-38**-*i)

ENGLOSURES

Water and Dampproofing

Insulation
Shingles and Tiles
Preformed Cladding
Memhrane Roofing
Flashings
Joint Sealing
 Sern{HHq}hiliqim {lll$l }HI' -' ffi. {fi:}ffiffi

Wmten mrmd ilf,,ilulm ff':lfllfi $Pililfftu"mrofffim'ngp

L.0 trntroduction
1.1 Genena! Issues

The presence of water is one of the tvuli,ut 6rr:rn,l,itr$i'v*it grrnhlems witln 'which designers
and buiHers have to contend. In cotlstl'*"lc:tlflttit,, tt,altr;ir is a riaily fhr:f, of llfe; there is
often either too much of it or too Nitlic: ffif'{i:, :lt [l; atrsra a fact that thrr* exterior fabrics or
the interior mechanical or plumhing s\rll;[emt*,; nf afirnust every corrrp$eted building leak
to some limited $dtent, muCh tO thrir Arlfi#!,iltfli{lc O1' h*llding designerS, Owners, anrl
occupants, and 0l'the constructors w[rr:i, ttl;:ry I:l* citlled hnck to fix the problerns anel
the consequent #!ess. For the fcrreE+ing rCIas$ns, s6ler:lfic care should be tak-en with
the selection, installation, and nlalnffin;:lnfl{lr r:1'glottd-r;t,lnli$ waterproofinE arxtr damp
proofing systems to controls wilter ln tihe 6*mlt*mfl l:rtlll,itrimg envitournent. Thre specific
problerns of water cuntrol relatirre t,n uu*rhmrtt,rffil ail'lql pflunlbing systems is breyond the
scope of tlris boot<; such tlrhrgs ,are cl*l;*If, u*ilth *s't*Jtlrr' ffiirri$ion li! +l' Master Forntat.
In the context of this section, tlter {:llrrrrn ili{,,rr:rile'/itl/"t}{l,ilfii1/ means the provisions of a
barrier tg prevent the passage of wrntrsrr lrl it* lirquuiel {i:rrnu such a*; rfiiEht be required in
'[hru,l
a foundation systenn below grade lev*!" [.rtx"tm damSl proofing rfl#ans the exclttsion

of water in its vapor form, such as rnight hn r*quin:::uj itt a wood-frarrrcd exterior wall.

1 .2 Design Aspeats

Water tras to be rlealt witli in constr"udiiun iln inflc['r rl:f, uts $tates-liquid, Vapor, anrl solid.
Designers attempt two things: to kr*ep uncontrr:lleri water (in its free forms of hail, ice,
rain, sleet, snow, streams, and vapor) outside of the building, and lro controls the
water inside the building in liquid form (by inntalling pipes and val'ves in plurnbing
systems) and in vapor fornr (by adjrirstfrng hunnirlity leuels and vel.ltlilatlon openings In
mechanical distribution or condition sy*f,errurs), Cc,nrtrolled water i* also used
extensively ln many contruction prnfre$lueln, $rlch ttsl (*ncrete worlt, rnasonry,
plastering, and terrazzo, and arrang#nlc:nrt:; [r,,flv'e hn h,e made to ensure the proper
supply, absorption, conversiofl, fl\rffip{:r!'ilti$ii, r'i;}l{*ilrrrri:li rlr tlispus*ti q;[ w,*tur i'i u;cu.
In buildings feir winter spcrt* likrr *fi,;ntir"re.J ir{} ihs:}r..rltry, ;atd t-ttt'lir1q, $r;qter ic rif
COUfse feqUined tu Ll*,-ufli.s.Ollel-i iii ii^:*:ir,.,li', , l'r rr'i E-rt'" i1-1'1, tl5r-uell+ rr'r;r.rrt{iri*ti i.i1, ii-i*
,,

hOWeVef, that Watef in the tOffllr Ci'l'{.ir'r{,.Liirii't'}tilri ' ir'r* t'i,rir !ri, u*i'u rit':rtf i-lftiv.;: ti t*r'tirtreel
or porous building fabrics, primerityr hf;,r:;i+,,,r:;* ,i:r !'x:r i';i[r6t'1;tiu:si iliil.tt re,j Cui'lrig the
 1. Sheet products. There is a larEe variety cll'larEe, thin prefabricated sheets of
asphalt-impregnated paper, butyl rurbher, l*frcl, neoprener polyvinyl, chloride
(PVC), and similar durable materials, ready lbr installation. Many companies
also produce metal-clad asphal{*cnn* sandwlich panels and sheets for this
purpose.
2. coating products. These lnclude asphalt, r:oal-tar pitch, and variety of
solutlons containin!, fibers such as; rllass or msbestos or expandable ingredients
such as oxidized iron or bentonite cla,y.

Dampproofing. Materials used for this purpose are intended trc resist the passage
of water in vapor form. Three cate$ories are c:oi"nmonly encountered.

1. Paint barriers consist of one or rnCIre l.hin coats of thick asphalt paint, butyl
rubber, coal-tar pitch, epoxy resin, or silicr:n snlution.
2. Paper barriers are made of plane pal-innpregnated kraft paper,
sometimes reinforced with long Elass flibers. They are available in continuous
rolls in widths of 1 m or 3 ft.
3. Plastic barriers are made of thin sheets of polyethylene (PE), 0.1 mm or 0.004
in. (4 mils ) thick and supplied in continur:us rolls inr widths varying from 2 m or 6 ft.
up to 6 m or 20 ft. wide. (the word milin this context means 0.001 in.)

2.2 Accessories

Some waterproofing or dampproofirrg systenrs require adhesive plastic tapes and

rustproofed nails and staples to secure ih,DrTl in posltion.

Paint Coat Application

where moisture conditions are not severe, a ons or frnrcl-coat
_ spray or brush application of asphalt paint may suffice. {are
should be taken regarding neatness at the l'inisitred Erilcie line.
(BCIT Buitding Technology).

Protection
After the system is complete and cured, back trflling; r:f tr+nclren
may commerce. plastic, hardboard, or paper can b* usecl to
protect membrane from damage during backfill. (BCIT
Building Technology).
 such as in a pipe or small crevice or crack in a masonry or concrete surface. The result
is usually a fracture of the containing vessel nf f;rhric to a greater or lesser extent, and
such damage can be cumulated and ultlmatelly dis*strous if not remedied.

With respect to waterproofing, watnr rrueriqhs 1 kg/liter or 8.33 lb/gallon; it can

therefore exert conslderable hydrostatic ;:rmmsure in iarge quantities. For this reason, a
good drainage system should always ttrg ilonsidere* as part of waterproofing system
and should divert water away from the si:ructure" l-rrailure to do so may result in
cracked foundation, leaking basemenLs, clr Ii1't,*d f1or:r slabs.
With respect to dampproofing, waffn ;]ir can hr"ric1 rnore moisture than cool air.
When the temperature is rcduced, moisture in air condenses. It is for this reason that
vapor barriers requlre to be installed ln buildings on the warm side of insulation
systems, so that the moisture does nof cr:nd*nse within the insulation at the dew
point (the poittt or plane in the wall whene lvarm and cnol air meet) and thereby
reduce its effectiveness. The insulation shouki ke,up ttre temperature of the air on the
warm side high enough to prevent signifir;alnt condensatlon from or:curring on the
outsides
vapor barrier surface. Dampproofing .$\,'rit,flr'r'r {rre r'erluir*rj to be applied to the .;
of basement and foundation walls heloud [;rn{::le levc:[s, tn deter the ingress of moisture
through the structure and into the hr-rilr:finq [:lqurr* I shows the dew point in a typical
exterior wall.

