ANALYSIS OF AQUA SILENCER

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
D.AADRIN 212919114001
M.ABISHEK 212919114005
T.ELANCO 212919114031
A.DANIL PRAVEEN KUMAR 212919114025

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ST.JOSEPH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

SRIPERUMBUDUR - 602117.

ANNA UNIVERSITY-CHENNAI-600025
MAY 2023
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI – 600025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this “ANALYSIS OF

project report
AQUA SILENCER ” is the bonafied work of “ A.DANIL
PRAVEEN KUMAR (212919114025)” who carried out the
project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr.B.GNANASUNDARA Dr.B.GNANASUNDARA
JAYARAJA M.E,MBA,Ph.D., JAYARAJA,M.E,MBA,Ph.D.,
Head of the Department, Supervisor,
Department of Mechanical Department of Mechanical
Engineering. Engineering.
St. Joseph College of Engineering St.Joseph College of Engieering
Sriperumbudur. Sriperumbudur.

Submitted for the viva voice held on :………………………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our beloved chairman

Rev.Fr. Dr. JE.ARULRAJ of this institution St. Joseph College Of Engineering
for providing required facilities to carry out the project.

We proudly render our heartfelt thanks to our Principal

Dr.T.AHILAN M.E., PhD., for the constant encouragement and support given by
him for the progress and completion of our project.

Our immense thanks is also to the Head of the Department

Dr. B. GNANASUNDARA JAYARAJA M.E., MBA., PhD., for his effective
leadership, encouragement and guidance in the project.

We extend our thanks and deep sense of gratitude to our supervisor

Dr.B.GNANASUNDARA JAYARAJA M.E.,MBA.,Ph.D., Professor, for his
excellent guidance, precious suggestion and encouragement and for providing all
facilities to work on this project.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to our esteemed supervisors
and Lecturers from department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING for their
constant guidance and support during the project work.
More over our special thanks to Teaching staff of Mechanical
Department, who stood as the light for us whenever we were grouped in the
darkness. We thank our parents, our family members and my friends for their moral
support.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Greenhouse gas emissions play an important role in global

warming of our earth due to rapid increase in temperature by air pollution.
Air pollution is very serious on climate change. So, it is required to solve
these problems by taking various serious attempts. Hence to reduce the
Greenhouse gas emissions from exhaust of Internal combustion Engines,
In this way a new technology is introduced to reduce the amount of
Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, other combustion engine exhaust gases and
noise pollution by use of aqua silencer,

In this project Aqua Silencer is also incorporated with catalytic

converter. This combination is used in exhaust systems to reduce harmful
emissions of greenhouse gases and noise in the combustion engines. The
emissions are significantly reduced when converters are installed in the
silencer. This arrangement is fitted in the engine exhaust system. This
fabricated an Aqua silencer with Catalytic Converter was tested in a single
cylinder petrol engine. It is expected to low emissions were achieved and
agreeable noise was produced by the engine.

IV
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
NO TITLE NO
ABSTRACT IV
LIST OF FIGURES VII

LIST OF TABLES VIII

I INTRODUCTION 1

I. 1 Pollutants Emissions From Motor Vehicles 3 3 I. 1

1.1.1 Volatile Organic Compounds
3
(Vocs)/Evaporative emissions
1.1.2 Crankcase emission (also called Running loss
3
emissions)
1.1.3 Exhaust emission 4
I .2 Emission from gasoline vehicle 6
1.3 Emission from diesel vehicle 7
1.4 Major Pollutants 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 9
TYPES OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES
3 13
POLLUTION
Mode of Vehicle Operation and emission rater 13
3.1 Types of fuels 14
3.2 Air Pollutants from motor vehicles 14
3.3.1 carbon Monoxide (CO) 16
3.3.2 Hydrocarbon compounds (HC) 16
3.3.3Benzene and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
16
(PAH)
3.3.4 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 17

V
 3.3.5 Sulfur Dioxide (S02) 17
3.3.6 Ozone (O3) 18
4 EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 20

4.1 Effect of Operating and design variable on HC & 20

CO emission
4.1.1 Air fuel ration 20
4.1.2 Engine Speed 21
4.1.3 Spark Timing 21
4.1.4 Exhaust Back Pressure 21
4.1.5 Valve overlap 21
4.1.6 Intake Manifold Pressure 22
4.1.7 Combustion chamber deposit Build up 22
4.1.8 Surface temperature 22
4.1.9 Surface to Volume Ratio 23
4.1.10 Stroke to bore ratio 23
4.2 Effect of operating and design variable on NOX
23
Emission
4.2.1 Equivalence ratio 23
4.2.2 Spark timing 24
4.2.3 Intake Manifold vacuum 24
4.2.4 Engine speed 24
4.2.5 Effect of coolant temperature 25
4.2.6 Humidity 25
5 COMPONENTS AND ITS DETAILS 26
5.1 COMPONENTS 26
5.1.1 Perforated tube 26
5.1.2 Charcoal layer 27
5.1.3 Outer Shell 29

VI
 5.1.4 Flange 29
5.1.5 H-Nipp1e 30
5.2 Construction 30
5.3 Working 31
5.4 Effects of dissolved gases on water 32
5.4.1 Action of dissolved S02 32
5.4.2 Action of dissolved C02 32
5.4.3 Effect of dissolved NOX 32
6 CATALYTIC CONVERTER 33 30
6.1 What is Catalytic converter 33
6.2 Where it is used 33
6.3 What does it do 33
6.4 Construction 33
6.5 What does a Catalytic converter do? 34
6.6 How a Catalytic converter works 35
6.7 Bad Catalytic converter symptoms 37
6.8 How to clean a Catalytic converter? 38
6.9 Advantages of Catalytic converter 38
6.10 Disadvantages of Catalytic converter 39
7 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 40
7.1 Scope of project 40
7.2 Result Analysis of emission 41
7.3 Result analysis on Noise 49
7.4 Conclusion 49
7.5 References 50

VII
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 Aqua silencer 2
5.1 Perforated tube 26

5.2 Charcoal Layer 28

5.3 Outer shell 29

5.4 Flange 29
H-Nipp1e
5.5 30

5.6 Final Product 31

6.1 Without Aqua silencer 41

6.2 With Aqua silencer 41

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE
TITLE PAGE
PAGENO
NO

1.1 Maximum Permitted Sulphur Content In 5

Automotive Diesel Fuel

1.2 Emissions From Gasoline Vehicles 6

Exhaust Emissions From Indian Light Duty
1.3 Gasoline vehicles 13

3.1 Emission Factors for Gasoline Engines 29 15

And Diesel Engines (lb/1000 gal of fuel)

VIII
 LIST OF GRAPHS

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

Emissions of CO(carbon monoxide)

