FINISHES

={llletal Support Systems -

Lath and Plasteruvork

Gypsum Plasterbo ard Systems
Geramic Tile Work
Terrazzo Work
Acoustical Treatments
Finish Wood Flooring
Resilient Flooring
Garpets, Underlays, and Trim
 $actlon Og-I0$
Metai $upport $yrtemnr

1.0 Introduction

1.0 General Issues

In many bulldings, th*re is a need ts leave some $pace between

the primary horlzontal plane at the underside of the structural floor or roof
frame and the secondary plane or level of finished ceilings. This sprce is
required to house and conceal mechanical, electrlcal, and other funcfional
systems within &e bullding volume. Such spaces also come about throuEh
differences ln bulldlng floor or celllng elevations, or through the need to
close off tfie bottoms of ducts or shafrs. To achieve a framewod< suitable
fur supporting finishes at such secondary building planes, a suspension
systenn, which ls ofren called fitr$ng, ls utfrlized. The resultant composite
ceiling ffiem is variously referred to as a drappN, furred, or suspended
ceillng. $uch systeff$ rnay consf;st *f metal or wood componenffi.

L.2 Design Aspects

There nre two bnric affBngemCInts fmr rneBl support $nstems.
One is lntended to camy a continuou$ gyp$um on mstal laffi system to
'whlch
plasterboard CIr ac*usticml tll*s may be adhercd (see ffgure 1). The
other in intended to cany an assembly of npacer hars with fabricated tile
or panel lns*rts of one sofi or enother (see lTgure 2). These arangemenffi
may be installed horizontally or inclined, in fiat ;llanes CIr with curve or
steps, in contlnuCIu$ or intermlttent fashlon" They are usually integrated
with the terminal fixtures required for lighting, heatins, puhlic address,
and other bullding ffiems"

*t

i.: irll"

S#gufm 3 lt'Lr$#ti,l,li:!!Hrri ;,'i!,1s| lilrl:6r:.,rt

1.3 Relsted Work

\ffort cf,oseil connected to thls sectlon ls descrlbed in the

following sections, to which ref*rence should be made:

03-300 Ca$-in-Plnoe Concrete

05-200 $teelJoiSlng
06-100 Rough &rPenSY
09-200 latft and Plffienarcrk
00-500 Acoustlcal Treatnents

2.0 Products

2.L Materials
i
The main comFnents are rufinsrr and crumo-channels; both
are described"

Runnett. Cold-rolled, galvanlzed, light steel ehannels, having a narrow

flange and a wider web, in sizes and weights as noted in Table 1"
Crocs-ctrennsls. Essentially the srne as nJnners, but smaller and lighter
in weight, as shown in Table l.

Tabie i
STTHS AND I,T'EI6TF OF RUNNTR,$ ANF CRO$S4HAilINELS

Weh Septh Approxlmate Weight

cqrypgnq$ * ,_ lI, _*lg_ffil!ggj[_

- ._ mS ..LU rer*!900 fr,
Hearry runner 50 2.00 90 600
Light r$nner 38 X.50 ?0 475
Cross-channel 19 0.75 50 300

2.2 Accessories

Accessortes ud in this work ar$ a{$ follows:

Pencil rod$. $hort lengths of thick mild steel wire, t0 rnm Sr 3/8 in. in
diarneter, used to furm tfie grid to support furred systerns.
 Hang*r wir$, [-onq ilengt:hs of thin mild s[eel wir*, $-Slxu{le or thicker,
used to support suspendred ceilings"
Spring clipo. A vuiele assorHnent of purpos.e-made wlre clips, used to
positive[y ancl securuly connect the systern members.
Tie-wlrc, Fine steel wire, 16-gifluge or thicker, used to eofinect $ystem
members to the huilding frame or to eash other.
Otheru" An assorffient of nails, scrfiws, and staples is also u*rd in this
work.

3.O Production

I
3.1 Crew Configuration

A typical hanger crew might consist clf one mechanic and one
helper. On large projecti, two or more crew$ might be utilized. Mechanics
may be carpentetq metalworkers, or others skilled through experience or
training to do thls work,

3.2 Productivity

In large unoffiucted areas, a crew installing a metal grid s.ystem

consisting of hangers, main runners, and cross-channels (excluding
gypsum or metal lath) should normaily cornplete about 10 ma sr 100 ft.2
bf ceiling aret per hour, In snall or confined area$, deerease normal
producfivity by ahout 30 perceng in complex sloBed, stepped, or curved
areas, decrease normal productivity b1, up to S0 percent" To include
fastening gypsum cr rnetal lath to the suspension qffitenn, installation
(whether plane, sloped, orcomplex) will take about tlvice as long,
compared to sirnply installing the supportinrg karneworlq"

4,0 Procedures

4.1 Preparation

The areas to be suspended should be examined fon obstructions,

both temporary (such as stoffi builde/s equipment and supplies) and
pennanent (such as mechanical ducts, lighting ftxtures, and other
irregularities), in the structurel frame or shape of the building. The centers
fur the location of [roles, hook, or ties requiring to be installed in wood,

+ ,., .-*--
ra

steel, sr f,onflr€trl:l sfrr:ruld tle detenmined elnd delivmred to those

respon$ible for tfreil' prroper placcment ah*md of time.

The lnyCIut of the pirttflrn for the han$ers shmuld be determined

with refercilce to the lscal huilding codfl. In germral, spacing of hangers
along the length of' the maln runners wil! be dlrtated by th* size of the
channel nnd the proposed lateral spm*ing of ttre main runners. some
typical spacings are indicated in Tahle ?.

Table 2
SPACING FOR RUNNTRS AND HANGER$

Size of Runner Space between Runners Space between Hangers

(web depth)

in. in. tn.

50 e.00 120 48 180 60

38 1"S0 90 36 1zCI 48
1g* 0.75* 60 24 90 36
10t 0.38t 30 L2 60 24

* Cross-channel.
Pencil md (diameter).
,t
4.2 Process

staftlng. There are three comrnon types of structural fuame fuom which
suspended metal systems are hung:

1. From concrete. Hanger Ueg or hooks are $ecured to reinfurcing steel

within the concrete before he concrete is poured or east (see Flgure
3a).
2. From stoe!. Hanger wires are wound around the bottonn chord of
open web joists or inserted through holers predrllled in wide-flange
joists or stee! decking (see Figure 3b).
3' Frsm wood" Holes nray be drilled through the neutral axls of the
joists, or spikes may he driven through to provide poinH to vrrhich the
hangers rnay be secured (see Figure Bc)"
,4

r ,;it

Finishing. There arc Hvo elemen& tct this pant of the proeess:

l. The rlgid hangers or hanger wires are hung fronn fiw prepared
*ructure down to a point just below the intended level of the finished
suspenslon sy$em and cut off. The main runners are measured and
cut to length, shaped or leveled as necessary and tften fastened in
place by twisilng the hanger wire around thenr at predetermined
interuals. There should always be one main runner placed within tr 50
mm or 6 in. of veftical wall surfaces along every slde of the rystem
area.
2. Cros6*channels or pencl! rorls are then nneasured, cut, mnd fmstened to
the main runners, using tie-wire or special clips, tc produce and
' accurate riEid rectangular grid, ready to receive the pnopcsed lath or
acoustical sy$tem. No part of the suspension system should touch the
param*ter enclosing vertical surfaces.

4.3 Precautions

As rnuch of this work is done overheact and ovenl'land, and usually

at sorrrc height above ffoor levels, eye protection, hard hats, and good
nonslip footwear are reeCIrnrnended. There is little prot*ction rrccessary for
the materials or accessories used, except to keep thenr clesn and dry.
 Ssction 09-200
fi"ath mnd Plartaruuork

1.0 Introduction
1.1 General Issues
Socletyt is experienclng the end of a long and honorable era with
respect to the use of Uadtflonal lath and plasterwork I constructlon. Lime,
gypsum, and mment plasters have been used to finish the irsides and
outsides of buildlngs for many centuries, from before time of the ancient
Greeks and Egy$ans up to the mlddle of the current century. However, in
recent year$, pla$erlng has experlenced a slgniffcant decllne ln popularity,
primarily arlslng fronr competltlon by less expenslve flnlshes, such as
gypsum plasterboards as well as plastic, wood, or nretal Faneling, which
re conslderably less.labsr lntenslve. Plastering, like palnUng, is one of the
few bullding finish trades where skill acquired through years of experience
by the person doing the work has a direct effiect on tfte quality of the
finished product. This contrasts wth other finishes which are factory
produce. More or less ready fur simple, effor free installation by semi
skilled workers.