1.3 Related Work

Work closely connected to this sectfon ls l::h:scrih:edl in the following sections, to whlch
references should be madet:

02-200 Eafthwork
A2-740 Drainage
03-300 Cast-in-Place Concrete
06-100 Rough Carpentry
07-200 Insulation
07-500 Membrane Roofing

2.0 Pnoducts
2.1 Materials

Materials for this work can be classlfielel ul.rderr lhe tu,in broad headings already
identified:

Waterproofing. Materials used for tfiis pnurpn${} iire intended to lesist the passage of
water in liquid form. Two are comnionly errlrnun!",:rr,:d:

t*
l

t
I
 $ffiffitfrsm ffi ?n*, :ffin{[,}lr[i,Jih )l.trtlmxm;ux lmffiff sffi ffi

1.0 Introductilon
1.1 General Issues

Insulation work in construction lnclucfc:s;n5:niic;rliorrsi

i;'l r,llectrlcal system, in rnechanical
installations, and in other constructir:ri,
li.rlri"il,*tir:n rr:,,;r,:rj in electrical and mechanical
work is beyond the scope of this i:ock. trns;ularion
uur:,J in other construction can be
subdivided into the frrllowing broacl catrlpi,riouril'1,ir.,,,"u*l
eif rigicl **mar6s onto
foundations, roofs, and slatri; ins;ertion
di'l.'fi,n:N[[r!e: fi,:rm[ts Intcl ftpgns, rrualls,
ceilings; and troweling, spraying, or hlovvinr: and
p*i*oriirr Er"anules, f,e,,arms, pastes, or"
powders onto or into parts; or ine builclinq"riii*'',i[l
this section' The amount and type ol'ins;uiatinn 'iir,u:uc applications are discussed in
in hirih]ings is usualiy determined by a
cornbination of factors invorving buirding
rc,,itiori. iii,iroing .oo*i,"o,Jni*
requirements, designer's recommendatfrns
ant] proJrrt availability and cost.

L.2 Design Aspect

Heat loss or gain through br.rilding syster"ns
is rneas;urerJ in rmetric units as joules per
square meter per deqree (JlslmlC.); r:r
in frrnrl6:rerrfral "t,i,iit
r.linits as; Uritish thermal units per
hour per square foot per deEree I= rrtrir,'}
iBru,r{"rr. tnss or gain calculation are
based on the relationships b,etwenn
th* r0sr;ir;l,anre ;,rird the conductivity of each of the
particular materials cornprising a tnrnpo::;il*
llr:nr, w;rtll, or roof syste,,n in uny builclingl;
such calculations are beyono [rre sco$xr
t"r{'l,his; i:,r:r:k. i.ir:or] insuljtiion
uniformity of appropriate material typ,es ,lrlr:J design invo[ves
ilrirllnesisrls and contirlr.lity of the system
to completely isolate one side frorn thre cti"rir.
r t',, i,r,i"iuflnn of adequrate vapor
barriers (described in section 07-10t!)
nn t.hr: *ur,, u;,t* mf the i,iul'utirn properties in
most cases.
The purposes of insulation is t,r cOnt.r,,*i lif
r.: f,)its:iii()r3 [hrough fuuikJing
of energy in any of several f orms, sur:h ;lr; l;: rl*,,1. components
f ei,li,.irlcity, heat, light, sound,
rnagnetism, or radiation. In particul;;rr,
inl:;r,rlr,rtit.rn rit;,'"riifilr:; can be userd to
electricai enerl)y ifi wines, thermal enfirq)r contairr
energy in rooms, fire energy in inrJus;tri,oi
il 1:i1;i.,:;,li, i ener6;y ir.l lnlinr1ows, sttLlnd
irrt,,,',,,i,,,,,,,lu, ,,, l nacii;iiion *,n,tigy i,

n]*:,t|ilT;,#:,
also cornnrcirrlv Lrsed t,:) krl,,rp lr*iil il rtct in or our ofentire buitdins

AII construction materials restriet,fli' prelrrrit

[hr: p;:rssa( of enercy to some extent,
Specific resistance of any rnaterial i,uili vmqr
conductivity varies inversely with thiclr:num;,
r::llmcliy'rn,ii.ir ll
thickne:;s, while
Ftater"ials iravi ; signifir:anfly low factors
of heat conrductivity (below 0.S [d
[t(iil:jr:rii.rle:11 cr t].li {::itu) I
,:: classiflrlrj as thermal
F ffi:Fskwm4+*'*il ',ll,rflllflri,,t . i
--
j

insulators. Plastic insulaLion prCIducf$ r{}qilirfl tn tre prote(J"ed fronn exposure to

ultraviolet radiation.
In general, metal products have [!flle flr r"]o v*:h,*s insulators, while masonry and
concrete products are of low valete. V\/r]fid :rE:ciucLrt are of rnedium value, while fibrous
or chemically foarneei products (of min*r;r[, pfastir:,, nnimal, or veglertable origin) are
usually of high value, as entrapped aflr

1"3 Related Wonk

Work closely connected to this sectiron ill Cfi$r,rii5e:r.1 li-r the following secticlns, to which
references shoulcl be made:

05-50 Metal Fastening

07-100 Water and Dampprroofing
07-500 Membrane roofing

2"0 Products
2.1 Materials
Insttlation materials can ber eenertir:;illr,r {",:itr,:i:1r;11,"i;:erj lnto five grnups.

Rigid rnsulations. These are mad,: frq:m ,r:;,rryre{l ,'r i:eaded plastics such as
polyurethane, polystyfene, br polyisn()rfir"lr.{t'tl'il\,, froril ,lsphalt-impregnated wood
fibertloard or chipboard, and fronr li:arnecl resiin-t:onriec! glass fiber. T'hey are available
in boards between 13 and 1.00 mnr or:Ll;l ;rnrJ ,ll in. thlck:, llaving face dimensions
between 60 and 120 cm or 2 and 4 ['t. vvicii* alrl 1.,i ancl 4.8 rn r:r 4 and 12 ft. long.
some have reflective plastic or film larrineilr:cl t,: orlr:,: i:r' both I'ace:;.

