REMOVAL OF CARBON PARTICLES FROM

INERTGAS USING ESP

APROJECTREPORT
Submitted by

GANESH KUMAR.M - 410815113014

PRAKASH.V - 410815113018

SUTHAKAR.M - 410815113032

SURYA PRAKASH.M - 410815113033

In partial fulfillment for the award of the

degreeof

BACHELOR OF

ENGINEERINGIN

MARINE ENGINEERING

GKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGYCHENNAI – 600063

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI – 600025

MAY – 2019
 ANNAUNIVERSITY:CHENNAI–600025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certificate that this project report “ REMOVAL OF CARBON

PARTICLESFROM INERT GAS USING ESP ” is the bonafide
work of "GANESH KUMAR (41813113002) , PRAKASH.V
(410813113006) ,SUTHAKAR.M (410813113009) ,SURIYA PRAKASH.M
(41813113004) ”who carried out the project work under my supervision

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Prof.Mr.K.RADHAKRISHNAN, Mr.R.KARTHIC

KUMAR CHIEF ENGINEER ASSISTANT

PROFESSOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

SUPERVISOR
DEPARTMENTOFMARINEENGINEERINGDEPARTMENTOFMARINEENGINEERING

GKMCOLLEGEOFENGINEERINGGKMCOLLEGEOFENGINEERINGANDTECH

NOLOGY, ANDTECHNOLOGY,

GKM NAGAR , GKM NAGAR ,

NEW PERUNGULATHUR , NEW

PERUNGULATHUR,CHENNAI – 600063

CHENNAI – 600063

Submitted for viva vice Examination held on ……………

EXTERNAL EXAMINER INTERNAL EXAMINER

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank god almighty for enabling me to complete my project.We would like

to express deep gratitude and our sincere thanks to CEO Dr.B.Sujatha
Balasubramanian M.N.A., Ph.D., who was the main inspiration behind our project.
We are really grateful to our honourable Managing Director Mr.
C.Balasubramanian., for his kind cooperation, moral support and facilities he extended
to us

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our Principal

Dr.N.S.Bhuvaneswari., for his support he extended to us for or project. We would also
like to express our sincere thanks to our respected Director, Dr.K.O.Joseph
M.E.,M.Tech.,Ph.D and Register Dr.M.Babu., and beloved Head of the department
Prof Mr.K.Radhakrishnan Chief engineer, who encouraged us for the completion of
our project successfully

We are indebted and thankful to our Project Guide Mr. Surya Varman
Assistant Professor, for his dedication and willingness to guide us in completion of the
project. Further the acknowledgement would be incomplete if we would not mention a
word of thanks to our most beloved teachers, parents and friends whose continuous
support and encouragement all way throughout the course had let us to purse the degree
and confidently complete the project

Place : CHENNAI STUDENT NAME & REG.NO

Date : (410815113033) SURYA PRAKASH.M

(410815113014)GANESHKUMAR.M

(410815113018)PRAKASH.V
(410815113032)SUTHAKAR.M

ii
 ABSTRACT

The marine environment protection has become a

crucialproblem and the authorities are requested to set increasingly more stringent
limits,one of which is the emissions from the main engine exhaust and
boiler exhaustplants of solid particulate and other gaseous pollutants. To
remove the dust &carbon particles from the boiler exhaust gas we are
going to use the"ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR" by electrostatic
attraction method.An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is an device that
removes dust & carbonparticles from a flowing gas using the force of an induced
electrostatic attractionElectrostatic precipitator (ESPs) are the most commonly
used, effective, andreliable particulate control devices. Electrostatic precipitators
are highly efficientfiltration devices that allow the flow of gases through the
device, and can easilyremove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke
from the air streamPrecipitators function by electro-statically charging the
dust particles in the gasstream. The charged particles are then attracted to and
deposited on plates or othercollection devices. When enough dust has accumulated,
the collectors are shakento dislodge the dust, causing it to fall with the force of
gravity to hoppers below.The dust is then removed by a conveyor system for
disposal . Depending upon dustcharacteristics and the gas volume to be treated,
there are many different sizes,types and designs of electrostatic precipitators.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE NO

TITLE PAGE

CERTIFICATE PAGE

iACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iiABSTRACT

iiiTABLE OF CONTENT

ivLIST OF FIGURES

viiLIST OF TABLES

viii

1 INTRODUCTION – GENERAL 1

1.1ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR (ESP) 1

1.1.1 PINICIPAL OF ESP 1

1.1.1.1 ELECTROSTATIC FORCE 2

1.1.1.2 COLUMB’S LAW 3

1.1.1.3 NEWTON’S LAW AND

THE ELECTRIC FORCE 3

1.1.2 HISTORY OF ESP 4

1.1.3 TYPES OF ESP 5

1.1.3.1 PLATE PRECIPITATOR 5

4
 CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE NO

1.1.3.2 TUBULAR PRECIPITATOR 6

1.1.3.3 SINGLE STAGE PRECIPITATOR 7

1.1.3.4 TWO STAGE PRECIPITATOR 7

1.1.3.5 DRY ESP’S 8

1.1.3.6 WET ESP’S 8

1.2 INERT GAS SYSTEM 9

1.2.1 INERT GAS 9

1.2.2 SYSTEM ON SHIP 9

1.3 BOILER EXHAUST 11

1.3.1 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF

EXHAUST GAS ATOMS 11

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL 12

2.2 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE

REVIEW 18

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 SELECTION OF COMPONENTS 19

3.2 PRINICIPAL OF ESP OPERATION 21

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE NO

4 DESIGN

4.1 INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR

DESIGNING OF ESP 24

4.2 COLLECTION EFFICIENCY 25

5 PERFORMANCE OF ESP

5.1 PERFORMANCE OF ESP 26

5.2 GENERAL PRESCRIPTION OF RESISTVITY

AND PARTICLE SIZE 26

6 IMPLEMENTATION OF ESP IN IG SYSTEM 30

7 COMPARISION & RESULT 33

8 CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION 36

REFERENCES 37
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1.1 BASIC DIAGRAM OF AN
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
2(ESP)
1.2 PLATE ESP 5
1.3 TUBULAR ESP 6
1.4 TWO STAGE ESP 7
1.5 INERT GAS SYSTEM 9
1.6 ARRANGEMENT OF INERT GAS
SYSTEM IN SHIP 10
3.1 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
OPERATION 22 & 23
5.1 ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORPERFORMANCE CURVE
29
6.1 IG SYSTEM WITH ESP 31

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

1.1 ANALYSISED REPORT OF BOILER
EXHAUST 11
5.1 CHARACTERSTICS OF DUSTS 28
7.1 POWER PLANT COLLECTION 40
EFFICIENCY
7.2 COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF ESP 42

viii
 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.GENERAL

Shipping is the primary means of transport worldwide Today’s

globalizedworld trade would not be able to perform, without ships, after all approximately 70%
of the earthis covered by water. While pollutant emissions from land-based sources are
gradually comingdown, those from shipping shows a continuous increase a major challenge for
the industry todayis to transfer technology from laboratories to ships order to reduce harmful
emissions and obtainthe benefit to wider society investments is upgrading older ships are
necessary to make them ‘GREENER ’ and more efficient also in view of setting a benchmark
for future new building.