L.2 Design Aspects I

nurnkr of advanhges, such
Plaster finishes still offer desisners a
as flexibiiity to
choose ftat or curved surfaces, rnodeling'and scul$ing
I
posslbillties, good firc, sound, and thennal $eparation, and a clurable, high
quality, plain or tofirred llnish. Plaster finish systems are also more
resistant to damrye fum rnolsfiJre than are gypsum plasterboard
systems.
Like many words, plaster has several meanings; the one
significant toconst-r-uction iTieails a
siibstance l"iaving a paste-like
composition. Plaster finishes are applied in successive layers (aalled coab)
paste over prepored bases (called substrates) to build up to required
thickness. One-coat plastering is seldom used, except for purging flue
linings or coating concrete fuundations prior to damp proofing. In tow-
coating work, the browrr coat is omitted, altltough the scratch coat is
often applied to double thickness by applying a second layer immediately
on top of the first layer, befure the finish layer is applled. In three-coat
layer, the fimt coat is called the xratcfi coat, so named because its
surface is deliberately roughened ready to bond to the next coat called
 =1

the brown coat so named because of its usually.dark color; The third coat
is called the /frrf coat. The baslc system is shown in figure I.
Care should be taken wlth the prcp€r design and placement of
sheet metal flashings used ln conJuncfion with external Sueco or plaster
systems, to en$une the dellectlon of watcr away from the system.
Similarly, thought sh$JH k
glven tn Ure appropriate placernent of rnetal
expansion and sepanffiur !ilnts, to minimlze the extent and effect of tfie
inevitable cracking of cwed plasterwork, caused by movem*nt of building
components.

igturlrs I l r":':: {l ':r'l l" 'l 'r'rr': '"'l

1.3 Retated Wol{t

Work dosef csrrrected to trls section is deserlbe.d in the

fullorrving lch refierence should he made:

05400 Steel Sud Systems {

_ 06-100@
09-900 Paintlng and Decsratlng
"'l-

2.0 Products
i- 2.1 Materials
l

i
l
F'E

Material Catogorioe, The materials used in plasterwork fall lnto three

broad categories: plmrtarc, Egflrsgstas, and watsr. Each ls described
below; they are mlxed together to produce different forms of plaster.
Plastur Inpradlanlm

1. Cement. Thls is a factory-produced mldure of llmestone and selected

clays, fined and powdered. PorUand Types I and II are comnmnly used
in cement plaster mixes.
2. Gypeurm. This is scientlffcally hydrous calcium sulfate (CaSOr.HzO).
When heated ad drled, lt forms anhydrous calclum sulfate (CaSO.).
In this fuffii, wisr addifives to furm slow-settlng or qulck-setting types,
it is mixed wlth llrne putty to form Keene's cement and used where a
hard, solid, smoo$t, dense plaster surface lmpruious to molsture is
required.
Lime, Dry calcium oxide (CaO) ls called quicklime; watcr is added to
form calciurn hydroxide (Ca$hla), which is a putty-like moisture called
slaked lime. The chemical re*ction is exothemric (i.e., it produces
heat). After coollng and curing for about two weeks, llme putty is
ready for uss in plastering. Under factory conditioned, calcium
hydroxide is aiso produced and Backaged in r,w-o poiroder furrrrs called
hydrated lime: Type tt for normal use (requiring lengthy soaking
before use) and Type S for special use (ready for immediate use after
adding water).

I Aggrugatw
AggrcSa&c, eoiln$s, Both henvyweight aggresates (such as crushed
stone, gravel, and some times small glass particles) and lightweight
aggregates (such as pertite, expanded shale, and verrniculate) are
used.
2. Aggrcgates, fln€. This is clean, well-grmded, fine stone sand.
3. Dashe* These conslst of a large variety of cornnruercially prepared
small colored glass, marble, quaftz or stone chips; they are used for
final decoratlon of exterior stucco surfaces.
Fillens. In earlier times, horsehair was used to strengthen ceftaan
types of plasters, and although asbestos flber was also once popular, it
is seldom-used tow for rcasons of health. Cunently, wCIod and glass
fibers are occaslonally intoduced into plaster mixes to improve
strength and resillence while reduclng wetght.

Water

Clean potable (drinkable) water is used in rnost plaster mixes.

 Plaster Typo*. There &re ssveral connbnnntions of ingredients used to
form different types uf'prlaster:
Acoustic plmrker, A mixturq of Sypsum, lime, and lightweight
agg!"egates.
Bare-coat plnster" Lflnrc or gyp$um, usect in scratch and brown coats"
Bond-coat plarter, A mixture of linne or Syp$urn with selected bonding
agents, used to chernlcally bond scratch coats to concrete subsrates.
Cement Bla*ter. A mixture if cement raater, and ffne a6gregate, used
most often in exterior applications.
Flher plaster, A factory-made mixture of gypsum plasten and selected
wood or glass fibers, used in locetions subJect to increased physical wear.
Gauging plactcn" A mixilre of lirne putty and finely powdered hydrated
gypsum, used wherul increased hardness is deslred in the ffnisherl su#ace.
i{olding plartnr. A fine, white hydrated Eyp$um powder whlch, with the
addition of water, produces a dense plastic material ideal fCIr producing
ornamental molded or sculpted plastenruork.
Ready-mix plasten. A factory-made mixtune uf ftne (usually lightweight) ;
aggregate and hydrated gypsurn surtr powc{er, bagged ready for
immediat* use {Jp,on the addition of water
$tucco piaoter. Sinnilar to cement pla$en, but o{ten havinE an aggregate
dash coat applied to the surface.

2.2 Accessories

, Accesscrles for plasterwork fall inta tftree broad categories:

Plaster l"ath- Th*se can he either gypsum-hmsed or rnetal-hased, as

follows:

l, Gypsum bascd, Consisting of a paper covened Syp$um core, and

available in $e following fmrnns:
a" Ftain. Ordinary Sypsum plasterboard in small sizes (400 x 1,200
ffin't or 1S x 48 in.)"
b. Long length. Same ns plain, but in tengths up tra 3,{$00 mm or 12
ft. (and longer on special order.)
c. Insulating" Same a$ plain, but witfr aluminum foll factory
la*'ninated to one face"
d. Ferftrated, Same as plain, but havimg a system of holes, 19 rnm
or 5/q in. in diameter, drilled at l0fi-ryirn or 4-in. intervals in both
directions as a mffrns to improve bonding of plaster ffnishes.
e. Fire*rertrstiyo. Having a Berlite/gypsum core.
 t, Metml hmsmd, $emerillly cunslsting of a Emlv;tnized steetr flaseu and
mvailabls in t,hc finllotlnrillg feinns:

a. Hxpmmdecl mstnll, $heet steel, slit nnd stretched to N'enn diamond-

shaped op*nings; availahle In sheets 6ff0 to 725 rnm nr 24 to 29 in.
'
in wlde ancl up to 3,6CI0 rnrn or 144 in. l*ng.
b. Rlh lruth, Siame as expanded metal,'_ hut having *tiffening ribs
inccrponated into the manufar*ure.
c. $heet lath, Flat sheets of copper-beartng stee!, pcrf*rated with
srnall circles, rectnnEles, fir squfrrs$ t$ impx'ove tfim nnechanical
bond of plaster.
d. $tueeo iaffi. l8<lauee fieei wire. woven arid siretched to form an
open dianrond-shaped mesh, havlng mpertures approxirnately 38
I
mm or 7r in. in siee".T'he wirc is *nimped at intervml to trrrovide a
self-furrlng featuru.
e. Wire lath, 16*,17-,18*, or 19- gauge ffieel wlre, wo\den CIr welded
tc form an open square or hexaganal patterned rnrlsh, .having
apertures about 50 mrn or 2 in. In s!ze, One fonn of ttris lath
incorporates a layer of heavy-duty, waterproof kraft bu$lding paper
wovsn between the wfirwi.

Some examples of lath are shorvn ln FiEure 2.

r a*f'-.P l u*-.*.a..-.t". a---..-,-r€ sf -'-".&"rl

!.:tl L.rrt:r)ril1". Il'lulrll li rtri l.lr! lttl.'i;r:l'l

- -'*:'
' :' ..'.:": "'

---**-{&r"

lrletal rrim, This generally consists of galvanieed sheet steel wnh

e;<panded metat tlanges fur fastening, and is mvailahle im the following
forrns:
l- -tt

Caslng bearfis of J profile. u$ed to trim open edges.

Contrcl hsadr of V profile, us*d to fonn expansirn joint features in large
plastered arefis,
Corner buads of L proffle, used to reinforee corners.
Picture molds of u prufile, used to create a srnall<oncealed recess to
facilitate the hangln$ of pictures.
Plaster boxee, used to keep plaster clear of electrlcal or other
comrcnents set into walls t0 be plastered.
Rods snd cllpo, used to provide separatkrn of plaster rath fuom
suppofting frames for acoustical purposes.