Flexible insutations. These are made r:il[:ei" f'rorn l-',oi'r,:led glass til-rers r:r bonded
mineral wood. They are available in r:it.hr:r Lrlanl(e|. nr Ii":rrn and in paper-enclosed or
plain form. Batt insulations are prodr,lc:erj ir^l a v;iriet\, *f,sizes and thlckness, ready to
fit into standard spacings between sliur.j* frr.rili jrtists, :i;u{:it as 400 anld 600 mrn or 16
and 24 in. wide. Some have inter;rctl vaflri)r [,,arrir..rs; ,;rtt;.lr".i"leld to onr,: side, ready for
stapling t0 the structural frame af tlr* [:ru.rilr:]ilrr;,: CIilhr:rs ha,re a layer *f aluminum foil
iaminateci to one side to reflect tremt,

Foamed f,al;lstics. These are nornrally t\/'tl).(,:fli nonrlrit:;ystems; o1'polystyrene or

polyurethane, in rruhich one compon*nt" n*!,:r ;,rs l,;,r[llysL to cause a chemical action
in the otlier, result.ing in the generation (rruiitl'rirr :.
'-:onds) clf an aerated foam product,
suitable for pumping or pourirrg into builclir-;q r:;,i,vi :l::1,

l-oose Farticles. These consisl, fif'cl,*;:irr{}(l ;,:rnel q, r::f*i;$ fractlon$ ox'commCIn aeratecl
ntinerals, such as ntica perlite, verrnl(Lrlit"r:, ;rrrr,1 trl, ,,,r'i ::;lncl as well as; cork granules,
diatomaceous earth, and occasionally sav,rdust. They are packaged in bags, ready for
hand pouring or machine blowing into positlon betweert wall studs or floor or ceiling
joists.

Sprayed Materials. These usuafly consist of aggregation of cernentitious or resinous

products, gypsum fibers, and expanded shales or vermiculites, reduced to powder
form and ictivated by the addlffii of watelr (in care;fully specified quantities) at the
site to form a thick cream or paste, suitable for spray or trowel application as
appropriate.
 ,;i--liit:r11,r !1 ir
"i {
---: /., u
!

SHINGI-HIS /[MflM TTLES

1.0 TNTRUDUCTION

1.1 GENERAL ISSUES

Shingles,shake,andtileunritsnf.Vari0{Js;typesandsizeshavebeen
used to cover the exterior roofs and vvalls
of huildings in virtually all
There are two primary
cultures and climate of the wr:rld fr:r r:entufl"les'
reasons for these: r
rL- - -..^L^- '
l.Tneavailabilityofthernatenia|sappropriatetcthesysterntn
most Pafts of the world'
2. rne siitauility of the :n7s;tern to prevail against the natural
dYnamics of the atmosPherer'
include aluminum'
The range oimaterials userl tcl nlake such units
concrete, copper, fiber glass' plastic'
asbestos, asphalt, bitumen, ceramics, clay,
rnatter,'from palm leaves in the
slate, steel, wood, inO otnit usually indiSleurous
tropics to ice blocks in the arctic'

!.2 DESIGN ASPECT$

The word shingles will hre usecl through out

this section to cover
where specific
referencesl;;hi.A.i, shakes, slates, arlrJ tiles, except
The words exposure' lap' and
issues affect either shakes, s[ater;, 0r tll*;.
weatheralsorequiredefinitiorlinrthrlt;ecorltext.
securing
fne Oaiic Oelign of shinEtes systerrn involves placing and
walls or sloping roof
relatively small, thin, flat units on velrtical e:xterior
direction of thr-
planes so tnit:tney overlap one ienothr:r on the downward
resistance to weatherlng
naturat flow of water. such systtlms are fairly
wind, are qenerally
and the forcers of nature sr.h ,'u rain and high
purchase and
pleasant in appearance, are ceimparatively economical to
instag, ano pL;mit flexibility ln drisilEn. Because
of the voirl spaces behind
and construction is
and between the shingle units, thr,:i'mal €li'ransion
small and varied
minimized in anO readily absorhro.', r,m"l!lo the relatively
visual texture and
sizes of the units can irnpart tfie hiqxtr dergree of
planes'
modeling potential to otherwiu: trnimteresting brrilding -.
For roof slopes having a sl'lallclw 1"is;s-[6r'IUfi ratio (up to 1:6) solid
generally
sheathing and l"oof fefts bt*ovrr shinqles systems are
may be spaced
recommended. For slopes giernter tlian riO, the streathing
adjacent shingle
or battens rr.V Oi utu'0. Uih*t* overlap occurs between
away from the
units, it isgoob piactice t6 ha've thtl overlap facing
direction of the Prevaillng wilnds'
 r-]:iliiF'xll lvi'nr.m8r!

1.3 RELATED WOR.KS

Work closely connected to i:hese se;:ction is described irl t;he following

sections, to which reference shmultj lhel madr::

06-100 Rough CarPentry

07-600 Flashirgs
07-900 Joints Sealing

2.0 PRODUCTS

2.I MATERIALS

Shingle units can be tirst categ;orizerJ uncler two broad headings: those
made from naturalmaterials erndl ttrose marl,e fram manufacturcd
products.

Natural Materials. These lncltude eni;anic *r'lcl inorganic products.

1. Organic Products. These arel two mairr types of:

a. Wood shakes are triand.. *plit, stnaigfl'lt- splits, or taper- splits
from cedar heartwood h[ock"s; lengths are 450, 600 and 800
mm or L8,24 and 36 in.; thickness and width vary. There is
only one grade. Hand-split shakes can be resawn to produce a
shake with a smooth back. colors range from red to yellow.
b. Wood shingles are machine sa\run from prepared quartered
cedar bolts; lengths are 400r, '450 and 600 mm or 16, 18 and 24
in.; thickness and widlJlr; rrary. T'here are thee primary grades,
each labeled either rod, l-rh.rr,r, or hlack to indicate first, second
or third qualityr. A fcrrLh qraclu is available for undercoursing.
Colors range fnom vellur,v ttl white.

2. Inorganic Products. There is r;rtr.* nla[n ,r7pe:

a. $lates stones are h;lnr$-spnits f'rrim natural slate beds: lengths
vary between 250 and 65(} fiIl{m or L0 and 26 in.; widths vary
between 150 and 3[it} nrrn, ffir 6 anrJ 14 in.; common thickness
vary between 5 artd tr.1 rvlirn" Or ti{r arrd 1/zin. slates having
other ciimensions arer iils,fi, *l,,,ailabie" C':lors range from dark to
light blue, green, lretY, i,ltl<* red.
 - ._-.**;;,!l&;i+s-+r.,,._. * u!
I
!
i

Manufactured Products. These incluale fihrous, granular, and metallic

products.

1.",-'Fibrous products. There are tvl* main types:

a. Asbestos shingles prirnariiy consist of a mixture of 30o/o asbestos
fiber and 7Ao/o Portland cement. Each manufacturbr produces units
of varying profiles, textures, and colors, Thickne$ses are generally
close to 6 rnm or 1/q inch; lengths vary between 400 and 1200 mm
or 16 and 48 inches; widths vnrying between 200 and 400 mm or B
and 16 inches. Because *f toxicity, asbestos products are being
phased-out of construction
b. Asphalt shingles are rnade of thin,, organic, asphalt impregnated
felts having colored minerail granules or chips bonded to one side.
They are produced in either sinEle or strip mode and with plain or
interlocking tabbed cornersi. Singles are 300 x 300 mm or 12 x LZ
inches in size; strips are 300 x $100 fnm or L2 x 36 inches.
Common colors are black, blue, brown, green, gffiy, and red.