7.2.5 43
without silencer

Emissions of CO(carbon monoxide) with

7.2.6 44
silencer

Emissions of HC(hydro carbon) without

7.2.7 45
silencer

Emissions of HC(hydro carbon) with

7.2.8 46
silencer

Emissions of CO2(carbondioxide) without

7.2.9 47
silencer

Emissions of CO2(carbondioxide) with

7.2.10 48
silencer

IX
 CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

A muffler (silencer) is a device for reducing the amount of

noise emitted by the exhaust of an internal combustion engine. Mufflers are
installed within the exhaust system of most internal combustion engines,
although the muffler is not designed to serve any primary exhaust function. The
muffler is engineered as an acoustic soundproofing device designed to reduce
the loudness of the sound pressure created by the engine by way of Acoustic
quieting. The majority of the sound pressure produced by the engine is
emanated out of the vehicle using the same piping used by the silent exhaust
gases absorbed by a series of passages and chambers lined with roving
fiberglass insulation and/or resonating chambers harmonically tuned to cause
destructive interference wherein opposite sound waves cancel each other out.
An unavoidable side effect of muffler use is an increase of back pressure which
decreases engine efficiency. This is because the engine exhaust must share the
same complex exit pathway built inside the muffler as the sound pressure that
the muffler is designed to mitigate.
Some vehicle owners remove or install an aftermarket muffler when
engine tuning in order to increase power output or reduce fuel consumption
because of economic or environmental concerns, recreational pursuits such as
motor sport and hyper milling and/or for personal aesthetic acoustical
preferences. Although the legality of altering a motor vehicle's OEM exhaust
system varies by jurisdiction, in most developed parts of the world,
modification of a vehicle's exhaust system is usually highly regulated if not
strictly prohibited. An aqua silencer is used to control the noise and emission in
IC engines. The reason why we go for aqua silencer

1
is, in today life the air pollution causes physical ill effects to the human beings
and also the environment. The main contribution of the air pollution is
automobiles releasing the gases like carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons etc.
In order to avoid this type of gases by introducing this aqua silencer. It is fitted
to the exhaust pipe of the engine, Sound produced under water is less hearable
than it produced in atmosphere. This mainly because of small sprockets in
water molecules, which lowers its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level. The
emission can be controlled by using the activated charcoal layer and it is highly
porous and posses extra free valences so it has high absorption capacity. So
absorb the gases from the engine and release much less position to the
environment. The noise and smoke level is considerable less than the
conventional silencer, no need of catalytic converter and easy to install.

Figure 1.1 Aqua Silencer

Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels
such as natural gas, gasoline/petrol, diesel fuel, fuel oil or coal. According to
the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an flue gas

2
 stack or propelling nozzle. It often disperses downwind in a pattern
called an exhaust plume.

1.1 POLLUTANTS EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES

Emission from vehicles especially automobiles contribute significantly two
third of air pollution in urban area. Main sources of emission is from automobile
are:

1.1.1 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) / Evaporative Emissions-

These are HC vapors lost constantly and directly to the atmosphere due
to volatile nature of petrol, mainly from the fuel line's, fuel tank and carburetor
depending upon fuel composition, engine operating temperature and ambient
temperature. Losses from the carburetor, called Hot Soak Emissions, occur
when a hot engine is stopped. It should be noted that out of total emissions,
which are much more in case of petrol than diesel, 20- 32% of the total
emissions are due to evaporation losses, of which the HCs happen to be the
chief constituents. These gases are also known as hydrocarbons and defined as
"volatile" because of their ability to evaporate quickly and easily into the air.
They react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to produce ground
level ozone, a principle component of smog.

1.1.2 Crankcase Emission (also called running loss emissions)

In the crank case emissions the un-burnt or partially burned fuel

components that, under pressure, escape from the combustion chamber, pass
the pistons and enter the crankcase. This mixture is called blow-by. The main
constituent of blow-by emission is HCs. If uncontrolled, it may constitute 13—
25% of total emissions.

3
1.1.3 Exhaust Emission- Automotive exhaust is the major source constituting
about 60% of the total emission. Automobile exhaust consists wide range of
pollutants from simple to carcinogenic substances such as (1) Hydrocarbons
(Un-burnt), (2) Carbon monoxide, (3) Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), (4) Lead
oxides, (5) Particulate matters e.g. lead, carbon, alkaline earth compounds, iron
oxide, tar, oil, mist (6) Traces of aldehydes, esters, ethers, sulphur dioxide,
peroxides, ketones benzene (C6H6), l, 3 butadiene, Poly Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAH), metal dust, asbestos fiber, dioxin, furan, ammonia,
organic acids chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) etc. .

Hydrocarbons and CO appears in the exhaust gas products of incomplete

combustion. Oxides of nitrogen result from the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen
contained in the combustion air at high temperature prevailing during
combustion. Further, many of these primary pollutants react with each other to
form secondary pollutants. Chief among these are HC, CO, NOX when mixed
with atmospheric water vapors in presence of sunlight form ozone and variety of
complex organic gases and resultant particulates known as Photochemical Smog
(Sharma, and Agnihotri, 1992). Particulate Matter (PM) includes particles of
soot, ash, and dirt that are released from bike exhaust. Particles are measured by
their diameter and with respect to smog; two sizes are of the most concern - PM
10 and PM. 2.5. Particulate matter and ground level ozone combine to make up
smog.

Sulphur Dioxide (S02) gas contributes to smog formation, but is known

better for combining with water molecules to form sulphuric acid and
producing acid rain. A comparative sulphur content in diesel fuel in different
countries and pollution arise from different parts of the automobiles are given
in Table-I.

4
 E.C. Countries % Mass

U.K. 0.3

France
0.3

Germany 0.2

Italy 0.3

Others

Canada
0.5

Japan 0.5

Switzerland 0.2

South Korea
1.0

USA
0.5

India
0.5

Table 1.1 Maximum Permitted Sulphur Content in Automotive Diesel

Fuel

5
 1.2 EMISSION FROM GASOLINE VEHICLE

Gasoline- powered engines are of two types 4 strokes and 2 strokes.

The exhaust consists of CO, HC, NOx, S02 and partial oxides of aldehydes,
besides particulate matter, lead salts account for the larger chunk of all
pollution from gasoline-run vehicles. The 2 stroke engine requires 2-T oil for
lubrication of engine. Since the burning quality of mineral based lubricating
oil is very poor, major fraction either remain unburned or burns partially and
comes out through exhaust and responsible for smoke emissions.

Amount of Emissions (%)

S.No. Source
4-stroke 2-stroke

1 Crankcase blow by 20

2 Evaporative 20 3
Emissions

3 Exhaust 60 97
Emissions

Table- 1.2 Emissions from Gasoline Vehicles

6
1.3 EMISSION FROM DIESEL VEHICLE
Due to low volatility, evaporative emissions are non significant.
Though the concentration of CO and un-burnt HC in the diesel exhaust are
rather low, they are compensated by high concentration of NOx. There are
smoke particles and oxygenated HC, including aldehydes and odour-
producing compounds.

1.3 MAJOR POLLUTANTS

Major pollutants from automobiles are:
*Un-burned hydro carbons. (UBHC).
*Oxides of nitrogen (NOx).
*Carbon mono oxides.
*Lead compounds.
*Oxides of sulphur.

1.4(a) Hydro carbon exhaust emissions arise from three sources;

Wall quenching,
*Incomplete combustion of charge.
*Exhaust scavenging as in a two cycle engines.

1.4(b) Formation of nitric oxide takes place within the combustion chamber
at the peak combustion temperature and remains there during expansion
and exhaust stroke in non equilibrium amount. When this Nitric oxide
comes in contact with atmospheric oxygen, other compounds of nitrogen
may be formed.

7
1.4(c) Carbon monoxide is generated from the automobiles largely by old and
petrol vehicles, due to in complete combustion of organic matters. It has no
smelt; inactivates hemoglobin and can be very harmful because it shows no
physiological symptom or uncomforted. Human exposure to this for longer
than eight hours at a concentration of about 120 PPM should not be allowed
for more than one hour.