Some examples of trlm are shown in figure 3.

l.l. ..r:11r.: {h} S'::"'i ' r111

Figuru. il L r; -rr''i..,
"d
I,,r,, ,.rl I' u ^.,{:r :irr

Related components. An as$ortment of huilding papers, nails, stapleso

screws, and tie-wire is also utilized in the work of ffris trade. Most of tirese
are described in offirer $ections of this book,
/=

$ection 0*-?S0
GVPIIUM PTfiSTERBOARO SYSTEMS

1.0 Introduction
1.1 General Issues
About 100 years ago, gypsum plasterboard was developed as a
substitute br the wmd lath then used as a base for plaster finishes. The
thin plasterboards were caS ln shallow forms, one sheet at a Ume. They
were then nailed h wall or ceillng framing, and either covered with a thin
skim coat of wet plaster or left exposed with the Joints covered with wood
battens. About 60 years ago, the ldea was conceived to cover these
boards with paper, leading to the development of the modern gypsum
plasterboard. Such boards are commonly refenred to as drywall boards,
although they are not installed only on walls; $sme go onto ceilings and
elsewhere. Other common names are gypsum, gypboard, gyprock, and
sheetrock.

1.2 Design Aspects

There are $everal design advantages ts using gypsurn
plasterboard. Sacause the system ls principally installed in a dry state,
there ls no time lost walting fir thls component of the bullding to iry out;
there is also no transftr of molsture to the frarne CIf the bullding. From an
L-LL !- A -^
Fxftnt ot view, DOth in first eost and in speed of insiaiiaiion,
^!,^!^---
€coflol-rriC
------t- -^!-a

gypsum plasterboard systems compare fmvorably wf*r almOst nny other

system available to Ste de$gnert cholce. the gypsum corsr consistinE of
calcium sulfate, ls essenfially nonflammable and thus prorrldes a good
measure of fire safety in any huilding where it is extensively used. The
boards are relatively lightweight, and they are ready for site finishing wlth
paint or simply applied wall coverings.
The only design drawbacks of any con$equence are that the
boards are fairly fraEile, ttrey are available in a large but finite range of
sizes that do not always fit the building rndule, and the finished
appearance of the basic wallboard $ystern is reiatively plain and
uninterestlng, The relationshlp between the spacing of support members
and the thickness of the plasterboards should be detennined as noted
later in this section.
As gypsum is affected by water, moisture from any $ource can
have adverse effects on the end use of such finishing system, causing
sagging, blistering, discoloration, or outright failure" similarly, gypsum
 E "qM\ wd[ryEm]si ql{Erits*$+tB

rult cnm* into direct ccmtact with extenlor metal

fllilstsrtloitntJrs shrx,rld
window ot" door fnarnes, because comdensation wil{ cau$e rapid
deterioriltion of tfre bomrds of th€ point of ceint*:,{*'

1.3 Related W*rk

Work clcm*ly connected to this sentiun is dmcribsd in the
following se{tions, to which reference shoukJ be made:

05400 $teel Stud $ysterns

06-200 Rough Carpentry
09-900 PalntinE and &lcorating

2.0 Products

2.1 Materials

A typical gypsum plasterhoard is made by sandwiehing a core of

semi liquid comnnercial Eypsunn (CaSo4 . l-l20) between two continuous
layers of specially treated krafr paper, and then curing the whole under
controlled heat and pres$ure to produce large stiff boards of
predetermined appearan,ce, rlgidity, length, width, and tftickness.

Types of Soards. Srme of the msre cornrnsn types of boards

encountered [n gemeral construction are described hetow; many
companies prorluce more specialized boards for more speciflc applications.

Plain. Standard gypsum core'and paper sandwich havlng, having a ffne,

ivory-colored, sized paper on the ftant face, regular gray kraft paper on
the rear face, edges taped, and ends unfinished.
Fire Re*irtive. Similar to plnin board, but havinE 15 percent fiberglass
incorporated in the core to iruprnve frre resi*tance.
Insulating. Similar to plain hoard, but having a sheet of thin aluminum
foil laminated to the rear face to reflect heat.
Pefforated. Similar to plain board, but having kraft paper on both faces
and a series of holes, tr9-rnm or V*-in. diameter, drllled every 100 mm or
4-in. on center (oc) in a regular pattern over the sudace, intended to
improve the adheslon of applied plaster finishes.
Edges, Boards are available with a variety of edge piofiles; square,
round, tapered, beveled, striplap, and tongue-and-groCIve are eommon.
Ends are square cut or plain hutt.
 ifi{riiGrit'
-:--;rem j

Dlmensions, Th(lre are fhree a$pects of di$lensii$tls:

l" Thickm€s$. ffoards ane generally available in stnndard thickness of 10,

13, and 16 mm or 3/ts, 7n, and 518 in. Special-eure b*ards are made
I
25 rfi!'n or in, [hick; otherthic$mess cmn be ordered. ffioards.tO mm
or 3/E in. or less; in thickness shoulel he supported at not less than 400
mm 0r 16 in, oe; thicker boardrs can he supported at 6$fi rnnn 0r 24 In.
oc.
Z. Width. Mnst boards have a standard wirjttt ofl 1,?00 rnm CIr 4 ft. Plaster
lath drywall hoads are 400 mm or 16 ln. wide,
3. Lengtlt. t-enEths arg Senerally available from 2"5 m *r S ft. up to 5 m
or 1,5 fr., in S00-mnn or 24{n. increments, afthough othfir lemgths can
be specially ordend.

2.2 Accessories

Accessories for plasterboards fall into two broad categories:

Fastenings, l"hese consist of nails, screr/rs, and glues, all specially made
for the puipose. Nails and screw are usually about 30 mm in lengtft; naiis
are barbered-shank, annular-ring, or cernent comt type, while screws have
special smooth, ruund heads prepared fcr driving uslng a Fhillips-or-
square-head bit and have two different thread configuratlons, depndinE
on whether fastening will be to wood or steel studs, Slues are g$n-
applied, contact-bond type and are quick curing'

finlshing. The$e consist of two smbgroupsl

l. Metal trlm is in the form of t$rin galvaniaed steel corner and edge
beads.
2. Filleru are available ln hugs of powderecl rnlx weigl'tirtg 4fi kg or 80 lh.,
which produced a smooth, plastic, put$-like compound applied in
conjunction with 50 mm or 2 in. White kratt paper lfiF€, available in
roll tr50 rn or 50 ft lonrg, used for reinforcem*nt.
-t

l$emtlErn 09-SS$
CMFIAMTfr TTTE WS$?,K

3..0 lntroductimn

1.1 General Issues

The term ceramic tile work used in thls contert generally refers to
durable finish covering or walls consisting of a series of relafively smal!
ceramic, ciayo or glass units arranged in (usually) regular ffiems. Such
units are mvailable in an alrrnost infinite varleS if styles, <lependinE on
material composition, manufacturlng process, type of finish and degree of
klln firing.

L.2 Design Aspects

Ceramic tiles can be installed wherever their chffiracteristics of
durability, e{}se of cleaninE, resistfinm to rnoist*re and pleasant ;
appearance may s€rue the funffilan of the rsom or spaced. tsec*use of its
rigidity, tile work slrould nit be installed in locstions subJoct to sign!flcant
structural movement, sucft a$ on wood floors ln old buildittgs.

1.3 Related Work

Work closely connected to this sectinn is described ln the fullowing

sections, to which reference should be marde:

03-300 Cast-in-Place Concrete

06-100 Rough Carpentry
09-100 Metal $upport Systems
09-250 Gypsum Plasterboard $ys,tems

2.0 Frcducts
2.L Materials
The rnain conslclerations are rype6 and dlrnenrlomr.

Types. There are five main types as follows:

L" Cement tfrlem, MaCl,e frOrn fi mixture o{i C*mertt, tr'ine rlggreEate,
colored pigrrregts, ,and water. t-!*ishes ma'f be 3:laln, texture{, Or
pnlilsh*d,
2, Ceremric tf;fisro. Made frnm spee*nlly setected ciays;, fonrned into thin
blscullx hy extruislon, m*kJlmg ot. pre$sirrg, tl'tri':n firetl in kilns" Available
white or colored, patfif;rflsd or plaim, glaecd or unlglazerf,, with or
without smffiinE nibs.
3. Clay pavers, Similar to quarry tlles, hut usually thleker"
4. [flosaHa tfilos. $irnllar to ceramic and quetrry tiles but rnuclr smalner.
Thene are three comrnCIn fonns: glass, porceiain, and elay. AII of each
is usually rnountecl on ,'nat or paper hacks for ease $f handlinE and
installation,
5, Quarry tiler. Mode from natural elays or shales usually in natural
earth tones of browut, r*ds, or grays" TheY are usually quite thln and
are rnade by being either extruded tlr prcssed, fired, then machined.

Dimen*lumm" Al[ typss of tiles are made ln a large vnrlety of siretr,

shapes, ancl thicknesses. The rnost common shape is $quare or
rectangulnr, snd th* comrnon slzes are shown ln'fable 1,0" tlerarnic and
mosaic tiles ;lne usuaily tretwem* 6 mm er tl+ in" and S mm or 5/16 in.
thick" flay and quarry tiles are msre c*rnmon[y nranutactuned to he
between Enrsn or Ii/16 ln. and 13 mnr or Va ln" thick. (*m*nt tiles are
made in l9 mm or:il* in, and 32 rnnr or 1. 7* in" thi$kness*s.

