [5] and was present at William
I's deathbed in 1087.[6] He continued as Chancellor to William Rufus until 1092; what
precipitated his loss of office is unclear.[7] He retained the king's trust, for Rufus
employed him in 1095 along with William Warelwast on a diplomatic mission to
Pope Urban II regarding Archbishop Anselm receiving the pallium, the sign of an
archbishop's authority. Rufus offered to recognise Urban as pope rather than
the antipope Clement III in return for Anselm's deposition and the delivery of Anselm's
pallium into Rufus' custody,[a] to dispose of as he saw fit. The mission departed for Rome
in February 1095 and returned by Whitsun with a papal
legate, Walter the Cardinal Bishop of Albano, who had Anselm's pallium. The legate
secured Rufus' recognition of Urban, but subsequently refused to consider Anselm's
deposition. Rufus resigned himself to Anselm's position as archbishop, and at the king's
court at Windsor he consented to Anselm being given the pallium. [9]
Although not yet ordained, Gerard was rewarded with the Bishopric of Hereford, [4] and
he was consecrated by Archbishop Anselm on 8 June 1096;[10] his ordination as
a deacon and priest had taken place the previous day.[2][11] He assisted at the
consecration of St Paul's Cathedral in London on 9 June 1096.[4] He may have been a
member of the hunting party in the New Forest on 2 August 1100 when Rufus was
killed, as he witnessed King Henry I's coronation charter – now known as the Charter of
Liberties – three days later at Winchester, close by the New Forest. [12] Gerard was
present at Henry's coronation that same day, along with Maurice, Bishop of London.
Henry was probably crowned by Maurice, but the medieval chronicler Walter Map states
that Gerard crowned Henry in return for a promise of the first vacant archbishopric.
[13]
Gerard may have assisted Maurice in the coronation ceremony. [14]
Archbishop[edit]
Gerard became Archbishop of York in December 1100. [15] No source mentions him
being invested by the king, but as Anselm urged Pope Paschal II to give Gerard his
pallium, which he would have been unlikely to do if Gerard had been invested by Henry,
that possibility seems remote.[16] At Whitsun in 1101 King Henry I, with Anselm's support,
deprived Ranulf Flambard, Bishop of Durham, of the lands of the see of Durham,
because Ranulf had defected to Henry's elder brother Robert Curthose, who also
claimed the English throne. Gerard then deposed Ranulf from his bishopric. [17] Soon after
his translation to York, Gerard began a long dispute with Anselm, claiming equal
primacy with the Archbishop of Canterbury and refusing to make a profession of
canonical obedience to Anselm, part of the long Canterbury–York dispute. At the
1102 Council of Westminster, Gerard reportedly kicked over the smaller chair provided
for him as Archbishop of York, and refused to be seated until he was provided with one
as large as Anselm's.[18] He travelled to Rome in 1102 to receive his pallium from the
pope,[1] to whom he presented the king's side against Anselm in the controversy
surrounding investitures.[19] The pope decided against the king, but Gerard and two other
bishops reported that the pope had assured them that the various papal decrees
against the lay investiture of bishops would not be enforced. Their claim was denied by
Anselm's representatives and the pope, [2][20] who excommunicated Gerard until he
recanted.[21]
Notes[edit]
1. ^ An anti-pope is a clergyman elected alongside an already elected
pope, usually because of a contested election. The period from 1059
to 1179 was a period when there were numerous antipopes; in 75 of
those 120 years there were at least two claimants to the papal throne.