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT :

1. To prevent the impacts of pollutants on Marine environment.

2. To learn about the pollution control techniques
3. Gain the knowledge of the preventing devices

1.1 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration device that removes

fineparticles, like dust and carbon , from a flowing gas using the force of an induced
electrostaticcharge minimally impeding the flow of gases through the unit.

1.1.1 PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

Electrostatic attraction is the phenomenon where a negatively charged atom

ormolecule is attracted to a positively charged atom or molecule. Electrostatic repulsion
occursbetween two atoms of the same charge . This is the principle mainly involved in ESP.

1
 FIGURE 1.1

1.1.1.1 ELECROSTATIC FORCE

Electrostatic force, which is also called the Coulomb force or

Coulombinteraction, is defined as the attraction or repulsion of different particles and materials
based ontheir electrical charges. Electrostatic force is one of the most basic forms of forces used
in thephysical sciences, and was discovered by a French physicist named Charles-Augustin
deCoulomb in the 1700s. Coulomb discovered electrostatic force after undertaking an
experiment,and used the concept of electrostatic force to describe the interaction of particles and
moleculesin a given space
1.1.1.2 COULOMB'S LAW

Coulomb's law, or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics

thatdescribes force interacting between static electrically charged particles. In its scalar form, the
lawis:

where ke is Coulomb's constant (ke = 8.99×109 N m2 C−2), q1 and q2 are the signed magnitudes
ofthe charges, and the scalar r is the distance between the charges. The force of interaction
betweenthe charges is attractive if the charges have opposite signs (i.e., F is negative) and
repulsive iflike-signed (i.e., F is positive).

1.1.1.3 Newton's Laws and the Electrical Force

The attractive or repulsive interaction between any two charged objects

isan electric force. Like any force, its effect upon objects is described by Newton's laws
ofmotion. The electric force - Felect - joins the long list of other forces that can act upon
objects.Newton's laws are applied to analyze the motion (or lack of motion) of objects
under theinfluence of such a force or combination of forces. The analysis usually begins
with theconstruction of a free-body diagram in which the type and direction of the individual
forces arerepresented by vector arrows and labeled according to type. The magnitudes of
the forces arethen added as vectors in order to determine the resultant sum, also known as the
net force. Thenet force can then be used to determine the acceleration of the object.

3
1.1.2 HISTORY OF ESP

The first use of corona discharge to remove particles from an aerosol was
by
Hohlfeld in 1824. However, it was not commercialized until almost a century later.

In 1907 Frederick Gardner Cottrell, a professor of chemistry at the

Universityof California, Berkeley, applied for a patent on a device for charging particles and then
collectingthem through electrostatic attraction—the first electrostatic precipitator. Cottrell first
applied thedevice to the collection of sulphuric acid mist and lead oxide fumes emitted from
various acid-making and smelting activities. Wine-producing vineyards in northern California
were beingadversely affected by the lead emissions.

At the time of Cottrell's invention, the theoretical basis for operation was
notunderstood. The operational theory was developed later in Germany, with the work of
WalterDeutsch and the formation of the Lurgi company.

Cottrell used proceeds from his invention to fund scientific research throughthe
creation of a foundation called Research Corporation in 1912, to which he assigned
thepatents. The intent of the organization was to bring inventions made by educators
(such asCottrell) into the commercial world for the benefit of society at large. The operation of
ResearchCorporation is funded by royalties paid by commercial firms after
commercialization occurs.Research Corporation has provided vital funding to many scientific
projects: Goddard's rocketryexperiments, Lawrence's cyclotron, production methods for
vitamins A and B1, among manyothers.

By a decision of the US Supreme Court, the Corporation had to be split

intoseveral entities. The Research Corporation was separated from two commercial firms making
thehardware: Research-Cottrell Inc. (operating east of the Mississippi River) and
WesternPrecipitation (operating in the western states). The Research Corporation continues to be
activeto this day, and the two companies formed to commercialize the invention for
industrial andutility applications are still in business as well.

Electrophoresis is the term used for migration of gas-suspended

chargedparticles in a direct-current electrostatic field. Traditional CRT television sets tend to
accumulatedust on the screen because of this phenomenon (a CRT is a direct-current machine
operating atabout 35 kilovolts).

4
1.1.3 TYPES OF ESP

ESPs are classified based on a number of different factors,

includingthe collector design, the number of stages, and whether the process is dry or wet.

1.1.3.1 Plate Precipitators:

Plate ESPs primarily collect dry particles and are used more often than
tubularprecipitators. They can have wire-plate or flat-plate electrodes.

Plate-Wire Precipitators:

In a plate-wire ESP, gas flows between parallel plates of sheet metal and high-
voltage long metal wires. It allows many flow lanes to operate in parallel, making it suitable
forhandling large volumes of gas. Plate-wire precipitators are among the most common
types ofESPs. In industry, they are used in cement kilns, incinerators, boilers, cracking
units, sinterplants, furnaces, coke oven batteries, and a variety of other applications.

Flat Plate Precipitators:

FIG 1.2 - Plate ESP

 Smaller precipitators use flat plates instead of wires for high-
voltageelectrodes. The flat plates increase the average electric field used to collect particles and
provideadditional surface area for particle collection. They are less susceptible to back
corona thanconventional plate-wire precipitators but also have higher rapping losses. Flat plate
ESPs can beused in applications with high-resistivity particles with small (1 to 2 µm) diameters.
Fly ash canbe captured using flat plate ESPs, but typically requires low velocities to
prevent significantrapping losses.

1.1.3.2 Tubular Precipitators:

Tubular ESPs consist of parallel arrangements of tubes with high-

voltageelectrodes running on their axis. The tubes may be arranged as a circular, square, or
hexagonalhoneycomb with gas flowing upwards or downwards. They are designed as one-stage
units inwhich all the gas passes through the tube, eliminating sneakage. They are still
susceptible toinefficiencies from corona non-uniformities. Tubular precipitators are less
common than platetypes. They are used in applications involving wet or sticky particulate, and
are typically cleanedwith water for lower reentrainment losses than typical ESPs. They also can
be tightly sealed toprevent leakage of material, an important consideration for valuable or
hazardous substances.