Tahle L
Typical Siees of Comrnonly Used Tiles

Common Si;res

Ijle Type in.

Cement 230 x ?30 $x9

300 x 300 12x12
Ceramic 1S0 x 100 41k x 41h
15CI x 150 6x6
Clay 100 x 100 4x4
100 x 200 *NxB
Mosaic ?$x25 1x1
25x50 txZ
Quarry 1.50 x 1.50 $x6
?30 x 230 9x9
 ?,"d+tl

2.2 Accessories

firis consists of a variety of specialty tites lntenrJed to be use in

conjunction with thrg tlles descrlbed atrove and other mate!"ials used to set
or finished the tile rvork.

Specialty Tiles, Most type of tiles ane produced with rnatching accessory
tiles, such as tile edge trirn, bath Erab barsr soap dish inse$s and the
light, in modular sizes to fit in with the surroundings general tile pattern

Setting and Finiohing. There are several grCIups of materials

commonly encountered in $is processe$:

Dry Sets or Thln !$fits. A factory pnemixed composltion of latex or

acrylic fluids and cements, sand, and a bondlng agent, used to glue
tiles to floors and walls in heavy duty applieations.
Grout. Factory-premixed grout powders, $ome containing 'varying
proportions of fine sand. It is mixed with water to forrn a thick paste,
used ta filljoints between tiles.
l.latrtic. A rartory-prernixed synthetic adhesive useel to glue tiles to
walls in tight duty apptications.
luloltar. A site-prepared mixture of cernenffi, fine sand, lime, and
water, sometlmes with an epoxy or latex bonding agent added, used
to form a solicl hed for floor and wall tllcm in heavy-duty applications.
' Sealants. A varlety of synthetie prCIprietary products intended to
inhibit fungal gruwth in clanlp or humid applications.
llUatsr, Fresh,, cool, and portable.

3.0 Production

3.1 Crew Configuration

A typicai c:rew consists of one tile sstt*r anel two helpers on

simple projects. On rnorc complex work, two tile setters and one helper
nnight be better. On larEe Job, tv*o CIr more crew$ rnight be utilized.

3,2 Procluctivity
Prnductivity rnay vary, depending em the size of the job, whether
work is beinE done on floors or walls whether the crew is installlng tiles or
rnosaics. and ttre nature of the base fasiening, whether of adhelive, dry
set, or mortar. Some representative hour figures for cornpletecl dry set
 ,,rF4*{r,:,',.,iqris,.i,ti

applicafions are aborrt 1.5 sq.m. or 15 sq.ft. fo1 wo* on floors and about
t'sq.m or l0 $q. ,t. fur work on walls. Thls factor can be increased by
about lSVn finr iCtresive opllcafions and decreased by about 30 %.fur
rnortar bed apdlcalffiis. fdm Utlng at coves and bases can be lnstalled at
the rate of abouU m f# [S fi- per hour, whlle untr accessories such as
soap dlshes t6ks abffit frt rnlnutm each to locde and install, with about
anoiher S mlnutes fur a Se seffier to corne back and chect the lnstallation
later.
 Suct*om SS-6S0
Tmrrmuo Wonk

1.0 Introduction

1.1. General Issues

. The word tenamo ls lt&lian in origin and means a terrace or

balcony. The root of the root is tena,l-atin for earth. In English, this word
means a form of concrete topping, widely used as a floor ffnish in the
public areas of instihrtional buildings, such as coufthouses and museums,
swimming pools and commercial kitchens, and suburban shopping malls
for decorative effect and durable service"

t.2 Design Asper,ts

Terrazzo work is a speclallzed fonm of concrete work. Uke

concrete, the pnimary lngredien8 of tenazzo congist of cernent, sand, and
aggregates. Unlike concnete, the aggregate is usually made of colored
marble or quailz chips lnstead of plain gravel in granite chlps, and the
surface of the finished product is ground and pollshed. One other
distinction from ordinary cfincrete toppins is that in terrazro, a synthetic
'l
resin rnay be substituted fior the cernent. errae:zo can Lre either poured in
place or precasfi, wlth a smooth lirrish, a nonslipr finish, nn a spark proof
finish. Flgure L shorus a tySrieal installation.
Ttie oveiall quallty of work of ihis trade is largely influenced by
re€ommendations uf the National Terrazzo and Morlaic Association
(NTMA). The color and patEern of terrazzo finishes are dlctated by the
ingredients. The NTMA has pnoduced a series of nunlbered colored
photographic plates representing the probable appearanfie of selected
composite finishes, depending on lngredients and ratios, intendealto assist
designers in rnaking their selection. It rnight be nsted that terrazzo
topping is not a recomnmnded for areas subject to spills of stnong acid on
alkaline solutlons.
 Anol$ slrlp fi,nchol'ad or -*-- :'-;- :-a:-*-x T :7 ?
/'."
----r'-\ I -(
tlcrnd{rd to alst}
: (-.- )t'-.L:i .-';J ( ).
r'"rr'"rro lloolins
EondanB a08fti *- *- --- .

t:oncroto slehj "--*--..-

(i) (fr co{wr*t*

Divldo{ slri0 .. -..,- -.."*-

'farfil&;cl} tloorilrg *--*

Flclnloto*n'l(lnt
gltprhaot
wo(d d6ck -"- (bt On word,
?lauftt'l flrnrslo lnlnrllqtlor,

1.3 Related Wor*.

Work closely connected to titis sefiion is described in the

following section, to whlch reference should be made.

03-300 Cast-in-Place Concrete

2.0. Productr

2.1. Materials
Materials cfln be considered under ttlrse headings:

Ingredientr. Them consist of cemenf, aggregates, and other materials.

Cement. Both normal Fortland and white cements are used; for speciftc
descriptions.
Aggregates" Virtually all types of calcareous stone are used, such as
marbles and quarEite, usually selected on the basis of aesthetic appeal.
Chip sizes shown in Table I are established by the NTMA.
 ;,p!.,rr., ;:ri**.lry1i$4:il*{if4-ryU*

Table I
Terrazzo Particle Sizem

$lze
Chlp # in.

0 4 0.07
I 7 0.13
2 10 0.25
3 13 0.38
4 16 0"50
5 19 0.63
6 22 CI.75

7 25 0.88
E 28 r.CIo

Other matedals. These include the following

, l. Carbon block. In fine powder form, used to produce an

electrically conductlve topping.
2. Cnrhorundum. In ffne granule forrn, used to produce a nonslip
ftnish"
3. Color pigmenB. Ume prcof, no*fadi*g, mlneral-based types.
4. Rscine, Any one of a'number of synthetic epoxies, polyacrylates,
or polyester. These can be either mixed with cement (fur economy
or appearance) or used ln pure forn (for strengffi or chemical
resistance)
5. Sand. Clean, washed, fine sanrl.
6. Watgr" Fresh, potable water"

Mixes. These are rcquired fro underbeds, toppings, and grouting.

underbed. This is a rnixture of one part cernent, two parts sand, four
part fine aggregate, and sufiHcient water to achieve proper hydration.
Topping. This is a mixture of one paffi cement, two parts selected
proprietary grout powder, and sufficient water to activate chemical
reaction between the ingredienff,
 Grouting" This is a nnixture of one part propnietary paste, two parts
proprietary 6rout polvder, and sufficient wats:r to aetivate chernical
reaction between thrl ingredients.

Forms. Tnrrazzo can be made in any one r*f at leas six types

l. Plain terrazzo tonsists of a homogeilffi{.ls mi,xture of the Ingredienb,

cured and then ground srnooth as described later.
2. Conductlve terrazzo is the $ame as plaln tmrrflzzo, ex"cept that it has
electrically conductive acetytrene carbon hlack atlded to the rnatrix, and
the topping is usually applled more thinly than plain (tr"0 mm or 3/8 in.
instead of 13 mrn or 7e in.)
3. Mosai( terrazzo con:sis$ of a bed or matrix in&o which ffnell pieces of
glasg pottery, or colored stone are emlredded and tamped flmt.
4. Resllient terazzo conslsts of plain terraezo with a rubher iffiex base
added to the mstrlx. Atrhough havlng soms marlne applicafions, it is
not often used in the buildings.
5. Rurtic tenaao is identicai to plain terrazzo, except that it is not
ground smooth.
6. Venetian terrarzzo involves the placernent of the marble chip
aggregates rnanually into the surface of the unrlerbed matrix. Because
of the high labor cost, it is nor comnnon in l$unth Amerirx.