1.4(d) Among anti knock additives TEL (Tetra ethyl lead (C2H5) 4 Pb) is
well known. The effect of adding TEL is to reduce a non volatile
combustion product which tends to accumulate on the spark plug and cause
the engine to misfire. Therefore TEL is always blended with ethylene
dibromide and ethylene dichloride so that the lead compounds formed
during combustion are sufficiently volatile and are discharged through
exhaust to atmosphere.

1.4(e) Sulphur is present in the crude oil itself. During refining large amount
of sulphur is separated from the fuel. Still there remains some of its amount
in the fuel. It forms oxide of sulphur during combustion. These Oxides of
sulphur from exhaust go to atmosphere. This sulphur oxide may be
combined with sulphuric acid (H2S04); a very corrosive secondary pollutant.

8
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Allen.M.A. 2018 -A lot of effort is being made to reduce the air

pollution from petrol and diesel engines and regulations for emission limits
are also imposed. Furthermore, developments in petrol and diesel engines,
combined with improvements in the vehicles, will make fuel consumption
reduction of 40% or more in the future bikes. One such development is
improvement of the silencer unit of an engine. This is where an Aqua Silencer
comes into play.

Maruthi Prasad Yadavet. al. [21 2016 carried out research for the four
stroke multi cylinder diesel engine with an aqua silencer. In most of
application the final selection of an aqua silencer is based on an arrangement
between the predicted acoustical, aerodynamic, mechanical and structural
performance in conjunction with the cost of the resulting system then have
performance and work in the model and get result. They conclude that load
increases the contaminations gradually by using conventional silencer but by
fitting with aqua silencer, the contaminations decreases.

Keval Patel et. al. [3] 2017 designs the dimensions of aqua silencer
for two stroke petrol engines. The exhaust pipe connects with shell and inner
side of it perforated tube is arranged. The charcoal layer is paste d over the
perforated tube. Bead Activated carbon is used as a charcoal layer. It is a
process by which the carbonized product develops porous structure

9
of molecular dimensions and extended surface area on heat treatment in the
temperature range of 800 1000 oc in presence of suitable oxidizing gases
such as steam and carbon dioxide (C02).
So many researchers have been done so far to produce such
equipment which can reduce the emission up to current norms.
Ex. Catalytic Converter, EVAP, Aqua Silencer, Alternative fuel.
Alternative fuel E5 (Ethanol 5% & 95% Unleaded Gasoline) is already
implemented by Indian Government since 2015.Also difference between
BS3 bike & BS4 bike is use of EVAP system in it.
Year: 2017

Title: Advance catalytic converter in gasoline engine for emission

control: A Review
Author: A.M.Leman, Afiquah Jajuli et.all.

It indicate that price & non availability of precious material were

also force the automotive industry to investigates the alternatives. The
noble metal catalytic converter has been found to cause several type of
problem such as converter melt down, carbon deposit, catalyst fracture &
poisoning.
Karthikeyan CO emission reduce for range of BP from2-18 KW
by using Fe-Zeolite CC.
Sabayang et.al. has studied the preparation of NiO catalyst on
FeCrAl substrate & found that it is effective for Nox reduction.
Ranganathan in his study investigated that titanium based
catalytic converter having ability to rectify exhaust emission up to 20%
than the OEM fitted values.

10
 Year: 2017

Title: Gate to gate life cycle assessment for determining carbon footprint
of catalytic converter assembly process.
Author: A.N.Mustaflzul Karim, H.M.Emrul Kays et.al.

In this study they are more concern about pollution from welding process
during manufacturing of CC.
CFP= E*EF
E =Energy consumption of welding operation
EF=Emission factor for electricity.
Electricity emission factor for malesiya is consider in this research as
0.65592 kg CO2e/KWh & concluded that plasma arc welding contributes
27% of total emission & responsible for major emission.
Year: 2017

Title: Emission treatment towards cold start & back pressure in internal
combustion engine against performance of catalytic converter.
Author: A.M.Leman, Fakrurrazi Rahman et.al.
In this study they stated that one of the problem that are being concern by
among of researchers is the cold start & back pressure problem that usually in
the composition of catalytic converter.Till catalytic converter reaches to it’s
light off temperature it will not in active mode to reduce emission.
Will & Boretti had conducted an investigation on the heat
exchanger that applied from the exhaust gas directly towards input of CC &
observed that HC reduce by 2% NOx by 19% & CO by 27%.Kollman et. al.
overcome the cold start problem by heating the CC with an external
combustion hydrogen gas that is added to the vacuum insulation which
contains small amount of metal hydrides.

11
An engine will loose about 300w of power per 1Kpa of pressure loss. The
catalyst & filter materials will increase back pressure.
Lashmikanti & keck uses honeycomb monolith structure that gives
positive impact in terms of back pressure.
Karuppusamy et.al.[ stated that increase in inlet cone length will reduce
the back pressure & also reduce recirculation zones
The most important factor in solving cold start performance are to improve
light off temperature during the warm-up stage.
Year: 2016

Title: Simulation on toxic gases in vehicle exhaust equipped with

modified catalytic converter: A review

Author: A.M.Leman, Fakhrurrazi Rahman et.al.

This research uses FeCrAL as a substrate that is treated using the ultrasonic
bath and electroplating techniques improves the conversion efficiency of cc.
Bagus at.al. uses catalyst as manganese coated copper CuMn, it is able to
reduce the emission of CO. Also it is observed that increasing the cell
number in the catalyst would reduce the CO while not effective on HC &
Nox. Bode et.al. state that while using titanium oxide as catalyst in cc, result
concludes that the conversion efficiency of wire mesh catalyst is 82%
compare to original converter 42%
Year: 2017

Title: Experimental Investigation on Innovative modification of aqua

silencer.
Author: Mehta Nirav & Sachindra Doshi (GEC, Bhavnagar)

In this conventional silencer shows opacity of 3.98 where modified aqua

silencer shows opacity of 3.08.[18].

12
 CHAPTER - 3

TYPES OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE POLLUTANTS

Spark-ignition and Diesel engines are the two most common engines.
Other types of engines are Rotary (Wankel) Engines, Gas-Turbine (Brayton)
Engines, Steam (Rankine) Engines, Stirling) Engines, Electric and Hybrid
Vehicles. Spark-ignition gasoline engines have either a 2- Stroke (the cycle
is completed in 2-strokes of the piston) or 4-Stroke design (the cycle is
completed in 4-strokes, Suction >Compression > Expansion or Power and
Exhaust Strokes of the piston). 2-stroke engines are cheaper, lighter and can
produce greater power output per unit of displacement, so they are widely
used in motorcycles, scooters and mopeds and small power equipment. It
emits 20-50% of their fuel unburned in the exhaust, resulting in high
emissions and poor fuel economy. All gasoline engines currently used in
automobiles and larger vehicles use the 4-Stroke design. Advanced 2-Stroke
engines under development would achieve lower emissions and fuel
consumption than 4-Stroke engines.

3.1 MODE OF VEHICLE OPERATION AND EMISSION RATES

The vehicle operation is divisible into 4 modes or driving cycles: (i)
Idle / Start Mode - when the engine of vehicle has been started. It is yet
stationary. At this stage there is high level of HC and CO and very low level
of NOx, (ii) Acceleration- the emission of HC and CO come down with rise
in NOX levels, (iii) Cruise/Steady Mode-steady speed produces relatively
low concentration of HC and CO but high concentration of NOX

13
and (iv) Deceleration (a) free and while (b) applying brake- slow speed
contributes to more pollutants.