[8]
2. ^ Paschal II's letter to the Scottish bishops is the earliest known papal
letter to Scotland.[22]
3. ^ Olaf had been in exile in England and is likely to have met Gerard
there.[23]
4. ^ Priestly celibacy was not enforced with any rigour until the 12th
century; most clergy of the 11th century would have been sons of
priests.[30] Nor was it required that all cathedral clergy be ordained
priests, they could have only taken vows for one of the lower orders of
the clergy, such as the subdeaconate or deaconate.[31]
5. ^ This collection was made about 1200 at Rufford
Abbey in Nottinghamshire.[38] and includes five poems by Gerard, all on
folio 61 of the manuscript.[39]
Citations[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to: Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300:
a b c
249
25. ^ Green Henry I pp. 61–62
26. ^ Cantor Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture pp. 166–167
27. ^ Nicholl Thurstan p. 26
28. ^ Vaughn Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan pp. 334–336
29. ^ Jump up to:a b Nicholl Thurstan pp. 43–44
30. ^ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West p. 40
31. ^ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West p. 34
32. ^ Nicholl Thurstan p. 114
33. ^ Jump up to:a b Barlow English Church 1066–1154 p. 72
34. ^ Barlow English Church 1066–1154 p. 247
35. ^ Jump up to:a b Barlow English Church 1066–1154 p. 259
36. ^ Jump up to:a b Sharpe Handlist of Latin Writers pp. 137–138
37. ^ Staff "Full Description: Cotton Titus D.xxiv" Manuscripts Catalogue
38. ^ Mozley "Collection of Mediaeval Latin Verse" Medium Aevum p. 1
39. ^ Mozley "Collection of Mediaeval Latin Verse" Medium Aevum pp. 8–
9
References[edit]
Barlow, Frank (1979). The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the
Anglo-Norman Church. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-50236-5.
Barlow, Frank (1983). William Rufus. Berkeley: University of California
Press. ISBN 0-520-04936-5.
Barrow, J. S. (2002). Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 8:
Hereford: Bishops. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the
original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 26 October2007.
Bartlett, Robert C. (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings:
1075–1225. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822741-8.
Broun, Dauvit (2000). "The Church of St Andrews and its Foundation
Legend in the Twelfth Century: Recovering the Full Text of Version A of the
Foundation Legend". In Taylor, Simon (ed.). Kings, Clerics and Chronicles
in Scotland, 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on
the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-
85182-516-9.
Burton, Janet (2004). "Gerard (d. 1108)". Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10547.
Retrieved 5 April 2008. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Cantor, Norman F. (1958). Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture in
England 1089–1135. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press. OCLC 2179163.
Douglas, David C. (1964). William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact
Upon England. Berkeley, CA: University of California
Press. OCLC 399137.
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of
British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
Green, Judith A. (2006). Henry I: King of England and Duke of Normandy.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74452-2.
Greenway, Diana E. (1999). Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300:
Volume 6: York: Archbishops. Institute of Historical Research. Archived
from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 5 April2008.
Hamilton, Bernard (2003). Religion in the Medieval West (Second ed.).
London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-80839-X.
Hollister, C. Warren (2001). Frost, Amanda Clark (ed.). Henry I. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08858-2.
Mozley, J. H. (1942). "The Collection of Mediaeval Latin Verse in MS
Cotton Titus D.xxiv". Medium Aevum. 11: 1–
45. doi:10.2307/43626228. JSTOR 43626228.
Nicholl, Donald (1964). Thurstan: Archbishop of York (1114–1140). York,
UK: Stonegate Press. OCLC 871673.
Sharpe, Richard (2001). Handlist of the Latin Writers of Great Britain and
Ireland Before 1540. Publications of the Journal of Medieval Latin. 1 (2001
revised ed.). Belgium: Brepols. ISBN 2-503-50575-9.
Southern, R. W. (1970). Western Society and the Church in the Middle
Ages. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-020503-9.
Staff. "Full Description: Cotton Titus D.xxiv". Manuscripts Catalogue.
British Library. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012.
Retrieved 15 July 2011.
Vaughn, Sally N. (1987). Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The
Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent. Berkeley:
University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05674-4.
Watt, D. E. R. (Autumn 1994). "Bishops in the Isles before 1203:
Bibliography and Biographical Lists". The Innes Review. XLV (2): 99–
119. doi:10.3366/inr.1994.45.2.99.
Further reading[edit]
Galbraith, V. H. (January 1931). "Girard the Chancellor". The English
Historical Review. 46 (181): 77–
79. doi:10.1093/ehr/XLVI.CLXXXI.77. JSTOR 553307.
Political offices
Preceded by
Bishop of Hereford Succeeded by
Robert the
1096–1100 Roger
Lotharingian
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Bishops of Hereford
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