2.2 Accessories

These fall into three categories:

1. Dividar rtrflpn' These are usually rnati* frorn lronzo, coiored hard
vinyl plastig or white ztnc alloy. ThouEh CInce popular, pure brass and
half hard are now seldom'used fcr this purpose. Strips are usually 3
rnm or U8 in" thick and 3? nwr or 16 in. tall, althou$h ffiicker and
taller strips are available. They are available in a variety of shapes for
various purposes.
2. Reinfureement" This is a l4-gauge Ealvaniz*ri wire nettlng having a
50-mm or 4 ln. nresh; sometilmes refbrred to as'*chicken netting."
3. LJndertray. This is an asphalt-impregnated heavy-duS k"raft paper,
used as a separation sheet.
 S,ectlon 09-500
Ac,o unstiffi I Treatm ents

1.0 Introduction

1.1 General Issues

Noise is a sure $gn of activity. Unwanted noise can also be a

source of lrritatlon and distractlon. As the physlological and
psychological effects of exposure to noise hecome better understood, $
greater attention is being paid by the owners, designerc and occupants of
building to the means and meffrods of conh'olling noise, not only to mask,
suppress or ellminate unwanted noise, but also to propagate and enhance
desirable sound transrnission.
This sector of construction industry has responded to the
challenge of nolse by produclng a very large variety and range of i'

proprietary products and s/stems fior use in the solution of acoustical

problems in bulldings,,

L.2 Design Asfcts

There are at lea$ four lssues (among others) to conslder witt
regard to the control of sound energy in buildings:

1. Locatlon of the bullding or parts of it to be remote from known and

obJectionable snund $ource$r $uch as traffic oubide the bullding.
2, Conttrl of noise sCIurcns, such as motors, fans, lights, moving
equipment and the likg insid* the buildlng.
3. Preventlon of transmisslon of sound energy firough $e Fame,
ductwork, or openlngs of the buildings.
4. Absorption of sound energy within each pafi of the huilding by the
adroit selection and installation of the appropriate materials.

To prevent the passage of the sound through tfie floor, wall, or

ceiling sy$em, comFlonents having sufiftcient ma$s or resillence must be
incorporated into the system to absorb the sound energy. To control
sound energy within the confined space, components having soft and
absorptive propefttes have to be strategically positioned in relationship to
hard imperuious sudaces.
Of tl'le four isstres mentioned above,, only the last is considered in
this section. Within that category, only matedals permanently positioned
in buildings for acoustical purposss are included" The use of heavy drapes,
i
I

l
i
I

I
I

t
I

JL
 stuff furnitune, and nrrovable a,cou$tic bafilles cr ahsorption clouds such as
encounter"eei [n thel,aters mnr.l auditoriurqs [s excluderl,

1.3 Related Wonk

Worlq closely connected to this secl.ion ls rjescribed in the

followinE *erJions, to whlch referenc* shoulri be nnade:

06-100 Rough (hnpentry

09-100 Metal $upport $ystem

2.0 Pmducts

2.L Materials

These can be grouped under two headings: t!!es and panels,

which are generally exposed to view and shemts and butts which are
generally concealed frorn view. Consideration should be given to
acoustical characteristics, rnorJular dirnension$, fire resistance, potential
smoke generation, thickness, weight, and {fon exposed products) light
refl ectance, before fi nal selection.

, Tiles and Fanels

Tiles and Panef;s usually have a perforated, textured, of fissured

sufface beneath a facto,ry-applled finish of whlte or light colorecl reflecflve
paint. Edges of piles or panels may be plain butt, beveled, tongue-and-
groove/ kerfed, have otherwim profiled. 1"hey are rnanufactured in either
sguare or rectangular shapes, usually in combinetions of modular
dimensions ranging from 30 crn or 12 in. up to 120 cm or.4g in.

1. Aeoustic tiler are r"lsually made of either brown slag rnineral fiber,
cellulose eane fiber, or fine grass fiher, mix with a s-esin binder,
compre$sed an,ri cut ttr standard sizes.
2. Panels consist of n lightweight, shaffow, aluminurn or steel p6fi,
pefforated to pernrfrt sound to pass, and filled with an absorbent
mineral, celtrulose, or glass fiber core.

$heets and Sutts

L. One cCIrnmon sheet material used for acoustical p{lrpfire is thin sheet
lead, we{ghing about g ko/rnz or 2 rb/ft? lmm ar U32
'';ppproximately
 " .q. _Hfir.]rffi(,iF*,
-= .+ryq

in. thick), manufactured into sheet$ 2.4 X 6 rn or 8X20 ft., and draped
from bmttens; to absorb sound ener$y. $heets of less than half thls
weiEht are userJ for laminatlons on gyp$um plafierbqlard or in door
cores, while sheets up to ?5 mm or L in. thick are us*d for vibration
absorption pads under steel column bases.
2. Acoustic butte are made ffom either semi stlff mineral wool or soft
glass fiber wool in various ttrickness, ranging from 50 mm or 2 in. up
to 150 mm or ll in., and usually in standard'width rolls 4{10 mm or 16
in. wide or 20 ft. long. Unlike butts made for the thermal insulation,
acoustlc butts are not enclosed in paper.

2.2 Acceesorics

Acou$ic materials are either fastened with adhesive to a solid

suface or they are lnsefted lnto a Brepared wood or metal frame.
Accordingly, conslderation of the accessories assoclated with the materials
is so classified.

Adheslves. These are always as recommended by the rnanufacturer of

the acoustic materials to be glued*often an *leoresin, synthetic rubber,
or asphalt-based type.
Framlng. These componenb are usually nrade ln long lengths of either
extruded or shaped sheet alurninurn having either a C, H, L, '[ or Z cross-
'sectionai profile,
rlependlng on the manufacturer and the proposed
installation arrangement, Farts exposed to view san have a far:tclry-applied
paint or vinyl finish
Related Components. A large assortment of nails, s,srews, staples,
splines, and special clips are also utilized by the work of th$s tnade.
7-

$uratf,on $S-S,$ffi
Firtnilshed Wopel Fl*l*nims'a

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Generals Issues

Finlshecl wood flmors are freqii*entiy instailed iu'u commencial

buildings such as riance halls and exercise r:luhs, in pulblic building such as
school and colleges Eynnnasiurns, and in priuxte buildings such as
residences and apaftrnent hlocks. $uch floorla af"e userJ fon many reasCIns,
including the Eootl wearing qualities of properly selected wood materlals
fcr specific artivit$es (like basketbail, dmncingu racquet'tmll, squash and
other inoroor recreutions), the enhancemeftt of asllustlcs in a rorlm or area
by th* pnovision of hard rnaterials and resilient rnourffiing$,. and the
aesthetic or visual appeal of the finishecl appoaran(:e of natural wood
prnducts. Furthemrrore, m&ny per:ple have allerglc reactlons to other floor
finishes, such ns carpets and vinyl, so w<xrd rmy be specified for i"easons
of health.

t.2 Design Aspects

WoorJ floors am avail,rhle in threcl hnxsi* forrns; h$ock, plank, and

strip. $uch fI{mrs ma'y he imstnlted *i'ilhmr mn solicl sunfaces such as
sheathings, slielh:ii, arnd rdrlr:ksn *r else on f,r;nree{ sy:*tents sueh am strapping,
joi*, and rerillir:nt binrs;, When userJ felr elarr"rtr csurts, they ,mre usualiy
decorated with perinted iines *nd fle"tters; tri} l3el;neate ganner houndaries,
and finished lvith tough r:lear maturatr or symthetia vrlntlshmel *rmtlngs. They
also often have hnass, $t*el, or plmstic ac*essories sei. 'flursh into their
surfaces, to secure and supgrort apparatlls {sr.ru:h ms rnmt Sosts) for a
variety af Eanres. Wood floors are usuatrlv {nst;llled in 6 *ruly horizontal
plane, with space left around lthe perinlerlr*r tcl pelnnit rnCIv#nlerrt because
of thermal *r nroisiliure changes, 6firJ, wherre ri€cfi)$$atryr, 'f$re lrovement of
air under thr systern.
ln recent years, the restorations of ofider builelings becomlng
msre popular, unnamental features in wo*d fisors, sueh as berders and
perimeter trirn, are cominE back intc vCIgu€. Atrso, recent studies have
shown that properly install*d woorJ floong; {::an improve acoustlcal
separatiort betrrveen $torie$ &$ rnuch ,i$ ?5 decibefu; cornpared to
compcting harrt I'inishes"
\ilh*never woorl flonns; ane placerl *n 6rade slabs nr in potentially
dnmp ilrffils hetiL:rw grarJe, special precautiCIn rnust he tnken ter deal with
{:
I
r

signlficant movement in the wood sfstem caused by the absorption and

evaporation of rnoisture. Where woocl floors ane used in conjunction with
radiant heatlng systerns emhedded in the slab, allowance nrust also he
made for the moverneflt of the slab and ffoCIr, by the use cf a flsating and
slipping type of installation. In general, tongue-and-groove produc$
should not be used ln such excessive darnpne$s, dryness, or movement.
Floor design shoulC endeavor to ensure a rnoisture cmntent level in,the
finished wood sfstem of approximately 12 pereent,

1.3 R.elated Work

Work closely connected to this section is describe in the

follo0winE section, to which reference should be made:

03-300 Cast-in-Place Concrete

06-100 Rough f,arpentry
09-900 Painting and Decordng

2"0 Products

2.1 Materials

These can be consldered ln three headings: spssfiec, Wpes,

and grading,

Specier. Wood species used [n flnished wood flooring fall into two
categories: hardwoods (from the deciduous trees) and soft woods (from
coniferous trees). h'iardwood$ &re usurally sel*cted for arems anUcipaUng
heavy duty wear and tear, such as gymnasiurns and dance floors, living
rooms and lobbies: softwoods may be seler:ted for lightrluty areas such
as residential bedrooms and the floors of stone windows. The most
common species are listed below:

I- Hardwoods. Ash, beech, birth, maple, oak, and walnut. Some more
expenslve exotic or tropical woods, such as jarrah, arc occasionally
encountered. Eloclq plank, and strip Broducts should be flat"sawn or
quafter-sawn.
2. Softwood$- Fir, hemloclt, larch, and pine. Block produc$ should be
endarain: piank and s'trlp producffi should be edEe-grain"
Types, There are tihree types f products: hlock, pl,nnk, and sftip. All are
available with edges tongue-and-$roove or plane and surfaces factory
finished or plain.