3.2 TYPES OF FUELS

Pollutant emissions from motor vehicles are determined by the
vehicle's engine type and the fuel it uses. Ideal fuel must have certain
physical, chemical and combustion properties, such as high energy density,
good combustion qualities, high thermal stability, and low deposit forming
tendencies, compatibility with engine hardware, good fire safety, low
toxicity, low pollution, easy transferability and on-board vehicle storage.
Commonly use fuels are gasoline and diesel. Gasoline is a mixture of
hydrocarbon compounds which have been distilled from petroleum. Sulphur
is a constituent in oil; low sulfur oil is in great demand as a fuel because the
S02 emission is reduced. Low sulphur oil is called "Sweet".
Alternative fuels considered for vehicular use are natural gas (in
compressed or liquefied form, Natural gas contains the lighter aliphatic
compounds, largely methane, CH4. A typical gas would be 80-90% CH4 , 5
to 10 % ethane and the rest other compounds), liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG), methanol (made from natural gas, coal or biomass), ethanol (made
from grain or sugar) vegetable oils, hydrogen, synthetic liquid fuels derived
from the hydrogenation of coal and various blends such as gasohol.

3.3 AIR POLLUTANTS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES

The major pollutants emitted from gasoline fueled vehicles are CO,
HC, NOX and Pb while pollutants from diesel-fueled vehicles are particulate
matter (including smoke), NOx, SO2, Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons PAH.
The composition of automotive and diesel exhausts is characterized
by greater amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons than that of
14
emissions from other fuel burning processes. Factors for automotive and
diesel exhaust emission, in pounds per 1,000 gallons of fuel consumed
(Giver, 1972), are given in Table-4.

SI. Gasolie Diesel

Pollutants
No Engines Engines

1 Particulates 11 110

2 Oxides of Sulphur 9 40

3 Oxides of Nitrogen 113 222

4 Carbon monoxide 2910 60

5 Hydrocarbons 524 180

6 Aldehydes 4 10

7 Organic acids 4 31

8 Ammonia 2

9 Benzo(a) pyrene 0.3 g/1000gal 0.4 g/1000 gal

Table-3.1: Emission Factors for Gasoline Engines and Diesel Engines (lb/1000
gal of Fuel)

15
3.3.1 Carbon monoxide (CO) - Colorless and odorless gas, slightly denser
than air. Residence time and turbulence in the combustion chamber, flame
temperature and excess O2 affect CO formation. Conversion of CO to C02
in the atmosphere is slow and takes 2 to 5 months. In developing countries
the transport sector account for 53% of CO emissions and the residential and
commercial sectors, 46%.

3.3.2 Hydrocarbon Compounds (HC) Compounds consisting of carbon and

hydrogen and include a variety of other volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). Most HCs are not directly harmful to health at concentrations
found in the ambient air. Through chemical reactions in the troposphere,
however they play an important role in forming NO2 and O3 which are
health and environmental hazards. Among the various HC, methane (CH4)
does not participate in these reactions. Remaining HC, non methane
hydrocarbons (NMHC) are reactive in forming secondary air pollutants.
NMHC are photo chemically reactive.

3.3.3 Benzene and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Motor vehicles emit

toxic HC including benzene, aldehydes and Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH). About 85 to 90% benzene emissions come from exhaust and the
remainder comes directly from gasoline evaporation and through
distribution losses. Toluene and xylene HC compounds are present in the
gasoline whereas aldehydes, 1, 3 butadiene are not present in gasoline,
diesel fuel, ethanol or methanol but are present in their exhaust emissions as
partial combustion products.

16
Note: PAH are emitted at a higher rate in exhaust of diesel-fueled
vehicles than gasoline —fueled vehicles.

3.3.1 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - includes nitric oxide (NO), nitrous

oxide ( N2O), nitrogen dioxide (N02), dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) and
nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5). NO and NO2 collectively represented as NOx,
are the main nitrogen oxides emitted by vehicles. About 90% of these
emissions are in the form of NO. NO is produced in the vehicle engine by
combustion of nitrogen at high temperatures. NO2 formed by oxidation of
NO, has a reddish brown color and pungent odour.
In the atmosphere, NO2 involved in a series of reactions in the
presence of UV radiation that produce photochemical smog, reducing
visibility. It may also react with moisture to form nitric acid (HNO3)
aerosols. In the lower atmosphere (troposphere), NO2 forms O3 by reacting
with HC. In the upper atmosphere, it reacts with chlorine monoxide to form
chlorine nitrates. In developing countries, the transport sector accounts for
49% of NOX emissions and the power sector, 25%; the industrial sector,
11%; the residential and commercial sectors, 10% and other sources 5%.
3.3.2 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) - is a stable, nonflammable, nonexplosive,
colorless gas. In the atmosphere, SOX may be converted to sulfur trioxide
(SO3) by reacting with O2. SO2 and SO3 react with moisture in air to form
sulfurous (H2SO3) and sulfuric (H2SO4) acids may precipitate to earth as
acid rain. Sulphates may also be produced through reaction of these sulfur
compounds with metals present in particulate matter.

17
3.3.3 Ozone (O3) - in the lower (troposphere) layer, ground level ozone
(GLO) is formed by the reaction of VOCs and NOX with ambient 02 in the
presence of sunlight and high temperatures. GLO is a major constituent of
smog in urban areas and motor vehicles are the main emission source of its
precursors. The reactions that form GLO also produce small quantities of
other organic and inorganic compounds such as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
and nitric acid. GLO concentrations depend on the absolute and relative
concentrations of its precursors and the intensity of solar radiation, which
exhibits diurnal and seasonal variations. Thermal inversions increase GLO
concentrations.
Particulate matter (PM) - consists of fine solids and liquid droplets
other than pure water that are dispersed in air. Total suspended particulates
are particles with an aerodynamic diameter of >70 gm. PM with an
aerodynamic diameter of 2 10 um known as suspended inhalable particulate
matter/ Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) or PMI(), remains
in the atmosphere for longer periods because of its low settling velocity.
PMIO can penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract and cause respiratory
illness in humans. PM with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5-10 um or less is
defined as fine particles (PM2.5), while the larger PM is called coarse
particles. Nearly all PM emitted by motor vehicles consists of fine particles
and a large fraction of these particles has an aerodynamic diameter less than
1 gm. PM2.5 can also be formed in the atmosphere as aerosols from
chemical reactions that involve gases such as SO2, NOX and VOC. Sulfates,
which are commonly generated by conversion from primary sulfur
emissions, make up the largest fraction of PM2.5 by mass.