2. Granular products. There arel trvrl rmain types:

a. Clay tiles are producerl in n manner similar to clay bricks; the clay
is fired in kilns. Tiles nray hel Elazed or unglazed. Because of their
relatively heavy weight, units tend to be small (about 250 x 300
mm or 10 x 12 inches). Thery ;nre av'ailable in a variety of profiles:
flat, comma, curued, ribhecil, and inl.erlocking. Ccllors depend on
the clay or glazed usec1 trl rnafqe tft* tile, but brown, purple, red,
and yellow are commfin.
b. Concrete tiles consist of aggregate, sand, and Portland cement,
with integral color pigments added cluring manufacture. They are
available glazed or unglazed. Like chy tiles, the units are relatively
small (about 300 x 400 mm or 12 ir 16 inches) because of their
weight, and they are availal:le in a srrnilar variety of profiles. Many
colors are available.

3. Metallic products. There are twr: rn;riil typrss;

a. Aluminum shingles are rnierle I'rom shaped aluminum 0.5 mm or
0.2 inches thick, having r:mlelred mineral granules or a
baked
enamel finish bondeel to one side. They are lightweight and
durable and produced in sired about 370 x 1300 mm or 15 x 50
inches. Each shingle weiEhs atmut 3 kilograms or 6 pounds after
coating. Most have interrtocklng features at edges. A wide range
of colors is available.
b. steel shingles are made frunn shaperd, cold-rolled 3O-gauge sheet
steel, havini' a bonded colored porcelain-enamel coating on the
exposed upt )r side and a rustprrxrf prinned coatlng on the rear
,r :iri4ut,txltiiri 1
-.r3- il I

I
.

face. Common overall cllmerrsions arc about 250 x 1500 mm or 10

x 60 inches, not includinrg interlocking returns at edges and ends.
Shingles weigh about 2,5 kilograrirs per square meters or 0.5
pound per feet sqtnred. A wide ran$e of colors is available.

7.2 Accessories
Shingles systems requird to br* installed in conjunction with a large
number of acCessOr@, *mh as buikjing papers, roofing felts, roOfing
nails of galvanized s cadmiurn-coated steel, slater's nails of copper or
brass, stainless sted or bronze sc:rew, neoplrene washers, metal or plastic
flashings.
 P}R.EFOR.Mfl ffi ffih SLADDING

1.0 Introduction
l.l General Issues
Preformed cladding r:on:;ists of large, far:tory-shaped, interlocking,
corrugated or ribbed sheets or panels, usually installed vertically on the outside
of buiidings. Whrile generally more orpensive than shakes or shingles in unit cclst,
performei cladding does not norrnalily require:sheathing or backing a.nd can
iherefore be used to cover larEe ar€ils; m{'roof and wall framing rapidly and
effectively. Most performed cladr1irrg t.rnilts are exceptionally durable rn6 tsl3tit/e
attractive, provided they are nr:t subjected to physical wear or abuse'

preformed cladding shoulcl no,t be confused with two sirnilar systems: 1)

sheet metat rcofing, in which large plain sheets of aluminum, copper, lead, or
steel are especiallf cut, shaped, and tl[tecl on two sheathed or battened roof
surfaces, oi Z) sheet metal sirling,, in whlch factory-shaped lengths of coated
aluminum are secured hr:rizont:aily to rlollid or sheathed walls and eave soffits of
buildings. In this book, sheet metal rooling is described in section 07-600
together with metal flashings. Sheet rnelml siding is described in section 06-200
tolether with wood siding Ind ffirn; such wor$,r is usually considered to be part of
the finish carpentry trcde.

l.2Design Aspe.cts

When cladding units are beinr,.3 rn;lr"luf"acLr:ned, various longitudinal profiles

such as rounded coriugatiOns, rectanrlulnr ribhing, beveled battens, hemmed
edges are imparted tothem by passingy them t.hrough rollers. The purpose of this
configuration is to improve the str"enr;1lh, simplif,i the installation, and enhancels
the appearance of units.

To use preformed cladcling effer':tlv'ehr,' care must be taken in setting out

the spacing of the suppofting llrarrning iilrirlt't"lhrerrs to st-tit the lengths and.widths of
the ciadding materials and the intenr;*ls;nt :r["rlr:h they must be fastened.
Allowance must be made for ex6lanslr:n ;rlnt ':ontraction to avoid buckling or
warping of the claddinrg units. in g*n*n;al, tl, principle of sl'ringle application
(detailed in section 07-300) apply to the inst; lation of performed cladding units
t
with"respect to overlapping ends nf units in :l dinection of the downward flow
;
of water, to arranging vertical joints to face /ay frr:m the direction of prevailing
 openings or ends to conceal
winds to minimize leakage to trirmrninE or t"lasliirrq
cut edges.

l.3Related Works
in tne following
Work closely connected to tlris seffiion is describeO
section, to which reference should be rnade:

05-100 Steel Framinql

06-100 RouEh CarPentrY
07-900 loint Sealinr;

2.O Products
2.1 Materials

tvlaterials for cladding Can btl cater6loq'izr:r:l into metal and nonmetal
products.

and steel'
Metal Products. Two common rnetals are usrlcl: aluminum or 40ft'
is available in parleis up tct !.m or 3ft. wide, 12m
Aluminum cladding
long, available in panels of the sarTne wir:ltli, but half
as long and half as thick'
enamel or acrylic paint
Both types rr" rrp[li"d w1h a fac1ory-apn:lieil baked
panels are also available'
finish in a range oi uti*Aire ctllors: fut;rlni primed
asbestOs cement'
Nonmetal Products. Four Cornrnon niat.erials are used:
plastics' Each is
il;;t;;;; ptain bi reinrorced gtass, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
tletr,nreen 0.'5 and L0mm or 0'02 and
available in sheets rp to f .2m"or 4ft'wicie ,,:factory-applied
produced with er ranCIe of integral colors, as well
0.4in. Most are
as plain. Wood siding is describeeJ in section 06-200'

2.2Accessories

The accessories which Etccofi"lpr[11611r cladclinE panels consist of an

metal and
assoftment of fasteneis, sucn as hrnlts, clil-rr;, pl;rtes, Screws, and
plasticwashers,aswellasnratclriilll:rr6:rp1"''*erJflashingsandtrimforuseas
corners, eaves, hips, ridges, valle'ys, ,
'ltj rldges'
'0p€fl
x
fr

Mfi ll'l;$ ['1."t\ irl $i [tOtt] llil iVfi

fi
$

IN'TRODT.ICTION
I
It
(iencral Issucs : *

rlt
Weatherproof tuetntrrnnes are used on essrrlltii,ll11' flr*t or sinLpty cun'e,i roof's of cornmerci:rl zurd
$ institutional buildings. Where consisterrtlp, slrrtr:ieil rooli ;rre l'equired" a dllferent technique using
the principle o1'overlapping shingles is usuiillS 1'x'i'lbrirtrle. I:ror sliingle systems, refer to Section
07-300.
1
Membrane s)'stems can be classil'le'il,[ us: ti:l[]lows;: tirose comprising a single or double layer
of plastic sheeting of some sort (sinnpil* slrstrrmsr) nnd trtr*se comprising triple or more layers o1:
asphalt and lblt, usually covered with gmr,rol {,nruirr$fiiptre sy'stems). Both caregories are elescribed
in this section. Other more specir,rlized l.;lnd tht:rr*trr.rre les,s common) $ystems, sucir as fluitl
membranes, are nol included.