Block

This is fur residenfial or comrnercial use, in funm as fullows:

In hardwood, ln tfirce funns:

l. Pargue$y, belng Short, nar6w piece of wood, between 13 and 25
mm or Ye CInd I in. wlde, 230 and 300 mrn or I and 12 in. lang, and 6
and 13 mm or t/,c and lA in. thick, arranged into square tiles usually on
a paper backing.
2. Unit block, being snall, solid wood square$ cut from plank or strip
flooring describe below.
3. lanrinltgd lo*, being small, factory made $quares consisting of
three layers of wood, cross-banded, glued, and bonded together under
heat and pre$sure.

In soffrryood for industrial usel shoft, squat pieces of wood, htween 50

and 100 mm or 2 and 4 in. wide, 100 and ?.30 rnm or 4 and I in. long and
32 and 100 mm or t Vz and 4 in. thick.

Plank

These are trr:ng, narrow pieces of wood, between 100 anf 150 mm
or 4 and 6 in wide ancl about 13 mm or t/z in. thick, in randorn lengths up
to 2.4 m 0r I ft. ancl longer on special orders.

5frip
These are long, narow pieces of wood, between 40 and 80 mm
or 1.5 and 3 in" wide, and about L3 mrn pp Vr isr. thick; and in random
lengrths up to L.? rn or 4 ft".
Both plank and strip types are mvailable En soliti or laminated
form.

Grading, Indusfry wide grades of floorins rnaterlals usually apply only

into unfinished woocl prulucts: ruost frctory-made refinished materials are
upgraded, other than try each lndividual manufacturer" There two grades
commonly encountercd: ffrsts and seconds. First$mde flooring is free
frorn all defects; second-grade ffooring permits sound, tight kno,s, rninor
holes, smatrl sueaks, and unobffusive nnachlning imperfections to show on
the sudace. Other selection considerations are based on wood cooler and
 whether or not clear-finced p*eces are totnlly and *qclusively required.
Care shogld be tmken t* orcler nll pieces for *ny orre instalileltion from the
sme source and otf the same grade.

2.2 Accessories

Some accessories are necessary to install and secure the floor in

position; other accessories are used to make the floor system operable for
short activities. tsoth groups are described.

Installation. Nails are usually either finish or spiral*screw type; steei or

brass screws are only used wlth plank floorlng. Adhesives are usually
rubber-based mastic type; resilient bars or pads are made f hard rubber
or neoprene extrusion. Baseboards and shoe rnolds are usually factory
profiled from the same species of wood as selected for the fioor, although
purpose-made, perfurmed, profiled plastic bamboard and shoe mold
combination$ arc available in long lengths.
Operation- There are a nurnher of purpose-made, factory-fabricated
metal and piastic insefts available for installation lnto finished rruood floors
used in gymnasiunls, intended to secure or suppoft pcrsts and guy wires
for volleiball nets, basketball backstops, and the like. lfiese operational
accessories are selected from catalogs of compallies specialized in such
units.
 Suctliom 6!$"S5S
i{,msilliemt Flomnimg

1.0 trntrmducticm

1.1 General lrsues

For the first lralf of the centuny, th{! terffi resfli*nt frooring
Eelnerally neferred to product knclwn as lfrnr:leunl"
The word linoleum
iriginally was the patented name of a llmorlng nnaterial, It was made by
coiting woven burrlap nr lirren base with a solid mixtur* of linseed oil,
pawddred cork, rrtsin, and colored pigrnenh, and by e*atinE the cured
mixture with a hard lar:quer ftnish for protectlon. The root of tPtis worr! is
two Latin wonds: linunr (meaning flaN) ;lncl rdsum fmeaning oil). It is
another exarnple of ma*y such inveltted w*rri* (such i*s ,as5ririn, rnasonite,
and nylon), whir;h pernnanently enter our vmcethr.r$ary t* cl*sct{be everyday
thinqs.
$$nce h\rorilcl Wtlr I1, there has h*en phrtnomeman r{evelopnrent ln
new ffooring prcrdtl&; involvinE the use tlf natuv"al mnd syntttetic rubber,
plastics, ancl other materials, together w{th appropriat* a'ccessories such
as adhesives and trim. Some of them hav* superseeted lin$leurm in populan
use though simihar in appearance, function, and str/le to the ciriginal.
The t*rm rxitient fraaring refers to floor eoverirlg which ai'e to
sCIme extent resilient under the weiEht of a normal pers$n and which
exhibit a gnod degree of recclvery from indentmtisn aften remova! of loads,
such as iurniture or equipment. One distlnction to n*te is that tenn
resilient fkwring is not usually appliecl tr:r carpetinfi $r rrther forms of
afrpliecl floor flnisl^res, s;uch aS porch paint or searrnless p!*ttic cnatings.

1.2 Design Aspects

Tlier€l are two prlrnar'/ design considerations [m th,e selection of a

'T"he
resitient I'lgorin6l syrtrnrn; rrverall appeelr;nmcxl rnf the ceunprleted area
(or fielcl) to trc coverecl ancl the treatrnents o{' joints in the fields, at edges
and perimeter$.

The Field- Eecause of the ftshionable nature of flooring products, there

is an extensive and rapid turnover of available patterrls and designs, with
many changu* being intruclucerl on afl annual basis" Desirgners should
therefore chmck with loeal rnanufacturers' repr*sentatives for availability,
styles, and pattenns of surrent products. For heaw
*duty installation, $uch
as in cafeteriias, hr:terl lobhies, officer, schnols, sttopBin6 ceRt*rs, and the
 t
like, consideration s;frould he Siven to selecting flooring products having an
integral (as distinct froin an applied) color and pattern, for longer wear
N.
li
and better appearance.
!r'.
t,
!
The Joints" Where floor finishes diffierent types, patterns, or colors are
used in adJoinlng space$; consideration should be glven to the best
location and nppea!'ance of the unavoidahle joint$ between the finishes.
It ls best not to have joints occurring at the center of fields,
at randorn locatlons, or too near edges of flnished areas. Joints at
doorways are best located directly beneath the center llne of doors in
closed position, if doors are used to separate the area$/ otherwise the
joinb can be lCIcated at sorfie logical point, such as rrridway through an
opening.

Shacit Gmds

When layrng out resilient sheet goods, carc shoutld be taken to

have longitudinal Joints laid parallel to (and not at right angles to) the
general dlrection of Saffic on the floor, In moffi rooms, a suitable roll
length can be s,slectsd to avoid the necesslty of having fintermediate joints
between one end of the area and the other.

Tlle Goods

When laylng out resllient floor tiles, Bre Jolnts lines should be
hrrange to he sqilarc with or parallel to the principal axis of the room or
area" The joint lay o,ut should be arranged so as [o ensure that cut tiles of
perimeters of areas should be at least onc-half of a tile ln'wldth. This will
avoid unsightly narrow or thin.strips of tile flooring around the edges.