18
 PM2.5 can also form as a result of solidification of volatile metals salts
as crystals following cooling of hot exhaust gases from vehicles in ambient
air. Gasoline fueled vehicles have lower PM emission rates than diesel—
fueled vehicles. PM emissions from gasoline fueled vehicles result from
unburned lubricating oil and ash-forming fuel and oil additives. PM emitted
by diesel-fueled vehicles consists of soot formed during combustion, heavy
HC condensed or adsorbed on the soot and sulfates. These emissions contain
PAH. With the advancement of emission control measures in engines,
however, the contribution of soot has been reduced considerably.
Black smoke, associated with the soot portion of PM emitted by
diesel-fueled vehicles, is caused by O2 deficiency during the full combustion
or expansion phase. Blue, gray and white smokes are caused by the
condensed HC in the exhaust of diesel-fueled vehicles. Blue or gray smoke-
results from vaporized lubricating oil and white smoke occurs during engine
start-up in cold weather. Diesel fuel additives such as Ba, Ca and Mg reduce
smoke emissions but increase PM sulfate emissions. These additives may
also increase PAH emissions..
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - The source of CFC emissions from
motor vehicles is the Freon gases used in air conditioners. CFC emitted into
the atmosphere rise to the stratosphere layer within 10 years and are
estimated to remain there for 400 years. CFC molecules struck by UV
radiation release chlorine atoms, which destroy O3 by forming chlorine
monoxide. Furthermore, when a free O2 atom reacts with a chlorine
molecule, and O2 molecule is formed and a chlorine atom is released to
destroy more O3.

19
 CHAPTER-4

EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

Study of exhaust emissions and its control has been a matter of

concern from a long period for the engineers. The operating variables affect
the auto engine exhaust.

4.1 EFFECT OF OPERATING AND DESIGN VARIABLE ON HC &

CO EMISSION

4.1.1 Air-Fuel Ratio

For a fuel quality, concentrations of many of these pollutants

are influenced by such factors as the air-fuel ratio in the cylinder at the
time of combustion, ignition timing, combustion chamber geometry,
engine parameters (e.g. Speed, load and engines temperatures) and use of
emission control devices. Vehicles with electronic fuel injection engines
maintain an air-fuel ratio of about 14.7: 1 (i.e. burning of 1 1b of fuel about
14.7 lbs of air is needed, which is the stoichiometric/ ideal ratio for the
airgasoline mixture) to achieve complete combustion.
Lean mixture (Higher Ratios) produces less HC & CO emission
while Rich mixture (Lower Ratios) produces more CO & HC and low
values of NOX emissions from un-burned or partially burned fuel. The
air/fuel ratio is adjusted taking into consideration the emission and
efficiency of an engine. It is seen that most of the gasoline operated engines
are adjusted within the air/fuel ratio of 12:16. The air/fuel ratio and ignition
timing are readily adjustable, both in design specifications and field tune up
adjustments.

20
 4.1.2 Engine Speed
Emission concentration is markedly reduced at higher engine speed.
Primarily increase in engine speed improves the combustion process within
the cylinder by increasing turbulent mixing and eddy diffusion. This
promotes after oxidation of quenched layer. In addition increased exhaust
port turbulence at higher speeds promote exhaust system oxidation reactions
through deter mixing.

4.1.3 Spark Timing

It has been found that at a constant power of 13 BHP and

1500 rpm, a retard of 10 0 from the manufacturers recommended setting of

300 BBDC reduced HC emissions by 100 PPM, but increased fuel

consumption of 10%. The 100 PPM change for 10 retard suggests the
importance of precise spark timing and minimum distributor tolerance.

4.1.4 Exhaust Back Pressure

Increasing exhaust gases in the cylinder at the end of the cycle. If
this increase in residual does not increase the percentage dilution of the
fresh charge to a level where the combustion process is adversely affected,
the HC emission concentration will be lowered. The reduction arises from
leaving the tail end of the exhaust, which is rich in unburned hydrocarbons
in the cylinder. This tail is subsequently burned in next cycle.

4.1.5 Valve Overlap

It has similar effects as that of back pressure case. The charge is

further diluted with the residual gases. Slight valve overlap (about 2 0 )
provided minimum emission. Thus a slight amount of residual tail did the

21
lower the average HC emission value. However a further increase in residual
led to an incomplete combustion and a HC emission increase.

4.1.5 Intake Manifold Pressure

At a fixed mixture ratio and speed with best power timing there is no
effect of engine horsepower on hydrocarbon or carbon mono oxide emission.
However because carburetor and distribute settings are variable in a vehicle,
there is a change in emission concentration as the throttle is varied at a
constant speed.

4.1.6 Combustion Chamber Deposit Build Up

Major source of combustion chamber deposit is TEL, fuel additive
used to suppress the combustion knock. Deposits act to increases. Deposits
also act as a sponge to trap raw fuel which remains unburned and adds to
exhaust hydrocarbons. Deposits build up also increases compression ratio
which in turn increases emission.

4.1.7 Surface Temperature

Combustion chamber surface temperature affects the UBHC emission
by changing the thickness of the combustion chamber quench layer and the
degree of after reaction. Went Worth (6) studied the effect of such changes
on hydrocarbon emissions of 0.35 to 0.58 PPM hexane per one degree
Fahrenheit (f) rise in combustion chamber surface temperature. In one test

an increase of 100 0F decreased emissions by 37%.

22
 4.1.8 Surface to Volume Ratio
It is desirable to minimize the surface area of the combustion chamber
because hydrocarbons emissions arise primarily from quenching at the
chamber mixture, a thin layer of HC is left on the wall surface. Hence
by decreasing the surface area for the same volume of the combustion
chamber we can reduce this emission.

4.1.9 Stroke to Bore Ratio

Engine with small bore born and large stroke have lower surface to
volume ratio. But this modification is opposed due to increased frictional
losses in case of long stroke and practice is for short stroke for reduced
friction, increased power and economy.

4.1.10 Compression Ratio

A large reduction in surface to volume ratio can be affected by
decreasing compression ratio. This increases the clearance volume greatly
with little increase in surface area. However, reduced compression ratio
results in lower thermal efficiency and reduced engine power. A decrease in
compression ratio reduces hydrocarbon emissions a second way when a
C.R. reduces, thermal efficiency is lowered and as a re result exhaust gas
temperature is increased which improves exhaust system after reactions.

4.2 EFFECT OF OPERATING AND DESIGN VARIABLE ON NOx

EMISSION

4.2.1 Equivalence Ratio

The equivalence ratio affects both the gas temperature and the
available oxygen during combustion. Theoretically an increase in the

23
equivalence ratio from 1 to 1.1 results in an increase in the maximum cycle

temperature of 100 0F while 02 concentration occurs at an equivalence ratio

of 0.9. The maximum cycle temperature with this lean mixture is lower that
with a richer mixture, but the available oxygen concentration is much higher.

4.2.2 Spark timing

Increase in spark advance at any load and speed results in an increase
in the no concentration.

4.2.3 Intake Manifold Vacuum

Increase in manifold vacuum decreases load and temperature and
an increase the mass of the residual gases, due to this ignition delay is
increased and flame speed is reduced. This results in increase in the time of
combustion. If the spark timing is kept constant the increase in manifold
vacuum would cause the greater part of the combustion process to occur
during the expansion stroke. This would result in decrease of maximum
temperature of cycle and a corresponding decrease in No concentration in
exhaust.

4.2.4 Engine speed

An increase in engine speed has a little effect on ignition delay, results
in an increase in the flame speed due to turbulence and reduces heat
losses/cycle. This tends to raise compress and combustion temperature and
pressure. It spark timing is held constant a greater portion of this
combustion tends to occur during expansion where temperature and
pressure are comparatively low. This is slowest for burning mixture ratio 19:
l. For richer mixture, which burn faster, the effect of reduced heat losses at
higher speed predominates. This implies that an increase in the rate of no
24
formation due to reduced heat losses opposed by a reduction in the rate of
no formation due to late burning. For rich mixtures where combustion and
For lean mixtures where combustion and no formation are flow the later
effect predominates.