FIG 1.3 - Tubular ESP

6
1.1.3.3 Single-Stage Precipitator:

Most industrial scale ESPs are single stage. They use very high voltages
tocharge particles and incorporate charging and collection together in the same stage. Sets
ofelectrodes and collector surfaces (plates or tubes) operate in parallel to each other.

1.1.3.4 Two-Stage Precipitators:

Two-stage ESPs operate in series rather than parallel configuration. Instead

ofusing a side by side design, they incorporate separate particle charging and collection
stages.This allows more time for particle charging, less susceptibility to back corona, and
economicalconstruction for smaller sizes. Two-stage precipitators are separate and
distinct from otherESPs, originally designed for air purification in conjunction with air
conditioning systems. Theyare typically used for smaller, lower-volume applications. They are
usually applied to submicronsources emitting oil mists, smokes, fumes, or other liquid
aerosols. Many are sold as pre-engineered, package systems.

FIG 1.4 - Two stage precipitator

Selection Tip:
Many small ESPs that do not have a self-cleaning mechanism are best used
for ambient capture of light dusts and mists. Under heavy particulate loads, ESP collector
plateswill fill up much more quickly than fabric bags or other filter media because there is much
lesssurface area. Heavy dust collection for commercial ESPs requires storage for large volumes
ofsolids.
1.1.3.5 Dry ESPs

Dry electrostatic precipitators are used to capture particles in dry

productstreams. They use periodic rapping to separate the accumulated dust from the collector
plates anddischarge electrodes. The dust layer (released by rapping) is collected in a
hopper and thenremoved by an ash handling system. Typically, rapping will also project some
of these particles(around 10-15 percent) back into the gas stream (known as
reentrainment). Dry electrostaticprecipitators are often not suitable for submicron particulate
applications because of particle size,resistivity, and other issues.

1.1.3.6 Wet ESPs (WESPs)

Wet electrostatic precipitators are used to strip wet (saturated) gas

streamsof particles. They use water sprays to condition/trap particles for collection and also to
clean theparticles off collection surfaces. WESPs collect particulate matter not suitable for
dry ESPs,including sticky, moist, flammable, explosive, or high resistivity solids. WESPs can
also removevery fine (submicron) particulate that dry ESPs cannot capture effectively. The use of
water alsogives these devices gas scrubbing capabilities. Most wet precipitators are tubular
designs.However, WESPs are more costly than dry ESPs. Because they incorporate water and
corrosivegases, they must be designed from more expensive corrosion-resistant materials.
Anotherdisadvantage of WESPs is that the PM is collected as a slurry instead of a dry solid. This
form isunsuitable for high value or recyclable materials and is more expensive to handle and
dispose. Ifthe water is being recycled and reused, the system also must incorporate a
water purificationstep.

1.2 INERT GAS SYSTEM

Inert Gas Systems

8
 FIGURE 1.5

Inert gas systems produce and distributes inert gas based on combustion
ofhydrocarbon fuels. Combustion generated inert gas provides the lowest cost generators possible

1.2.1 INERT GAS

Inert gas is a gas or a mixture of gases containing insufficient oxygen to support
thecombustion of hydrocarbons. Inert gas is used to prevent explosion and fires occurring
onboardships carrying crude oil, hydrocarbon gases or refined oil products.

1.2.2 SYSTEM ON SHIP

Inert gas is produced on board crude oil carriers (above 8,000 tonnes) (from Jan
1,
2016) by using either a flue gas system or by burning kerosene in a dedicated inert gas
generator.The inert gas system is used to prevent the atmosphere in cargo tanks or bunkers from
cominginto the explosive range. IG keeps the oxygen content of the tank atmosphere below
5% (oncrude carriers, less for product carriers and gas tankers), thus making any air/hydrocarbon
gasmixture in the tank too rich (too high a fuel to oxygen ratio) to ignite. IG is most
importantduring discharging and during the ballast voyage when more hydrocarbon vapour is
likely to be

9
present in the tank atmosphere. Inert gas can also be used to purge the tank of the
volatileatmosphere in preparation for gas freeing - replacing the atmosphere with breathable air -
or viceversa.

The flue gas system uses the boiler exhaust as its source, so it is important that
thefuel/air ratio in the boiler burners is properly regulated to ensure that high quality inert gas
isproduced. Too much air would result in an oxygen content exceeding 5%, too much
fuel oilwould result in carryover of dangerous hydrocarbon gas. The flue gas is cleaned and
cooled bythe scrubber tower. Various safety devices prevent overpressure, return of hydrocarbon
gas to theengine room, or supply of IG with too high oxygen content.

Gas tankers and product carriers cannot rely on flue gas systems (because they
requireIG with O2 content of 1% or less) and so use inert gas generators instead. The inert gas
generatorconsists of a combustion chamber and scrubber unit supplied by fans and a
refrigeration unitwhich cools the gas. A drier in series with the system removes moisture from
the gas before it issupplied to the deck. Cargo tanks on gas carriers are not inerted, but the hold
space around themis. This arrangement allows the tanks to be kept cool using a small heel of
cargo while the vesselis in ballast while retaining the explosion protection provided by the inert
gas.

FIG 1.6 - ARRANGEMENT OF INERT GAS SYSTEM IN SHIP

10
1.3 BOILER EXHAUST
Boiler exhaust gas is used as a inert gas ina inert gas system . it will preventthe
ship from explosion. In a oil tanker ship boiler is a main machinery for producing steam as
aheating medium. For that we have to run the the boiler.

EMISSION OF BOILER EXHAUST GAS

TABLE 1.1 - ANALYSISED REPORT OF EXHAUST

Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels suchas
natural gas, gasoline, petrol, biodiesel blends, diesel fuel,fuel oil, or coal. According to
thetype of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue gas
stack,or propelling nozzle. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an exhaust plume.

1.3.1 ELECTRICAL PREPOTIES OF EXHAUST GAS ATOMS

 Exhaust gas already contain a positive & negative charges For that it will be in
aneutral form. if we add some of charges tothe exhaust it will be changed to that particular
charge.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL
Electrostatic Precipitator is being used commercially since 1907,when
Cottrelldemonstrated its use to capture acid mist suspended in exhaust of a sulphuric acid plant.
ESPthen was used in a variety of applications –capture of solid particles suspended in flue gas
streamof coal power plant, smelting plants of copper, zinc and lead to recover metal
oxide fromfumes,and in cement plants to clean the exhaust. Since then ESP technology and
application hasgrown tremendously, and so is the problems associated with efficient
operation of ESP. Thefollowing are major areas of investigation on flow in an ESP.