Plastic sheet membranes are ofisn uti!i:lcrrJ r.)n rr:r<rjji thnt may hav* *uroud, slopecl, or other
irregular lbatures, whereas asphalt ancl gnlve:l r.nermbranre systems are il-r{}st frequently usecl on

such roofs should be built absolutelp' fl;rt r:rr [rlrir:l,, pr*bl,i:rns rnay bc e:rperienced with water
ponding and perhalls freezing because it is r.lnahlg to dlnin ar,vav
irroperly. While most
membranes systems involve in tlieir arppMuatr,r:rr:, tiollte ar* installecl cclld.
13me
Design Aspects

Irirst. it should be realized that thc vtruu' oi'a nxrfinr:l s.ystern selectecl fbr any builcling fur
outweighs its cost, relative i.o the cLlnsequences of a ciamage that ruight be caused tr: the
buildirig's structure. its occupants, zuttl its colrtents s.hould the rool'*yri** substaptially fail.
Second, the larger the roof area, tfle grealcr tir* p*tenlial fcrr probl.,nli. Cons*quently, for any
building having a specifically required floor an:;,1" lrigh rise or rnultistgry <iesign will prodgce less
area of rcrol'svrrttre than low rise or s.inglc-:,itt.ri"i; ,"lesigii" iiltiiougir the qudlry of roof exposllre
at higher levels can be nlore severe thiur th,nt lt lti,,,tr,cr h-rr,.E:ls. 'fh;rd. the materials used in most
rooling systems are relatively inexpensive, cc.rir;p;ll.erJ to the ulher materials of construction. For
lltr: lirrct{ring rci-lsolls" c<tttsiclenttiol't slroultl ;rl',,0r1,,'s l',.,gr,iv,:rrr to;rreryirlirrg ancl iristalli*g thc
ct>trstruction buclgel c,an allbrrJ. WiIlr resp,,:ilt ti) ltiiti;l r.riliit,.ll uutlay;. puript*:irancc
6ost. anrl u:;e,r

r\lllrtlrrglr cvctt tltc lrcsl ol'rttt;lttt1.: titatr"ti;tlr; r:i;Lr; i;iil. Ihe rlgre crln11{)n casses t-.'1'r6pl'
liriltrre lrrc lirrrlli, irrsllrlltrtion ol- otht:l.u,ir;,.: .tli.rili.{)trr.irrt,r" rlirlt:r.iirls urrtl irupnoper dcsigli cll'thi:
structural rool' Ii'anle or ol' tlte rtloting ntonrhrilnc s;vslerrn itselt. Iii particglai, penetratiol and
condcnsatioll ,l- nroislurc
',,u'itlrin thc rurling svstcnr is espcci;iili, cleslructive" whcrever
signilicant lu-r'els of rnoisture are likely to be prescnt within a birilcling, a positive vapor
barrie r
shtlLtld lrc plitcccl Lri-:tucctt thc irtsick: ol'ther briil,Jirrril uucl tlrr: rooling ruer"lbrane.
I]listers; c:ausc4
by air enlrapped hetu'c-en la1,'ers in tlre nr,.'nrhranr' :ir,stcr1 ilipr ;rlso lclril
1<; s\,,sten: !irilLrrc.
 It should be understclod that. wlre:n sp.,rcityirrg any huilt-up asphalt and gravel roofing
systeln, it is primarily the amounl ol'asphallt (and no('1lre number o1'plies of felt) that realll,
t cletermines the water proofing quality uf the r;,v$tt:t. Ahhough the f'elts do impart some moisture
protection, their main purpose to pernrit the br-riiciup ori tlre required antount of asphalt and to
hold the roof system together.
r
Designers should consider the value ol' havitrg, roofing specifications and procedures
reviewcd hy an independcnt and tluali{icd rrrrilinl;, itt:;ptrction agency. 1"hey should requcst the
t subprission of a'written guarantee in the tc,r-rr"r of a br;nd lrclm the contractor (or its roofing
lssociation) thut the nrolir:rg systcr"rl will pcrlbnl) itii rJX[)rr"rtccl lilr a stated period.

I It rnay be notctl in passing that althou;h lliartl cicsig{tters, root'ers, antl others may still
refbr to "tar and gravel'' roof-s, tar is not norv used in good-quality rt:ol'ing systcnls in Nortlr
.,\nrcrica. l;urthennore, as tar and asphalt arc not compatible, they should not be used in
ctu.iunction with caclr othr'r on any one rool, $uch fls rlright happen during renovation work and
repairs. A similarly incorrect colloquialism alsr-r encounte,red in the rooling trade is the use of the
tcrru "gall,anizcd iron" tlashings, whcn lvltat is reulll, tneunt is galvanized steel flashings.

Work closely conneclcel 1o this section is cli;sr:nrl;ucl irr tlic lbllowing sections, to which relbrence
should be made:

0:1-300 (last-in-Place Concrc:te

05-300 Steel Decking
06- 100 Rough Carpentry
07-100 Water and Darnp proofing
07-200 lnsulatic'rn
07-600 Flashings

t,ttot)tIC't's

ill a tcria Is

IVlcnrbrane nraterials. as stated. can be clussillc:rj ils sim;ll* systcms or rnultiplc systems.

Simple Systems. There are two main group:s rrf'rnirlc'r'iirls r.rsr."d in theser systcms:

l. Prt't'lhricatcd shctts r"rsr,rJ lor rool'ilip r;\,s,l{rns, I'rcryru:nlly ctlnsist ol"a singlc thickncrss (1.5-
r))nr or {J.06-in.) ol'heavy-duty PVC or st\iren,c,-trularJieuc' tilack plastic nraterial, reinlbrced with
glass lihers ur polvcstcr lirbrics. 'l'ypical roli sizcs iuc f. nr rviilc by 20 rn long or (r li. wide by 65
li. long.

2. Rubberized asphalt or plastic must he pre,-hcltcr.l hrt:lolc being placccl in position. It must be
used in conjunction u'ith a cornpatible priiru:r-:r.raicr 1o ulslrrL: a goocl Lrond with the roof deck
and with reintorcing slreets at.ioints or poirrts cr*'irr;ssihlc stress, Matrufacturers of such systems
rtomtally provide all coniponents necessarl fi.rr flxeir s]'stmlr to be properlv installed.
t, *J4--7-

illultiples Systems. Multiple systenrs an* cr,ln;:rri:;*d ot'thre* main catcpories of materials used itr
ct'rniunctirrtt with each tlther:

l. Asphalts. Ilitunrr.'ns" a grollp ol naturirllv r:r,:r:urrin,1t ltydrocar:bon tleposits lbund in solicl.