4.2.5 Effect of Coolant Temperature

An increase in coolant temperature results in a reduction in the heat

lost to the cylinder walls and an increase in maximum gas temperature.
This results in an increase in No concentration and vice versa.

4.2.6 Humidity

An increase in the mixture humidity is mainly due to the drop in

maximum flame temperature which reduces No formation, Moore (7) has
calculated that 1% (by weight) of water vapour reduced a hydrogen-air
ethylene air flame temperature by 36 0F. This reduced the initial rate of No
production by about 25%.

25
 CHAPTER -5

COMPONENTS AND ITS DETAILS

5.1 COMPONENTS

Perforated Tube.

Charcoal Layer.

Outer Shell.

Flange.

H-Nipp1e.

5.1.1 PERORATED TUBE

The perforated tube consists of number of holes of different

diameters. It is used to convert high mass bubbles to low mass bubbles.
The charcoal layer is pasted over the perforated tube.

Figure 5.1 Perforated Tube

26
 5.1.2CHARCOAL LAYER
The charcoal layer has more absorbing capacity because it has
more surface area. This charcoal is called as ACTIVATED CHARCOAL. It
is produced by heating the charcoal above 1500ºC foe several hours in a
burner. Its surface area gets increased. Charcoal is a light, black residue,
consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water
and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances.
Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or
other substances in the absence of oxygen . It is usually an impure form of
carbon as it contains ash; however, sugar charcoal is among the purest
forms of carbon readily available, particularly if it is not made by heating
but by a dehydration reaction with sulfuric acid to minimize the introduction
of new impurities, as impurities can be removed from the sugar in advance.
The resulting soft, brittle, lightweight, black, porous material resembles coal
Charcoal may be activated to increase its effectiveness as a filter. Activated
charcoal readily adsorbs a wide range of organic compounds dissolved or
suspended in gases and liquids. In certain industrial processes, such as the
purification of sucrose from cane sugar, impurities cause an undesirable
color, which can be removed with activated charcoal. It is also used to
absorb odors and toxins in gases, such as air. Charcoal filters are also used
in some types of gas masks. The medical use of activated charcoal is mainly
the absorption of poisons, especially in the case of suicide attempts in which
the patient has ingested a large amount of a drug. Activated charcoal is
available without a prescription, so it is used for a variety of health related
applications. For example, it is often used to reduce discomfort (and
embarrassment) due to

27
excessive gas (commonly known as a fart or flatulence) in the digestive
tract.
Animal charcoal or bone black is the carbonaceous residue obtained
by the dry distillation of bones. It contains only about 10% carbon, the
remainder being calcium and magnesium phosphates (80%) and other
inorganic material originally present in the bones. It is generally
manufactured from the residues obtained in the glue and gelatin industries.
Its decolorizing power was applied in 1812 by Derosne to the clarification
of the syrups obtained in sugar refining; but its use in this direction has
now greatly diminished, owing to the introduction of more active and
easily managed reagents. It is still used to some extent in laboratory
practice. The decolorizing power is not permanent, becoming lost after
using for some time; it may be revived, however, by washing and reheating.
Wood charcoal also to some extent removes coloring material from
solutions, but animal charcoal is generally more effective

Figure 5.2 Charcoal Layer

28
5.1.3 Outer Shell

The whole setup was kept inside the outer shell. It is made up of
iron or steel. The water inlet, outlet and exhaust tube was provided in the
shell itself.

Figure 5.3 Outer Shell

5.1.4 FLANGE

A flange joint is a connection of pipes, where the connecting pieces

have flanges by which the parts are bolted together. Here flange is used to
connect the silencer to the engine.

Figure 5.4 Flange

29
 5.1.5 H- NIPPLE
It is a device which is used to connect two pipes together. It consists
of two threaded sides.

Figure 5.5 H- Nipple

5.2 CONSTRUCTION
Basically an aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube which
is installed at the end of the exhaust pipe. The perforated tube may have
holes of different diameters. The very purpose of providing different
diameter hole is to break up gas mass to form smaller gas bubbles the
perforated tube of different diameter .Generally 4 sets of holes are drilled on
the perforated tube. The other end of the perforated tube is closed by plug.
Around the circumference of the perforated tube a layer of
activated charcoal is provided and further a metallic mesh covers it. The
whole unit is then placed in a water container. A small opening is provided
at the Top of the container to remove the exhaust gases and a drain plug is
provided at the bottom of the container for periodically cleaning of the
container. Also a filler plug is mounted at the top of the container. At the
inlet of the exhaust pipe a non-return valve is provided which prevents the
back flow of gases and water as well.

30
 AQUA SILENCER

EXHAUST

WATER OtTLET
WATER

Figure 5.6 Final Product

5.3 WORKING
As the exhaust gases enter in to the aqua silencer, the perforated
tube converts high mass bubbles in 10 low mass bubbles after that they
passes through charcoal layer which again purify the gases. It is highly
porous and posses extra free valences so it has high absorption capacity.

After passing over the charcoal layer some of the gases may
dissolved in to the water and finally the. Exhaust gases escape through the
opening in to the atmosphere. Hence aqua silencer reduces noise and
pollution.

31
 5.4 EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED GASES ON WATER
The water is a good absorbing medium. In aqua silencer the
gases are made to be dissolved in water. When these gases dissolved in
water they form acids, carbonates, bicarbonates etc,

5.4.1 Action of dissolved SO2

When SOX is mixed in water, it form SO2, SO2, SO2, H2S04,
H2SO, i.e. sulfur Acid ( H2S03,), it forms Hydrogen Sulphide which causes
fol rotten egg smell, acidify and corrosion of metals.

5.4.2 Action of dissolved CO2

The dissolved carbon dioxide forms bicarbonate at lower PH
and carbonates at higher PH. This levels 40-400 mg/liter. The form a scale
in pipes and boilers. The carbon dioxide mixes with water to form carbonic
acid. It is corrosive to metals and causes green house effect.

5.4.3 Effect of dissolved NOX

The Nitrogen in water under goes Oxidation to form
ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Nitric acid. This synthesis of protein and amino
acids is effected by Nitrogen. Nitrate usually occurs in trace quantities in
surface water. A limit of 10 mg per liters Nitrate is affordable in drinking
water.

32
 CHAPTER 6

CATALYTIC CONVERTER

6.1 What is Catalytic Converter

A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that
converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal
combustion engine into less toxic pollutants by catalyzing redox reactions.

6.2 Where it is used

Catalytic converters are usually used in combustion engines fueled
by gasoline petrol or diesel engines.

6.3 What does it do

A Catalytic converter uses a chamber called a catalyst to change the
harmful compounds from an engines emission into safe gases, like steam. It
works to split up the unsafe molecules in the gases that a engines produce
before they get released into air.

6.4 Construction
The construction of the catalytic converter includes a honeycomb
core that is covered with different metals like rhodium & platinum. The
main reason to use these metals is, it responds very quickly with the exhaust
gases of the engine.They decrease the toxic contents within the gases &
switch them into CO2 & H2O. In the beginning, it responds to the
carbonmonooxide which is produced by un-burned fuel.