Theoretical models on ESP efficiency

Flow visualisation study

Particle transport
Mathematical modeling on Flow conditions
Flow distribution in ESP
EHD studies on ESP
CFD modeling of flow

Cooperman (1971) developed a new theory of

precipitatorefficiency to avoid the objections that were raised to Deutsch formula. Random
motion ofparticles give rise to a directed flow if a concentration gradient exists. Application of
this conceptto the transverse components of particle velocity shows that net velocity of particles
towardselectrodes is less than pure electrostatic velocity by a factor (1-f) where f is the re-
entrainmentfraction. Similar considerations for the longitudinal motion showed that in a
precipitator, meanparticle velocity exceeds the mean gas velocity. For high gas velocities
the efficiency of anelectric precipitator may be calculated by a relation same form as that
of Deutsch except thatelectrostatic velocity ‘w’ must be replaced by (1-f) w.

Grores et al (1980) made a theoretical investigation on some aspects of design

oflarge industrial ESP’s. Higher efficiencies can be realised if application of electrostatic

12
precipitation theory to electrode system is complemented by a thorough consideration of
gasdynamics of the treatment chamber. A method to assess the effects of poor flow distribution
onparticle collection efficiency was presented. Improvement in precipitator performance
may beachieved by reducing the gas velocity across the fields, avoiding gas recirculation
within thefields and predicting dust re-entrainment in areas of high local velocity.

Vincent et al (1980) presented a review on ESP theory stressing the need

forincorporating the Deutsch law, and still account for all physical process taking place inside
anESP. They were of the view that performance of the precipitator was dominated by
aerodynamicprocesses, and considering treatment of particle transport in turbulent gas flow
will make theanalysis complex. Instead they introduced a concept of gas treatment time
distribution functionwith the basic exponential form of the original Deutsch equation. The
approach was able topredict satisfactorily the effects of gas turbulence on precipitator
performance.

Yamamoto et al (1981) undertook detailed experimental and theoretical studies

toinvestigate the particulate free secondary flow interaction in the wire type
electrostaticprecipitator. They made a laboratory scale flow arrangement to measure flow
velocity using hot-wire anemometer. Current density was also measured using an electronic
manometer fornumerical calculation of the electric field. Flow visualization was made
through a Schlierenoptical technique to observe flow interactions due to presence of
corona discharge. When theNEHD (electro hydrodynamic number) exceeds 0.6 secondary
flow becomes significant, whenNEHD exceeds 1.2 the effect of secondary flow is extensive due
to the circulation zones formed.They pointed out that the actual dust velocity particle is not only
sum of effect of electrostaticforce and main stream velocity but also include the secondary flow
caused by ionic or electricwind.

Leonard et al (1983) attempted Schlieren visualization and laser

anemometryexperiments to demonstrate the interaction of the two dimensional positive corona
discharge withthe flow in a wire-plate ESP. Such interaction produces a non-turbulent
secondary flow in aplane perpendicular to discharge wires. Smoke wire visualization and
hot wire anemometry(HWA) experiments were performed which showed that negative-
corona discharge non-uniformities are responsible for producing turbulence and also secondary
flow in a plane parallel

13
to discharge wire.HWA measurements indicated the generation of turbulence near the end
wallsof the channel with positive corona. Level of corona induced turbulence was
significantlysmaller than that resulting from entrance ducting.

Atten et al (1987) made a theoretical investigation on EHD origin of turbulence

inESP. They deduced ‘T’ a dimensionless number (ratio of Coulomb force to viscous force)
whichdepends on applied voltage only for a given fluid. As value of T increases the ion
movementbecomes more vigorous and ultimately turbulent which influences particle transport. A
seconddimensionless number ‘M’ (ratio of ion mobility to gas mobility) was deduced
which hadmarked influence on entrainment of charge carriers if the value exceeds ‘3’. They
concluded thatthe Reynolds number be represented as Returb rather than Re based on mean gas
velocity.

Johan et al (1988) investigated on the turbulence suppression by screens

bydesigning a wind tunnel specifically for analysis. They carried out experiments with
differentrange of mesh sizes and wire diameter based Re (Reynolds number) values –
laminar andturbulent. They investigated two types of screens sub- and super- critical. It was
found that smallscale fluctuations produced by screen interacted with incoming turbulence.
In the immediatevicinity of downstream of the screen the turbulence was found to be
highly anisotropic andturbulence intensities were much higher compared to upstream values.
Downstream of the screenwhere intensities decrease rapidly, isotropic return was much
slower for unmanipulatedturbulence. They established that turbulence damping ability
of a screen increases withdecreasing mesh size for a given solidity.

Sahin et al (1989) carried out studies on a single perforated plate about

thepressure loss and jets emerging from a single perforated plate. They considered a single orifice
ofthe plate and studied the changes the flow encountered while passing through hole.
Staticpressure probes were installed upstream and downstream of the plate to measure the
staticpressure changes. It was found that flow downstream of the orifice showed a region
of highturbulence with a wake, which just smoothened down the downstream, when the
fluctuationswere reduced due to mixing of jet and surrounding flow.

Kallio et al (1990) performed a flow visualization experiment for wire plate

geometryof an ESP. Smoke was used as a flow tracer, injection and illumination being
accomplished by asyringe pump and larger sheet techniques.
 Also smoke illumination by electronic flash was studied as another case to
visualizesmoke released from a single heated probe. Laser technique proved to be
advantageous as itprovided well defined views of flow in both stream wise and span
wise values. Interactionbetween precipitator gas flow and corona generated electric wind was
focused. They found thatnegative corona discharge was unsteady and three dimensional in
operation, displayed instabilityand recirculation at velocities less than 0.7 m/s. Positive corona
discharge produces a stable twodimensional smoke flow with negligible turbulent dispersion at
velocities greater than 0.7 m/s.

Sahin et al (1991) investigated the effect of three perforated plates installed on

awide angle diffuser to predict the flow distribution at the diffuser outlet and the
downstreamcollection chamber. Three perforated plates with different combination of ȕ (50%
and 58%) wereinvestigated for pressure recovery and flow distribution. They concluded
that a better flowdistribution can be obtained in the collection chamber by selective local
blanking of the finalperforated plate i.e., modifying the porosity of the plate locally. The
measurements were takenby a five hole pitot static tube in conjunction with a microcomputer.