semisolicl, and liquid fbrnrs in variou:; pirrtsr ol'{he r,r,,uticl were firrnrerly pnpular in rorlfing
s-"-stcnrs (and arc still r-rsed in pafts ol'liurtpi: tttl i:iiv* Lrcclr largelv prhrsed by the asphalts in
North Anrerica). Asphalt is a rnanutacl.urer pt,ir,,.iuilt. cortsisling of a comhination of petroleum
oils ancl particles of carhon producecl du"orlpllt tllr.: craci'iilp process us,':cl t<t rnake refineci oils and
gasolines liom crude oil. Asphalt is ntarkclerl r,n sr.rlid h,":.xitgonal blocl,is wrapped in heavy-duty
papcr;urd weighing about 40 kg or 8 lb. F',*r hlor.:lin. ('onlrollecl oxidation during matrufacturing
dctcrnrincs the visr:osilv or sul'tncss ol'aspliirll
'l'iris rc:rullri in tltrec types tlf graclc commonly
used in construction. Each type is designatr::il hy'it:r:;r-rfiening point as shown in'['able l, fbr use
ou ruol'as having slopes nol exceeding cettain tirtitlli tti'ri:;c Itt rutt:

Prinrers used w'ith asphalt consist r:r1'asplralt which hiis been cut bacl: {or thinned) r,r,'ith a
srllvcnt; t[re1' are uscd to seal surt'aces and to inrplove arJltesion tretween the rool'deck ancl the
roofing membrane s),:ilL-rn.

2. Felts are group o1'Jrnoducl.s, male ti'orn uri;*rri(; or inorganic libers. manutactured into large
thin sheets which are cut and rolled fbr conr,,ertit,:nce. f]aclt roil is iltrout i trt or 31i. wide and 45
nr or 144tt. long m and can u,eigh appruxintut,;l-v l,ir, J0" tu'40 lig or -i2,60 cr 80 lb.. dcpending
on asphalt penetration. Other siz-es and w'eig.lrls arc ili'v'ailnblr.:.

Some commonly encountered typcs of'1L:lts iilc' listcrl in 'l' ablc 1.. vritli a hricl'conrnlent ort
thcir urain lcature.

Sorne additional notes on fblt tyirus: ,1\shi::;io:; l'ciL:; are seldom used now, because the
rlisldvuntagc ot'thc toxicitl, o,l asl'restr.rr; or*tur:ig,lr:,i tltr: ailvarttagc cll'its firc-resistive qualities.
[]asr" tLlts are usecl in coniunction u,ith plastic instilation nratcrials. (loatcd fblts and chy [elts are:
sonrctiures used to lirmr a slip-sheet between a rigid deck and a built-up roof's systenr. [n glass
tclts. lhc asplralt unlv coats the lihcrs. which arc inrpcrnrcahler. Mini:ral-surfacecl lclts arc alscl
available in narrow strips fbr use as cant sirips ()rganic lclts tend tcl absorh the asphalt into their
trbers. Orglnic Iclts can hc attacked lry vernrin rrntl li.rngi, lrhcreas glass tclts iue inrmunc to such
allack s.

i. Gravcl or ttther ballast is uscd to pr()lc('t ,rrtrrlrirlI antl tc!t nrcnrlrranes lirrur several aclverse
cotrdilicxts: ultraviolet light. physical danmgr;. hr:i.rt pnin, antl wincl lili. Colored graveI is also use
()tl occasion lor aeslhetic rcasons. lo imprr.rr, l' llrt: rrXltrrearirnc:e ol" il roul'. In gcneral, gravels used
lirr rooling slrould he clean. rvell graded l:rrtrvr:r:n :i irnil ij rnnt or lzr and',/r in. in sizc. sountl anrl
solid. and opaque to ultraviolet light. A conrnl,,rrr l5;pc r.r1' rrriiterial usetl 1-or this purpose is called
l()rPcd() gravcl. ('ruslrcd rock. bItst-'It"tt'ttir,i:r: slirl"l^,, l:urtl ir rrrrrrrlrcr ol'csranric matcriaIs are also
available fbr this plnpose.

Fluitl SYstcnrs. ntaterirtls ttscd itt less c()rnntrr)11 ,r,:ldctrr:r'rrq,l'llir-: or otlrcr plit:ltic rooling systelns itro
cxcludcd li'onr this vier,v.
Mcasurement

Rooling is measured in metric units by the squ:rre meter and in imperial measure by a unit called
lhc "squarc." cutnprising a square area having side.s l0 ll. klng and enc.losing 100 sf. A roll ol'
tblt (3 ft. wide and 144 ft. long) covers 432 st, which equals four "squares" of 100 sf each, plus
32 st' lirr ovcrlups. llooling lblts are identilied Lr;'er nunrber corresponbing to their weight per
square in^pounds; for example, e #15 felt rveiglrs appnrximately 15 lb. Per square (oi about
0.75kg/nrr;.

Accessorie, ,

'l'he first three items relbrences below

ar"c tlot sirictly speaking. accessories. They are systems
cttttttttouly used in cotrjunction with roofin5l menrbranes. T'hey ale described in more detail
elsewhere in this

'fatrrle 2
ASPHALT T'IIL'TS,A.ND II]IiATTIRES

Type Main lreature

Asbestos 21,)nh rvood liber plus about 80%

ashest,os Ilher, irnpregnaled with
asphalt.

Base-sliEet Organic or glass felt with a

uontirrr.rous ot' intermittent asphalt
coating applied to the underside.

Coated Dry telt saturated with asphalt on

one or troth sides.

Dry [Jntreax.ed rvood fiber sheets.

Glass ,\:s;rhal t-coat+d tL'h. glass liber.

Mineral-surfaced Gtrar:s or org,anic I'elt, coated with

asphah-boncled colored sand
particlc's on one side.

Organic Asphiilt-irrrprcgnatecl anirnal or

vegetlblc lihr:r'.

Perfbrated Glasr; or organic lelt, punctured with

i1 patteill of tiny holes to release air
fln(l ri.lg)r cluring laying processes.
-Flw
,/J

1..
Flmshimgs

/
1.0 Introduction

1.1 General Issues

Issues relative to both the perinreLer erdges and the central fields
of rnetal
roofing, waterproofing, and clarlding sysllems; are dlescribed in ttris
section' The
eOges] joints, and cnJnges of plane of nrarry suclr systems
normally require to be
is to provide
made weatherproof in iome positive way, One way to achieve this
-l-he:
a covering system called a flashing, flashing rnay be made of waterproof
produced and
metal, plistic, or fibrous materials. Flashilq rnaterials are usually
installed in long narrow strips of various p'"ofilels or configurations,
They may be
ipplied before;-during, or after the roofing, waterp'ro{rfing, or cladding system,
depending on the configuration selected.
If one *ai to consider extending the perimeter metal flash.ing
system over the entire roof, then a sl^reet. me:tal roofing system would be
achieved. As such systenrs arer occasioncllly tlncountered on hiEh-quality
commercial and institutional buildings, a sholt desr:ripticln of metal roofing
methods is included in this section.