33
 So, this converter will convert these harmful emissions into less harmful
ones.
Catalytic converter needs 400°C of temperature to function efficiently.
Thus they are arranged near to bike engine otherwise one or more tiny
catalytic converters like pre-cats are located instantly behind the exhaust
manifold.
In a catalytic converter, the catalyst is made generally from platinum
otherwise a related metal like palladium/ rhodium. Gases will supply
throughout a ceramic honeycomb and that is arranged in the cat housing.
Here, honeycomb is lined through metals to reduce emissions. The
catalysts available in automobiles are mainly two types like reduction and
oxidation catalyst.
The main function of the reduction catalyst is to assist in reducing the
pollution of nitrogen oxide by eliminating oxygen. These are divided into
two seperate gases like nitrogen & oxygen. Oxidation catalysts are mainly
used for changing the gases from carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon
dioxide(CO2) with a reverse method of including oxygen.

6.5 What does a Catalytic Converter Do?

These are mainly accountable for reducing harmful compounds to
less like O2, CO2, Ni, & H2O water. This can be done through a chemical
procedure that quickly reduces the compounds before they go away from
the bike.
These converters includes catalysts that convert the harmful
compounds. Generally, the normal method takes too much time. Catalysts
within the converter will make the procedure very quicker & reduces
different compounds in very little time. In modern bikes, 3 stage converters

34
are majorly used.
In catalytic converters, both the stages like the first and second
mainly involve both reduction & oxidation catalysts. Generally, the
reduction catalyst comes from platinum & radium whereas the oxidation
comes from platinum & palladium. As you can observe, platinum is mainly
used in different areas through catalytic converters which reduce harmful
compounds.
The last phase comprises the engine with an oxygen sensor & it
detects how much oxygen is within the exhaust system. Here, fuel injection
mainly depends on this procedure when the engines increase/decrease then
how much fuel is infused into the gas chambers.

6.6 HOW A CATALYTIC CONVERTER WORKS

The biggest issue with combustion engines (and the reason for the
existence of the catalytic converter) is that they often burn incompletely.
Complete combustion is when the maximum amount of energy is being
achieved by the fuel being burned, and it has two byproducts: carbon
dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion is when the maximum amount
of energy is not achieved by the reacted fuel and occurs when there is too
much fuel in the combustion mixture and not enough oxygen gas. In
chemistry class, we looked into some related concepts, those of limiting
reactants and excess reactants. A limiting reactant is a reactant that is fully
consumed in a reaction, and as a result, stops the reaction when it is
depleted. Conversely, an excess reactant is the reactant that is left over
after the reaction stops. In the case of combustion, the goal is to make
oxygen gas the excess reactant, because if the fuel itself is the excess

35
reactant, it is simply being wasted. This is known as incomplete
combustion, the main byproducts of which are water, carbon, nitrogen
oxide, and carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas. The point of making oxygen
the excess reactant is simply to make gasoline the limiting reactant, which
will make sure that no gasoline is wasted. This improves efficiency, power,
and minimizes the generation of harmful gasses.
Modern technological advancements allow for engines to control the
air-to-fuel ratios and mixtures used, but before control over these variables
was possible, incomplete combustion was almost inevitable, meaning that
carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide were essentially always created as a
byproduct of combustion. Often, some fuel is left unburnt and also exits
the exhaust manifold in the form of a hydrocarbon.
To combat the creation of carbon monoxide, the catalytic converter
was implemented as a requirement in cars by 1975. A catalytic converter
sits inline with a car’s exhaust, and goes in-between the exhaust manifold
(where the engine exhausts are gathered and sent to the exhaust pipes) and
the exhaust tips (the end of the exhaust pipes). The purpose of the catalytic
converter is to convert the noxious gases created by an engine into less
harmful, smog-free gases. It does so by using platinum as a catalyst.
Catalysts are something that we learned a lot about in chemistry class.
A catalyst is something that speeds up a reaction without itself being
changed in any way. More specifically, it decreases the activation energy
of a reaction, which is the energy needed for a reaction to take place. In
class, we saw an example of a catalyst at work with an activity we did
where we put some aluminum foil into a copper chloride solution and
added table salt (NaCl), a catalyst, to speed up an oxidation-reduction
reaction, resulting in the formation of aluminum chloride and copper.

36
 In the case of the catalytic converter, there are two different catalyst
processes: One targets the nitrogen oxide by a process of reduction
(removing oxygen), breaking it up into nitrogen and oxygen, both of which
are harmless. The other targets carbon monoxide by a process called
oxidation (adding oxygen), and turns it into carbon dioxide, while also
splitting up some of the remaining hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and
water (Chris Woodford, 2018). As a result, the catalytic converter converts
once harmful gasses into harmless ones.

6.7 Bad Catalytic Converter Symptoms

The signs of a clogged catalytic converter mainly include the following.

 Waning fuel efficiency

 Verify warning light

 bike Smells like rotten eggs

 Engine issues

 Less acceleration

 The emission test will be failed

 Engine Light will be ON

 A Rattling Noise within the Engine

 Getting fewer miles for each gallon

 bike Jerks ahead

 Fuel loss throughout acceleration

 The engine will be misfire

37
6.8 How to Clean a Catalytic Converter?
The catalytic converter can be cleaned in two ways like without
cleaning it and cleaning it but the following things must be considered
before cleaning this converter.
1. The converter is packed full or not

2. Need to check the slack parts

3. Purify catalyst

4. The converter is packed full or not

5. Need to check the slack parts

6. Purify catalyst

7. Consumption of oil
The required equipment to clean the catalytic converter are; hand
gloves, goggles for eyes safety, tub, degreaser, oil, Jack stand, wrenches,
pressure washer, oxygen sensor wrench, shop towels, etc.

6.9 Advantages of Catalytic Converter

The advantages of catalytic converter mainly include the following.
If we remove the catalytic converter then there are some benefits like the
following.
 Catalytic converters reduce 87% of hydrocarbon emissions, 85%
carbon monoxide & 62% nitrous oxide throughout the expected bike
life.
 The catalytic converter is an essential device in gas-fueled bikes. If the
bike generates emissions, it requires this converter.
 It reduces harmful emissions from the bike.

38
 Once a catalytic converter is removed, then the horsepower in some
bikes will be increased. As a result, we can produce more horsepower
without it.
 This converter should work very hard to get similar energy. If we
remove this, it will reduce the burden & you can attain better gas
mileage.
 Exhaust sounds can be removed once it is removed.

 Engine performance can be enhanced

6.10 Disadvantages of catalytic converter

 In some countries like the USA, removing a catalytic converter is

illegal without reason otherwise you have to follow some procedure to
remove this. Otherwise, you will get some fines.
 The fault code may be activated within your vehicle by detaching a
catalytic converter.
 Harmful gases can be leaked within the atmosphere, so they can affect
your health.
 The catalytic converter reduces fuel consumption. If we remove this,
you have to pay for the fuel.
 Detaching this converter may cause low-end torque loss while
operating the bike.
 Noise can be generated while driving

 Without a catalytic converter, you can utilize more gasoline

 Visual inspection can be failed for bikes.