Kallio et al (1992) visualised flow through a model precipitator geometry

usingLDA measurements. Secondary flow known as electric wind which arises due to
significantmomentum transfer from corona generated ions to gas was studied in detail. Velocity
distributionof smoke particles was analysed using LDA. They found that at low inlet
velocities (0.5m/s)mean flow recirculation was evident and turbulence intensities as high as 50%
were measured.Higher inlet velocities yielded almost no recirculation and reduced turbulence
levels. Measuredprofiles of stream wise velocity proved that flow acceleration zones occurred
upstream of eachwire and also between wires near the collecting plate. Induced turbulence
displayed significantinhomogenity and anisotropy. A combined finite element, and
finite difference basedelectrostatic model was developed to yield ion density and electric field
distributions within theprecipitator.

Soldati et al (1993) attempted a direct numerical simulation of particle

transportin ESP. In this approach particles were moved in the temporally and spatially varying
turbulentflow field under the influence of electrostatic and gravitational body force,
as well asaerodynamic drag. Simulation results showed good agreement with experiments

15
performedpreviously with wire-plate and plate-plate ESP, both in overall collection
efficiency andconcentration profile.

16
 Sahin et al (1995) conducted experiments on wide angle diffuser
withperforated plate and wire gauze. Pyramidal diffusers of area ratio 10 and included angles of
45oand 60o were utilized. Their focus was on measurement of wall static pressure distribution
andthe pressure recovery characteristics of the diffuser with perforated plates and screens for a
rangeof porosities. For the experiments perforated plates of ȕ 40% -50% and wire gauzes of ȕ
42%and 51% were used. The methodology used for fixing the downstream perforated
plate andvarying the location of the upstream plate. Pressure measurements were made using
either pitotstatic tubes or wall static pressure taps. They inferred that positive pressure recovery
was obtainfor plates of 58% and 50%.

Gan et al (1996) studied pressure loss coefficient for a wide angle

threedimensional diffuser with free discharge used for HVAC ducts. A constant tracer gas
methodwas used for measuring mean duct velocity, and static pressure tapings to measure
pressurechange across the diffuser. A CFD model was utilized to validate the experimental data
obtained.A two dimensional model of the diffuser was modeled and solved using FLUENT with
k-İ as aturbulence model. They arrived that flow stability and regularity can be achieved
using apyramidal diffuser with divergence angle with less than 10o, and optimum divergence
angle forminimum pressure loss is between angles 8o – 10o

Navarrete et al (1997) carried out experiments on a pilot scale ESP

withdifferent types of ash particles generated from various grades of coal. The
characteristics ofvarious ash particles were investigated. For high resistivity coal, 400mm
spacing between plateswas suggested, while for low resistivity coal, 300mm spacing between
plates was recommendedfor best collection efficiency. It was concluded that ESP with
larger spacing requires largercollector area to maintain same efficiency levels.

Kim et al (1999) performed experiments on a laboratory scale single

stageESP by modifying the ESP geometry parameters like wire to plate spacing, channel
width,applied voltage, gas velocity and turbulence intensity. As the diameter of discharge
electrode andwire to wire spacing were reduced, higher collection efficiency was obtained. It was
found thatin a single stage multi wire ESP there exists an optimum value of wire-to-wire spacing
whichprovides maximum particle collection efficiency. Increasing gas velocity lowers the
collectionefficiency. Gas turbulence was found to be a major factor in imposing particle

16
collection in thelow electric field region. Experimental results when compared with existing
theories showed

17
good agreement. To improve collection efficiency and to minimize particle re
entrainmentcombined system of rapping (hammer and vibrator) was found to be more effective.
When thethickness of the deposited fly ash layer becomes significantly high, concentration of re-
entrainedparticles starts decreasing rapidly due to agglomeration force between deposited
particles.

Kim et al (2001) developed a theoretical model for predicting the

collectionperformance of an ESP for polydisperse particles. They represented the particle size
distributionby a log-normal function for polydisperse particles, and derived a set of first
three momentequations using the statistical method of moments. They validated the model by
comparing theirpredictions with existing experimental data. Effect of particle size
distribution on ESPperformance was examined. The results indicated that overall mass and
number efficiencies werehigher for aerosols of larger geometric mean diameter and lower
geometric standard deviation.

Nikas et al (2005) performed a simulation method to give an insight about

thecollection mechanisms and phenomena that takes place inside the ESP’s. The effects
ofelectrostatic forces on the particles and gas phases were taken into account. Importance
wasgiven to the impact of the ionic wind on the gas flow and its influence on the particle
transversetransport velocities. The numerical results showed the development of cross stream
vortices dueto ionic wind, and their magnitude depended on applied wire to plate voltage.The
vortices affectthe collection efficiency of the ESP, mainly in the case of submicro particles.
Uniformity in plateto plate flow will lead to increased collection efficiency of the ESP.

Skodras et al (2006) developed a two dimensional CFD model to represent

theoperation of electrostatic precipitators. It is based on theoretical analysis focused on the gas
flowusing time averaged conservation equations of mass and momentum. The equations
weremodeled for particle flow, particle charging, electric field and current flow equations.
A UDFwas written and coupled with FLUENT to solve for electric field values and
particle spacecharge density. A typical laboratory scale precipitator was modeled using
GAMBIT. The modelwas able to predict gas velocity, particle concentration, turbulent intensity
electric field intensityand potential, and collection efficiency.
 Shah et al (2009) investigated the effect of inlet velocity profile on
velocitydistribution inside the ESP. A laboratory scale ESP was modeled in three
dimensional usingGAMBIT and analysed using FLUENT. The flow through the perforated
plates of ESP wasmodeled as a porous jump condition and turbulence calculations were solved
by realizable k-İmodel along with RANS. Two types of inlet velocity boundary conditions were
given. Uniforminlet velocity and non-uniform inlet velocity profile. Data for uniform velocity
profile conditionwas obtained by measuring flow parameters using a cobra probe over a 9x5
plane at differentlocations. Results indicated that real velocity profile distribution at inlet
boundary provided abetter prediction of flow distribution inside the ESP than uniform velocity
at inlet.

2.2 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

In summary, the review of literature reveals different works done on flow
andturbulence studies in ESP. It is clear that the CFD technique will reduce the time and
expensiveexperimental work to develop an ESP operating efficiently and within latest emission
limit. Fromthe literature review, it is observed that many factors were involved and held
responsible for theefficient operation of the ESP. One of the most important phases in the
development of anefficient ESP is the optimization of the flow distribution within the collection
chamber, since itstrongly influences the performance and the operation of the ESP. Recently,
CFD simulations areperformed to involve all the major phenomena involved in the flow and
turbulence in theESP.

