Module-3

Embedded System Components: Embedded Vs General computing system,

Classification of Embedded systems, Major applications and purpose of ES. Core of
an Embedded System including all types of processor/controller, Memory, Sensors,
Actuators, LED, 7 segment LED display, Optocoupler, Relay, Piezo buzzer, Push
button switch, Communication Interface (onboard and external types), Embedded
firmware, Other system components.
(Text 2: All the Topics from Ch-1 and Ch-2, excluding 2.3.3.4 (stepper motor), 2.3.3.8
(keyboard) and 2.3.3.9 (PPI) sections). L1, L2, L3

MODULE-3
EMBEDDED SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
 EMBEDDED VS GENERAL COMPUTING SYSTEM,
 CLASSIFICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS,
 MAJOR APPLICATIONS AND PURPOSE OF ES.
 CORE OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM INCLUDING ALL TYPES OF
PROCESSOR/CONTROLLER,
 MEMORY,
 SENSORS,
 ACTUATORS,
 LED,
 7 SEGMENT LED DISPLAY,
 OPTOCOUPLER,
 RELAY,
 PIEZO BUZZER,
 PUSH BUTTON SWITCH,
 COMMUNICATION INTERFACE (ONBOARD AND EXTERNAL TYPES),
 EMBEDDED FIRMWARE,
 OTHER SYSTEM COMPONENTS.

(TEXT 2: ALL THE TOPICS FROM CH-1 AND CH-2, EXCLUDING 2.3.3.4 (STEPPER
MOTOR), 2.3.3.8 (KEYBOARD) AND 2.3.3.9 (PPI) SECTIONS). L1, L2, L3
 EMBEDDED VS GENERAL COMPUTING SYSTEM
1. What is an Embedded System?

2. Embedded System vs. General Computing System

DETAILS OF THE TOPICS
1. What is an Embedded System?
It is the simple definition statement from which, we should be able to
understand the meaning of ES i.e. ES are ment for single functioned
applications and they require both hardware and software...
2. Embedded System vs. General Computing System
Here if you go through the above table, few highlighting comparisons are
given; let us discuss them one by one.
#1 and 2 are related to the software and hardware requirements, we can
observe here that GPCS can be built with a general hardware design ,with
general OS like windows series or even Linux OS, where as for ES the
hardware should be specific and also OS required will be real-time OS like
Linux, Vx-works etc.
#3 and 4 are about are about application types
#5 is about power requirements i.e. in case of ES power can be used at
different modes but GPCS can also operate at different power levels but
GPCS are not flexible in terms of power utility.
#6 and 7 are self explainatory.
 CLASSIFICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

1. Based on Generation
Generation CPU Coding Hardware/Software Example
Capacity Style/OS
First 4/8 bit .ASM Simple/Simple 8085
Second 16 bit .ASM,.C Complicated/Updated SCADA
But yet better than
previous
Third 32 bit .ASM,.C Complicated/Updated ASICS/DSP
But yet better than
previous
Fourth >32 bit .ASM,.C and Complicated/Updated Soc, Smart
others But yet better than phones etc
previous
Next?

2. Complexity and Performance Requirements.

TEXT
SSE
MSE
LSE
Small Scale Embedded Systems:
These types of embedded systems are designed with a single 8-bit or 16-bit
microcontroller.
They have tiny scaled hardware, software complexities and involve board-level design.
They may even be battery operated.
When embedded software is developing for this tiny scaled hardware, an editor, an
assembler or cross assembler, specific to the microcontroller or processor used, are
the main programming tools.
Usually, ‘C programming language’ is used for developing these systems. ‘C’ program
compilation is done into the assembly, and executable codes are then appropriately
located in the system memory.
The software has to fit within the memory existing and keep in view the need to limit
power dissipation when system is running continuously.

Medium Scale Embedded Systems:

These systems are usually designed with a single or few 16-bit or 32-bit
microcontrollers or Digital Signal Processor (DSPs) or Reduced Instruction Set
Computers (RISCs) being used.
These system have both hardware and software complexities. For complex software
design of medium scale embedded system, there are the following programming
tools: RTOS, Source code engineering tool, Simulator, Debugger and Integrated
Development Environment (IDE).
Software tools also give the clarifications to the hardware complexities.
An assembler is of slight use as a programming tool.
These systems may also utilize the readily available Application-Specific Standard
Product (ASSPs) and IPs for the various functions.
For example, for the bus interfacing, encrypting, deciphering, discrete cosine
transformation and inverse transformation, TCP/IP protocol is stacking and network
connecting functions.

Sophisticated Embedded Systems:

Sophisticated embedded systems have massive hardware 32bit or 64bit controllers
and software complexities and may require ASIPs, IPs and PLAs scalable or
configurable processors and programmable logic arrays.
They are used for cutting edge applications that require hardware and software co-
design and integration in the final system.
They are constrained by the processing speeds available in their hardware units.
Certain software functions such as encryption and deciphering algorithms
Development tools for these systems may not be readily available at a reasonable cost
or may not be available at all.
In some cases, a compiler or retargetable (Compiler configures according to the
specific target) compiler might have to be developed for these.
 TOPICS COVERED HERE ARE TILL 23/03/2020

EMBEDDED VS GENERAL COMPUTING SYSTEM and CLASSIFICATION OF

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.

Further notes will be attached by tomorrow morning.