39
 CHAPTER -7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

There has been an increasing concern in recent years over the

increasing of transportation and discharge of industrial waste waters into
environment. The automobile emission contains air pollutants and other
species. Almost all pollutants are toxic in nature. Some of the examples are
CO, CO2 NOx, and Hydrocarbon. Among the air pollutants, all are most
effective pollutants. Hence, the removal of pollutants was selected for the
present study. Several expensive techniques are available in developed
countries. But in developing countries like India is not applicable since
adsorption technique is less expensive and economically feasible, it has
been selected for the present study using some cheap cost chemicals as an
effective adsorbent.
Therefore the objective of the present work was to test the
ability of some chemicals in removing air pollutants from automobile
emission.

40
 7.2 RESULT ANALYSIS ON EMISSION

Figure 7.2.1 Engine exhaust without Aqua Silencer

Figure 7.2.2 Engine exhaust with Aqua Silencer

41
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS

Figure 7.2.3 Emissions Without Silencer

Figure 7.2.4 Emissions With Silencer

42
 Figure7.2.5 Emissions of CO(carbon monoxide) without silencer

The graph Figure 7.2.5 shows the emission of CO by the relationship

obtain between Time( In secs) and Emission (in vol%) without aqua silencer.
From the graph it is identified that the emission after 10 seconds the
emission level was identified as 2.6 vol% then it is considerably increased to
4 vol% at the time period of 20 seconds. Then after 30 seconds the emission
rate was 5.5 vol% and the level was maintained upto 40seconds.

Note : x axis represents time (in secs), y axis represents emission.

43
 Figure 7.2.6 Emissions of CO(carbon monoxide) with silencer

The graph Figure 7.2.6 shows the emission of CO by the

relationship obtain between Time( In secs) and Emission (in ppm) with aqua
silencer. From the graph it is identified that the emission after 10 seconds
the emission level was identified as 2.6 vol% then it is gradually increased
to 3.5vol% at the time period of 20 seconds. Then after 30 seconds the
emission rate was 5.5 vol% and the level was maintained upto 40seconds.

Note : x axis represents time (in secs), y axis represents emission.

44
 Figure 7.2.7 Emissions of HC(hydrocarbon) without silencer

The graph Figure 7.2.7 shows the emission of HC by the

relationship obtain between Time( In secs) and Emission (in ppm) with
aqua silencer. From the graph it is identified that the emission after 10
seconds the emission level was identified as 120 ppm then it is
considerably increased to 140 ppm at the time period of 20 seconds. Then
after 30 seconds the emission rate was 260 ppm and the level was
maintained upto 40seconds.

Note : x axis represents time (in secs), y axis represents emission.

45
 Figure 7.2.8 Emissions of HC(hydro carbon) with silencer

The graph Figure 7.2.8 shows the emission of HC by the

relationship obtain between Time( In secs) and Emission (in vol%) with
aqua silencer. From the graph it is identified that the emission after 10
seconds the emission level was identified as 112 ppm then it is
considerably increased to 145 ppm at the time period of 20 seconds. Then
after 30 seconds the emission rate was reduced upto 120 ppm and the level
was further reduced at 40 seconds.

Note: x axis represents time (in secs), y axis represents emission.

46
 Figure7.2.9 Emissions Of CO2 without silencer

The graph Figure 7.2.9 shows the emission of CO2 by the

relationship obtain between Time( In secs) and Emission (in vol%) with
aqua silencer. From the graph it is identified that the emission after 10
seconds the emission level was identified as 2.3 vol% then it is gradually
decreased to 2.1 vol% at the time period of 20 seconds. Then after 30
seconds the emission rate was increased upto 2.3 vol% and the level was
maintained upto 40 seconds.

Note: x axis represents time (in secs), y axis represents emission

47
 Figure 7.2.10 Emissions of CO2(carbon dioxide) with silencer

The graph Figure 7.2.9 shows the emission of CO2 by the

relationship obtain between Time( In secs) and Emission (in vol%) with
aqua silencer. From the graph it is identified that the emission after 10
seconds the emission level was identified as 2.16 vol% then it is gradually
decreased to 2.1 vol% at the time period of 20 seconds. Then after 30
seconds the emission rate was decreased upto 2.0 vol% and the level was
slightly increased at 40 seconds.

Note: x axis represents time (in secs), y axis represents emission.

48
7.3 RESULT ANALYSIS ON NOISE

First the noise of the engine with 4-stroke single cylinder petrol
engine in our laboratory was up to 105db.
Then the noise produced after the aqua silencer was fitted up to 75db.

Thus the noise reduction was achieved and the noise was measured
by using decibel meter.

7.4 CONCLUSION
An Aqua Silencer having more efficiency to reduce emission gases from the
engine using lime water, charcoal layer and a perforated tube with the use of
perforated tube back pressure always remains a constant, and sound level of exhaust
reduces. Contamination of water remains very less in aqua silencers. In this system,
fuel consumption remains the same as conventional silencers because of the use of
the perforated tube. Due to the use of water as a medium sound reduces these system
having pollution free emission and smokeless. This system is very cheap. This
system is used for both four-wheelers and two- wheelers. It plays an important role in
industries. It is smokeless and pollution-free emission and also it is very cheap. This
aqua silencer's performance is almost equivalent to the conventional silencer.

The catalytic converter fulfilled its purpose in greatly reducing the levels of
smog and air pollution generated in car-dense environments, and as a result, will go
down in history as one of the most effective automotive advancements of all time.
With that being said, the modern world cannot rely on the catalytic converter as a
complete solution for the negative impact of internal combustion engines on our
environment, and a better, more sustainable solution is neede.

49
7.5 REFERENCES

 Bansal T K and Sharma H R 1992 Chromium removal by

adsorption on rice husk ash. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 12 (3): 198 201.

 Griffin R A, Au H K and Forest R R 1977 Effect of pH on

adsorption of chromium from land fill leach ate by clay minerals. J.
Environ. Sci. Health Ser. A 12: 431 D 449.

 Gupta M S, Bhargava D S and Varshney B S 1987 Removal of

chromium through adsorption on saw dust. J. Inst. Engg. (India)
Environ. Eng. 67: 64 69. Indian

 S. Ristic and Tonkovic M 1986 Sorption of chromium (VI) on

hydroxide iron oxides Z. Wass. Abwass. Forsch. 19: 186 196.

 Prabavathi Nagarajan and Priscilla Prabavathi 2005 A Study of

removal of Pb (Il) by adsorption technique using bikebonized
tamarind seed and coast. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 25(5): 433 435.

 Singaram P 1994 Removal of Chromium from tannery effluent by

using water weeds. Indian J. Environ. Health Vol. 36(3): 197 199.

 Gupta, R.K., et al. Ecology of polluted waters A.P.H.

 Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, p. 231-243, (2002).

 Changing Air Quality | Clean Air Acts | Great London Smog,

www.air-quality.org.uk/02.php.

50
 Anonymous. “Causes of Climate Change.” Together Against
Trafficking in Human Beings, 28 June 2017,
ec.europa.eu/clima/change/causes_en.

 “How Do Catalytic Converters Work?” Explain That Stuff, 10 June

2018, www.explainthatstuff.com/catalyticconverters.html.

 “Journal and Patent Literature.” The Canadian Journal of Chemical

Engineering, Wiley-Blackwell, 30 May 2007,
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jctb.5000281304.

 Rosenberg, Jeremy. “How Los Angeles Began to Put Its Smoggy Days
Behind.” KCET, 1 Jan. 2017, www.kcet.org/history-society/how-los-
angeles-began-to-put-its-smoggy-days-behind.

51