It is obvious that the right combination of the flow distribution devices,

andworking parameters is still one of the challenging area of research. This means that there is
astrong trade-off between the flow distribution parameters and the collection efficiency. One
ofthe main control factors that affect this trade-off is the turbulence inside the collection region.

In view of this, the effect of flow distribution perforated plates on turbulence

andflow influencing parameters in an ESP is selected as the area for the present
investigation byusing FLUENT & CFX CFD code.
18
 CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 SELECTION OF COMPONENTS

Electrodes

Gas Distribution Screen

440V 50HZ 3φ AC supply

High voltage transformer

Rectifier

insulators

Hooper

Gas Distribution Screen

These screens are of modular design manufactured out of steel sheets and
hangwithin a frame work in the ESP inlet casing to maintain uniform distribution pattern of gas
flowthroughout the cross section of ESP.

Support and Shaft Insulator

The whole emitting frame system is suspended from the roof through
SupportingInsulator to avoid any short circuiting. The Rapping Mechanism Shaft for
electrodes isconnected to the driving mechanism through shaft insulator.

Discharge Electrodes
Discharge electrodes emit charging current and provide voltage that generates
anelectrical field between the discharge electrodes and the collecting plates. The electrical
fieldforces dust particles in the gas stream to migrate toward the collecting plates. The particles
thenprecipitate on to the collecting plates. Common types of discharge electrodes include:

•Straight round wires

•Twisted wire pairs

•Rigid masts

•Rigid frames

19
 •Rigid spiked pipes

•Spiral wires

•Barbed discharge wires

Discharge electrodes are typically supported from the upper discharge frame and are
heldin alignment between the upper and lower discharge frames. The upper discharge frame is
inturn supported from the roof of the precipitator casing .High-voltage insulators
precipitatorcasing. High- voltage insulators are in corporated in to the support system . In
weighted wiresystems ,the discharge electrodes are held taut by weights at the lower end of the
wires.

Collecting Electrodes

Collecting plates are designed to receive and retain the precipitated particles until theyare
intentionally removed in to the hopper. Collecting plates are also part of the electrical
powercircuit of the precipitator. Plate baffles shield the precipitated particles from the gas flow
whilesmooth surfaces provide for high operating voltage .Collecting provide for high
operatingvoltage .Collecting plates are suspended from the precipitator casing and form the gas
passageswith in the precipitator.

Collecting plates are connected at or near the center by rapper beams which serves as
animpact point for rapping system .Top, center or bottom spacer bars may be used to
keep theplates aligned for maintaining electrical clearances to the discharge system.

Suspension and Rapping Mechanism

Collecting plate rapping must remove the bulk of the precipitated dust. The
collectingplates are supported from anvil beams or directly with hooks from the precipitator
casing .Withanvil beam support , the impact of the rapping system is directed in to the beams
located at theleading and/or trailing edge of the collecting plates . For direct edge of the
collecting plates .Fordirect casing support, the impact is directed in to the rapper beams located at
or near the center ofthe top of the collecting plates .The rapping is carried out in a regular
programmed intervals andguaranteed removal of deposited dust from the electrodes to the
hopper.
Hoppers
Precipitator hoppers are designed to completely discharge their dust load on demand
.Usually the hoppers are rectangular in crosssection with sides of atleast 60Deg slope . They
areinsulated from neck above the discharge flange with the insulation the discharge flange with
theinsulation covering the entire hopper area. Lower part of the hopper(usually1/3to¼of
height)isheated to avoid caking of as hand to ensure free flow.

Control cabinet
Control cabinet is used to interconnect the 3φ ac supply and transformer through wires.

Transformer
Transformer is used to step up or step down the voltage as per the design of
Electrostaticprecipitator.

Rectifier
Rectifier is used to convert the given ac supply into dc supply.

3.2 Principles of ESP Operation

Electrostatic precipitation removes particles from the exhaust gas stream of an
industrialprocess. Often the process involves combustion ,but it can be any industrial process that
wouldotherwise emit particles to the atmosphere. Six activities typically take place

Ionization-Charging of particles
Migration-Transporting the charged particles to the collecting surfaces
Collection-Precipitation of the charged particles on to the collecting surfaces
Charge Dissipation- Neutralizing the charged particles on the collecting surfaces
Particle Dislodging- Removing the particles from the collecting surface to the hopper
Particle Removal-Conveying the particles from the hopper to a disposal point

21
FIG 3.1 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR OPERATION:

22
FIG 3.1 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR OPERATION:

23
 CHAPTER-4

DESIGN OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

4.1 INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR DESIGNING OF

ESPThe efficiency of an ESP depends upon two factors

The size of the unit i.e. total square ft. of the collecting plate area

Amount of independent electrical energisation

InadditionfollowingdetailsarerequiredfordesigninganESP
1. Source of the emission : Properties of the process by which the pollutants are produced
2. Particle size distribution
3. Chemical analysis of dust in relation to particle size
4. Specific eclectic resistivity of dust
5. Dust concentration of clean gas
6. Required dust concentration of clean gas(efficiency)
7. Properties of gas: composition, temperature, pressure.
8. Corrosive properties of gas
9. Gas flow rate

Apart from these variables the design of ESP also include the determination
ofancillary factors such as rappers to shake the dust loose from the plates, automatic
controlsystem, measures for ensuring high-quality gas flow, dust removal system,
provisions forstructural and heat insulation and performance monitoring system [2].
Firstly size distribution of dust is determined; from the information of size
distributionof dust the migration velocity is calculated. After that number of charge on a particle
is
calculated by using appropriate equation. On the basis of precipitation rate the collecting
surfacearea for a given efficiency at a particular flow rate is calculated by using Deutsch-
Andersenrelationship.

24
4.2 COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF ESP
The collection efficiency of an ESP as a function of gas flow rate
andprecipitator size is given by the Deutsch-Andersen Equation
Assumptions:
a. Repulsion effect is neglected.
b. Uniform gas velocity throughout the cross
sectionc. Particles are fully charged by field
charging.
d. No hindered settling effect.

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR EFFICIENCY

FORMULA :DEUTSCH – ANDERSON

EQUATION

η – FRACTIONAL COLLECTION

EFFICIENCYW – TERMINAL DRIFT

VELOCITY IN m/s

A – TOTAL COLLECTION AREA IN m^3/s

Q – VOLUMATRIC AIR FLOW RATE IN m^3/s

25
 CHAPTER-5

PERFORMANCE OF ESP

5.1PERFORMANCE OF ESP

Precipitator performance is very sensitive to two particulate properties

1) Electrical resistivity
2) Particle size distribution.