1.3 Related Work

Work closely connecterJ to this section ls describe in the following

Sections, to which reference should be nnarJe:

03-300 Cast-in-Place Concrete

06-100 Rough Carpentry

2.0 PRODUCTS
2"L Materials
 Floerring nrateriials can be considered un,rier turyo headings: types
ancj sires,

Types, $crme of tlre morc connmon of ther curre*f resilient fiooring

Products *ne alphatmtically listed and peneriemlly descriLre fi$ fqlllnws:

Asphalt. Made lro,m a mixture of ashestos fihn,*rxr, fillers, .tnd pigrnents,

bound t*{tether asplmltlc hascd under pre$$ilre.
Cork. Made from i* nlixtune of compnesse'rl nmtural cork granurles, wood
flour, and pigmertts,, bnund with anlmal ar v*gerahle giu*; unrler pressure
and treateC wlth a thist po!-iur"ethane cete*tlng f*r preteticn and
appearance"
R.ubber. Made fb'onr natural or $ynthetfic ru[:taer, wlth nnineral filler
pigments i ncorporated.
vinyl. Made h'orn rnineral fillelrs, stahilizers, and pigment$, bound
together in aa*orlem polyrinyl chloride haseeJ under heat and pressure
vinyl Ashertor,, l\lacle frorn viny! as ahove, wilh asbi$*to$ fibers and
mineral fillers adcle.rJ tn r*duce cest anqJ improve wearabilltv.
Vimyl chip" MarJe by, t;uspuncling srnall r:l-rip* ,*f pure colorcd vinyl in a
matrix of molten colorkms or tinted vinyl, then rollingi the resultant
solution to produce a three-dflnrensionai effmet,.

itl genermI, thre ;mphmlt *bas,ed pr'*ducts gtrodmceel darker colors

and fire loss r*xpernsivfi thmt the vinyl-hmscd g:rorluctel. Vinyl sheet is
available in two fonrnst h;leked nr unbsekexJ" The hmcked f*r'nm has a layer
of felt or asbestos fiher rglutd to the lmck ruid is us,nd in l*$ht traffic areas.

Sizes. Resilient ffooring materials are avnllabl* in t-qro hlasic fonns: in

large sheet cr cut irrto small tile-sized pieces. $heet sizes v*ry hut widths
of 2 rn or 6 ft. aftl comrrton, with lengths varylng from L2 tm 3t) rn or S0 to
100 ft.$qtrare tile sizes are usually either.Sfj rmZ or 12 rrnil mr else 25 cmz
I
or in2. Larger si::es are available, "Ihlcfuness firr rnost pruducLs include
1.6,2.4,3.20,{.0,, amd 4.t} rnrT} or Ui6,3l3f, 7.19, va,lirnd,*rt8 in" Criterla
for seler:ting thicl<nnss inalude cost, proherhle lotelar, flnd tft,n likelihood of
"ghosting", wl'li{:h is the tendeney of irr*Eulinrlti*r; rinr th* fl':r*ring substrate.
to make an irnilrusEfron thnough the finis;h rnateria{_

2.L Accessclri*s
Access*ries; usecl itre 8rirm, mdhrnsilryes, and wtfuuln upplieation
products
 Trim" There are thiree nnain types:
,
t;
L - !,. Base Trtm. Tlhis is made of extruded synthefic rubber or vilnyl, in three
basic r;izes (heighs): 65, 100, and 150 mnr on 2.S* 4, and 6 in. and in
three hasic profiiles.

a. Sutt-covo. The hottom edge is shaped to finish fiush with flooring.

b. Carpet-bas€" The hottom edqe is shaperl to curve out over the
top of the carpet
c. Top-eet" The bottom edge is rounCed fcr placement on top of the
fioor finish.

2. Edges. ['larrow strips of solid-colored vinyl are available in most color,

to form feature strips, letters, or Eeometri( petterns within any given
field of resilient flooring. Standard widths are S, 13, and 25 mm or t/*,
1/2, and I in.
3. Tread*. $tair tnelads are maid of peffierned synffietic ruhber or vinyl, in
two forrns, $qufi!"e nc,se and round nCI$e, amd two thickness, 3.2 and
4,8 mrn or UB and 3/1,6 in,

Adhesives. These should always be a$ recornnnended by the

manufacturer of the selected resillent floorinE for the intended appllcation
on wM, concrete, or metai. 'There are two hasic categories of flooring
adhesives:

1. Plastic, such as asphalt base and sulfite liquor,

2. Elastic, such as rublrcr cement and contact hond.
Plastic adhesives are pnepared where dampness is a problem.
There are two baslc types of adhesives:

1. "Ulleto, implying the fiooring has to be applied before ttre adhesives

has cured.
2. "Dryo, implylng that the adhesives are allowed to cure to a tack Sate
before flooring is applied..

Related Products" Fillers, primers, and solvents should aiways be as

recommefidecl hy the arflheslve manufactur*lr.
 Se*timm OS .* 6t3$
Sarpetsn UnderlaYs &[$S Tr$mt

h-

1.0 Intnoductiun

1.1 General Issums

Carpeffi are incorporated Intg buildir:gs for meny reasons: to

improve foot comfort, to enhilnce dr$uor, to alter acoustical characteristics,
to create psychological mood$, to reduce maintenance cost$, to cover
unsightly CIr uneven substrates and tp meet budgets, among other
reasons. Carpeting made from natural flbers such as wool and cotton has
had a long ancl interesting hi$ory; in recent yfif;lrs, the development of
new and useful syn,thetic fibers and impror'red carpet accessorles has given
added impetus to increased use of canpetilrg in n'mdern pufilic and modern
buildings

L.2 Design Aspecb

Carpets can be installed with or without underlay depending on

conditions of seruice and budget. The purpose of the underlay is to absorb
shocks by increasing resilience, to minirnize the wearing effect of minor
irregularities in the sr.lhstrate on the underside rnf the carpet and to
improve the nemoval o,f dift during cleanirag.
Nlost cnrpeLr; are lnstailed wltlr crsncealeel fastenirug; face nailing
or expssed tackingl shrouirl not [re acceg:ted r:f work.of art'y significant
quality. Searns ancl joints should not ber iqicated at areas having tralfc
land they should generillly runs paralfel tn the flow.of traffic and not at
right angles to it. Changes of colnr and gmttenn should nr:rrnally occur at
doonvays or other definite lines or points relative to the shape of the area
being carpeted. As there can be variations of coflon or patterrns in carpets
selected fi'om different factories or batches, care should he taken to order
and place sufficient carpet material of any one type from one batch and
from one source to avoid problems in this regard. Considerations shot"tid
also be given to the possibility sf colors fading due to expo$ure to light or
due to dampness fiurrr stearn cleaning. Lahoratory tes$ can predid such
aspects of service.

1.3 Related Work

Work closely connected to ti'lis sectiorn is describerl in the

follawlnE sections, tu whic["r n",fenence shor,rild be made;
- t-

03-300 Cast in Place

06-10CI R.ottEh CarPentry
06-200 F*nish CarPentry
09-650 Flesilient Flooring

2.O ProducG

2.L Materials

Carpets used in modern buildings can be considered under two

headings: types and forms.

Types. There are tuJo brasic types, as shown in figure 1;

I. lJlloven. The face yarns are wov€n into the back yarns; these include
Axminsters, velvet, and \ffilton weaves.
2, Tufted. The face )rams are not wovett into the back yarns; these
includes shag, bonded, knitted, and somc laorn weaves.

Both Upes may he made of either natural or synthe'tic yarns or

fibers.

Foms. There are two basic furms:

l. Area rugo and mnB are not usually included in construction

contrar.tslnel therefnne wilt not be further descrihed in this mction.
Z. Broadloom (also cailed wall to wall) canpsffi is so ealled because it
is manufactured on a loom about 4 m CIr 12 ft. wide" It is intended to
be installed in a wall-to-wall fashion in large rooms or other open
areas.

2.2 Accessories

These comprornised underlays, trim, and adheeiwes:

Underlays, There are frrur man types:

l, Felt padding" Made of organic hair materia[, steamed and pressed

then rolled into smooth thln sheets. Weights vary between 1 and 3
kg/mz or 32 and 86 oz!yd"z; typical width of rolls is 5 m sr 15 ft.
l. Foam rubber. Made by mechanically introducing atr bubbles into
liquid rubber latex base then rolling into thin sheeffi: also available in
 bonded chip fornn. \Meights vary between 0,$ and ?.2 kg/tn? or 28 and
65 oz.iyd2; typical roll width is 4 m on 12 ft.
3. Foam urethana, lvlade by chemically inducing air bubbles in a pure or
densified urcthane palymer bt$e, then after expanslon and curing
under slight pressure, it ls cut into plain sheets and bonded to a
neinforcing backing layer. Weights are cornparable to fioam rubber,
typical rnll width is 2 m or 6 ft.
4. Spongo ruhber. Made by chenrically inducing air bubbles in a liquid
rubber Natex base then forming the expanded foarn material into
continuous sheets of waffled, rippled, ribbed, or plain configuration" A
colton or l[nen facimg materfifi] is then bonded to one side to protect
the rubber frorn wear. Weights vary between 1.4 and 4 k1lm? or 40
and tr20 oz./ydil; typical roll width is 4 m or 12 ft,

Lengths of the foregolng underlays vary fronn 10 to 30m or 30 to

100 ft. Thicknes$es vary from 6 to 19 mrn flr lla ttt t/* in;

Trim. There are fuur main types:

