NITRIC OXIDE DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR NEONATAL

APPLICATIONS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering
By
THERA CHAKRADHAR REDDY(3513489)
THIPPAREDDY SANDEEP REDDY(3513490)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC

JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI,

CHENNAI - 600 119

 APRIL 2019

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI - 600 119
www.sathyabama.ac.in

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of

THERA CHAKRADHAR REDDY (3513489),THIPPAREDDY SANDEEP
REDDY(3513490) who carried out the project entitled “NITRIC OXIDE
DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR NEONATAL APPLICATIONS” under my
supervision from NOVEMBER 2018 to APRIL 2019

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Submitted for Viva voce Examination held on_____________________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION

I THERA CHAKRADHAR REDDY, THIPPAREDDY SANDEEP REDDY

hereby declare that the Project Report entitled NITRIC OXIDE DELIVERY

SYSTEM FOR NEONATAL APPLICATIONS done by me under the guidance

of Dr.M.Sumathi, Prof is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication

Engineering.

DATE:
PLACE: SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am pleased to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Board of

Management of SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this
project and for completing it successfully. I am grateful to them.

I convey my thanks to Dr. N. M. NANDHITHA, M.E. Ph.D, Dean, School of

ELECTRONICS and Dr.T.Ravi, M.E, Ph.D, Head of the Department,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing
me necessary support and details at the right time during the progressive
reviews.

I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my Project

Guide Dr. M SUMATHI, M.E, Ph.D , for her valuable guidance, suggestions
and constant encouragement paved way for the successful completion of my
project work.

I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my Project

Guide Dr. KAVIPRIYA, B.E, for her valuable guidance, suggestions and
constant encouragement paved way for the successful completion of my
project work.

I wish to express my thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members

of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering who
were helpful in many ways for the completion of the project.
 ABSTRACT

Nitric oxide sedation is used widely for respiratory Assistance because of its
relative safety and efficacy. Inhaled nitric oxide(NO) acutely improves
systematic oxygenation in many newborns with respiratory failure and
pulmonary hypertension. The inhaled nitric oxide (NO) therapy shall reduce
the clinical necessity of a left-to-right shunt and contribute to cardiac relief.
Nitric oxide is used in many physiological processes like neurotransmission
and platelet aggregation and is also a naturally occurring vasodilator. A
mechanical blender is used to combine nitric oxide(NO) with oxygen, in order
to reduce the cost. To improve accuracy cubic centimeters/min(cc/min)
flowmeters are replaced with litre/min(Lpm). Even reservoir bag has been
removed from the existing module, which is responsible for making the
gasses toxic(rare cases). Respiratory gases are added to nitric oxide(NO) to
enhance the oxygenation of ventilated patients. Inhaled nitric oxide acutely
improves systemic oxygenation in many newborns with respiratory failure and
pulmonary hypertension. The diagnosis is helpful in identifying patients who
will have favorable acute responses to therapy. In patients with severe
hypoxemia, the need for invasive support with extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation may be determined by an acute trial of inhaled nitric oxide.If a
safety feature failure is suspected during administration of nitric oxide -
oxygen sedation, the clinician should remove the face mask from the patient
immediately.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW OF NITRIC OXIDE THERAPY 1

1.2 PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN 2

NEWBORN

1.3 NITRIC OXIDE GAS 2

1.3.1 Properties Of Nitric Oxide 3

1.3.2 Structural View Of Nitric Oxide(No) 4

1.3.3 Formation Of Nitric Oxide(No) 4

1.3.4 Interesting Facts About Nitric Oxide 4

1.3.5 Uses Of Nitric Oxide In Medical Field 5

1.4 OXYGEN GAS 5

1.4.1 Properties Of Oxygen 6

1.4.2 Structural View Of Oxygen 6

1.4.3 Formation Of Oxygen 7

1.4.4 Interesting Facts About Oxygen 7

1.4.5 Uses Of Oxygen In Medical Field 7

1.5 USES OF NITRIC OXIDE (NO) 8

1.5.1 Mechanisam Of Pulmonary Vasolidation 8

1.5.2 Pulmonary Selectivity Of Inhaled Nitric Oxide 8

1.6 EVIDENCE BASE FOR EFFECTIVENESS OF NO 9

 1.6.1 TERM BABIES
10

1.6.2 PRETERM BABIES

10

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE

1 1.7 DOSAGE USED 11

1.7.1 Term Babies 11

1.7.2 Preterm Babies 11

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 12

3 EXISTING SYSTEM 19

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXISTING SYSTEM 19

3.2 DRAWBACKS OF THE EIXSTING SYSTEM 21

3.2.1 Presence Of Reservoir Bag 21

3.2.2 High Scale Flowmeters(Lpm) 22

3.2.3 Fully Automated Blenders 22

3.3 SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY 22

3.3.1 Raised Methaemaglobin Levels 22

3.3.2 Bleeding 22

3.3.3 Formation Of Nitrogen Dioxide 22

3.4 SAFETY 23

3.4.1 Basic Safety Recommendations 23

3.4.2 Cylinder And Regulator Safety 24

 3.5 STAFF SAFETY 25

3.6 WARNINGS 26

3.7 MANUAL HANDLING 26

3.8 INSTALLING A CYLINDER 27

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE

3 3.8.1 Prior To Connecting The Cylinder 28

3.9 NURSING CARE 29

4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 30

4.1 AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 31

4.2 FEATURES 31

4.3 COMPONENTS 31

4.3.1 Nirtic Oxide Gas Cylinder 31

4.3.2 Oxygen Gas Cylinder

32

4.3.3 Regulator
33

4.3.4 Flow Meters

34

4.3.5 Oxygen Analyser

35

4.3.6 Nitric Oxide Analyser

36

4.3.7 Ventilator
37
 4.3.8 Mechanical Ventilator
38

4.3.9 Function Of A Ventilator

41

5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

43

5.1 TABULATION FOR 3000CC/MIN

43

5.1.1 Graphical Representaion For 3000CC/Min

44

5.2 TABULATION FOR 5000CC/MIN

45

5.2.1 Graphical Representation For 5000CC/Min

46

5.3 DERIVED FORMULA

47

5.3.1 Working Example For 3000CC/Min

47

5.3.2 Working Example For 5000Cc/Min 48

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 49

6.1 FUTURE SCOPE 49

REFERENCES 50

LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NO FIGURE NAME
PAGE

1.1 STRUCTURE OF NITRIC OXIDE 4

1.2 STRUCTURE OF OXYGEN 6

1.3 DIFFUSION OF NITRIC OXIDE 9

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXISTING SYSTEM 19

3.2 NITRIC OXIDE CYLINDER 27

3.3 INSTALLING OF CYLINDER 27

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 30

4.2 CAPACITY OF NITRIC OXIDE CYLINDERS 32

4.3 OXYGEN GAS CYLINDER 33

4.4 DIAGRAM OF REGULATOR 34

4.5 DIAGRAM OF FLOWMETER 35

4.6 DIAGRAM OF OXYGEN ANALYSER 36

4.7 NITRIC OXIDE ANALYSER 37

4.8 DIAGRAM OF VENTILATOR 38

LIST OF FIGURES

GRAPH NO GRAPH NAME

PAGE

5.1 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF 3000CC/MIN 44

5.2 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF 5000CC/MIN 46