5.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF RESISTIVITY AND PARTICLE SIZE

1. Dust layer resistance:

Resistance affects electrical conditions in the dust layer by a potential

electricfield (voltage drop) being formed across the layer as negatively charged particles
arrive at itssurface and leak their electrical charges to the collection plate. At the metal
surface of theelectrically grounded collection plate, the voltage is zero, whereas at the outer
surface of the dustlayer, where new particles and ions are arriving, the electrostatic voltage
caused by the gas ionscan be quite high. The strength of this electric field depends on the
resistance and thickness ofthe dust layer.

2. Normal resistivity:
As stated above, ESPs work best under normal resistivity conditions.
Particleswith normal resistivity do not rapidly lose their charge on arrival at the
collection electrode.These particles slowly leak their charge to grounded plates and are
retained on the collectionplates by intermolecular adhesive and cohesive forces. This allows a
particulate layer to be builtup and then dislodged from the plates by rapping. Within the
range of normal dust resistivity(between 107 and 2 x 1010 ohm-cm), fly ash is collected more
easily than dust having either lowor high resistivity.

26
3. High resistivity:
If the voltage drop across the dust layer becomes too high, several
adverseeffects can occur. First, the high voltage drop reduces the voltage difference
between thedischarge electrode and collection electrode, and thereby reduces the electrostatic
field strengthused to drive the gas ion-charged particles over to the collected dust layer.
As the dust layerbuilds up, and the electrical charges accumulate on the surface of the
dust layer, the voltagedifference between the discharge and collection electrodes decreases. The
migration velocities ofsmall particles are especially affected by the reduced electric field
strength.

High resistivity can generally be reduced by doing the following:

Adjusting the temperature;

Increasing moisture content;
Adding conditioning agents to the gas stream;
Increasing the collection surface area; and
Using hot-side precipitators (occasionally and with foreknowledge of sodium depletion).

4.Low resistivity

Particles that have low resistivity are difficult to collect because they are
easilycharged (very conductive) and rapidly lose their charge on arrival at the collection
electrode. Theparticles take on the charge of the collection electrode, bounce off the plates,
and become re-entrained in the gas stream. Thus, attractive and repulsive electrical forces that
are normally atwork at normal and higher resistivities are lacking, and the binding forces
to the plate areconsiderably lessened. Examples of low-resistivity dusts are unburned
carbon in fly ash andcarbon black.

27
 TABLE 5.1 - CHARACTERISTICS OF DUSTS

Range of
Resistivity Precipitator Characteristics
Measurement

1. Normal operating voltage and

currentlevels unless dust layer is thick
enough toreduce plate clearances and
between 104 and cause highercurrent levels.
Low
107 ohm-cm 2. Reduced electrical force
componentretaining collected dust,
vulnerable to highreentrainment losses.
3. Negligible voltage drop across dust layer.

1. Normal operating voltage and

currentlevels.
7
between 10 and
Normal 2. Negligible voltage drop across dust layer.
2 x 1010ohm-cm
3. Sufficient electrical force
componentretaining collected dust.

1. Reduced operating voltage and

between 2 x currentlevels with high spark rates.
Marginal to
1010 and 2. Significant voltage loss across dust layer.
High
1012ohm-cm 3. Moderate electrical force
componentretaining collected dust.

1. Reduced operating voltage levels;

highoperating current levels if power
supplycontroller is not operating properly.
above 1012
High 2. Very significant voltage loss across
ohm-cm
dustlayer.
3. High electrical force component
retainingcollected dust.
FIG 5.1 - ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR PERFORMANCE CURVE

29
 CHAPTER-6

IMPLEMENTATION OF ESP IN IG SYSTEM

The electrostatic precipitators (ESP) are extensively used in the

thermalpower plant or steam power plant for removal of fly ash from the electric utility boiler
emissions.The use of electrostatic precipitators is growing rapidly because of the new
strict air act andenvironmental laws. An electrostatic precipitators can be designed to
operate at any desiredefficiency for use as primary collector or a supplementary unit to cyclone
collector. It is oftenconsidered worthwhile to retain an existing cyclone collector as primary
collector in the casewhere the fly-ash collection efficiencies must be upgraded especially
where there is a largeamount of un burnt carbon in the fly-ash. Because the presence of large
quantities of the carbonin the gas can adversely affect the efficiency of the electrostatic
precipitator.

According to MARPOL we have to prevent the environment from

airpollution and water pollution for preventing such a pollution from the ship we are
implementingthe electrostatic precipitator in the inert gas system. By implementing ESP in
IG SYSTEMcarbon particles from the exhaust gas of boiler is removed and the air pollution is
prevented andalso the carbon water polluting the water is prevented.

The dust laden gas from the boiler exhaust is passed between
theoppositely charged conductors and is becomes ionized as the voltage applied between
theconductors is sufficiently large (30kV to 60kV depending upon the electrodes spacing). As
thedust laden gas is passed through the highly charged electrodes, both negative and positive
ionsare formed (positive ions will be a high as 80%).

The ionized gas is further passed through the collecting unit

whichconsists of set of metal plates. Alternate plates are charged and earthed. As the alternate
platesare grounded, high intensity electrostatic field exerts a force on the positive charged
dustparticles and drives them towards the ground plate. The deposited dust particles are
removedfrom the plates by giving the shaking motion of the plates with the help of
cams driving byexternal means. The dust removed from the plates with the help of shaking
motion is collected inthe dust hoppers. Care should be taken that the dust collected in the
hopper should not be
entrained in the clean gas.
30
FIG 6.1 - IG SYSTEM WITH ESP

31
Advantages of electrostatic precipitator:

This is more effective to remove very small particles like smoke, mist and fly ash.
Itsrange of dust removal is sufficiently large (0.01 micron to 1.00 micron). The small
dustparticles below 10 microns cannot be removed with the help of mechanical
separatorsand wet scrubbers cannot be used if sufficient water is now available.
Under thesecircumstances, this type is very effective.
This is also most effective for high dust loaded gas (as high as 100 grams per cu. meter)
The draught loss of this system is the least of all forms(1 cm of water)
It provides ease of operation.
The dust is collected in dry form and can be removed either dry or wet.