1. Baeshoopd. Long klnflths *f protiled srlid wood, ruhber, or vinyl, used

to trirn edges of carpets at wall pern$meters or other abutrnents to
veilical planes; for detalls see Section 06-200 ( fcr wood trim ) and
09-650 ( for other trim ).
2. Bond Tape. Lcrng rolls of flberglass tape, having a thick wax coating
applled to one side, userl lvith heat to bond adiacent edges of carpet
together"
3. Edge strip. Strips ,of pNywood, 1.2 m or 4 ft. !ong, 25 mffi or a in. I
wide, and {r mrn or % in. thick, havlng two staggered rows of sharp
pins driven through form the underside; usecl to catch gnd hold the
edges of broadloom carpet in positionr. There are twm {ype$: standard
and prenailed.
4. Edge trinr" [-ong lengths *f extrudertl or mokled ffi'ls:tod or hard vinyl,
used to trim eclEes of carpets at doorwnys fir other opemings"

Adhesives. Always use tt'lose recomrfieilded by the canpet and underlay

manufacturers fcrr userwith their proclucts,
-

$ection 09-S0CI
Paintimg and Decorutlng

1.0 Introduction

1.1 General Issues

Relatively ftw building materials are left in their natural

unfinished states; maJorifi of products used in construction have some
kind of protective or decorative finish applied to thein surfaces, either at
the factory or at $e site. with few exceptions, untreated factory or at the
site. With few exceptions, untreated wood will rct, untreated asphalt will
oxidize, and untreated concrete or clay products may permit moisture to
penetrate into them. Furtherrncre, it should be rcalizecl thnt maintenance
of protective ancl decorative finishes is an ongoing process that will likely
be continued for the lifb of the building. In general, the better the initial
installation and subsequent program of care, the lower will be the costs of
maintenance and the longer wlll be the life of all or parts of the building,
including the finishes.

L.2 Design Asfcts

with respect to types of treatment, applied decorative finishes

can be categorized as being opaque, translucen! or transparent. In
general, where lt is intended to conceal the underilying su#ace, paints are
used for opague finlshes, while natural or synthetic stains or varnishes are
used for translucent or transparent finishes where it is desired that some
characteristlcs of the underlylng surface remain visible after treahent.
with respect to color selection, the designer has a number of
difficulties and also a number of aids. The diflilukies stem from the
subjective nature of color perception (being a combination of propagation
of and response to light waves and the qualiW of personal'viiion),
whereby evf;ry lndf,virtual reatrs to speciffc colors in a sliglrtty or even
substantially different way. A whole new frerd of psychology is arising out
of the study of this partlcular aspect of hurnan expeiience
The airls to co$or selection derive from the ability of science to
distinguish (from the entlre spectrum of energy radiatiun) the limited
range of frequencies that constitutn visihle lighi, and to analyze into ih
components, relative to their respective frequencies. Radiation of low
frequency produces colored light in the brown and red range of medium
frequency in the orange and yeilow rangc, and of high rreiuency in the
green anrl blue range. The so-called prlmary colors of red, yellbw and
 btue are l<lcated near the middle of each range of frequencies. If these
colors are arran(tre'C in a clrcular patterra, l;hen thrce secorndary colors can
be interspersed hetween thern. A third nf tertjary 6lr0up of colors can
now be insertecl tletween the secondary color"s, and so ln color chart of
any desired complexity can be developed"
An additional value can he added, wherein eact't *:olor can be
tinted from white ('which is the sirnuflffine*u$ presence of afll color) to
black (which is the total ab$ence all of colori. lkese hues mr tinE can then
be nurnbered fur identification. and in this rnflnner infonnatlon can be
conveyed between the owner, designer and painter to determine the
colors have lreen selected for use. Faint pigments are usually
manufactured in a variety of black, brown, yellow, red, green, blue and
white colors, which aan be rnixed in various proportion to produce an
infinite number of variations.
With respect to color use, low*fr'equency colors such as reds and
browns are generally considered to be "warm,"'rninfrequenry colons such
as oranges and yellows tend to be "rn€utra[," whereas high-frequency
*nco{}|."
colors such as greensi and blues ane considered to be l-iigh ceiling
can be made to appear lower by applyirrg darker colors to tfiem on the
adjacent walls. Coniversely, low ceiling cilll he Eiven the illusion of height if
they are light-collonecl" It is also ryrsnible to enhance feeling of
spaciousness with lighter colors and feelings of closeness or intimacy with
'darker
colors. The procedural objectives of this book preclurde further
discussion of this irnportant toplc here.

1.3 Relatsd Work

Work closely connected to this sr*ction is described in the
following section, to which reference shoulcl be made:

04-200 Unlt Masonry

05-100 Steel Framing
06-200 Finished Carpentry
06-400 Architectural Woorlwork
09-200 Lath ancl Plasterwork
09-250 Gypsum Plasterhoard Systems
09-550 Finished Wood Flooring
7 rq.

2"0 Froduc$;

t.1 Materials

The materials for tlris work cern be a.tltesilriueri unrJer three

board heaclings: pnilnB' st*irls' and vmrmi;$hes"

Paints. One ean cornsider ingred$em{s, types and fiarishesl

L. IngredienB. True painis hcve four prlma;ry irrgredienLs:

a. Tlr* pigntsmt rnay be white sr colored; white pigments usually

consist of oxides of teact, Nincr sr titaniunr while celilored pigments
u$ually consist of natunial clays such as ocher, sienna, or umber,
and chromatls or oxiclesi of ;lntimcrrly, cclppe!', irCIn, lead, and other
selected nretals. the main BurpCIse of the pigment is t$.hide the
surfac* of the substrate"
b. The extendar is usually an inexpensiv* fine sanrl, clay, barite,
mica, or liher pr"ur*uct incorporated to nlcluce expense, enhance
core.iugo*, mncl imprr:veci wCIrknhllify'
c. The vefui*le is a liquid $olvent, imtt:ncJ*,rl t* bind the pigments and
extenders iut susp*nsi*n and to carry thmsn ont* th* srrbstrate and
then to evaporate; varir*us types of voiatile liqulds, petr*leum and
others spir"its and water are userl,
d. Additiveu are m$:xed with paints, tCI asslst the curinE process, the
minimize 'foaming rluring nrixing, to fiCIntrol rxlx[irl6,. to control
chemical rearrtiort$r and to extend sfrelf life, arnong.mther reasons.

3. Types" PainB are available in a wide v;lriety cf Wpes; $rJme of the

more common ones are alphabetlcally listeri ln'f,able 1, wlth their main
featured described.
4. finishes. Paints are availahle in a wide variety of sLlrfaee furnishes
fronr rlull to shiny, s$rns of whlch mre kn*uvn en* flat, matte, eqgshell,
semi gtoss, glos,li, and high-glCIs*c" Mnttl*d texti"lrrad, an{l stlppled
finishes nre also al'ailahle,

Tmhie I
-trvp{}ri
Pfiisit

Type Fit,nturt*

Acrylic F'olyrneu" hase *f ;*cnylie er:id

 1
-r-,

AlkycJ Sl1tsil1 resin r,rehiele

Asphalt 'fVater-hased *sph,:rfl t ern*llsir;ln
Cement Fortland ce*'rmnt pigment
Emuilsiom l"iqN&d suspentrl*:* [n l{qu[#
fnamei tdarnish vehir:le, wiitfr
thinnurn;
Fire netnrclnmt "[umeseent
eri. *xp*r.lding pignnent
F luorescent fluorescing p$Errunt
Latex iRuhfuer fatex plgrnent
Luminous \fuorescimp pigment
Masonry Chment biulr* wi*fu sanrd
Metalllc Metal pnftiale plnrn*nt
Mold resistant Antlfunga[ s*lve*ff;
Cil basecl t0il vehicJe, with thinners
Primer Paint thinned with splrits
Rustproof
llpually containing zinc dust

stains. The stmins consist CIf two prirnary ingr*dients:

1. vehicl€s may consrist of alcohol, various fine oifis, or

w*ter, depending
on the appltcatirnns,
?. Pigmonts arc srmirar to those rjescrihreri ahorre un$er 6raint, but in
st;un their ilurp{lse is not to hid* the surhr;tar,r,ru,
jts naturtl appearance. Alth,cugh m*i r&th{:r tur enhance
rr,lhite is avo:ilabla, the
6,:rrErnnents ire--
usualiy rolored,

varnishes, True varnir;hes consrst of *n* ingnerfient:

ilre uotric$e. It may
be one of a nurnber of prcdufrs:

1. In natural varnish, the vehicre consists of a combinmtion of minerar

spirits and natural resins or waxes.
2. trn synthetic varnrsh, the vehicre may be poryurethane.fir
polyester product.
sme sinrirar
3. In botfr typ*s, tfre vehicre evaporates ts reave a residue
in the form of
a.hard, tough, clear skin bonded to the s*ustra,re. -'
.
4. There are arso naturar and synthetic reidd
ind sheilacs avairabre,
usually with plasticieers addecl, and wirich
uot, [i** and are therefore
used on occasions as varnis$res. Lacquer is
a nrtro ceriuio;--r;;;;;,
acetate sorvent; sh,elrac is a naturar rac heetie
iesrnl in an arcohsr
so$vent.