L.2 Design AsPects

Good design should result lir s:rtis;{"arctory perrformance of flashing and

sheet metal roofiirg systems. Allowance must be made for physical rnovement
due to temperature differences, Coefl"lCients; ,Ol'expansiOn, and building
settlement or vitrration. Positive drainage should i:e provided to deflect water
any
away from flashing and joint location; fli:ts;hirrgs should also be k:r:ated above
elevation to which free-standing water,'rni;y r;:;e.
Avoid the inclusion of sfrarg: corriers or tight bencls in continuous
flashing systems; form unavoidable corr'|{:}r's with motrcled cappirrg pieces. Secure
flashin[ systems to solid structural bearjnqs;,' Design the flashing system so as to
prohibii the ingress of warter through cfipilifiry ar.l.ion. Avoid locating porous wall
surfaces above flashings or water may krypa.s:c the flashing systenls. Avoid
widths in excess of 60 cnt or 24in.lrr l'lashinE systems. Conceal all fastenings
from weather exposure. Avoicl direct, contact between dissimilar metals. Arrange
for proper joints between adjacent piccr:s cf flashirrq rnaterials. in general, base
flashings should be integrated with the r.or:fing r; waterproofing system, and
extended at least 150 mm or 6 in" oul" c,r up at p
'imeters.
It is customary to provide a counter :r-cap-flashing to overlap the
base flashing. Flashing and sheet metal roofinct r iterials shoulcl be selected on
the basis of compatibility with other related proclt, rs, durability with respect to
weathering, flexibility to accommodate SOme movement, and permanence of
impermeability. Some typical arrangernents are slibwn in Figure 1.

1.3 Related Work

Work closely connected to this sec[imn is cle:lcribed in the following

sections, to which reference should be ma$e:

07-100 Water and DamP Prooflnq

07-300 Shingles and Tiles
07-40A PreformedCladding
07-500 Membrane Roofing
07-900 Joint Sealing

2.0 Products
2.t Materials

Materials commonly used for flashinEs can be classified under four broad
headings: meEle . Only the first relates to
sheet

Metals. These include aluminum, Copp€rr, leacl, sttlel, and zinc, antong others
such as Monel.

1. Aluminum is durable, liqhhveight, inexpensive, and cr:mpatible with

most other building products, but it is relatlve:ly difflcult tcl work. Two types
(#1100-0 and #3003-0) are manufactured in :,heet form for use in flashings.
Aluminum is available in mill finish form, anodi;:ed, or coated with colored vinyl
paint. Applied finishes may be damaged dr:rinE slt;rping and installation
operations. Aluminum gauge thicknesse::,; nf ,24 and 26 (about 0"5 mm or 0.02
in.) are common. Strips are produced in wir1ths r:rf 15, 30, and 45 mm or 6,72,
and 1B in., and in various lengths.
r
t-
j

2. Copper is very durable arrrj nf nrediunn'weight, but it is fairly

expensive and may react with Other materi;rlS, sLl,nh aS concrete, plaster, and
cedar wood. It is produced in a cold-rolkrrJ form (described as cornice-tempered)
for use in flashing, and it can be naturallr,r aclr:d tl'f weather exposure to form a
patina or skin pale green copper oxicie having a pleasant appearance. It can also
T-
I
be more rapidly artificially aged usinrl acid washe:i, although these often produce
i
darker colors. Copper flashings are usually desiglnated by weight: 4.5 and 5.7
kglm or 16 and 20 oz. /ft. weights are pol)lrlanly :;elected. Sheets are available in
widths of 60,75, and 100 cm. ar2,l,3C|, anrJ 36 in., and in various lengths.
Thickness is approximately 0.5 and Cl,6 mm, or 0.02 and 0.03 in.
3. Lead is very heavy, vely i"iurnlrle, ancl very expensive, but it is easy to
work and is cornpatible with most otiier rortstruction materials. There are
several lead alloys and steel/lead cornbinatir:ns (srLlr:h as tern plate) that are
similar in flashing function to plain leaci. t.eacls flashing are usually designated
by weight: 11 kg/m (1mm thick) or 2,5 llr. /ft. (0.04 in. thick) are common for
flashing. Sheets are available in widths of ji0, 4li, and 60 cm ar 7.2,18; and 24
in., and lengths of up to 6 m or 20 ft.
4. Steel (made from iron) ic usrsd irr three forms:
a. Galvanized steel consists of nrild zinc at the rate of 0.6 kg/m or 2 very
inexpensive, and easy to work, provirlerJ precautierns are taken not to create
sharp bends that may damage the zinc cr:atlng, Cut ends must be rustproof
primed. Steel gar,rge thicknesses of '27-tn,lti (ahr:,ut tl.8 rnm or 0.03 in.) are
conrmon. Sheets are available in witJths ug: [o l"i::i nr or 50 in. and in lengths up
to 5m or 16ft,
b. Coated steel consists of mild steerl sh*et,, coatr.rri with vinyl or enamel paint
baked on. It is other-wise similar to qa1v,":nizeld ster:l described hbove.
c. Stainless steel is extremely duralrle anrJ relatively attractive, It is slightly
heavier than plain steel and is very exprsnsive anr,[ difficult to wr:rl<. Special type
:( #301 and #302) of stainless steel, sclrfr€) havinq slightly textured surfaces, are
specifically produced for use in flashing $iistrsms fr:r buildings.

"trI'albfie
3.

PROPERTXH$ OI3 ;fl3,hNC $:I-ASHING

Ihie["ry;li:i weighl
Gauge mril in. Kgim lb. /ft"

10 0.1i1 0,021) 3.66 0,75

L2 A.7l Cl.02fi 5.13 1,05
 Seven different finishes are available, ranging from dull to bright. Steel
gauge thicknesst:s of 20 to 2,{ (atror.lt 0.[] rnrn or,0.03 in.) are common. Widths
are usually 60 cm. ar 24 in.; lengths var!'.

5. Zinc is used in both pure and alloyed lorms for flashings. It is rolled
into strips, machine cut, and shaped to rt*quired prrofiles. Gauges for zinc sheet
products range from 3 which are papor"thim to 28 which are 25 mm or 1 in. in
thickness; two gauges commonly ust,rrl ft:r fla:lhinrJ Or€ shown in 1-able 1.

Felts. These include a range of mineral-surfaced, asphalt-impregnated

strips of building paper or glass fiber, as more fully clescribed in Section 07-500.
Plastics. These include a range of tough polyvinyl chloride or butyl
rubber materials, as described in li,*cticln 0,7-5C10.
Composites. These consist nf'lamlnations of thin sheets or coatings of
metal, plastic, and asphaltic rnatr:r"ial$, fact,3ry tronded to produce a thick
sandwich-like product, capable of f:eing culi, shaped, and joined similar to
sheet metal flashing.

2.2 Accessories

The accessories used in conjunction with fiashings consist of a variety of

clips, nails, reglets, screw..-s, and tapes,

3.0 Construction Aids

3.1 Equipment

Sheet metal is factory cut ursing an electric slitter, which is a small steel
blade attached to the end of a long rotary shaft. Sheet metal is factory bent in a
powered device called a hrake-former or berrclirrg L:ra[<e. See figure 2.