Disadvantages of a electrostatic precipitator:

The direct current is not available with the modern plants, therefore
considerableelectrical equipment is necessary to convert low voltage (400 V) A.C
to high voltage(60000 V) D.C. This increases the capital cost of the equipment as high
as 40 to 60 centsper 1000 kg of rated installed steam generating capacity.
The running charges are also considerably high as the amount of power required
forcharging is considerably large.
The space required is larger than the wet system.
The efficiency of the collector is not maintained if the gas velocity exceeds that for
whichthe plant is designed. The dust carried with the gases increases with an increase of
gasvelocity.
Because of closeness of the charged plates and high potential used, it is necessary
toprotect the entire collector from sparking by providing a fine mesh before the
ionizingchamber. This is necessary because even a smallest piece of paper might cause
sparkingwhen it would be carried across adjacent plates or wires.

32
 CHAPTER - 7

COMPARISION & RESULT

TABLE 7.1 - POWER PLANT COLLECTION

EFFICIENCYCOMPANY NAME : Tuticorin Thermal

Power Station

INSTALLATION :TUTICORIN
TYPICAL FEED OF ESP :
DIMENSION CULMULATED AVERAGED PARTIAL
IN RESIDUE IN IMENSIONO RESIDUE
µ % F %
THERANGE
IN µ
1 99.2 2.5 0.8
5 91.1 3 8.1
10 84.3 7.5 6.8
16 64.9 13 15.8
32 57.1 24 11.8
45 31.7 38.5 25.4
63 15.4 54 16.3
90 2.8 76.5 12.6

MEAN PARTICLE SIZE 41.8 (µ)

IF THERE IS NO PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS:

PARTICLE DENSITY 1200

(kg/m^3)DUST CONCENTRATION
(g/m3)
GAS TEMPERATURE 90 (°C)
PRESSURE TO CONSIDER 102 (kPa) 1.0065
(atm)SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GAS 0.812 (kg/m^3)
DISTANCE BETWEEN 300 (m)
COLLECTINGPLATE
33
ESTIMATE DIMENTION OF ESP:

TOTAL COLLECTING SURFACE 3206

(m^3)ASPECT RATIO ( L/A ) 1.2
ESTIMATE GAS VELOCITY 1.3 (m/s)

DIMENSION:

PLATE HEIGHT 7.5

(m)PLATE LENGTH 9
(m)NUMBER OF PLATE REGUIRED 24
(m)WIDTH OF THE ESP 7.1
(m)

CALCULATION OF THE EFFICIENCY:

BY THE FORMULA DEUTSH 80

(%)BY THE REVISED FORMULA
NaNOUTLET LOAD
NaN

ESTIMATE THE POWER REQUIRED:

PRESSURE DROP OF ESP 65 (mm H2O) 0.637 (kPa)

OTHER PRESSURE DROP IN THE CIRCUIT:

AT MILL OUTLET 150 (mm H2O) 1.471

(kPa)OF STATIC SEPARATOR 100 (mm H2O) 0.981
(kPa)DYNAMIC PRESSURE 20 (mm H2O) 0.196
(kPa)DUCT 80 (mm H2O) 0.785
(kPa)TOTAL PRESSURE DROP 415 (mm H2O) 4.070
(kPa)FAN EFFICIENCY 75 (%)

POWER:

OPERATING POWER 376.8 kW 512 (ch)

POWER REQUIRED FOR 28.4 kW 39 (ch)
CORONAEFFECT
TOTAL POWER REQUIRED 405.4 kW 551 (ch)
34
IG PLANT WITH ESP INSTALLED IN SHIP:

COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF ESP

S.NO DRIFTVEL GAS EFFICIENCY
ELECTRODE OCITY(m/s) FLOWRAT (%)
COLLECTING E(m^3/sec)
AREA
(m^2)
1 460 0.18 1.2 1
2 250 0.1 0.9 0.99
3 150 0.05 1.25 0.99
4 90 0.18 2.5 0.99
5 150 0.05 1.9 0.98
6 90 0.18 4 0.98
7 100 0.1 4 0.91
8 90 0.1 4 0.89

TABLE 7.1- COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF ESP

From the table 7.1 the power plant collection efficiency of the carbon particles is more and
sowe came to know that if we install electrostatic precipitator in the IG SYSTEM then the
carbonwater polluting the marine environment will be prevented and the environment
become moregreener in nature

From the table 7.2 by the basic formula of the ESP ,the collection efficiency of ESP in
INERTGAS SYSTEM is tabulated and the calculated collection efficiency are more efficient in
natureso I conclude that it could be very useful if we install ESP in the IG SYSTEM and
also themarine environment will be prevented from the pollution

35
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION

The most important things we have achieved are:

1. This thesis work describes how an ESP works, see chapter 2.
2. In chapter 3, we have collected basic formulas which can be used to model the
differentprocesses in an ESP.
3. The study of the problems that can arise during the working of an ESP, see chapter 5.
4. We have made a of the stationary electrostatic field in an ESP, see chapter 6.

From different literatures and books, we studied about Electrostatic Precipitator that
itperforms outstanding cleaning of the gaseous exhaust of different industries, especially the
coalpower plants. The 99% collection efficiency makes Electrostatic precipitator the most
desirablecleaning unit for different industries. Electrostatic precipitators have very high
efficiencies due tothe strong electrical forces applied to the small particles.

So I conclude that it could be very useful if we install ESP in the IG SYSTEM ofthe
ship and also the marine environment will be prevented from the pollution.

In future the size of the electrostatic precipitator should be reduced to

avoidoccupying of more floor area and also the various safety devices should be fitted to avoid
themixing of clean gas with the carbon particles in the hopper.

36
 REFERENCES

1. Electrostatic Precipitator Knowledgebase. Retrieved October 10, 2010,

fromhttp://www.neundorfer.com/knowledge_base

2. K. R. Parker, “Applied Electrostatic Precipitation” Blackle Academic & Professional, London,

1992.

3. Kjell Porle (ed.), Steve L. Francis, Keith M. Bradburn. “Electrostatic Precipitators for
Industrial Applications” Rehva / Cost G3 June 2005.

4. James H turner, Phil A Lawless, Toshhaki Yamamoto, “Electrostatic Precipitator” Chapter 6,

December 1995.

5. ESP Fundamentals. Hamon Research-Cottrell Pollution Control, Retrieved October 21,

2010,from http://www.hamon-researchcottrell.com/tech_espfundamentals

6. A Mizuno, “Electrostatic Precipitation”, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical

Insulation, VOL 7, NO. 5, October 2000.

7. David K. Cheng “Field and Wave Electromagnetics”, 2nd Edition, Chapter 4.

8. Electrostatic Precipitator Theory and Design , Retrieved from October 27, 2010 ,
fromhttp://www.arb.ca.gov/cap/manuals/cntrldev/ESP/302ESP.htm