A

WRITTEN
REPORT
(Information Processing Theory)
By: Razelle Angiela A. Avorque BSNEd- ES12
 Stages in the Information Processing Theory

The Three Primary Stages in the IPT are:

● Encoding - Information is sensed, perceived and attended to.
● Storage - Information is stored for either a brief or extended period of time, depending upon
the processes following encoding.
● Retrieval - Information is brought back at the appropriate time and reactivated for use on a
current task, the true measure of effective memory.

Three Main Stages in the memory process are:

1. Sensory Register - holds all sensory information for a very brief time.
● Capacity: Our mind receives a great amount of information but it is more than what our minds
can hold or perceive.
● Duration: Only holds the information for an extremely brief period of time - in the order of 1
to 3 seconds.
● There is a difference in duration based on modality: auditory memory is more persistent than
visual.

The Role of Attention

● To bring information into consciousness, it is necessary that we give attention to it.
● Before information is perceived, it is know as "precategorical information".

Short-Term Memory (STM or Working Memory)

● Capacity: Can only hold 5 to 9 "chunks" of information. It is called working memory because
it is where new information is temporarily placed while it is mentally processed.
● Duration: Around 18 seconds or less.
● To reduce the loss of information in 18 seconds, you need to do "maintenance rehearsal".

Long-Term Memory (LTM) - Is the final or the permanent storing house for memory information. It
hold the stored information until needed again.
● Capacity: unlimited
● Duration: indefinite

2. Executive Control Processes - guide the flow of information through the system.
3. Forgetting - inability to retrieve or access information when needed.
Main ways in which forgetting likely occurs:
● Decay - Information is not attended to, and eventually 'fades' away.
● Interference - New or old information 'blocks' access to the information question.

Methods for Increasing Retrieval of Information

● Rehearsal - Repeating information verbatim, either mentally or allowed.
● Meaningful Learning - Making connections between new information and prior knowledge.
● Organization - Making connections among various pieces of information.
● Elaboration - Adding additional ideas to new information based on what one already knows.
● Visual Imagery - Forming a picture of the information.
● Generation - Things we 'produce' are easier to remember than things we 'hear'.
● Context - Remembering the situation helps recover information.
● Personalization - Making the information relevant to the individual.

Other Memory Methods

● Serial Position Effect - You will remember the beginning and end of a 'list' more readily.
● Part Learning - Break up the 'list' or 'chunk' information to increase memorization.
● Distributed Practice - Break up learning sessions, rather than cramming all the info in at once.
● Mnemonic Aids - Memory techniques that learners may employ to help them retain and
retrieve information more effectively. This includes the loci technique, acronym, sentence construction, peg-
word and association techniques.