3.2 Tools

As mr-rch of this work ir orolves cutting and shaping sheet metal, the tools
are generally those of the shen ' metal worker, consisting of tin-snips and shears,
markers and scribers, hole-punr '-l€s and mallets, and a variety of set squares.
 Joinrll !Se*afrinE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 General Issues

In the not-too-distant past, the rvfrr'rlc i:;sue of caulking ancl sealing of

buildings had a much lower profile in construction deslgn and implementation.
Builders were expected to produce reasonahly weatherproof buildings, but there
was not a general expectation that th*r"e v'rir.rultl Lri:r no leaks in the exterior
fabrics, However, during the past 2li r:r 30 yr:ars, with the adverrt 6f the so-
called Space Age and the spin-off of rr*srilL;anL technology, a much higher degree
of weatherproof performance of building systems has developecl and is now
expected, because the products capahle crf'ar-:hievirrg hetLer results are now more
readily available. Out of this, in businessi terrns, a whole new subdivision of the
construction industry has emerg;ed, arrd ii is nc,w qi.lite comrnon to find many
companies specializing exclusively in thel c,rulliinq ;lnri sealing of exterior buliding
fabrics and components on a contract ltasis.
In economic terms, while the total 'u,olrlnre o[ new cclnstruction has
maintained a fairly steady percentage of tlre (Jross national procluct over the past
20 years, that of the industry attributabler tr: r:aulking and sealing has grown at a
rate of approximately 50 percent per year in rjollar value. Correiponding losses
(for other reasons) are being experiencecl in some r:f the tbrmer traditional
trades, such as plastering and masonry. Such shifts in the construction industry
would make an interesting study regrrettaltiy heyonrl the scope of thls boclk.
Caulking and sealing systems s:hourlcl he seler:tecl on the bilsis of
satisfactory performance for both the s;hc,rt arrd the k:ng term. Hclwever, it
should be realized that all such elements af any burildinq constitute a relatively
expensive component, both in first r:ost anrl continrLecl maintenarrce. As with
roofing membrane systems, the costs aris;ing fronr waLer clamage caused by the
use of poor materials or faulty installa[ir:n rle;,lrly of'fselt the higfi but lesser costs
of doing the right thing in the first placr:. "l"he resultfs of good"proclgcts properly
placed are generally preferable to the r::cn,tinu,)Lts irritation
and expense of leaks
caused by improper design, inadequatc rnilLr, i;rls, nr faLrlty appiication.

L.2 Design Aspects

It ;
is first necessary to differentiate arlong rbiguous terminology such
as
the words caulking, glazing, and sealing. $:or the p of this nooriine
reader is referred to the definitions in any construc 'rpose
on dictionary. For the
purpose of this section, the word caulk,;ng is ursed t
designate the filling of joints
in construction to render them waterproof.
 The general object ol'desiqn iri t.irit; rl:]gar'(:j is to prevent ;air, water, or
particles in vapor, Iiquid, or solid l'or"rrii lrtrn ;r:as;sirig directly throuEh the exterior
building fabrics, arounrJ the edges 0F (Llrltpr)rrrr:n{.s such as doons and windows in
exterior surfaces, and tiirough colrs[rrrclirrr"l i.;racl<::,;, wliether tleliberately formecl,
such as occurs whelre a door franre i"xre:crts i,t tras(]itiy w;rll, or ac;ciclentally
formed, such as might occur betlver,:n i) y,i;1ll foclt"iriq itnrj a founrjation or
basement wall. Tlre general appr*arii i:s t"* selai e:<t*ricr surfaces, caulk exterior
joints of the building envelope, anci ir,'rst,ell water stup barriers in 1'ounciations.
Although good-quality caulking, sealant, ;rnri r,v;rtr:i'stup materials tend to be
expensive on a price-per-unit L:asi;, rii, w;li hi: r'e;ili;irerJ that goorJ e}:sign of
building surfaces and joints can eilsul'r: l::i',a1. rellerl.l'ricly :small quantities of material
are required.
The rem.rinder of Information in iil:; r;rectic,ri deals only rryith caulking and
joint sealants. Water stop joints in ronclrh: ar* rjr,::;crihed in Sr:ctjon 08-800;
surface sealers are described in Scr:ti,lil {.|)."i]l00.
There are two principal typ(]$ nf jrr;r'rts; to hi:: caulked: huttjoimts and !ap
joints; both are illustrated in Figure []rer;lctn crii.r.:r-ia for joints Irrclude
tr
consideration of thc,,: elasticity of tl-re c;lr,illsiilcl corrrps(:nd, the nature of the
adjacent surfaces tr: whic,h the caLrlk rnust aclherel, and the anticipated amount of
movenrent in related builcling contpon*rrts, Whr*n selecting materials to caulk
joints in buildings, consideration shoukj [:r,,: r:;iven ir; l;e {:omp!-es$erJ and
stretched, to recover their original dirnensicrr:;, anr:i Lo remain in a non-hardened
state for a prolonged perigd, as ws:ll as t.,:; the prcbable life expectancy of the
product once installed. The ability of llri:: rri;rlerial tr: properly arlhere to adjacent
surfaces without leaking r:nto oi st,ainin6t lL:rnciundinU components should also be
examined, together with any lirrritertiorm, :, rrr:lr ;rr; fli;lmnrability, lirniting
temperatures or curing tirnes lmpcsrlri oirt U.rr. prorlur:t by its m;:nrufacturer, or the
advisability of applying p;rint or crther f;nr:;l'rr::; i:)n i,op of the caull<ing material.
With respect to the ratio belweerr ihi: rruiiltlr and clepth of the joint to be
filled, most authorities recommence,J in;,it Lhi: depih or thickness of filler never
exceed the width, nor be less than half ol'thr: wicx.lr il'sulistantial movernent of
the adjacent components is anticipatelrS, as shown in Figure 2. Consideration
must also be given to the conditions of the jojnt at the time of application,
relative to the conditions which will optimally prevail, so as to allow for forces
likely to develop from subsequent expansinn, cont,raction, shear, or torsion.
,I 1.3 Related Work
I Work closely connected to thls section is dlescribed in the following
sections, to which reference should be nlacle:
T 03-300 Cast-in-PlaceConcrulte:
04-200 Unit Masonry
-i-
I
08-100 Metal Doors and Franres
I
0B-400 StorefrontSystems
08-500 Metal Windows and Fraines
I

2.0 Products

2.1 Materials

This topic is dealt with in two parts: fioryilpound types and how they
work and attributes of the materials"

Compound Types. Most caulkinq compounds fali irrto one of three categories:

1. Solvent-release cornpounds, wlriclr cure by the evaporation of the solvent.

2. One-pa* compounds, which cure through chernical change upon exposur€
to air.
3. Two-paft compouncls, which cure l.hnough the acldition of a catalyst to a
base compound to start a finite cheniicul re;:ction.

The advantage of the solvent-releaser and one-paft cornp.ounds is that

they come from the factory premixecl anci ready f,:r application; they also have a
longer curing time and thus impose less pressiur€: on the applicant to work
quickly. The advantage of the two-part conrpor.rncjs is that, if properly handled,
they generally result in sealed joints clf sui:errior qruallly, appearance, and color,
although there is usually a shorter tirne franre in ';vhich to store.and apply them
after adding the catalyst.

Materials. Caulking materials can be r:ateg;orizecj under headings:

1. Oil-based compounds. These include a variety of mastic oil putties and

other oleoresinous products, most of which are now obsolete because superior
materials are readily available.
2. Rubber derivatives. These include tlutadiene, bufyl, neoprene, Thiokol,
and other synthetic rubber products whlch rernain flexible after curing and can
be painted.